ABSTRACT
As aflatoxinas pertencem ao grupo das micotoxinas e são substâncias sintetizadas durante a multiplicação de fungos que podem contaminar alimentos e rações animais, produzindo efeitos agudos ou crônicos naqueles que os consomem. Os cães são sensíveis aos efeitos tóxicos das aflatoxinas, havendo dificuldades de diagnóstico definitivo desta doença devido a fatores, como a inespecificidade dos sinais clínicos e o custo elevado da análise da presença de toxinas na alimentação. Desta forma, o objetivo deste artigo foi relatar um surto de aflatoxicose em dezoito caninos, no município de Pelotas - RS, no qual apenas um canino não veio a óbito, após a ingestão de quirelas de milho e arroz contaminadas. O diagnóstico definitivo de aflatoxicose aguda foi obtido através dos dados da anamnese, exames complementares, resultados de necropsia e histopatologia, além de análise da presença de toxinas na alimentação dos animais. Na necropsia observou-se degeneração e necrose hepática severa e na análise das amostras de alimento foi constatada a presença de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2, em um somatório de 898,2μg/kg na quirela de milho e de 409,86μg/kg na de arroz. Assim sendo, medidas de conscientização acerca do controle e prevenção das micotoxicoses devem ser tomadas, salientando os possíveis danos à saúde dos animais. Além disto, métodos de identificação de micotoxinas, devem ser implementados na rotina hospitalar, incluindo a análise da ração oferecida, visto que a aflatoxicose, muitas vezes é subestimada.(AU)
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins synthesized during fungal multiplication and are able to contaminate food and animal feed, producing acute or chronic effects on consumers. Dogs are sensitive to this substance toxic. Disease final diagnosis has been hard to be made due to several factors, such as lack of specific clinical signs and high costs of testing for toxin presence in food. Thus, this paper aimed to report an aflatoxicosis outbreak in eighteen dogs in Pelotas - RS, Brazil. Only one dog has not come to death, after eating contaminated crushed corn and rice. Final diagnosis of acute aflatoxicosis was established through anamnesis, laboratory tests, necropsy and histopathological results, besides analysis of toxin presence in animal feed. At necropsy, degeneration and severe hepatic necrosis were observed and the analysis of food samples confirmed B1, B2, G1 and G2 aflatoxins, in an amount of 898.2μg/kg in crushed corn and 409.86μg/kg in rice. Therefore, awareness measures about control and prevention of mycotoxicosis should be taken, stressing the possible damage to the health of animals. Furthermore, mycotoxin identification methods must be implemented into routine clinical practice, including analysis of animal feed offered, since aflatoxicosis has often been underestimated.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Aflatoxins/poisoning , Aflatoxins/toxicity , Animal Feed/microbiology , Edible Grain/microbiologyABSTRACT
Os alimentos estão sujeitos à contaminação por substâncias químicas, dentre elas, as aflatoxinas, as quais são potencialmente carcinogênicas, A presença de tais substâncias nos alimentos constitui importante risco para a população, tanto humana quanto animal, Em meio aos vários fatores que danificam a qualidade de um alimento, merece ênfase a contaminação de grãos por micotoxinas, especialmente as aflatoxinas, que são metabólitos tóxicos de fungos como Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus, compondo um sério problema de saúde pública em diversas regiões do mundo, O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a presença de aflatoxinas B1 e B2 em amostras de paçocas adquiridas no comércio da cidade de Lavras - MG, Brasil, no período de janeiro a junho de 2011, A técnica utilizada para a separação e identificação das substâncias foi a cromatografia em camada delgada com prévia extração, líquido-líquido, dos analitos, Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras de paçocas utilizadas neste estudo não apresentaram contaminações por aflatoxinas B1 e B2, Torna-se importante um maior conhecimento da presença destas micotoxinas em alimentos visto os riscos que as mesmas possam causar no organismo humano...
The food can be subject of chemicals contamination, including aflatoxins, which are potentially carcinogenic. The presence of such substances in food is a serious risk to both human and animal population. Among many factors that damage the quality of food, the contamination of grain with mycotoxins deserves emphasis, particularly aflatoxins, which are toxic metabolites of fungi mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which represent a serious public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of aflatoxins B1 and B2 in samples of the peanut candy called ?paçoca?, acquired randomly in the city of Lavras - MG, Brazil, from January to June in the year 2011. The separation and identification of substances were performed by thin layer chromatography with prior liquid-liquid extraction. The obtained results showed that the samples showed no contamination by aflatoxin B1 and B2. A greater knowledge of the presence of these mycotoxins in foods is important because of the risks for the human body...
Subject(s)
Humans , Aflatoxins/poisoning , Food Contamination , Foods Containing Peanuts , Chromatography, Thin LayerABSTRACT
Descrevem-se os aspectos clinicopatológicos de casos de aflatoxicose em cães no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos casos diagnosticados como aflatoxicose em cães necropsiados no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) no período de 1978 a 2012. Em quatro casos o diagnóstico foi confirmado pela detecção de níveis de 89 a 191 ppb de aflatoxinas B1 e G1 no alimento dos cães. De um total de 27 cães com cirrose hepática, em seis havia suspeita de aflatoxicose pelas lesões macro e microscópicas e pelo tipo de alimentação que os cães recebiam. Os sinais clínicos nos casos confirmados e nos suspeitos caracterizaram-se por apatia, diarreia, icterícia e ascite, com evolução para morte em 8 a 30 dias nos casos confirmados e em 15 a 60 dias nos casos suspeitos. A dieta era à base de derivados de milho ou arroz, farelo de amendoim e, em um caso suspeito, a dieta era ração comercial. As alterações macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por ascite, icterícia, fígado aumentado de tamanho, com ou sem nódulos, hemorragia nas serosas, conteúdo intestinal hemorrágico. Os casos foram classificados de acordo com o padrão histológico principal, caracterizado por vacuolização difusa no citoplasma de hepatócitos nos casos agudos, por proliferação de ductos biliares e discreta fibroplasia nos casos subagudos e por fibrose acentuada nos casos crônicos. Aparentemente, a enfermidade não é importante como causa de morte em cães na região, no entanto, alerta-se para a possibilidade de casos com diagnóstico de cirrose hepática sem causa determinada serem causados por aflatoxicose.
Clinical pathological aflatoxicosis in dogs is described in southern Rio Grande do Sul. It was conducted a retrospective study of cases diagnosed as aflatoxicosis in dogs necropsied at the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD) of the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) in the period 1978-2012. In four cases the diagnosis was confirmed by detection of levels of aflatoxins B1 and G1, with the finding of 89-191ppb in the feed. The macroscopic and histologic lesions and the diet observed in six of 27 dogs with liver cirrhosis led to suspicion of aflatoxicosis. Clinical signs evidenced in confirmed or suspected cases were lethargy, diarrhea, jaundice and ascites, progressing to death within 8 to 30 days in confirmed cases, and within 15 to 60 days in suspected cases. The diet was corn and rice byproducts and peanut meal, and one of the dogs received commercial ration. Gross changes were characterized by ascites, jaundice, enlarged liver, with or without regenerative nodules, hemorrhages in serous membranes and bloody intestinal content. The cases were classified according to the main histological pattern, characterized by diffuse vacuolation of the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in acute cases, by proliferation of bile ducts, and mild fibrosis in subacute cases, and by severe fibrosis in chronic cases. Apparently the disease is not important as a cause of death in dogs in the region, nevertheless the possibility of cases of cirrhosis of unknown etiology would be caused by aflatoxicosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Aflatoxin B1/poisoning , Aflatoxins/poisoning , Dogs , Autopsy/veterinary , Liver Cirrhosis/veterinaryABSTRACT
Um surto de aflatoxicose crônica é relatado em bezerros de raça leiteira. Quarenta bezerros holandeses machos de quatro meses de idade e aproximadamente 100kg eram mantidos em gaiolas individuais de 1,5 x 1,5m e alimentados com uma ração constituída por feno de alfafa, milho quebrado e substituto de leite. Seis bezerros (15 por cento) morreram após apresentar uma doença caracterizada por mau desenvolvimento geral, diarreia, pelagem áspera, dor abdominal, tenesmo, prolapso de reto e bruxismo. Alguns bezerros "deitavam e rolavam" no chão da gaiola. A duração do curso clínico, segundo observado pelos proprietários, foi de 2-3 dias; muitos terneiros desse lote que não morreram permaneceram pouco desenvolvidos. Três bezerros foram necropsiados. Os achados de necropsia incluíam fígado firme e castanho-claro, marcados hidrotórax e ascite, e edema do mesentério, mesocólon e das dobras da mucosa do abomaso. Os principais achados histopatológicos estavam restritos ao fígado e consistiam de fibrose, moderada megalocitose, hiperplasia de ductos biliares e lesão veno-oclusiva. A procura por contaminação de Senecio spp. no feno de alfafa resultou negativa. A análise do milho do alimento dos bezerros por cromatografia de camada delgada revelou 5.136ppb de aflatoxina B1. O diagnóstico de aflatoxicose foi feito baseado nos sinais clínicos e patologia característicos, na ausência de Senecio spp. na alimentação dos terneiros e na presença de altos níveis de aflatoxina no milho da alimentação dos bezerros.
An outbreak of chronic aflatoxicosis is reported in dairy calves. Forty 4-month-old male Holstein calves of approximately 100kg were kept in individual cages of 1.5 x 1.5m and were fed a ration constituted by alfalfa hay, broken corn and milk substitute. Six calves (15 percent) died after presenting a disease characterized by general unthriftiness, diarrhea, rough hair coats, abdominal pain, prolapsed rectum, grinding of teeth, and lying down and rolling. The clinical course, as observed by the owners, was 2-3 days; however many calves in this lot that did not die, remained underdeveloped. Three calves were necropsied. Necropsy findings included firm, light tan livers and marked hydrothorax, ascites and edema of the mesentery, mesocolon and of the mucosal folds of the abomasum. Main histopathological changes were restricted to the liver and consisted of fibrosis, moderate megalocytosis, biliary duct hyperplasia and veno-occlusive disease. The search for Senecio spp. contamination in the alfalfa hay resulted negative. The analysis by thin layer chromatography of the corn fed to calves revealed 5,136 ppb of aflatoxin B1. A diagnosis of aflatoxicosis was made based on the characteristic clinical signs and pathology, on the absence of Senecio spp. in the food and on the presence of high levels of aflatoxin in the corn fed to the calves.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cattle , Aflatoxins/poisoning , Aspergillus/pathogenicity , Animal Feed/toxicity , Liver Diseases/veterinary , Mycotoxicosis/veterinaryABSTRACT
Aflatoxins belong to a group of toxins called mycotoxins that infection with them can cause complications in humans such as immunity weakness, lung syndrome, liver cancer, esophagus cancer and hemagglutination, and are inhibitor of RNA and protein, as well as cause numerous complications in genital, respiratory and the digestive systems and because of their poisoning and carcinogenic and tumorigenic properties, cause numerous complications in livestock. This research was carried out to determine the rate of Aflatoxine contamination of bread losses in Lorestan province and its comparison with standard levels reported by WHO and FAO. This study was done by field and laboratory method on 180 samples of losses dried bread in 2009 with randomized distribution in Lorestan province and detection of samples contamination to aflatoxin was done by HPLC floresence apparatus. Data was analyzed by SPSS software [alpha=5%].The median rate of types of aflatoxin: B1,B2,G1 and G2 total types of aflatoxin in bread losses [infected, semi-infected and safe] in Lorestan were 22.5304, 2.4369, 0.1923, 0.1022 and 25.2636 [microg/kg]. Average of minimum and maximum infection to aflatoxin with all types of aflatoxin belonged to Khorramabad [42.9403 and 47.7153 microg/kg] and Borujerd [1.8611 and 1.9833] respectively. Average rate of aflatoxin type B1 in infected, semi-infected and safe bread are 64.0536, 1.9167, 0.5629 [microg/kg] and average rate of all types of aflatoxin in infected, and safe breads were: 72.0257, 1.9990 and 05753 [microg/kg]. Also rate of aflatoxin B1 in 29 out of 180 samples are more than standard level and total rate of different types of aflatoxin in 18 samples were more than standard levels. Results of the carried out studies showed that the milk of the cows feeding dried bread contains large amount of Aflatoxin's metabolites, so the consumption of losses dried bread must be forbidden for livestock and humans too
Subject(s)
Aflatoxins/poisoning , Aflatoxin B1 , Bread/standards , Bread/toxicity , Milk/microbiology , Bread/microbiology , Aflatoxins/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Relatam-se algumas intoxicaçöes descritas em eqüídeos no Brasil. Dentre as intoxicaçöes por plantas, incluem-se: Senecio spp., Ateleia glazioviana, Crotalaria juncea, Equisetum spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Baccharis coridifolia, Senna occidentalis e Brachiara spp.. Mencionam-se, também, as micotoxicoses causadas por Fusarium moniliforme, Claviceps purpurea e aflatoxinas, e as intoxicaçöes por uréia, iodo, chumbo e inseticidas clorados.