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1.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 38(3): 417-424, mar. 2018. tab, ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-964302

ABSTRACT

This study describes an outbreak of avian poxvirus disease in previously pox-vaccinated turkeys in Brazil. The turkeys had suggestive gross lesions of cutaneous avian poxvirus in the skin of the head and cervical area without changes in the flock mortality rates. In the slaughterhouse, 30 carcasses were removed from the slaughter line to collect tissue from cutaneous lesions for histological analyses and characterization of the virus. The virus was identified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent gene sequencing. Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and hydropic degeneration were seen on skin histopathology. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger) on keratinocytes were observed in 46.6% of the samples. Avian poxvirus DNA was detected on PCR in 83.3% of the total samples. PCR associated with histopathology had 93.3% of positivity for avian poxvirus. In the phylogenetic study, samples show 100% matching suggesting that the outbreak occurred by a single viral strain and was different from those strains affecting other wild birds such as canaries and sparrows. A single mutation (Adenine for Guanine) was detected in our study's strain and in the strains of turkey, chickens, and vaccine strains published in GenBank. Also, when the sequence strain of the present study and sequences from GenBank of canarypox and sparrowpox strains were aligned, a Thymine was found replacing the Adenine or Guanine. The in ovo vaccination method as single-use in turkeys of this study apparently did not provide adequate protection against avianpox disease, but additional vaccination administered by wing-web when turkeys were 45-60 days old in the new flocks controlled the disease. In the subsequent year, new cases of this disease were not found. It was not possible to confirm the source of the virus strain, but infection with a field strain derived from chickens is one possibility, considering the poultry farm population in the area and biosecurity aspects. For wide characterization of avipoxvirus and differentiation among strains, the complete sequence of the viral genome is required.(AU)


Este estudo descreve um surto de bouba aviária em perus previamente vacinados contra poxvirus aviário no Brasil. Os perus apresentaram lesões macroscópicas, sugestivas de bouba aviaria cutânea, na pele da cabeça e região cervical sem alteração nas taxas de mortalidade do lote. No abatedouro, 30 carcaças foram retiradas da linha de abate para coleta de dois fragmentos de pele com lesões para análise histológica e caracterização do vírus. A identificação do vírus foi realizada por PCR convencional e posterior sequenciamento. No exame histopatológico das lesões de pele, houve acantose, hiperqueratose e degeneração hidrópica. Corpúsculos de inclusão intracitoplasmáticos eosinofílicos (Bollinger) foram encontrados em 46,6% das amostras. A técnica de PCR detectou o DNA do vírus da bouba aviária em 83,3% do total de amostras. PCR associado com a histopatologia resultou em 93,3% de positividade para o vírus da bouba aviária. No estudo filogenético, as sequências resultaram em 100% de identidade, sugerindo que o surto ocorreu por uma única estirpe de vírus diferenciada das outras estirpes que acometem canários e pardais. Uma única mutação (Adenina para Guanina) foi detectada nas estirpes deste estudo e nas sequências de perus, galinhas e estirpes vacinais publicadas no GenBank. Além disso, quando a sequência da estirpe do presente estudo e as sequências das estirpes de canarypox e sparrowpox foram comparadas, a Timina foi encontrada em substituição a Adenina ou Guanina. A vacinação in ovo em dose única utilizada nos perus deste estudo aparentemente não forneceu proteção adequada contra a doença causada pelo poxvirus aviário. Entretanto, a revacinação na membrana da asa em perus com 45-60 dias de idade dos novos lotes controlou a doença. No ano subsequente, novos casos desta doença não foram registrados. Não foi possível confirmar a origem da estirpe viral, mas estirpes de campo oriundas de galinhas seria uma possibilidade, considerando a população na área e os aspectos de biosseguridade. Para caracterização ampla do avipoxvirus e diferenciação entre as estirpes, a sequência completa do genoma viral é requerida.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Turkeys/abnormalities , Yaws/veterinary , Vaccines/analysis , Avipoxvirus/pathogenicity
2.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 24(4): 1089-1106, out.-dez. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-892569

ABSTRACT

This article examines anti-treponematoses work as part of US occupation public health policy in Haiti, a unique event in the history of international health. Yaws was highly prevalent in Haiti, but occupation doctors initially ignored it because of its close association with syphilis and stigmas attached to sexually transmitted disease. This changed when C.S. Butler asserted that yaws was "innocent" and that the two diseases should therefore be considered as one. Treatment increased as an anti-treponematoses campaign was now believed to hold great benefits for the occupation's paternalist and strategic aims, even though it ultimately failed. This work reflected Haiti's status as a public health "laboratory" which affected Haitian medicine for years to come and significantly influenced future campaigns aimed at disease eradication.


Este artigo investiga o trabalho anti-treponêmico como parte da política norte-americana de saúde pública na ocupação do Haiti, evento inédito na história da saúde internacional. Era alta a incidência da bouba no Haiti, mas médicos da ocupação a ignoravam por ser parecida com a sífilis e pelos estigmas da doença sexualmente transmitida. A situação mudou quando C.S. Butler afirmou que a bouba era "inocente" e que as duas doenças deveriam ser consideradas uma. Surgiram mais tratamentos com uma campanha anti-treponêmica que trazia benefícios aos objetivos paternalistas e estratégicos da ocupação, apesar do seu fracasso final. Esse trabalho ilustra o Haiti como "laboratório" de saúde pública, o que afetou a medicina haitiana por anos e influenciou campanhas futuras para erradicar a doença.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Yaws/history , Syphilis/history , Public Health/history , Racism/history , Arsenic/history , Arsenic/therapeutic use , United States , Warfare , Yaws/prevention & control , Yaws/drug therapy , Syphilis/drug therapy , Communicable Disease Control/history , Diagnosis, Differential , Disease Eradication/history , Haiti , Laboratories/history
3.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 36(7): 630-633, jul. 2016. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-794772

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho descreve um caso de infecção mista por pox vírus e Aspergillus fumigatus em Bubo virginianus (coruja jacurutu). A ave, um macho adulto, foi encaminhada ao Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS/CETAS/UFPEL). Apresentava bom estado corporal, estava ativa, porém com incapacidade de voo. Após três dias apresentou lesões crostosas e de aspecto verrucoso na superfície dorsal das patas. Havia, também, nódulos de mesmo aspecto na pálpebra esquerda e na cera. A ave morreu após 15 dias de sua chegada ao NURFS e foi necropsiada no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD/UFPel). Histologicamente, as lesões verrucosas caracterizavam-se por hiperplasia do epitélio e nas células das camadas basal, espinhosa, granular e córnea havia corpúsculos de inclusão intracitoplasmáticos do tipo Bollinger. Na microscopia eletrônica foram visualizadas partículas virais características de pox vírus, incluindo Bubo virginianus como um hospedeiro do vírus. Havia, ainda, infiltrado inflamatório de células mononucleares e focos de colônias bacterianas na derme. Nos pulmões havia congestão e presença de granulomas com hifas fúngicas, que pela técnica de Grocott, apresentaram ramificação dicotômica compatível com Aspergillus spp., identificado na cultura como A. fumigatus. O diagnóstico de infecção por avipoxvirus pode contribuir para estudos relacionados com a ocorrência desta doença nas populações de vida livre e como informação auxiliar para o manejo e conservação desta espécie. Sugere-se, ainda, a inclusão do uso de raios-X nos protocolos de centros de reabilitação como o diagnostico de aspergilose em aves rapinantes com bom estado corporal, porém incapazes de voar.(AU)


This paper describes a case of mixed infection by pox virus and Aspergillus fumigatus in Bubo virginianus (Owl Jacurutu). An adult male Bubo virginianus was referred to the Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS/CETAS/UFPEL). The owl was active and had a good body condition but with flight disability. After three days of their admission at NURFS the owl developed crusty and verrucous lesions at the dorsal surface of their feet. Also it had nodes on the left eyelid and cera with the same aspect. The owl died 15 days after its arrival. Necropsy and histopatological examination were carried out. The warty lesions had hyperplasia of the epithelium and intracytoplasmic Bollinger-like inclusion bodies in the basal, spinal, granulosa layer and cornea. Viral particles characteristic of pox viruses were shown by electron microscopy. This case includes Bubo virginianus as a host of the avipoxvirus. There were also a mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate and bacterial colonies in the dermis. In the lugs, there was congestion and presence of granulomas with intralesional fungal hyphae. With the Grocott stain those structures showed dichotomous branching which was later identified in mycological culture as characteristic for A. fumigates. The diagnosis of avipoxvirus infection can contribute to studies related to the occurrence of this disease in free-living populations and as auxiliary information for the management and conservation of this raptor species. It is also suggested to include the use of X-rays in rehabilitation center protocols as screening test to diagnose aspergillosis in birds of prey with good body condition but inability to fly.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Aspergillus fumigatus/pathogenicity , Poxviridae Infections/physiopathology , Poxviridae Infections/veterinary , Strigiformes/microbiology , Aspergillosis/veterinary , Avipoxvirus , Yaws/veterinary
5.
Rio de Janeiro; Fiocruz; 2013. 99 p.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-714044

ABSTRACT

O ano era 1956. Parcelas expressivas das populações pobres do interior padeciam de uma doença infecciosa que atingia pele, ossos e cartilagens, provocando deformidades. Era a bouba, causada por uma bactéria e hoje pouco conhecida mesmo entre médicos e profissionais de saúde. Naquela época, porém, representava um dos entraves à integração do sertão com o litoral e ao avanço do país. Defendia-se, pois, a importância das novas tecnologias médicas para curar aqueles doentes e torná-los trabalhadores aptos à agricultura modernizada. Eram os tempos do nacional-desenvolvimentismo. Esta história, que revela os meandros da saúde pública brasileira na década de 1950, em especial durante o governo de Juscelino Kubitscheck, está esmiuçada neste livro, fruto da premiada dissertação de mestrado do autor. Ele problematiza conceitos como os de controle e erradicação de doenças, e demonstra os limites de uma nova tecnologia biomédica diante da persistência dos determinantes sociais de uma enfermidade, como a pobreza e a fome.


Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Yaws/history , Yaws/prevention & control , Yaws/therapy , Endemic Diseases/history , Hygiene , Public Health/history , Brazil
6.
Rio de Janeiro; Editora Fiocruz; 2013. 99 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-711510

ABSTRACT

O ano era 1956. Parcelas expressivas das populações pobres do interior padeciam de uma doença infecciosa que atingia pele, ossos e cartilagens, provocando deformidades. Era a bouba, causada por uma bactéria e hoje pouco conhecida mesmo entre médicos e profissionais de saúde. Naquela época, porém, representava um dos entraves à integração do sertão com o litoral e ao avanço do país. Defendia-se, pois, a importância das novas tecnologias médicas para curar aqueles doentes e torná-los trabalhadores aptos à agricultura modernizada. Eram os tempos do nacional-desenvolvimentismo. Esta história – que revela os meandros da saúde pública brasileira na década de 1950, em especial durante o governo de Juscelino Kubitscheck – está esmiuçada neste livro, fruto da premiada dissertação de mestrado do autor. Ele problematiza conceitos como os de controle e erradicação de doenças, e demonstra os limites de uma nova tecnologia biomédica diante da persistência dos determinantes sociais de uma enfermidade – como a pobreza e a fome


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Yaws/history , Yaws/prevention & control , Yaws/therapy , Endemic Diseases/history , Hygiene/history , Nutritional Sciences , Health Policy/history , Immunization Programs/history , Health Promotion/history , Public Health/history , Rural Health/history
7.
Belo Horizonte/Rio de Janeiro/Campina Grande; Fino Traço/Editora Fiocruz/EDUEPB; 2013. 99 p.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-941551
8.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 19(1): 197-216, jan.-mar. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-623301

ABSTRACT

Analisa o Programa de Erradicação da Bouba, desenvolvido no Brasil entre 1956 e 1961. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, durante a qual iniciou-se o uso de antibióticos, um novo método parecia possibilitar a erradicação de treponematoses em curto prazo: a aplicação de injeções de penicilina em dose única. Sob o clima de valorização do controle das endemias rurais no país, a organização de uma campanha contra a bouba tornou-se possível. Os trabalhos, realizados pelo Departamento Nacional de Endemias Rurais, encontraram uma população desnutrida e faminta, o que colocou em dúvida as pretensões da campanha e as concepções de saúde e desenvolvimento da época.


The article analyzes the Program to Eradicate Yaws, enforced in Brazil from 1956 through 1961. Following World War II, when antibiotics first came into use, it seemed there might be a method for eradicating treponematosis in a short time: a single-dose injection of penicillin. At a moment when priority was being placed on fighting rural endemic disease in Brazil, it became possible to organize a campaign against yaws. The article explores the initiatives undertaken by the National Department of Rural Endemic Diseases that revealed a malnourished, starving population, and called into question the very intentions behind the campaign and the day's concepts of health and development.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Yaws/history , Endemic Diseases/history , Disease Eradication/history , Penicillins , Brazil , Hygiene , Malnutrition
9.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2009. 139 p. tab, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-558182

ABSTRACT

A dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar as medidas para controle e erradicação da bouba ocorridas no Brasil no período entre 1956 e 1961. O Programa de Erradicação da bouba -com seu método de injeções únicas de penicilina - percorreu em campanha itinerante os estados do nordeste e de Minas Gerais em seus primeiros cinco anos. Durante as atividades da campanha nas principais áreas endêmicas do país emergiram também outras questões relacionadas à alimentação, pobreza e condições de vida das populações do interior. O trabalho ressalta como uma campanha para a erradicação de uma endemia rural estruturada em torno de uma “bala mágica” – a penicilina injetável – se defrontou com os quadros de fome e desnutrição no interior do país, problemas que, a princípio, estavam fora de suas atribuições.


The dissertation presents the measures for control and eradication of yawsoccurred in Brazil between 1956 and 1961. The Program for the Eradication of yaws - with its method of an unique injection of penicillin – was developed as a campaign in Minas Gerais and some states of the Northeast Brazil in its first five years. During the campaign's activities in the main endemic areas of the country other issues emerged such as food, poverty and living conditions of countryside's population. The text emphasizes how a campaign structured around a "magic bullet" - the injectable penicillin - faced the reality of hunger and malnutrition, problems that, inthe beginning, were outside of their duties.


Subject(s)
Yaws/history , Yaws/prevention & control , Yaws/therapy , History of Medicine , Public Health/history , Brazil
10.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-118861

ABSTRACT

Yaws has traditionally been known as a skin disease that affects people living in hilly, remote and inaccessible areas. Despite the availability of successful treatment and yaws control programmes worldwide since 1948, yaws is endemic in a number of countries, probably because it is not considered a priority disease for eradication. The presence of a disease that can be eradicated in a community can be taken as a sign of 'backwardness' and an indicator of inappropriate public health efforts. Yaws is endemic in 3 countries of the Southeast Asia (SEA) Region of WHO-indonesia, India and Timor-Leste. The WHO SEA Regional Office has set a target for yaws eradication from the region by year 2010. Yaws eradication is at various stages in these countries. India has reported no cases for the past 3 years and has declared elimination. In the other 2 countries yaws eradication programmes are in their infancy and achieving the WHO regional goal appears impossible. However, if lessons are learnt from the Yaws Eradication Programme in India and an externally funded, technically supported, vertical programme is started immediately in Indonesia and Timor-Leste, the target would not be difficult to accomplish.


Subject(s)
Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology , Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration , Endemic Diseases/prevention & control , Health Policy , Health Promotion , Humans , India/epidemiology , Organizational Objectives , Program Evaluation , Regional Medical Programs , Sentinel Surveillance , World Health Organization , Yaws/epidemiology
11.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-112533

ABSTRACT

Until 1996-97, when Yaws Eradication Programme (YEP) in India was launched, there were three initiatives to assess/control the yaws disease in the country. YEP was initially started as pilot study in Koraput district, Orissa and later on extended to ten states covering 49 districts. The first goal has been to get the disease eliminated from the country with ultimate goal being its eradication. Strategies for YEP are active case detection and treatment including contacts and targeted IEC. The number of reported cases reduced from 735 in 1997 to "Zero Case" in 2004 from entire country. The recent Third Independent Appraisal of YEP could not confirm any new yaws case. However, before declaring the elimination (meaning no new early infectious case), there is need to make a thorough search in the affected areas. Future activities under the programme includes sero- surveillance among under-five children to demonstrate cessation of yaws transmission.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Male , Yaws/epidemiology
13.
Thesis in French | AIM | ID: biblio-1277205

ABSTRACT

Le plan est une maladie qui a fait l'objet d'intenses campagnes d'eradication durant les decennies 1950-1990 dans les pays en developpement; en collaboration avec l'OMS. Mais; 15 ans apres les dernieres campagnes en Cote d'ivoire force est de reconnaitre que le pian continu de sevir dans certains foyers qui pourraient etre le point depart d'une reactivation des zones indemnes. Notre etude avait pour objectif d'evaluer la prevalence du pian dans les localites d'Asseudji; du district sanitaire d'Adzope. C'est une etude transversale descriptive qui s'est deroulee du 15 septembre au 31 decembre 2004 dans le village dAsseudji et qui a porte sur 206 menages dont 184 dans le village d'Asseudji et 22 dans les campements environnants. Les principaux resultats etaient les suivants: *Les principales sources de pollution des menages etaient les dechets des animaux en divagation dans 100pour cent des cas suivis des dechets domestiques dans 49pour cent des cas ; *Une notion de promiscuite a ete retrouvee dans 43;7pour cent des menages ; *Les formes de plan les plus connus etaient le pianome et le plan crabe ; *Les facteurs favorisants du plantaient meconnus par 64;1pour cent des chefs de manages ; *52;9pour cent des chefs de menage ignoraient la contagiosite du pian ; *la prevalence estimee du pian par menage etait de 5;35pour cent ; *La prevalence par habitants etaient de 0;.5pour cent; *81;8pour cent des malades avaient de moins de 15 ans ; *63;6pour cent des malades avaient un antecedent de pian. Les recommandatjons qui decoulent; de ces resultats tournent autour des actions d'hygienes appuyees par une medicalisation basee sur la penicillonotherapie


Subject(s)
Penicillins , Yaws/epidemiology
14.
In. Veronesi, Ricardo; Focaccia, Roberto. Tratado de infectologia: v.2. Säo Paulo, Atheneu, 2 ed; 2002. p.985-991, ilus, mapas, tab. (BR).
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-317731

Subject(s)
Yaws
15.
Papua New Guinea medical journal ; : 206-12, 2002.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-631558

ABSTRACT

Yaws is a re-emerging disease in Papua New Guinea. A resurgence of yaws is documented in the periurban settlements around Port Moresby. A total of 494 cases were identified from April 2000 to September 2001. The age distribution ranged from 2 years to adult (median 9 years). Presenting symptoms were adequately recorded in 286 cases (58%). Of these, 42% presented with raised painless sores, 47% with bone/joint symptoms only and 11% with both sores and bone/joint symptoms. Children in communities with a suspected high prevalence were surveyed and examined for presence of primary yaws sores. 33 out of 227 children examined (15%) had evidence of primary yaws sores. Initial control measures have been case-finding and treatment of contacts, but in areas of known high prevalence mass treatment is planned.


Subject(s)
Yaws , Papua New Guinea
16.
In. Veronesi, Ricardo; Focaccia, Roberto. Tratado de infectologia: v.2. Säo Paulo, Atheneu, 2 ed; 2002. p.985-991, ilus, map, tab. (BR).
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-IIERPROD, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1068745

Subject(s)
Yaws
17.
Med. Afr. noire (En ligne) ; Tome 44(4): 229-232, 1997.
Article in French | AIM | ID: biblio-1266364

ABSTRACT

A partir d'une triple confrontation des donnees epidemiologiques; cliniques et biologiques; les auteurs ont apprecie les limites d'une interpretation de la serologie treponemique chez 326 sujets testes par le VDRL (test non specifique) et le TPHA (test specifique). 21/326 patients (6;4 pour cent) ont une serologie treponemique positive dont 5 cas de fausses reactions positives. Les 16 cas de treponematoses sont reparties en 15 cas de syphilis venerienne et 1 cas de pian recent. Les auteurs ont egalement tente de classer les cas de syphilis veneriennes en stade evolutif. Par ailleurs; une serologie VIH effectuee chez ces sujets a permis d'apprecier l'influence de l'infection par le VIH sur le profil serologique classique des treponematoses


Subject(s)
Blood , Syphilis , Yaws
18.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 15(3): 137-43, sept. 1995. mapas, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-221314

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, clínico y serológico del pian en la cuenca del río Santiago, cantón Eloy Alfaro, provincia de Esmeraldas, el cual demostró una prevalencia del 11,3 por ciento con lesiones dérmicas activas y una seropositividad del 94,9 por ciento. El área del río Santiago era hiperendémica para el pian (prevalencia 17,9 por ciento seropositividad 98,0 por ciento), mientras que el río Zapatillo era mesoendémico y los ríos Cayapas y Onzole, hipoendémicos. Se encontró evidencia del pian, activa y latente, solamente en la raza negra. La mayor incidencia de las lesiones clínicas (55,8 por ciento) se encontró en los niños de 5-12 años de edad, localizándose el porcentaje superior en las piernas (64,2 por ciento). Los papilomas fueron las lesiones más frecuentes (55,4 por ciento). Se administró tratamiento masivo con penicilina benzatínica, según las normas de OMS, en todas las comunidades positivas para esta enfermedad


Subject(s)
Humans , Yaws/epidemiology , Ecuador , Treponemal Infections/epidemiology
19.
20.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health ; 1994 Mar; 25(1): 152-6
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-35047

ABSTRACT

In November 1990, an outbreak of yaws was reported in a rural village of southern Thailand. A survey consisting of history taking, physical examination and blood tests for VDRL and TPHA was undertaken in the whole village and in the primary school of the village. A yaws case was defined as a person who had a positive VDRL confirmed by TPHA without history of other treponemal infection or post-treatment of yaws. Fifty-four cases, an attack rate of 23%, were found in the age range from 2 to 79 years old. The epidemic curve started with a few cases in 1989 and early 1990 with an increasing number of cases from June, and reached its peak in November. Half of the cases (53.7%) were children under 15 years. Male cases were higher than female (1.5:1). A survey of 105 primary school students found an attack rate of 32% (34/105) and the prevalence was higher in younger classes. Benzathine penicillin injection was given to cases for treatment. From this investigation, the Ministry of Public Health was alerted about the recurrence of yaws. Strengthening health education and surveillance activities was recommended in adjacent districts and provinces. The extent of the problem was assessed through surveys among school children and expanded to their family members if cases of yaws were found.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Cardiolipins/diagnosis , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol/diagnosis , Disease Outbreaks , Female , Health Surveys , Hemagglutination Tests , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Penicillin G Benzathine/therapeutic use , Phosphatidylcholines/diagnosis , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Recurrence , Rural Population , Seasons , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sex Factors , Thailand/epidemiology , Yaws/blood
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