Sepsis due to Yersinia enterocolitica in an aborted equine fetus: case report / Sepse por Yersinia enterocolitica em um feto equino abortado: relato de caso

Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium with zoonotic potential and there are no previous records of this bacteria being isolated from aborted foals. This report aims to describe a case of sepsis due to Y. enterocolitica in a seven month old aborted equine. The fequinoetus was submitted to necropsy and samples of all the organs were collected for the histological exam. Samples of liver, lung, placenta, and stomach contents were collected for bacterial culture. Macroscopically, the liver was enlarged with yellowish heterogeneous color, heart with pale myocardial areas; lungs not collapsed, heavy and shiny, thickened umbilical cord covered with fibrin and pus. Histopathologically, there was moderate multifocal necrosuppurative myocarditis and thrombosis, moderate diffuse suppurative bronchopneumonia, mild multifocal fibrinonecrotic hepatitis, and moderate diffuse necrosuppurative omphalitis with intralesional bacterial myriads and thrombosis. Mild multifocal suppurative placentitis, nephritis, myositis, cystitis, and dermatitis were also observed, in addition to mild diffuse lymphoid rarefaction. The microbiological evaluation identified Y. enterocolitica in the liver, lung, and stomach fluid. This is the first report of sepsis due to Y. enterocolitica causing an abortion in a horse. This bacterium has zoonotic importance; therefore, it should be investigated in abortion in this species, serving as a differential diagnosis in reproductive disorders.(AU)

Yersinia enterocolitica é uma bactéria com potencial zoonótico, e não há informações desse agente como causa de abortamento em equinos. O objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de sepse por Y. enterocolitica em um feto equino abortado aos sete meses. O feto foi submetido à necropsia, e amostras de todos os órgãos foram processadas para histopatologia. Para microbiologia, foram coletadas amostras de fígado, pulmão, placenta e conteúdo estomacal. Macroscopicamente, observou-se fígado aumentado com coloração amarelada heterogênea; coração com áreas pálidas no miocárdio; pulmões não colabados, pesados e brilhantes; e cordão umbilical espessado e recoberto por fibrina e pus. Na análise histopatológica, havia miocardite necrossupurativa multifocal moderada e trombose, broncopneumonia supurativa difusa moderada, hepatite fibrinonecrótica multifocal discreta e onfalite necrossupurativa difusa moderada com miríades bacterianas intralesionais e trombose. Observou-se também placentite, nefrite, miosite, cistite e dermatite supurativa multifocal discreta, além de rarefação linfoide difusa discreta. A avaliação microbiológica identificou Y. enterocolitica no fígado, no pulmão e no líquido estomacal. Este é o primeiro relato de sepse por Y. enterocolitica causando abortamento na espécie equina. Essa bactéria tem importância zoonótica, portanto deve ser investigada em casos de abortamento nessa espécie, servindo como diagnóstico diferencial em tal distúrbio reprodutivo.(AU)

Investigation of the effects of some phytochemicals on Yersinia ruckeri and antimicrobial resistance / Investigação dos efeitos de alguns fitoquímicos em Yersinia ruckeri e resistência antimicrobiana

Abstract In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera and Sorbus domestica plant extracts on bacterial disease agents Yersinia ruckeri in aquaculture. Morphological and biochemical properties of 2 different Y. ruckeri isolates were determined. Then, Real-Time PCR analysis and gene sequencing of the isolates were identified. Phytochemicals (M. oleifera and S. domestica) and antibiotics (Oxytetracycline (OX) and Enrofloxacin (ENR)) were used together in the antibiogram test of antibiotics compared to the effect status of antibiotics. Also, the effects of phytochemicals on Y. ruckeri growth was examined comparatively by spectrophotometrically measuring at 600 nm wavelength every 2 hours according to bacterial growth densities with 10 different groups formed on TSB medium. As a result of the study, it was observed that the isolates formed Gram negative, catalase positive, oxidase negative, mobile and typical Y. ruckeri colonies. After the biochemical tests performed with Microgen ID panel, 99.85% similarity was determined. The isolates overlap with the 16S rRNA gene region after sequence analysis, and 99% of the isolates were similar in phylogenetic analysis. After the antibiogram test, Oxytetracycline and Enrofloxacin antibiotics were resistant to Y. ruckeri but the effects of phytochemicals were less on solid medium (MHA). As a result of the measurements carried out in liquid medium (TSB), it was observed that phytochemicals such as M. oliefera and S. domestica inhibit the growth of bacteria by 40-50%. As the importance of antibiotic resistance is increasing day by day, we believe that these phytochemicals will give positive results in treatment instead of using antibiotics.

Resumo Neste estudo, objetiva-se investigar os efeitos dos extratos de plantas de Moringa oleifera e Sorbus domestica sobre agentes bacterianos Yersinia ruckeri na aquicultura. Foram determinadas as propriedades morfológicas e bioquímicas de 2 isolados diferentes de Y. ruckeri. Em seguida, a análise de PCR em tempo real e o seqüenciamento genético dos isolados foram identificados. Fitoquímicos (M. oleifera e S. domestica) e antibióticos (Oxitetraciclina e Enrofloxacina) foram usados ​​juntos no teste de antibiograma dos antibióticos em comparação com o status de efeito dos antibióticos. Além disso, os efeitos dos fitoquímicos no crescimento de Y. ruckeri foram examinados comparativamente por medição espectrofotométrica no comprimento de onda de 600 nm a cada 2 horas de acordo com as densidades de crescimento bacteriano com 10 grupos diferentes formados no meio TSB. Como resultado do estudo, observou-se que os isolados formaram colônias Gram-negativas, catalase-positivas, oxidase-negativas, móveis e típicas de Y. ruckeri. Após os testes bioquímicos realizados com o painel Microgen ID, foi determinada uma similaridade de 99,85%. Os isolados se sobrepõem à região do gene 16S rRNA após a análise da sequência e 99% dos isolados foram semelhantes na análise filogenética. Após o teste do antibiograma, os antibióticos Oxitetraciclina e Enrofloxacina foram resistentes a Y. ruckeri, mas os efeitos dos fitoquímicos foram menores no meio sólido (MHA). Como resultado das medições realizadas em meio líquido (TSB), observou-se que os fitoquímicos inibem o crescimento de bactérias em 40-50%. Como a importância da resistência aos antibióticos está aumentando dia a dia, acreditamos que as plantas que são mais alternativas e mais adequadas para o uso de antibióticos hoje em dia darão resultados positivos no tratamento.

Acute kidney injury associated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection: Forgotten but not gone

BACKGROUND: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is known to cause fever, gastroenteritis, or acute kidney injury (AKI). There have been several Y. pseudotuberculosis infection outbreaks to date associated with ingestion of contaminated food or unsterile water. While this disease was considered to have practically been eradicated with the improvement in public health, we encountered several cases of AKI associated with Yersinia infection. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from medical records of patients with suspected Y. pseudotuberculosis infection who visited Seoul National University Children’s Hospital in 2017. RESULTS: There were nine suspected cases of Yersinia infection (six males and three females; age range 2.99–12.18 years). Among them, five cases occurred in May, and seven patients were residing in the metropolitan Seoul area. Three patients had history of drinking mountain water. Every patient first presented with fever for a median of 13 days, followed by gastrointestinal symptoms and oliguria. Imaging studies revealed mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileum wall thickening, and increased renal parenchymal echogenicity. Creatinine levels increased to 5.72 ± 2.18 mg/dL. Urinalysis revealed sterile pyuria, proteinuria, and glycosuria. Oliguria continued for 4 to 17 days, and two patients required dialysis; however, all of them recovered from AKI. Mucocutaneous manifestations developed later. In the diagnostic work-up, Yersinia was isolated from the stool culture in one patient. Anti-Yersinia immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG were positive in 6 patients. CONCLUSION: Y. pseudotuberculosis infection is an infrequent cause of interstitial nephritis presenting with AKI. When a patient presents with fever, gastroenteritis, and AKI not resolving despite hydration, the clinician should suspect Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.

Crohn's disease versus Yersinia enterocolitica infection - case report - a difficult differential diagnosis / Doença de Crohn's × Yersinia enterocolitica - um difícil diagnóstico diferencial - relato de caso

ABSTRACT The aim of this report is to present an unusual case of Crohn's disease affecting the terminal ileum; whose principal differential diagnosis was Yersinia enterolocolitica infection, as the histological features of the resected ileum was common to both diseases. We also describe how the infectious etiology was discarded and the implications for the patient follow-up.

RESUMO O objetivo desse relato é analisar um caso incomum de doença de Crohn, cujo diagnóstico diferencial, com possível infecção por Yersinia enterocilítica, foi dificultado pela presença de alterações histológicas das duas doenças. Descrevemos como foi realizada a exclusão de causas infecciosas e as implicações no acompanhamento do paciente.

Determinación de IgG contra Chlamidya trachomatis en mujeres con artritis de la Ciudad de Bogotá D.C. Un estudio piloto / Determination of IgG in women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and reactive- arthritis from Bogota, Colombia: a pilot study

Objetivo. Evaluar la presencia de IgG contra C. trachomatis en mujeres entre 18 a 30 años con diagnóstico de artritis de la ciudad de Bogotá D.C. Métodos. Los grupos de estudio están compuestos por un grupo de casos AR (mujeres con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide y reactiva) y un grupo control. Se obtuvieron muestras de suero y se realizó la determinación cuantitativa de IgG contra C. trachomatis, la determinación PCR (proteína C reactiva) y FR (factor reumatoide). Resultados. Las variables de talla y peso descritas en la población de estudio, muestran un comportamiento homogéneo, por lo cual no interfieren en los resultados obtenidos. Las medias se compararon por los test Mann Whitney y t test no pareado. El porcentaje de resultados positivos en la determinación cualitativa de PCR fueron de: 36,6% para el grupo de casos y 14,5% para el grupo control. En la determinación cualitativa de FR el porcentaje de resultados positivos fueron: 48,8% para el grupo de casos y 5,3% para el grupo control. Finalmente, el porcentaje de resultados positivos en la determinación de anticuerpos IgG específicos contra C trachomatis fue de 2,4% para el grupo de casos y 22,4% para el grupo de controles. Las variables de PCR y FR mostraron mayor frecuencia de resultados positivos en el grupo de casos, en comparación con el grupo control, lo cual se correlaciona con la existencia de procesos inflamatorios propios del desarrollo de artritis. Sin embargo el grupo control presentó mayor frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG específicos contra C. trachomatis en comparación con el grupo de casos. Estos resultados hacen necesario evaluar a futuro, el comportamiento de las pacientes del grupo control con resultados positivos de IgG contra C. trichomatis que permitirían observar una posible aparición de síntomas relacionados con artritis.

Objective. Evaluate the presence of IgG in women infected with C. trachomatis, and diagnosed with arthritis, aged 18-30 years, in Bogota, Colombia. Methods. This project is composed of two study groups: Firstly, female cases diagnosed with rheumatoid reactive-arthritis and secondly, a control group. Quantitative determination of IgG in serum samples from patients with C. trachomatis. Were determined also, PCR determination (C reactive protein) and RF (rheumatoid factor) were performed. The statistical analysis included the comparison of means, using Mann Whitney and unpaired t test. Results. Patient samples that were positive by PCR: 36.6% for the female case group, and 14.5% for the control group. In the qualitative determination of RF positives, results were: 48.8% for the case group and 5.3% for the control group. Finally, the percentages of positive results for IgG antibodies determination against C. trachomatis were: 2.4% for the case group and 22.4% for the control group. PCR and FR variables showed higher frequency of positive results in the female case group compared with the control group, which correlates with the presence of inflammatory processes, where it is typical in the development of arthritis. However, the control group had increased frequency of specific IgG antibodies against C. trachomatis, when it is compared with the case female group. These results need to be evaluated in the future, where, the control group that tested positive for IgG against C. Trachomatis, would allow to observe the possible apparition of symptoms related to arthritis.

Study of efficacy of vaccination against yersinosis in rainbow trout using local strains of Yersinia ruckeri

Outbreak and development of yersiniosis in rainbow trout farms in Iran has caused a serious problem over the last years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of immersion vaccination with Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout. Prior to antigen preparation, the phenotypic, molecular and serological features of a number of Yersinia ruckeri isolates obtained from affected trout farms were studied. The virulent of these isolates were then evaluated using intra peritoneal injection route. Trout were vaccinated by immersion route [3 min at 12 °C] using Yersinia ruckeri bacterin of the virulent strains. The efficacy of vaccine antibody titer within 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks post vaccination were evaluated using relative percent survival. The phenotyping, serological and molecular studies have led to identification of 8 isolates of Yersinia ruckeri and all the isolates produced bands 409 bp, which is indicative of Yersinia ruckeri. In pathogenicity test 3 isolates caused above 50% mortality, while 5 isolates reached 16%. The RPS of vaccinated fish reached 72.7, 80, 80, 82.2 and 83.3% within 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks post vaccination, respectively. In the other words, the mortality level in vaccinated groups was in range of 10-20% within 10 weeks post vaccination, while those of control group was in range 56.7 - 73.3% [p<0.05] .The lowest and the highest antibody titers in immunized groups were 32 +/- 4.50 and 164.57 +/- 9.37 respectively, obtained after 4 and 10 weeks of immunization, whereas the control group had no measurable titer of antibody. The results of this study clearly show that this vaccine can remarkably protect the trout from yersiniosis outbreaks inside Iran

Investigation on distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in Henan province between 2005 and 2011 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in Henan province from 2005 to 2011.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 6700 samples of stool specimen were collected from diarrhea patients and different domestic animals between 2005 and 2011 from Zhengzhou, Suixian and Dengfeng, as well as flies and the daub specimens of raw and cooked meat products. The bacteria were isolated by cold enrichment method, analyzed by the systematic biochemistry to determine the serotypes and bio-types, and tested the virulence genes by PCR method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 216 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from 11 kinds of animal hosts and foods, while 29.63% (64/216) of them were from swine. The dominant epidemic serotypes of the Yersinia enterocolitica were O: 5 and O: 8, accounted for 23.2% (50/216) and 20.4% (44/216), respectively; type 1A was the dominant bio-type, accounted for 84.7% (183/216). The dominant serotype and bio-type differed a lot among various hosts.16 pathogenic strains were isolated from swine, followed by diarrhea patients (6 strains) and dogs (6 strains).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The distribution of the host of Yersinia enterocolitica was widespread, while swine was the dominant animal host.</p>

Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de cepas de yersinia enterocolitica isoladas de diferentes origens no Brasil / Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from different origins in Brazil

Desde a sua inclusão na família Enterobacteriaceae, em 1972, Yersinia enterocolitica vem sendo extensivamente estudada, por se tratar de um patógeno de natureza zoonótica com relevância em saúde pública, amplamente distribuído na natureza em reservatórios aquáticos e fontes animais. Tendo o suíno como principal reservatório, por ser portador de cepas dos mesmos biosorotipos encontrados em humanos, Y. enterocolitica possui diversos genes de patogenicidade, tanto cromossomiais (inv, ail e ystA) como plasmidiais (virF), que lhes confere a capacidade de invadir e sobreviver em um organismo hospedeiro. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar cepas de Y. enterocolitica oriundas de fontes animal, alimentar, ambiental e humana de diferentes regiões do Brasil, para a detecção dos genes de virulência supracitados através da técnica da PCR em conjunto com testes fenotípicos, além da análise da susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos através do método de disco-difusão para que, junto com os resultados da PCR, pudesse ser avaliado seu potencial patogênico. Para a avaliação da diversidade filogenética das cepas foram empregadas as técnicas de ERIC-PCR e do PFGE. Em um total de 60 amostras, foram encontradas 11(18 por cento) amostras pertencentes ao sorotipo O:3, biotipo 4 de origens humana e animal possuidoras de todos os genes de virulência. Dez amostras humanas (O:3/B4) apresentaram somente os 3 genes cromossomiais, e 9 amostras pertencentes ao biotipo 1A apresentaram o gene inv. No que tange à resistência aos antimicrobianos, 60 (100 por cento) amostras foram resistentes à ampicilina, 58(97 por cento) à cefalotina, 6(10 por cento) ao sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim, 7(12 por cento) à tetraciclina e 1(2 por cento) à amicacina. O perfil de resistência predominante foi AMP-KF-RL. Cinco amostras apresentaram resistência a cinco antibióticos, sendo a amostra YE42 resistente a 3 classes de antibióticos diferentes. O ERIC-PCR revelou a existência de 32 ERIC genótipos (EGT), gerando um índice discriminatório de diversidade de 0,924. Quarenta amostras pertencentes ao sorovar O:3 biotipo 4 de origens humana, animal, alimentar e ambiental ficaram agrupadas dentro de 12 EGTs em um conjunto com uma similaridade de 85 por cento. Já as amostras do Biotipo 1A isoladas de alimentos e ambiente são extremamente heterogênicas sorologicamente, e apresentaram padrões de banda mais diversificados. A análise do PFGE nos revelou a existência de nove clusters (A até I) agrupando os isolados com similaridade ≥ 85 por cento. Nestes clusters, foram agrupados trinta e seis padrões únicos de banda (PPT), gerando um índice discriminatório de diversidade de 0,957. O cluster A englobou todas as amostras do sorovar O:3 biotipo 4 isoladas de animal e de casos humanos. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que cepas com os mesmos perfis genotípicos, isolados de humanos e animais, do sorovar O:3 e biotipo 4, encontram-se circulantes por vários estados do Brasil. Além disso, com base no exposto, sugere-se que o suíno possa funcionar como principal elemento na cadeia de transmissão de Y. enterocolitica para o homem, por albergar cepas dos mesmos genótipos encontrados em infecções humanas.

Yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus (pampo): diagnóstico histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico / Yersiniosis in Trachinotus marginatus (pampo): histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnostic

Descreveu-se um surto de yersiniose em uma criação de pampo Trachinotus marginatus estudado no Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. A enfermidade manifestou-se por transtornos natatórios, exoftalmia com panoftalmite e pela clássica boca vermelha, nome pelo qual se denomina "enfermidade da boca vermelha" (EBV). Na necropsia, foram observados focos de hemorragia peritoneal, esplenomegalia e hepatomegalia. Microscopicamente, foi observada panoftalmite com infiltrados inflamatórios densos que afetavam quase todas as estruturas oculares. Esses infiltrados estavam constituídos por granulócitos, linfócitos, macrófagos e células granulares eosinofílicas. No exsudado, observaram-se estruturas pequenas, pouco coradas, de aspecto bacteriano Gram negativo. O estudo imuno-histoquímico, que se utilizou de um anticorpo monoclonal anti-Yersinia ruckeri, resultou positivo. Este é o primeiro surto conhecido de yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus no Brasil.

In the "Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande" the rearing of Trachinotus marginatus (pompano) is studied, and in one of these rearing a yersioniosis outbreak occured. The disease was manifested by swimming disturbances, exophthalmiawith panophthalmitis and the classic red mouth, (red mouth disease (RMD). The necropsies revealed focus of peritoneal hemorrhage, esplenomegalyand hepatomegaly.Microscopically a panophthalmitis with dense inflammatory infiltrates was observed, which affected almost all ocular structures. These infiltrates were constituted by granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophylicgranular cells (ECG), in the exudatessmall structures less colored with Gram negative bacteria aspect were observed. The immunohistochemical, which used a monoclonal antibody anti- Yersinia ruckeri waspositive. The RMD is caused by enterobacteriaGram negative, which affects both freshwater and saltwater fish, with predominance in salmonids. This is the first known yersiniosis outbreak in Trachinotus marginatus in Brazil and it is necessary to keep this disease in mind at the moment of rearing fish of this species.

Analysis of the variation and changes of Yersinia enterocolitica in Ningxia area from 1984 to 2011 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the genetic evolution and bacterial type changes of Yersinia enterocolitica in the Ningxia area between year 1984 and 2011.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 296 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica was collected from diarrhea patients, pig, rodents, sheep and dogs between year 1984 and 2011. The serotype, biotype, ail, ystA, ystB, yadA, virF and other toxic genes were detected. The PFGE subtypes of serotype O:3 and O:9 strains and the cluster features were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Out of 296 Yersinia enterocolitica strains, pig was the main host, accounting for 65.20% (193/296), followed by rodents, accounting for 32.43% (96/296). Serotype and biotype had their own respective dominant types in different periods. During 1984 and 1985, 2 strains of serotype O:3 and 3 strains of serotype O:9 were isolated, all belonged to biotype 3. Because of lack of strains, there were no obvious dominant types found. Between 1997 and 1999, 177 strains of serotype O:9 Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated as the dominant strain; and there were 178 strains of biotype 2 Yersinia enterocolitica were found. During 2007 and 2011, 54 strains of serotype O:3 Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated as dominant strain; followed by 26 strains of serotype O:5. There were separately 44 and 59 strains of biotype 1A and biotype 3. The PCR test divided the 248 strains into 4 types, including pathogenic strains as type I (ail(+), ystA(+), ystB(-), yadA(+), virF(+)). The PFGE divided the serotype O:3 into 12 types, in which K6GN11C30021 and K6GN11C30012 were the dominant types, accounting for 63.64% (42/66). The serotype O:9 were divided into 14 types, in which K6GN11C90010, K6GN11C90008, K6GN11C30018 and K6GN11C90003 were the dominant types, accounting for 89.01% (162/182).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The different serotypes of isolated strains in Ningxia district showed different dominant bacteria in different periods; while the biotypes also changed with serotypes. The Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from different years showed great variation.</p>

A Case of Yersinia enterocolitica Enterocolitis Accompanied by Colonic Adhesion after Surgery for Uterine Myoma in an Adult Patient / 대한내과학회지

Yersinia enterocolitica infection in adults in Korea is reported rarely. Therefore, the possibility of Yersinia infection as a cause of abdominal pain may be overlooked. Because its clinical features are similar to those of acute appendicitis or other diseases that require operations, Yersinia enterocolitis should be diagnosed before surgery. We recently experienced a case of Y. enterocolitica enterocolitis accompanied by postoperative colonic adhesion. A 39-year-old female patient with a 5-year history of asymptomatic uterine myoma underwent transabdominal hysterectomy due to abdominal pain. However, the pain worsened. On CT, diffuse swelling of the right colon and adhesion of the sigmoid colon with luminal narrowing were found. Colonoscopy showed multiple aphthous ulcers with mucosal hyperemia from the cecum to the sigmoid colon. Multiplex PCR with stool specimens, a hemagglutination test for Y. enterocolitica O:3, and tissue culture were positive for Y. enterocolitica. After fluids and antibiotic therapy, her symptoms were relieved.

Characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica genes isolated in Ningxia Hui autonomous region from 1997 to 2010 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution of virulent genes of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) in Ningxia Hui autonomous region and the characteristics of the molecular patterns of Y. enterocolitica.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>283 strains of Y. enterocolitica were isolated in Ningxia Hui autonomous region between year 1997 and 2010. The genes ail, ystA, ystB, yadA and virF were analyzed by PCR method; the chromosomal DNA of Y. enterocolitica was digested by restriction endonucleases NotI and processed by pulsed-field gel electrophoreses (PFGE); and then the cluster analysis were conducted by BioNumeric computer software towards the above results.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of all, 209 strains of serotypes O:3 and O:9 Y.enterocolitica showed positive virulence of genes ail, ystA, yadA and virF; 97.6% (204/209) of which, the ystB virulence were negative. The virulence of all genes in serotype O:8 and serum-unclassified strains were negative. 9 out of 11 strains of serotype O:5 Y. enterocolitica showed negative virulence of the above five genes. By PFGE, according to the NotI Macrorestriction Map on chromosomal DNA, the 29 strains of serotype O:3 Y. enterocolitica were divided into 12 PFGE patterns, 2 of which were dominant patterns which could be found in over 5 strains; and the 180 strains of serotype O:9 Y. enterocolitica were divided into 13 patterns, 4 of which were dominant patterns which existed in over 10 strains; which were isolated individually from pigs and house mouse, pigs and dogs as well as pigs and wild rabbits.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Y.enterocolitica serotypes O:3 and O:9 were pathogenic in Ningxia, and serotype O:3 becomes predominant gradually. O:5, O:8 and serum-unclassified serotypes were non-pathogenic.</p>

A case of reactive arthritis after Salmonella enteritis in in a 12-year-old boy / 소아과

Reactive arthritis comprises a subgroup within infection-associated arthritides in genetically susceptible hosts. Researchers and clinicians recognize two clinical forms of reactive arthritis which occurs after genitourinary tract infection and after gastrointestinal tract infection. Chlamydia infection has been implicated as the most common agent associated with post-venereal reactive arthritis. Studies have proposed Shigella infection, Salmonella infection, or Yersinia infection as the microorganisms responsible for the post-dysenteric form. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 antigen is the best-known predisposing factor. We report a case of HLA-B27-associated reactive arthritis after Salmonella enteritis at Pusan National University hospital.

The Prevalence of Yersinia Infection in Adult Patients with Acute Right Lower Quadrant Pain / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Clinical manifestations of intestinal yersiniosis include enterocolitis, mesenteric adenitis, and terminal ileitis presenting with fever, right lower quadrant pain, and leukocytosis. According to a previous Korean study in 1997, Yersinia was revealed in two among 15 adult patients with mesenteric adenitis (13%). However, recent reports on the prevalence of Yersinia infection in adult patients are few. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia infection in adult patients with acute right lower quadrant pain. METHODS: Adult patients (>18 years) who visited Eulji medical center, due to acute right lower quadrant pain were enrolled prospectively from December 2007 to July 2009. Abdominal CT, stool culture, serologic test for Yersinia, and Widal test were performed. RESULTS: Among 115 patients, 5 patients were excluded due to positive Widal test or salmonella culture. In 110 patients, abdominal CT showed right colitis in 20 (18.2%), terminal ileitis in 16 (14.5%), mesenteric adenitis in 13 (11.8%), acute appendicitis in 10 (9.1%), acute diverticulitis in 7 (6.4%), non specific mucosal edema in 36 (32.7%) and no specific lesion in 8 (7.3%). Two (1.8%) of the 110 patients had antibodies to Yersinia. One patient showed acute enteritis and the other patient was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and underwent appendectomy. No Yersinia species were grown on stool or tissue culture. CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays, among adult Korean patients presenting with acute right lower quadrant pain, there have been few incidences of Yersinia infection.

Infecciones por Yersinia / Yersinia infections

La Yersinia enterocolitica o la Yersinia pseudotuberculosis pueden tener diferentes formas de presentación entre las que están la enteritis o enterocolitis, la adenitis mesentérica asociada a ileitis distal, la septicemia, infecciones localizadas o manifestaciones extraintestinales. Es responsable de hasta 7 por ciento de los cuadros de gastroenteritis infecciosas y se asocia a una elevada mortalidad post-infección a corto y largo plazo, de 2 a 3 veces mayor. Esta infección bacteriana se adquiere mediante la ingesta oral de productos contaminados y/o inadecuadamente preparados. El aislamiento de Yersinia en las deposiciones es el examen más específico y siempre debe ser solicitado. Debido a su baja sensibilidad los estudios serológicos pueden ser útiles para el diagnóstico, y la reacción de polimerasa en cadena (PCR) puede constituirse próximamente en el examen de elección para el diagnóstico de esta infección. Los antibióticos útiles para su tratamiento son los aminoglicósidos, cefalosporinas de tercera generación, cloranfenicol, quinolonas, tetraciclinas y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol.

Yersinia enterocolitica or yersinia pseudotuberculosis may have different presentation forms: among those are enteritis or enterocholitis, mesenteric adenitis associated with distal ileitis, septicemia, localized infections or extra-intestinal manifestations. It is responsible for up to 7 percent of infectious gastroenteritis and is associated with high post-infection mortality in the short and long term, which is 2 to 3 times higher. This bacterial infection is acquired through oral consumption of contaminated and/or inappropriately prepared products. Isolation of Yersinia in stool samples is the more specific exam and it should always be performed. Due to its low sensibility, serological studies may be useful for the diagnosis, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may become the elective exam for the diagnosis of this infection in the future. Antibiotics that are useful for its treatment are aminoglycoside, third-generation cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, and Trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol.

Epidemiología de las infecciones por Yersinia enterocolítica / Aspects of the epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica: a review

Los brotes recientes de enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos asociados a Salmonella, Listeria y Yersinia han destacado la importancia del conocimiento de los riesgos microbriológicos a que se expone la población por el consumo de estos alimentos contaminados. Tales brotes afirman la necesiad de mejorar los métodos de detección, del control del medio ambiente y de la vigilancia epidemiológica... Durante la década pasada, numerosos métodos basados en la detección del ADN bacteriano, tales como la PCR o las pruebas de hibridación, han demostrado superioridad por su mayor sensibilidad que supera por lejos la de los medios de cultivos convencionales. Una PCR en tiempo real es un método rápido y específico para la detección de Y. enterocolítica en diferentes muestras, proporcionando una alternativa superior a los métodos de detección actualmente disponibles. Esto permitiría identificar eficientemente los alimentos peligrosos debido a la contaminación con Y. enterocolítica.

Recent outbreaks of foodborne disease linked to Salmonella, Listeria, and Yersinia have highlighted consumer awarenss of microbiological problems in the food supply. Such outbreaks affirm the need form improved testing, environmental monitoring, and epidemiological surveillance. In the case of Yersinia, this bacterium's role as a newly emerged foodborne pathogen is discussed... During the las decade, numerous DNA-based methods, such as PCR and colony hybridization assays, have been designed to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolítica in natural samples more rapidly and with better sensitivity than can be achieved by culture methods. A rapid and specific real-time PCR method for the detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica bacteria in natural samples, provides a superior alternative to the corrently available detection methods and makes it possible to identify the foods at risk for Y. enterocolitica contamination.

A Case of Crohn's Disease Isolated to the Appendix, Presented with Weight Loss / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Granulomatous appendicitis is a rare condition that accounts for less than 0.1~0.2% of all the cases of appendicitis. The great majority of cases are subacute or recurrent appendicitis and they are treated with interval appendectomy. The remaining causes include Yersinia infection, foreign body reaction, infection by mycobacteria, fungi or parasites, and Crohn's disease isolated to the appendix. Crohn's disease isolated to the appendix has several characteristics such as slow progression, a low recurrence rate and a good prognosis. Crohn's disease isolated to the appendix has recently been called "Idiopathic Granulomatous Appendicitis", and some authors have tried to distinguish it from Crohn's disease involving the appendix. We experienced a case of isolated appendiceal Crohn's disease in a 39-year-old woman and we report on it here along with a review of relevant literature.

Detection and identification of virulent Yersinia ruckeri: the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease in rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] cultured in Fars province, Iran

From the winter 2002 to spring 2006, 126 moribund rainbow trout with clinical signs of external body haemorrhages around and within the oral cavity were sampled from 10 rainbow trout farms situated in the northwest and west of Fars province, Iran and examined for the detection and identification of Yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease. Fish kidneys were cultured aseptically on brain heart infusion [BHI] agar plates and incubated at 25°C for 48 h. Using conventional biochemical tests, Y. ruckeri was detected in 7 fish [5.5% of total fish sampled]. This was also confirmed using specific polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay. The 16S rDNA PCR assays produced amplicons of 409 bp when applied to Y. ruckeri isolates as well as a reference strain. Results of antibiogram tests on Y. ruckeri isolates showed a high susceptibility to enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, trimethoprim and oxytetracycline. In pathogenicity tests, dilution of 4 x 10[8] colony forming unit/ml of Y. ruckeri by immersion route in challenge experiments showed 70 +/- 8.2% mortality during 14 days post-infection. Experimentally infected fish showed typical haemorrhages in mouth, blackening of skin, exophthalmia and a wide haemorrhages on the internal organs