Xiaoyao San, a Chinese herbal formula, ameliorates depression-like behavior in mice through the AdipoR1/AMPK/ACC pathway in hypothalamus / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Depression and metabolic disorders have overlapping psychosocial and pathophysiological causes. Current research is focused on the possible role of adiponectin in regulating common biological mechanisms. Xiaoyao San (XYS), a classic Chinese medicine compound, has been widely used in the treatment of depression and can alleviate metabolic disorders such as lipid or glucose metabolism disorders. However, the ability of XYS to ameliorate depression-like behavior as well as metabolic dysfunction in mice and the underlying mechanisms are unclear.@*METHODS@#An in vivo animal model of depression was established by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). XYS and fluoxetine were administered by gavage to the drug intervention group. Depression-like behaviors were analyzed by the social interaction test, open field test, forced swim test, and elevated plus maze test. Glucose levels were measured using the oral glucose tolerance test. The involvement of certain molecules was validated by immunofluorescence, histopathology, and Western blotting. In vitro, hypothalamic primary neurons were exposed to high glucose to induce neuronal damage, and the neuroprotective effect of XYS was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to evaluate the influences of XYS on adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and other related proteins.@*RESULTS@#XYS ameliorated CSDS-induced depression-like behaviors and glucose tolerance impairment in mice and increased the level of serum adiponectin. XYS also restored Nissl bodies in hypothalamic neurons in mice that exhibited depression-like behaviors and decreased the degree of neuronal morphological damage. In vivo and in vitro studies indicated that XYS increased the expression of AdipoR1 in hypothalamic neurons.@*CONCLUSION@#Adiponectin may be a key regulator linking depression and metabolic disorders; regulation of the hypothalamic AdipoR1/AMPK/ACC pathway plays an important role in treatment of depression by XYS.

Protective Roles of Shilajit in Modulating Resistin, Adiponectin, and Cytokines in Rats with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of Shilajit, a medicine of Ayurveda, on the serum changes in cytokines and adipokines caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).@*METHODS@#After establishing fatty liver models by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, 35 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including control (standard diet), Veh (HFD + vehicle), high-dose Shilajit [H-Sh, HFD + 250 mg/(kg·d) Shilajit], low-dose Shilajit [L-Sh, HFD + 150 mg/(kg·d) Shilajit], and pioglitazone [HFD + 10 mg/(kg·d) pioglitazone] groups, 7 rats in each group. After 2-week of gavage administration, serum levels of glucose, insulin, interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, and resistin were measured, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated.@*RESULTS@#After NAFLD induction, the serum level of IL-10 significantly increased and serum IL-1β, TNF-α levels significantly decreased by injection of both doses of Shilajit and pioglitazone (P<0.05). Increases in serum glucose level and homeostasis model of HOMA-IR were reduced by L-Sh and H-Sh treatment in NAFLD rats (P<0.05). Both doses of Shilajit increased adiponectin and decreased serum resistin levels (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The probable protective role of Shilajit in NAFLD model rats may be via modulating the serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, adipokine and resistin, and reducing of HOMA-IR.

Diseño y validación de un ensayo de minisecuenciación múltiple para detectar polimorfismos asociados con Síndrome Metabólico / Design and validation of a multiple minisequencing assay to detect polymorphisms associated with Metabolic Syndrome

Resumen Introducción: Es importante identificar los polimorfismos de interés clínico en patologías complejas como el Síndrome Metabólico. Por esto, las metodologías para su evaluación deben estar diseñadas y validadas correctamente, esto permite optimizar recursos y tiempo en la genotipificación y detección correcta de los alelos presentes en los individuos. Objetivo: Diseñar y validar una PCR múltiple, seguida de detección por minisecuenciación, para la genotipificación de ocho polimorfismos de nucleótido simple ubicados en el gen del Receptor Beta 3-Adrenérgico (rs4994 y rs4998), gen de la Apolipoproteina A5 (rs3135506 y rs2075291), gen de la Adiponectina (rs1501299 y rs2241766) y gen del Receptor Activador de la Proliferación de los Peroxisomas tipo gamma (rs1801282 y rs1800571), asociados con el síndrome metabólico. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñaron 24 cebadores para la amplificación y detección de ocho polimorfismos de nucleótido sencillo ubicados en cuatro genes candidatos a estar asociados con el síndrome metabólico, usando el software Primer3®. Dieciséis fueron diseñados para amplificar los polimorfismos y ocho para detectarlos por minisecuenciación. Las estructuras secundarias entre los cebadores se verificaron con el software Autodimer. Los polimorfismos se amplificaron simultáneamente y los fragmentos amplificados se acoplaron a las sondas diseñadas para detectar por minisecuenciación el alelo presente, por medio de bases marcadas con fluorocromos. Finalmente, los alelos fueron detectados por electroforesis capilar en un analizador genético ABI 310 y se interpretaron con el software GeneMapper®. La validación del multiplex se realizó genotipando 20 muestras de individuos, cada uno de ellos autorizó este procedimiento por medio del consentimiento informado. Resultados: Se obtuvieron los perfiles genéticos de los 20 controles genotipados, a partir de la amplificación múltiple, seguida de minisecuenciación, diseñada y validada para detectar los ocho polimorfismos. Conclusión: Se diseñó y validó un ensayo para la detección simultánea de los polimorfismos, ubicados en cuatro genes asociados con el Síndrome metabólico. Los cuales pueden ser empleados como referencia para futuros estudios poblacionales.

Abstract Introduction: It is important to identify the polymorphisms of clinical interest in complex pathologies such as Metabolic Syndrome. Therefore, the methodologies for its evaluation must be designed and validated correctly, this permits optimization of resources and time in genotyping and correct detection of the alleles present in individuals. Objective: To design and validate a multiplex PCR, followed by detection by minisequencing, for the genotyping of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the Beta 3-Adrenergic Receptor gene (rs4994 and rs4998), Apolipoprotein A5 gene (rs3135506 and rs2075291), Adiponectin gene (rs1501299 and rs2241766) and gamma-type Peroxisome Proliferation Activating Receptor gene (rs1801282 and rs1800571), associated with metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods: Twenty-four primers were designed for the amplification and detection of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms located in four candidate genes to be associated with the metabolic syndrome, using the Primer3® software. Sixteen were designed to amplify the polymorphisms and eight to detect them by minisequencing. The secondary structures between the primers were verified with Autodimer software. The polymorphisms were simultaneously amplified, and the amplified fragments were coupled to probes designed to minisequence the present allele using fluorochrome-labeled bases. Finally, the alleles were detected by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI 310 genetic analyzer and analyzed with the GeneMapper® software. The validation of the multiplex was performed by genotyping 20 individual samples, each of them authorized this procedure through informed consent. Results: The genetic profiles of the 20 genotyped controls were obtained, from multiple amplification, followed by minisequencing, designed and validated to detect the eight polymorphisms. Conclusion: An essay was designed and validated for the simultaneous detection of polymorphisms, located in four genes associated with metabolic syndrome, and can used as a reference for future population studies.

Effects of an interdisciplinary weight loss program on fibroblast growth factor 21 and inflammatory biomarkers in women with overweight and obesity

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention on biomarkers of inflammation and their relationship with fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) concentrations in women with overweight and obesity. Subjects and methods: Thirty-one women were enrolled in a 12-week interdisciplinary weight loss program delivered by a team comprising an endocrinologist, nutritionist and exercise physiologist. Body composition; anthropometric measures; metabolic and inflammatory markers including adiponectin, leptin, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were assessed at baseline and post-therapy. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the homeostasis model assessment of adiponectin (HOMA-AD) were calculated. The participants were divided into two groups: those with increased FGF21, and those with decreased FGF21. Results: The sample comprised women aged 32 ± 5 years with a body mass index of 33.64 ± 3.49 kg/m2. Body weight, waist circumference and leptin concentration were decreased in the whole sample after therapy. However, only the group with an increase in FGF21 concentration presented significant improvements in adiponectin concentration and adiponectin/leptin ratio. Moreover, although there was a reduction of leptin in both groups, it was greater in the increased FGF21 groups. There was a reduction in ANP in the decreased FGF21 group. Conclusions: Changes in FGF21 concentrations were different among the women participating in the weight loss program, with some having increased levels and some reduced levels. Furthermore, improvements in adiponectin and the adiponectin/leptin ratio were found only in the group with increased FGF21 concentration.

Evaluation of the Blood Level of Adiponectin in Pregnant Adolescents / Avaliação dos níveis séricos de adiponectina em gestantes adolescentes

Abstract Objective To evaluate serum levels of adiponectin in pregnant adolescents between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation. Method: A prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 67 normal pregnant women between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation and eutrophic (body mass index [BMI]: 18.5-25 kg/m2), of which 36 were adolescents (< 20 years old) and 31 adults (≥ 20 years old). Serum adiponectin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The t-student or Mann-Whitney tests were used for intergroup comparison. Results Pregnant adolescents showed significantly higher serum adiponectin concentrations comparedwith pregnant adults (p=0.04). No differences were observed in adiponectin levels in younger pregnant adolescents (< 16 years old) compared with older pregnant adolescents (≥ 16 years old). Adiponectin values were divided into 3 subgroups:<3,000 ng/mL, between 3,000 and 5,000 ng/mL, and>5,000 ng/mL. Birthweight was significantly higher in women>5,000 ng/mL when compared with<3,000 ng/mL in the adolescent group. No association between pregestational adiponectin levels and BMI, gestational weight gain, and gestational age was observed; however, there was a positive relation with birthweight (p=0.0239). Conclusion Serum adiponectin values in pregnant adolescents between 30 and 36 weeks of gestation were higher compared with pregnant adults; however, no differences between younger and older pregnant adolescents were observed.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os níveis séricos de adiponectina em gestantes adolescentes entre 30 e 36 semanas de gestação. Métodos Estudo prospectivo e transversal incluindo 67 gestantes normais entre 30 a 36 semanas e eutróficas (índice de massa corporal [IMC]: 18,5-25 kg/m2), sendo 36 adolescentes (< 20 anos) e 31 adultas (≥ 20 anos). Os níveis séricos de adiponectina foram avaliados por teste imunoenzimático (ELISA, na sigla em inglês). Para a comparação entre os grupos, utilizou-se os testes t-Student ou Mann-Whitney. Resultados As gestantes adolescentes apresentaram significativamente maiores concentrações séricas de adiponectina do que as adultas (p=0,04). Não houve diferenças nos níveis de adiponectina quando comparadas as gestantes adolescentes precoces (< 16 anos) às tardias (≥ 16 anos). Os valores de adiponectina foram subdivididos em3 grupos:<3.000 ng/mL, entre 3.000 e 5.000 ng/mL e>5.000 ng/mL. O peso do recém-nascido foi significantemente maior nas mulheres com>5.000 ng/mL, quando comparadas as com<3.000 ng/mL no grupo das adolescentes. Não foi observada associação entre os níveis de adiponectina e o IMC pré-gestacional, ganho de peso gestacional e a idade gestacional, porém houve relação positiva com o peso do recém-nascido (p=0,0239). Conclusão Os valores séricos de adiponectina em gestantes adolescentes entre 30 e 36 semanas de gestação foram maiores do que os das gestantes adultas; contudo, sem diferenças entre gestantes adolescentes precoces e tardias.

Hypoadiponectinemia as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: correlation with albumin/creatinine ratio

ABSTRACT Objective: We assessed plasma adiponectin and its correlation with carotid intima-media-thickness (CIMT), as a marker of atherosclerosis, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Subjects and methods: The study included 100 Egyptian subjects (50 patients with NAFLD with no history of diabetes or hypertension and 50 age and sex-matched normal healthy control subjects). Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was assessed in all participants and fasting plasma adiponectin was measured using ELISA technique. Ultrasonography was used to diagnose NAFLD. CIMT was assessed using high-resolution Doppler ultrasonography. Results: Mild albuminuria was detected in patients with NAFLD (mean urine ACR = 42 ± 30 mg/g). Plasma adiponectin was significantly lower and urine ACR and CIMT significantly higher in patients with NAFLD as compared with the control group (P < 0.001 for all). A significant negative correlation was found between plasma adiponectin and both urine ACR and CIMT in patients with NAFLD (P < 0.001 and < 0.05 respectively). A significant positive correlation was also found between CIMT and urine ACR in those patients (P < 0.05). Plasma adiponectin and urine ACR were independent determinants of CIMT in patients with NAFLD (P < 0.01 and < 0.05 respectively). Conclusion: Patients with NAFLD, without diabetes, have an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Hypoadiponectinemia and low-grade albuminuria are important markers of that risk.

Adiponectin Ameliorated Pancreatic Islet Injury Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia through Inhibiting the Imbalance in Mitochondrial Fusion and Division / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective This study aimed to assess the protective value of adiponectin (APN) in pancreatic islet injury induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). Methods Sixty rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control (NC) group, CIH group, and CIH with APN supplement (CIH+APN) group. After 5 weeks of CIH exposure, we conducted oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and insulin released test (IRT), examined and compared the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, enzymes gene expression levels of

Analysis of the chemerin and resistin adipokines in children and adolescents

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES To compare the serum concentrations of adipokines resistin and chemerin in children and adolescents with eutrophic and overweight and to evaluate their relationship with anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure variables. METHODS a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with 234 students enrolled in public elementary schools in the city of Juiz de Fora / MG. Anthropometric evaluation, biochemistry, and blood pressure measurement were performed. Statistical analyzes included the Student-t or Mann-Whitney tests, Pearson or Spearman correlation, used according to the distribution of the variables, and linear regression analysis, by means of the evaluation of the effect of the independent variables on the serum levels of chemerin and resistin, adjusted for age and sex. For the data analysis, SPSS® software version 21.0 and STATA® version 10.1 were used, assuming a significance level of 5%. RESULTS the concentrations of chemerin were higher in eutrophic individuals than in those with excess weight (p> 0.05). In contrast, levels of resistin were higher in the young with excess weight than in the eutrophic ones (p <0.05). In the multiple linear regression analysis, the levels of chemerin were associated with the values of resistin, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure. Resistance levels maintained association only with BMI and chemerin values. CONCLUSION the adipokines analyzed presented a distinct profile in the groups of children and adolescents with eutrophic and overweight.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Comparar as concentrações séricas das adipocinas resistina e quemerina em crianças e adolescentes com eutrofia e excesso de peso e avaliar sua relação com as variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas e a pressão arterial. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico transversal realizado com 234 estudantes matriculados em escolas públicas do ensino fundamental no município de Juiz de Fora/MG. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica e aferição da pressão arterial. As análises estatísticas compreenderam os testes t de Student ou Mann-Whitney, correlação de Pearson ou Spearman, utilizados de acordo com a distribuição das variáveis, e análise de regressão linear, realizada por meio da avaliação do efeito das variáveis independentes nos níveis séricos de quemerina e resistina, ajustado por idade e sexo. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os softwares SPSS® versão 21.0 e Stata® versão 10.1, admitindo-se nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS As concentrações de quemerina foram maiores nos indivíduos eutróficos do que nos com excesso de peso (p>0,05). Em contrapartida, os níveis de resistina estiveram maiores nos jovens com excesso ponderal do que nos eutróficos (p<0,05). Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, os níveis de quemerina apresentaram associação com os valores de resistina, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Os níveis de resistina mantiveram associação apenas com os valores de IMC e quemerina. CONCLUSÃO As adipocinas analisadas apresentaram perfil distinto nos grupos de crianças e adolescentes com eutrofia e com excesso de peso.

Polycystic ovary syndrome associated with increased adiposity interferes with serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 differently from leptin and adiponectin

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to investigate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to explore the relationship between body fat percentage and metabolic markers. Subjects and methods Sedentary women were assigned to PCOS (N = 60) and CONTROL (N = 60) groups. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups according to body fat percentage (22-27%, 27-32% and 32-37%). The protocol consisted of assessments of glucose, insulin, androgens, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results The PCOS subgroups showed higher concentrations of androgens, LH and 17-OHP. Leptin showed direct relationship with increased body fat percentage, whereas adiponectin showed the inverse effect. However, both were unaffected by PCOS. TNF-α and IL-6 were higher in PCOS women and showed a direct relationship with increased body fat percentage. Glucose showed direct relationship with body fat percentage, whereas insulin presented higher values in PCOS women and direct relationship with increased body fat percentage. Conclusions Our findings indicate that PCOS and body fat percentage directly influence concentrations of insulin, TNF-α and IL-6, whereas leptin and adiponectin are influenced only by the increase in body fat percentage in these women. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(1):4-10

Role of adiponectin in diabetes myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and ischemic postconditioning

Abstract Purpose Patients with diabetes are vulnerable to myocardial I/R (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury, but are not responsive to IPO (ischaemic post-conditioning). We hypothesized that decreased cardiac Adiponectin (APN) is responsible for the loss of diabetic heart sensitivity to IPO cardioprotecton. Methods Diabetic rats were subjected to I/R injury (30 min of LAD occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion). Myocardial infarct area was determined by TTC staining. Cardiac function was monitored by a microcatheter. ANP, 15-F2t-isoprostane, nitrotyrosine and MDA were measured by assay kits. Levels of p-Akt, total-Akt and GAPDH were determined by Western Blot. Results Diabetic rats subjected to myocardial IR exhibited severe myocardial infarction and oxidative stress injury, lower APN in the plasma and cardiac p-Akt expression ( P <0.05). IPO significantly attenuated myocardial injury and up-regulated plasma APN content and cardiac p-Akt expression in non-diabetic rats but not in diabetic rats. Linear correlation analysis showed that the expression of adiponectin was positively correlated with p-Akt and negatively correlated with myocardial infarction area ( P <0.01). Conclusion Protective effect of IPO was tightly correlated with the expression of adiponectin, exacerbation of I/R injury and ineffectiveness of IPO was partially due to the decline of adiponectin and inactivation of Akt in diabetes mellitus.

Lupine as a potential agent against diet-induced obesity through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway: crude oil versus nanoemulsion formulations

Obesity represents a major challenge to the pharmaceutical community due to the minimal availability of anti-obesity drugs and the drawbacks of current weight-loss agents. The study described herein presents lupine oil, in two pharmaceutical formulations, as a potential anti-obesity agent via its effect on different physiological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters. Rats were divided into two groups; one group was continued on a standard commercial rodent diet and served as the non-obese control. The other group was fed a high-fat diet for 7 weeks to prepare an obese rat model. Then, the obese rats were divided into groups to receive 100 mg/kg of the crude lupine oil or nanoemulsion for 10 or 20 days. Lupine oil showed a potent body weight-reducing effect and improved insulin resistance. The oil altered obesity-induced hyperlipidemia and it enhanced the leptin/adiponectin/AMPK hormonal system in epididymal fat, serum, and liver, to which all the above physiological activities could be attributed. The nanoemulsion formulation of lupine oil significantly amplified the activity for all the above physiological and hormonal parameters when compared to the crude oil formulation. Lupine oil nanoemulsion could be used as a potential drug against diet-induced obesity.

The role of adiponectin in ischemia-reperfusion syndrome: a literature review / O papel da adiponectina na síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão: revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT Adiponectin, among other diverse adipokines, is produced in greater quantity and has an effect on the adipose tissue and other tissues in the body. Adiponectin plays three main roles: regulatory metabolic and sensitizing function of insulin in the liver and muscles; it acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and in vascular protection, besides important cardiac protection in the presence of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome. Since many situations resulting from traumatic accidents or pathologies are due to cell damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion syndrome, it is relevant to study new therapeutic alternatives that will contribute to reducing these lesions. The objective of this study is to carry out a literature review on the role of adiponectin in ischemia-reperfusion syndrome.

RESUMO A adiponectina, em meio a outras diversas adipocinas, é a produzida em maior quantidade e exerce efeitos no próprio tecido adiposo e em outros diversos tecidos do organismo. Dentre suas funções, a adiponectina apresenta três principais papéis: função metabólica regulatória e sensibilizadora da insulina no fígado e nos músculos atua como citocina anti-inflamatória e vasculoprotetora, além de exercer importante fator cardioprotetor na presença da síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão. Visto que inúmeras situações decorrentes de acidentes traumáticos ou patologias recaem no dano celular causado pela síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão, observa-se a importância de estudar novas alternativas terapêuticas que venham a contribuir para a diminuição dessas lesões. O objetivo do presente estudo é realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o papel da adiponectina na síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão.

Relationship between plasma adiponectin level and corrected QT interval in smoker and non-smoker adult male subjects / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#Objective. This study determined the relationship between plasma adiponectin level and corrected QT interval (QTc) in smokers and non-smokers. Methodology.This cross-sectional analytical study was undertaken in 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers. Plasma adiponectin level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The QT interval was measured by routine 12-lead ECG with Lead II rhythm and QTc was calculated. Results. Mean plasma adiponectin level was significantly lower in smokers (27.89±15 μg/ml) than that of non-smokers (52.13±21.57μg/ml) (p<0.001). Mean QTc interval was significantly longer in smokers than that of non-smokers (415.37±29.9 versus 395.63±26.13 ms, p<0.01). Higher risk of low adiponectin level (odds ratio [OR],8.1; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.61-40.77) and QTc interval prolongation (OR,6; 95%CI,1.17-30.73) were observed in smokers. There was weak significant negative correlation between plasma adiponectin level and QTc interval in the study population (n=60, r=-0.407, p=0.001). Moreover, low plasma adiponectin level was significantly associated with prolonged QTc interval in the study population (n=60, Fisher's exact p value<0.05). Risk of QTc interval prolongation was 4.3 times higher in subjects with low plasma adiponectin level (OR,4.27; 95% CI,1.05-17.46). Conclusion. Smokers have greater risk for low plasma adiponectin level and prolonged QTc interval. There is a relationship between plasma adiponectin level and QTc interval.

Effect of breastfeeding on insulin sensitivity in infants with intrauterine growth retardation: a follow-up study / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study insulin sensitivity and the serum level of adiponectin in infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and the effect of breastfeeding on the insulin sensitivity through a follow-up study.@*METHODS@#A total of 106 full-term IUGR infants who were hospitalized from October 2014 to October 2018 were enrolled as the IUGR group, and 90 full-term appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants who were born during the same period of time were enrolled as the AGA group. Birth weight and body length were recorded. Serum levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, and adiponectin were measured on day 7 after birth. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. According to the feeding pattern, the IUGR group was further divided into a breastfeeding group with 37 infants and a formula feeding group with 42 infants. The above serum indices and growth indices were also measured at the age of 3 and 6 months.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the AGA group, the IUGR group had significantly increased levels in serum insulin and HOMA-IR and a significantly decreased level of adiponectin (P0.05). In the breastfeeding group, serum insulin and HOMA-IR decreased and adiponectin level increased over the time of breastfeeding (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Insulin sensitivity decreases in the early stage after birth in IUGR infants, and breastfeeding can improve insulin sensitivity.

Mitochondrial Mechanisms in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Mitochondrial medicine is increasingly discussed as a promising therapeutic approach, given that mitochondrial defects are thought to contribute to many prevalent diseases and their complications. In individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), defects in mitochondrial structure and function occur in many organs throughout the body, contributing both to the pathogenesis of DM and complications of DM. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) is increasingly recognized as an underlying cause of increased heart failure in DM, and several mitochondrial mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to the development of DbCM. Well established mechanisms include myocardial energy depletion due to impaired adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and mitochondrial uncoupling, and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress. A variety of upstream mechanisms of impaired ATP regeneration and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species have been proposed, and recent studies now also suggest alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy, impaired mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake, decreased cardiac adiponectin action, increased O-GlcNAcylation, and impaired activity of sirtuins to contribute to mitochondrial defects in DbCM, among others. In the current review, we present and discuss the evidence that underlies both established and recently proposed mechanisms that are thought to contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in DbCM.

Associação de padrões alimentares e de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único dos genes da adiponectina, receptor do tipo Toll 4, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α,CCL-2 e proteína C reativa com um padrão inflamatório sistêmico em um estudo de base populacional - ISA-Capital / Dietary patterns and single nucleotide polymorphism in the genes of adiponectin, Toll-like receptor 4, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, CCL-2 e C-reactive protein and its association with a systemic inflammation score in a population-based study - HS-SP

Introdução: A inflamação crônica, sistêmica e de baixa intensidade, para a qual a dieta é um importante fator de risco, está presente na fisiopatologia de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, as quais figuram entre as principais causas de morte no mundo. Além da dieta isolada, a interação entre os padrões dietéticos e o genoma pode explicar variações na resposta inflamatória entre indivíduos. Objetivo: Verificar a associação de padrões alimentares e de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNP) presentes nos genes da adiponectina, do receptor do tipo Toll (TLR)-4, da interleucina (IL)-1ß, da IL-6, da IL-10, do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-α, da quimiocina ligante de C-C motif (CCL)-2 e da proteína C reativa (PCR) com um escore de inflamação sistêmica. Métodos: Dados secundários de 269 indivíduos adultos (20 a 59 anos) e 172 idosos (60 a 75 anos) do estudo de base populacional ISA-capital, edição de 2008, e 284 adultos e 217 idosos do ISA-capital de 2015 foram utilizados pelo presente estudo. A coleta dos dados dietéticos foi realizada por meio de recordatório de 24 horas, aplicado em duplicata e um questionário de frequência alimentar. A partir do plasma, foram determinadas as concentrações plasmáticas de adiponectina, PCR, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-12p70, CCL-2, molécula de adesão intercelular solúvel (sICAM)-1 e molécula de adesão celular vascular solúvel (sVCAM)-1, os quais compõem o escore de inflamação sistêmico. A partir do DNA genômico foi realizada a genotipagem de 31 SNP dos genes ADIPOQ, TLR4, IL1B, IL6, IL10, TNFA, CCL2 e CRP pelo sistema Taqman Open Array. Os padrões dietéticos analisados foram o índice de qualidade da dieta revisado (IQD-R) e o padrão empírico de inflamação da dieta (EDIP), o qual foi adaptado para uso na população do ISA-capital (EDIP-SP). Resultados: O escore de inflamação foi associado com perfil lipídico plasmático, glicemia e pressão arterial sistêmica. São fatores associados ao escore de inflamação, em um modelo múltiplo, ter maior índice de massa corporal; ter mais de 50 anos de idade; fazer menos de 150 min/semana de atividade física como meio de transporte; ter menor IQD-R, ter maior EDIP-SP, ser homozigoto selvagem para o SNP TLR4 rs5030728 G>A e para o SNP ADIPOQ rs1501299 G>T após ajuste para uso de medicamento, super- e sub-relato da ingestão energética e fumo. O EDIP-SP, composto por "carnes processadas", "frutas e hortaliças" e "arroz e feijão", foi replicado em uma amostra independente apenas em homens. Nenhuma interação foi encontrada entre os SNP TLR4 rs5030728 G>A e ADIPOQ rs1501299 G>T e os padrões dietéticos IQD-R e EDIP-SP. Conclusão: Maiores escores para o IQD-R, e menores valores para o padrão alimentar EDIP-SP, estão inversamente associados à inflamação sistêmica e de baixa intensidade, independente de outros fatores de risco, na população de adultos da cidade de São Paulo. Os genótipos GG para os SNP TLR4 rs5030728 G>A e ADIPOQ rs1501299 G>T predispõem essa população a maior inflamação sistêmica e de baixa intensidade. Os padrões dietéticos e polimorfismos genéticos não são capazes de modificar os efeitos uns dos outros sobre a inflamação.

Introduction: Chronic and systemic low-grade inflammation, for which diet is an important risk factor, is present in the pathophysiology of chronic non-communicable diseases that are among the main causes of death worldwide. Besides diet, the interaction between dietary patterns and the genome can explain variations in the inflammatory response across individuals. Objective: To verify the association of dietary patterns and single nucleotide polymorphism in the genes of adiponectin, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-2 and C-reactive protein (PCR) with a systemic inflammation score. Methods: Secondary data of 269 adults (20 to 59 y.o.) and 172 elderly (60 to 75 y.o.) from the population-based study Health Survey of Sao Paulo (HS-SP), 2008 edition, and 284 adults and 217 elderly individuals from HS-SP 2015 edition were used in the present study. Dietary assessment was done through two 24-hour recalls and one validated food frequency questionnaire. From the blood, plasma concentration of adiponectin, CRP, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-12p70, CCL-2, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 were determined, all of which composed the systemic inflammation score. From extracted DNA, 31 SNPs in ADIPOQ, TLR4, IL1B, IL6, IL10, TNFA, CCL2 e CRP genes were genotypes using the Taqman Open Array system. The two analyzed dietary patterns were the Brazilian Health Eating Index-revised (IQD-R) and the Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP), which was further adapted to be used in the Sao Paulo population (EDIP-SP). Results: The systemic inflammation score was associated with blood lipid levels, glycemia and blood pressure. The systemic inflammatory score independently associated factors were: having higher BMI; being in the highest category of age (> 50 years); doing less than 150min/week of commuting physical; having lower IQD-R and higher EDIP-SP, being GG homozygous for SNP TLR4 rs5030728 G>A e and SNP ADIPOQ rs1501299 G>T, even after adjustments for medication use, misreporting of energy intake and smoking status. EDIP-SP, composed of "processed meat", "fruits and vegetables" and "rice and beans" groups, was replicated only in men. No interaction was observed between SNP TLR4 rs5030728 G>A and ADIPOQ rs1501299 G>T and the dietary patterns, IQD-R and EDIP-SP. Conclusion: Higher score for IQD-R, and a lower score for EDIP-SP, were inversely associated with systemic low-grade inflammation, independently of confounders, in the Sao Paulo population. The GG genotype for SNP TLR4 rs5030728 G>A and for ADIPOQ rs1501299 G>T predispose this population to systemic low-grade inflammation. Neither the dietary patterns nor the SNP modify the effect of one another on inflammation.

Adiponectin serum levels in female dogs bearing mammary gland carcinomas / Níveis séricos de adiponectina em cadelas portadoras de carcinomas mamários

Em seres humanos, a adiponectinemia está associada à obesidade e ao risco aumentado a uma ampla variedade de cânceres. Embora o papel dessa adipocina esteja bem documentado na patogênese do câncer em humanos, tal associação permanece a ser determinada em cães. Nesses animais, a relação da adiponectina com a carcinogênese parece ser ainda meramente especulativa. Nesse contexto, buscou-se nesta investigação comparar os níveis séricos de adiponectina em fêmeas hígidas e em portadoras de carcinomas mamários com diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma mamário tubular simples estágio 4, com comprometimento de linfonodos, porém sem metástases a distância detectadas. Foi observado que as cadelas diagnosticadas com carcinoma mamário tiveram níveis séricos de adiponectina significativamente menores (média de 3,72±1,54µg/mL, P<0,05) em relação às fêmeas consideradas hígidas (média de 5,61±2,18µgl/mL), sugerindo associação entre câncer e hipoadiponectinemia similar à encontrada em humanos. Em relação à idade e ao peso corporal dos animais do estudo, não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os resultados encontrados nas cadelas portadoras de carcinoma mamário do presente estudo corroboram a associação já descrita em humanos entre ocorrência de carcinogênese e baixos níveis de adiponectina.(AU)

Plasmatic adipocyte biomarkers and foot pain associated with flatfoot in schoolchildren with obesity

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the potential association of foot pain and plasmatic adipocytes as physiological biomarkers of childhood obesity with the incidence of flatfoot in a cohort of Egyptian school children aged 6 -12 years. METHODS A total of 550 Egyptian schoolchildren (220 boys and 330 girls) aged 6-12 years were randomly invited to participate in this descriptive survey analysis. For all children, we assessed the diagnosis and severity of flatfoot as well as plasma adipocytes, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α, using the Dennis method and immunoassay techniques respectively. Foot pain was assessed by using a standard VAS of 100 mm and Faces Pain Scale, respectively. RESULTS Flat foot was predicted in 30.4% of school-age children, most of them showed a higher frequency of overweight (33.3%) and obesity (62.5%). Boys showed higher ranges of flat foot than girls. Foot pain significantly correlated with flat foot and obesity among the studied populations. In overweight-obese children, plasmatic adipocyte variables, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, TNF-α.; showed significant correlations with foot stance, especially in boys. Also, the studied adipocyte variables along with BMI, age, gender explained about~65% of the variance of flatfoot with pain among our school-age students. CONCLUSION Foot pain showed an association with flat foot and childhood obesity in 30.4% of school-age students (6-12 years). Foot pain was shown to correlate positively with the incidence of flat foot and changes in adiposity markers, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, Il-6, TNF-α

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a potencial associação de dor no pé e adipócitos plasmáticos como biomarcadores fisiológicos da obesidade infantil com incidência de pé plano em uma coorte de escolares egípcios de 6 a 12 anos. MÉTODOS Um total de 550 escolares egípcios (220 meninos e 330 meninas) com idades entre 6 e 12 anos foram convidados aleatoriamente para participar desta análise descritiva. Para todas as crianças, diagnóstico e gravidade do flatfoot, bem como adipócitos plasmáticos; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6 e TNF-α; foram avaliados pelo método de Dennis e técnicas de imunoensaio, respectivamente. A dor no pé foi avaliada usando uma EVA padrão de 100 mm e a Faces Pain Scale, respectivamente. RESULTADOS O pé plano foi predito em 30,4% das crianças em idade escolar; a maioria apresentou maior frequência de sobrepeso (33,3%) e obesidade (62,5%). Os meninos apresentaram maiores faixas de pé plano do que as meninas. A dor no pé correlacionou-se significativamente com pé plano e obesidade entre as populações estudadas. Em crianças obesas com sobrepeso, variáveis adipocitárias plasmáticas; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6 e TNF-α; apresentaram correlação significativa com a postura do pé, em meninos e meninas. Além disso, as variáveis estudadas dos adipócitos, juntamente com o IMC, idade e sexo, explicaram cerca de 65% da variância do pé plano com a dor entre os nossos alunos em idade escolar. CONCLUSÃO A dor no pé mostrou associação com pé plano e obesidade infantil em 30,4% dos estudantes em idade escolar (6-12 anos). A dor no pé se correlacionou positivamente com a incidência de pé plano e a mudança nos marcadores de adiposidade; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6, TNF-α.

Concentración de adiponectina posterior a reducción de masa corporal en un grupo de mujeres obesas premenopáusicas en Lima, Perú / Adiponectin concentration after a body mass reduction in a group of premenopausal obese women living in Lima, Peru

Objetivo: Investigar el cambio en la concentración de adiponectina circulante en plasma en 23 mujeres obesas premenopáusicas de la ciudad de Lima luego de la reducción de la masa corporal como resultado de un programa de actividad física aeróbica y una dieta baja en calorías.Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico y cuasi-experimental con el grupo de mujeres obesas. Adicionalmente, 24 mujeres se consideraron como control o de referencia de la concentración de adiponectina y otros marcadores bioquímicos. La cuantificación de adiponectina se realizó mediante la prueba de ELISA. La concentración de glucosa en ayunas en sangre, colesterol, lipoproteína de alta densidad y triglicéridos fueron cuantificados mediante análisis clínicos de rutina.Resultados: Antes del programa el grupo control mostró altos valores de adiponectina (mediana: 8,54 µg/mL; rango: 6,14 µg/mL a 13,49 µg/mL) en comparación con el grupo obesidad (mediana: 7,03 µg/mL, rango: 3;77 µg/mL a 17,23 µg/mL); sin embargo, la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (P = 0.0563). Luego de la finalización del programa se observó que el grupo obesidad presentó una reducción estadísticamente significativa del índice de masa corporal (P = 5.98e-08) y de la circunferencia abdominal (P = 1.55e-08) así como un incremento estadísticamente significativo de los niveles de adiponectina (mediana, 8.79 µg/mL; rango, 5.50 µg/mL a 19.37 µg/mL) (P = 0.0127). Conclusiones: Basándonos en los resultados, concluimos que en mujeres obesas premenopáusicas la concentración de adiponectina se incrementa cuando la masa corporal se reduce como resultado de actividad física aeróbica y una dieta baja en calorías.

Objective: To investigate the changes in the plasma-circulating adiponectin concentration in 23 premenopausal obese women living in Lima after a body mass reduction as a result of an aerobic physical activity program and a low-calorie diet.Materials and methods: An analytical and quasi-experimental study was conducted in a group of obese women. In addition, another 24 women were considered as control or reference group for comparing their adiponectin concentration and other biochemical markers. The quantification of adiponectin was carried out using the ELISA test. Fasting blood glucose concentration, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides levels were quantified by routine clinical analysis.Results: Before beginning the program, the control group showed high adiponectin levels (median, 8.54 µg/mL; range, 6.14 µg/mL to 13.49 µg/mL) compared to the obesity group (median, 7.03 µg/mL; range, 3.77 µg/mL to 17.23 µg/mL). However, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.0563). Once the program was finished, the obesity group showed a statistically significant reduction in the body mass index (P = 5.98e-08) and abdominal circumference (P = 1.55e-08), and a statistically significant increase in the adiponectin levels (median, 8.79 µg/mL; range, 5.50 µg/mL to 19.37 µg/mL) (P = 0.0127). Conclusions: Based on the results, we conclude that the adiponectin concentration in premenopausal obese women increases when the body mass is reduced as a result of aerobic physical activity and a low-calorie diet.