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1.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 26(2): 46-50, abr./jun. 2019. il.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1391641

ABSTRACT

Em face à grande importância que a leptospirose possui no contexto sanitário mundial, tanto no aspecto humano como animal, este estudo teve por objetivo realizar a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Leptospira sp. pela técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM) em 429 amostras de soros de cães provenientes de quatro municípios (Poconé/MT, Santo Antônio de Leverger/MT, Barão de Melgaço/MT e Corumbá/MS) localizados na região do Pantanal Brasileiro, bem como foram verificadas possíveis associações entre os resultados dos exames sorológicos e respostas aos questionários epidemiológicos aplicados aos proprietários. Do total de cães avaliados pela SAM (título ≥100), verificou-se que 34 (7,93%; IC 95%: 5,63%-11,00%) cães tinham anticorpos anti-Leptospira sp. Os títulos encontrados variaram entre 100 e 1600 e todos os municípios analisados tinham cães sororreagentes ao agente pesquisado. O sorogrupo reator mais frequente foi o Icterohaemorrhagiae, seguido pelo Australis. Por outro lado, foram observadas menores proporções de cães reagentes aos sorogrupos Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, Autumnalis e Grippotyphosa. As variáveis associadas com a ocorrência de leptospirose foram habitat rural (P<0,01) e área alagável (P=0,01). Estes resultados demonstram que os cães da região pantaneira tiveram contato com agentes do gênero Leptospira, o que representa uma informação relevante para a saúde pública local devido à importância zoonótica da doença.


Given the great importance that leptospirosis has the global health context, both in human and animal aspect, this study aimed to search for antibodies anti-Leptospira sp. by the technique of microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in 429 samples of sera from dogs from four municipalities (Poconé/MT, Santo Antônio de Leverger/MT, Barão de Melgaço/MT and Corumbá/MS) located in the Brazilian Pantanal region, in order for determine associations between the results of the serological tests and answers to epidemiological questionnaires applied to owners. Of the total dogs evaluated by MAT (titer ≥100), it was verified that 34 (7.93%, 95% CI: 5.63% -11.00%) dogs had antibodies against Leptospira sp. The titers found ranged from 100 to 1600 and all municipalities analyzed had seroreactive dogs for the investigated agent. The most frequent serogroup reactor was Icterohaemorrhagiae, followed by Australis. On the other hand, smaller proportions of reactive dogs were observed for serogroups Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, Autumnalis and Grippotyphosa. The variables associated with the occurrence of leptospirosis were rural habitat (P<0.01) and flooded area (P=0.01). These results demonstrate that dogs from the Pantanal region had contact with agents of the genus Leptospira, which represents information relevant to local public health due to the zoonotic importance of the disease.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Serologic Tests/veterinary , Dogs/immunology , Wetlands , Bacterial Zoonoses/prevention & control , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis
2.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop;51(3): 368-371, Apr.-June 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041464

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Serological surveys are important to assess the health status of wild animals. In this study, antibodies against Leptospira spp, causal agents of leptospirosis, were detected in free-living marsupials in the State of Pará, Brazil. METHODS: Nineteen blood samples collected from marsupials in the municipalities of Peixe-Boi, Viseu, and Castanhal were subjected to microscopic agglutination tests. RESULTS: In total, 36.8% (7/19) of samples were positive, and two exhibited co-agglutination. The most frequent serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae (60%; 3/5), Panama (20%; 1/5), and Nupezo (20%; 1/5). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-Leptospira spp antibodies currently circulate in free-living marsupials in Northeastern Pará.


Subject(s)
Animals , Leptospira/immunology , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Marsupialia/microbiology , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Brazil , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Leptospirosis/diagnosis , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Animals, Wild/classification , Animals, Wild/microbiology , Marsupialia/classification
3.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop;51(3): 364-367, Apr.-June 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041463

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to detect anti-Leptospira spp antibodies and Leptospira DNA in domestic dogs. METHODS: Blood and urine from 106 dogs were evaluated by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. RESULTS: Six (5.7%) and one (1%) animals were positive by MAT and PCR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results show a low prevalence of infection by Leptospira spp. The absence of positive results for the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup indicates the small relevance of these dogs as sources of human leptospirosis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Leptospira/classification , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Dog Diseases/microbiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leptospira/genetics , Leptospira/immunology , Leptospirosis/diagnosis , Leptospirosis/microbiology , Leptospirosis/epidemiology
4.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;38(1): 41-47, Jan. 2018. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-895559

ABSTRACT

Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico da leptospirose em fêmeas acima de 24 meses, provenientes de 246 rebanhos, e 2.766 animais amostrados aleatoriamente nos nove municípios que compõem a região do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, bem como identificados os fatores de risco associados à doença. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas no período de setembro a novembro de 2009 e examinadas pelo teste de aglutinação microscópica ante uma coleção de 24 antígenos vivos de Leptospira spp., representantes dos sorovares Australis, Bratislava, Autumnalis, Butembo, Castellonis, Batavie, Canicola, Whitcombi, Cynopteri, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Panamá, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Wolffi, Shermani, Tarassovi, Sentot, Andamana e Patoc. Adicionalmente, representantes de doze estirpes de leptospiras isoladas no Brasil foram adicionados à coleção de antígenos do teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). A prevalência aparente foi de 66% e a prevalência real de animais infectados, de 79,80%, com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% (78,3-81,3) e 241 rebanhos apresentando pelo menos um animal reagente. Os sorovares mais prováveis foram o Hardjo seguido pelo Wolffi. Os resultados demonstram que a leptospirose bovina continua presente no Pantanal, com alta prevalência tanto em rebanhos quanto em indivíduos, sendo os principais fatores de risco para a doença o tipo de exploração e a raça.(AU)


This is an epidemiological study of leptospirosis in 24 month-old females from 246 herds. Two thousand, seven hundred and sixty six (2,766) animals were randomly sampled in the nine counties comprising the region of Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The risk factors associated with the disease were also identified. Blood samples were collected from September to November 2009 and examined by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against a collection of 24 live antigens of Leptospira spp., representatives of serovars Australis, Bratislava, Autumnalis, Butembo, Castellonis, Batavie, Canicola Whitcombi, Cynopteri, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Panama, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Hardjo, Wolffi, Shermani, Tarassovi, Sentot, Andamana, and Patoc. Additionally, twelve representatives of Leptospira strains isolated in Brazil were added to the collection of antigens for the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The apparent prevalence was 66% and the actual prevalence of infected animals was 79.80%, with a confidence interval of 95% (78.3 to 81.3) and 241 herds having at least one reactive animal. The most likely serovars were Hardjo followed by Wolffi. Results show that bovine leptospirosis is still present in Pantanal, with high prevalence both in animals and herds, the main risk factors for the disease being the type of cattle farming and breeding.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Leptospira/isolation & purification , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Antigens , Brazil/epidemiology
5.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;37(7): 708-712, jul. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-895478

ABSTRACT

A cross-sectional study using 99 serum samples of dogs from southern Chile was conducted to determine the diagnostic utility of a rapid immunochromatography assay for the detection of Leptospira specific IgM antibodies as screening test and as a potential aid in the diagnosis of leptospirosis in animals with and without clinical suspicion of the disease. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was used as reference assay. Anti-Leptospira antibodies were detected in 37.3% of the dogs with MAT. Using the immunochromatography test, specific IgM antibodies were found in 13.1% of sampled dogs. The sensitivity of the rapid test as screening assay was 29.7% (95% Confidence Interval=16.4-47.2) and the specificity was 96.7% (95% Confidence Interval=87.8-99.4). 40.0% of the canines with clinical suspicion of leptospirosis and 37.1% of dogs without clinical signs were serological reactors to MAT, but none of MAT reactive dogs with clinical suspicion tested positive in the rapid test. Rapid and user-friendly diagnostic procedures for canine leptospirosis such as this immunochromatography assay could be important tools to use in clinical practice, however, further studies are needed to obtain more information about their utility, considering that diagnostic tests could not have similar performances in different geographic locations, clinical and epidemiological contexts.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Chromatography, Affinity/veterinary , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/veterinary , Leptospirosis/diagnosis , Leptospirosis/veterinary
6.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 26(1): 115-118, Jan.-Mar. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-844134

ABSTRACT

Abstract New World Nonhuman Primates are highly susceptible to clinical toxoplasmosis. Serum samples from 126 recently captured Leontopithecus chrysomelas, from an exotic and invasive population, were tested for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25); all were seronegative. The MAT is highly specific and is not species-specific. This is the first report of T. gondii survey in this tamarin in the wild. This result is consistent with prior reports that showed the high susceptibility of the species to infection by T. gondii usually with high mortality rates.


Resumo Primatas não humanos são extremamente susceptíveis a toxoplasmose. No presente estudo, 126 Leontopithecus chrysomelas foram capturados de uma população de vida livre, exótica e invasora, e amostras de soros foram testadas para a presença de anticorpos anti- Toxoplasma gondii pelo Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT, ponto de corte 1:25). Todos os animais testados foram negativos. O MAT é um teste altamente específico e não é espécie-específico. Esse é o primeiro estudo de pesquisa por anticorpos anti- T. gondii nessa espécie em vida livre. O resultado corrobora com o conhecimento prévio sobre a susceptibilidade dessa espécie a infecção pelo parasite T. gondii.


Subject(s)
Animals , Toxoplasma/immunology , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Leontopithecus/immunology , Brazil , Agglutination Tests/methods , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
7.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;36(2): 103-107, fev. 2016. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-777390

ABSTRACT

A vigilância e monitoramento de doenças em animais silvestres são imprescindíveis no contexto ambiental e de saúde pública, pois estes animais agem como sentinelas, refletindo alterações ambientais precocemente, o que proporciona maior eficácia no monitoramento ambiental e permite o acesso rápido a informações sobre as condições da área. Neste contexto, as aves são importantes no ciclo biológico do Toxoplasma gondii e na epidemiologia da toxoplasmose, principalmente porque seus tecidos representam importantes fontes de proteína na alimentação de felídeos e humanos. Objetivou-se detectar anticorpos anti-T. gondii, por meio do teste de aglutinação modificada em aves silvestres de três Unidades de Conservação (UC) Federais dos Estados da Paraíba e Bahia. No período de dezembro de 2011 a outubro de 2013 foram capturadas com redes de neblina 222 aves silvestres pertencentes a 67 espécies, 27 famílias e 12 ordens. Após a captura, foi colhido sangue de cada animal e separado o soro, que foi submetido ao Teste de Aglutinação Modificada (MAT≥1:25) utilizando taquizoítos inativados na formalina e 2-mercaptoetanol. Dentre as 222 amostras analisadas, três (1,3%) foram sororreagentes: 1 de 16 (6,2%) pipira-preta Tachyphonus rufus (título 50), 1 de 5 (20%) juriti-gemedeira Leptotila rufaxilla (título 50) e 1 de 1 (100%) caneleiro-enxofre Casiornis fuscus (título 25). Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii nas referidas espécies de aves silvestres de vida livre nas duas UC Federais estudadas.


Surveillance and monitoring of wildlife pathogens are essential in the environmental context and human public health, as these animals act as sentinels, reflecting environmental changes early on, whath gives more efficient environmental monitoring and allows quick access to information on the conditions of area. Birds are important in the epidemiology and life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, because their tissues are important source of protein in the diet of felids and humans. The objective was to determine antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild birds from three Federal Conservation Units of the states of Paraíba and Bahia by Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). From December 2011 to October 2013, 222 wild birds of 67 species from 27 families and 12 Orders were captured with mist nets. Blood samples were then collected and the serum was separated by centrifugation. The sera were tested (MAT≥1:25) using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites and 2-mercaptoethanol. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 3 of 222 (1.3%) birds: in 1 of 16 (6.2%) white-lined tanager (Tachyphonus rufus, titer 50), in 1 of 5 (20%) gray-fronted dove (Leptotilla rufaxila, titer 50), and in 1 of 1 (100%) ashy-throated casiornis (Casiornis fuscus, titer 25). This is the first report of occurrence of antibodies to T. gondii in these tree bird species from two Federal Conservation Units.


Subject(s)
Animals , Birds/immunology , Birds/parasitology , Toxoplasma/immunology , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Zoonoses/immunology
8.
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-875228

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in humans, domestic animals and wild animals. Although there is serological evidence of T. gondii infection in wild animals, little is known about the role of wildlife in the epidemiological chain of this parasite. The South American coati (Nasua nasua) is an omnivorous species capable of adaptation to different environments. It can be found throughout Brazil, and in anthropized environments it can come into close contact with domestic animals. The present study found occurrences of T. gondii antibodies in South American coatis living in the Tietê Ecological Park, in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, through the modified agglutination test (MAT). In total, 99 samples were obtained and 70.70% (n = 70) were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies, with titers that ranged from 50 to 3200. The data from this study indicate that South American coatis are exposed to this parasite.(AU)


Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário parasita intracelular obrigatório que causa a toxoplasmose em humanos, animais domésticos e selvagens. Apesar das evidências sorológicas da infecção por T. gondii em animais selvagens, pouco se sabe sobre o papel da vida selvagem na cadeia epidemiológica deste parasito. Os quatis (Nasua nasua) são uma espécie onívora capaz de se adaptar em diferentes ambientes. Eles são encontrados em todo território brasileiro, e em ambientes antropizados podem apresentar um contato próximo com animais domésticos. O presente estudo verificou a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em quatis habitantes do Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo, Brasil, pelo Teste de Aglutinação Modificada (MAT). No total, 99 amostras foram obtidas das quais 70,70% (n = 70) foram positivas para anticorpos anti-T. gondii, com títulos de anticorpos que variaram de 50 a 3200. Os dados obtidos neste estudo indicam que quatis sul-americanos são expostos a este parasito.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies/analysis , Procyonidae/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/diagnosis , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Animals, Wild/immunology , Serologic Tests/veterinary
9.
Acta amaz ; Acta amaz;45(3): 265-270, July-Sept. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1455263

ABSTRACT

Brucellosis and leptospirosis are widely spread bacterial infections and dogs are the most important source of infection and reservoir for diseases. Dogs can disseminate the agents in the environment and transmit them to humans and/or other animals. The objective of this study was assess the occurrence of reactive to antibodies anti-Leptospira spp., Brucella canis and B. abortus in Belém and Castanhal, State of Pará, Amazon, Brazil. A total of 156 samples were randomly collected in the city of Belém and 158 samples in Castanhal. The anti-B. canis antibodies research was performed by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) with and without 2-mercaptoethanol serum treatment (AGID-2ME). To assess the anti-B. abortus antibodies, the technique of Fast Seroagglutination with buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPAT) was used. For anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies research, the Microscopic Agglutination Technique (MAT) was used. No animal reacted to Brucella abortus and one animal was reactive to B. canis at the AGID, but it was negative to the AGID-2ME test. Seventeen percent of dogs (47/274) presented anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies, with prevalence of serovar Canicola. The dogs from Belém and Castanhal are not source of infection for B. abortus and B. canis, however, they are reservoirs for different serovars of Leptospira spp.


Brucelose e leptospirose são enfermidades bacterianas amplamente disseminadas e o cão é importante fonte de infecção e reservatório para ambas, podendo eliminar o agente no meio ambiente, e transmiti-lo para humanos e/ou outros animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a ocorrência de cães reagentes para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp., Brucella canis e B. abortus em Belém e Castanhal, Pará, Amazônia, Brasil. Foram colhidas de forma aleatória 156 amostras no município de Belém e 158 amostras em Castanhal. A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-B. canis foi realizada pela técnica de Imunodifusão em Gel de Ágar (IDGA) com e sem tratamento do soro com 2-mercaptoetanol (IDGA-2ME) e para pesquisa de anticorpos anti-B. abortus foi utilizada a técnica de Soroaglutinação Rápida com antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT). Para pesquisa de anticorpos contra-Leptospira spp. utilizou-se a Técnica de Aglutinação Microscópica (MAT). Nenhum animal reagiu para Brucella abortus e um animal foi reagente para B. canis na IDGA, porém foi negativo na IDGA-2ME. Dezessete por cento dos cães (47/274) apresentaram anticorpos contra-Leptospira spp., com predominância do sorovar Canicola. Os cães de Belém e Castanhal não são fontes de infecção para B. abortus e B. canis, no entanto são reservatórios de diferentes sorovares de Leptospira spp.


Subject(s)
Animals , Brucellosis/epidemiology , Brucellosis/veterinary , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Immunodiffusion/veterinary , Serologic Tests/veterinary , Agglutination Tests/veterinary
10.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;35(8): 734-740, Aug. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-767734

ABSTRACT

The Brazilian savanna, also known as Cerrado, is one of the world's richest and most ecologically invaluable tropical savanna regions. There are few studies in Brazil about the diseases that affect the wild canids of this biome, which may be harmful to wildlife populations and public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in three Cerrado wild canids species using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Serum samples were tested from 19 crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), 14 maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and seven hoary foxes (Lycalopex vetulus), all free-ranging animals found in the municipalities of Araguari and Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, and Cumari, Goiás State, Brazil. Fourteen (35%) of these samples were seropositive. The most frequent serovars detected in the samples were Copenhageni and Hardjo, but reactions to the serovars Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Wolffi, and Icterohaemorrhagiae also occurred. Notwithstanding other reported results, this study is the first to report the presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in L. vetulus. The three species of wild canids examined may act as potential hosts for several serovars of leptospira in Brazil's savanna environment...


O cerrado é a mais diversificada savana tropical do mundo e constitui grande importância ecológica. Ainda assim, são poucos os estudos realizados no Brasil a respeito das doenças que acometem os canídeos desse bioma, o que causa prejuízos à população de animais selvagens e à saúde pública. Essa pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em três espécies de canídeos selvagens do cerrado brasileiro utilizando o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Foram testadas amostras de soro sanguíneo de 19 cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous), 14 lobos guarás (Chrysocyon brachyurus) e sete raposas-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus) de vida livre das regiões de cerrado de Araguari e Uberlândia, MG, e Cumari, GO. Dessas 40 amostras, 14 (35%) foram soropositivas. Os sorovares detectados com maior frequência foram Copenhageni e Hardjo, porém evidenciou-se também reação aos sorovares Autumnalis, Grippotyphosa, Hbedomadis, Wolffi e Icterohaemorrhagiae. Esse trabalho foi o primeiro a relatar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em L. vetulus e verificou-se que as três espécies de canídeos utilizadas nessa pesquisa podem atuar como possíveis hospedeiros de diversos sorovares de leptospiras no ambiente de cerrado...


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Canidae/virology , Leptospira/pathogenicity , Animals, Wild/virology , Endangered Species , Wolves/virology , Foxes/virology , Serologic Tests/veterinary , Agglutination Tests/veterinary
11.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop;48(3): 272-277, May-Jun/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-749866

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease of humans and animals worldwide. The disease is caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. These organisms are maintained in nature via chronic renal infection of carrier animals, which excrete the organisms in their urine. Humans become infected through direct or indirect exposure to infected animals and their urine or through contact with contaminated water and soil. This study was conducted to investigate Leptospira infections as a re-emerging zoonosis that has been neglected in Egypt. METHODS: Samples from 1,250 animals (270 rats, 168 dogs, 625 cows, 26 buffaloes, 99 sheep, 14 horses, 26 donkeys and 22 camels), 175 human contacts and 45 water sources were collected from different governorates in Egypt. The samples were collected from different body sites and prepared for culture, PCR and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). RESULTS: The isolation rates of Leptospira serovars were 6.9%, 11.3% and 1.1% for rats, dogs and cows, respectively, whereas the PCR results revealed respective detection rates of 24%, 11.3% and 1.1% for rats, dogs and cows. Neither the other examined animal species nor humans yielded positive results via these two techniques. Only six Leptospira serovars (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Celledoni and Pyrogenes) could be isolated from rats, dogs and cows. Moreover, the seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies among the examined humans determined using MAT was 49.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results revealed that rats, dogs and cows were the most important animal reservoirs for leptospirosis in Egypt, and the high seroprevalence among human contacts highlights the public health implications of this neglected zoonosis. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Dogs , Humans , Rats , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Buffaloes , Camelus , Communicable Diseases, Emerging , Disease Reservoirs/statistics & numerical data , Equidae , Egypt/epidemiology , Leptospira/genetics , Leptospira/immunology , Leptospirosis/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sheep , Zoonoses/microbiology
12.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;35(5): 462-465, May 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-759370

ABSTRACT

A serological survey for antibodies against Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, and Chlamydophila abortus was conducted in 21 clinically healthy, free-ranging giant ant- eaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) from Parque Nacional das Emas (Goiás State, Brazil; n=6), Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais State, Brazil; n=9), and RPPN SESC Pantanal (Mato Grosso State, Brazil; n=6) between July 2001 and September 2006. Sera were screened for antibodies against 22 serovars of Leptospira interrogans with a microscopic agglutination test. Twelve tested positive for L. interrogansserovars sentot (n=5 in PN Emas, n=2 in PN Serra da Canastra), butembo (n=2 in PN Serra da Canastra), autumnalis, bataviae, and shermani/icterohaemorrhagiae(n=1 each in SESC Pantanal)One adult female tested positive for B. abortus with the buffered plate antigen test. All sera were negative for C. abortususing the complement fixation text. This is the first report of pathogens that may interfere with the reproduction and population dynamics of free-ranging giant anteaters.


Inquéritos sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos contra Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, e Chlamydophila abortus foram realizados em 21 tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) de vida livre do Parque Nacional das Emas (Goiás, Brasil, n=6), o Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais, Brasil, n=9) e RPPN SESC Pantanal (Mato Grosso, Brasil, n=6) entre julho de 2001 e setembro de 2006. Os sor os foram testados para anticorpos contra 22 sorotipos de Leptospira interrogans com um teste de aglutinação microscópica. Doze animais foram considerados positivos para L. interrogans sorovares sentot (n=5 em PN Emas, n=2 em PN Serra da Canastra), butembo (n=2 em PN Serra da Canastra), autumnalis, bataviae e shermani/icterohaemorrhagiae(n=1 para cada sorovar em SESC Pantanal). Uma fêmea adulta testou positivo para B. abortuscom o teste do antígeno tamponado. Todos os soros se mostraram negativos para C. abortusatravés do teste de fixação do complemento. Este é o primeiro relato de patógenos que podem interferir na dinâmica reprodutiva de populações de tamanduás em estado selvagem.


Subject(s)
Animals , Brucella abortus/immunology , Chlamydophila/immunology , Leptospira interrogans/immunology , Xenarthra/virology , Abortion, Veterinary , Biodiversity , Fertility , Population Dynamics , Serology/instrumentation , Agglutination Tests/veterinary
13.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop;48(2): 188-193, mar-apr/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-746220

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Various methods are used for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), such as microscopic examination, culture and inoculation of laboratory animals; however, serological assays are commonly used for the detection of antibodies in serum samples with a wide range of specificity and sensitivity. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to compare three serological methods, including rA2-ELISA, the recombinant KE16 (rKE16) dipstick test and the direct agglutination test (DAT), for the detection of antibodies against VL antigens. The assays utilized 350 statistically based random serum samples from domestic dogs with clinical symptoms as well as samples from asymptomatic and healthy dogs from rural and urban areas of the Meshkinshahr district, northwestern Iran. RESULTS: Samples were assessed, and the following positive rates were obtained: 11.5% by rKE16, 26.9% by DAT and 49.8% by ELISA. The sensitivity among symptomatic dogs was 32.4% with rKE16, 100% with DAT and 52.9% with ELISA. Conversely, rA2-ELISA was less specific for asymptomatic dogs, at 46.5%, compared with DAT, at 88.9%. CONCLUSIONS : This study recommends rA2-ELISA as a parallel assay combined with DAT to detect VL infection among dogs. Further evaluations should be performed to develop an inexpensive and reliable serologic test for the detection of Leishmania infantum among infected dogs. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Male , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Leishmania infantum/immunology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Agglutination Tests/methods , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Sensitivity and Specificity
14.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo;56(6): 473-476, Nov-Dec/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-725803

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Cart horses are a re-emerging population employed to carry recyclable material in cities. Methods: Sixty-two horses were sampled in an endemic area of human leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed. Results: A seropositivity of 75.8% with serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae in 80.8% of the horses was observed. Blood and urine were qPCR negative. MAT showed positive correlations with rainfall (p = 0.02) and flooding (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Although horses may be constantly exposed to Leptospira spp. in the environment mostly because of rainfall and flooding, no leptospiremia or leptospiruria were observed in this study.


Introdução: Cavalos carroceiros são uma população reemergente empregada para transportar materiais recicláveis em cidades. Métodos: Em área endêmica para leptospirose humana foram amostrados 62 cavalos. Soroaglutinação microscópica e reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real foram empregadas. Resultados: Observou-se soropositividade em 75,8% com sorovar Icterohaemorrhagiae em 80,8% cavalos. Amostras de sangue e urina foram negativas no qPCR. Observou-se correlação positiva entre SAM e pluviosidade (p = 0,02) e alagamentos (p = 0,03). Conclusão: Embora cavalos possam estar constantemente expostos a Leptospira spp. no ambiente, principalmente por chuvas e inundações, leptospiremia e leptospiruria não foram encontradas neste estudo.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Leptospira , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Horses , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Leptospira/genetics , Leptospira/immunology , Leptospirosis/diagnosis , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Urban Population
15.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online);66(3): 648-654, 06/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-718067

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in the dairy herds from Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the years 2009 and 2010. A total of 2,915 serum samples were collected from the lactating cows of 151 properties in eleven municipalities located in the Sete Lagoas region. The Microscopic Agglutination Test was used to detect antileptospiral agglutinins. An individual animal prevalence of 20.7 percent (95 percent CI = 17.1 percent - 24.3 percent) and a herd prevalence of 80.8 percent (95 percent CI = 73.8 percent = 87.7 percent) were determined. The most prevalent serovars were hardjoprajitno at 19.4 percent; hardjoprajitno strain Norma at 17.4 percent; and hardjo-bovis at 17.4 percent. These results show the significance of the hardjo serovar in bovine leptospirosis cases in Minas Gerais...


Avaliou-se a prevalência de aglutininas antileptospira em rebanhos leiteiros durante os anos de 2009 e 2010. Foram coletadas 2.915 amostras de soro de vacas lactantes de 151 propriedades localizadas na região de Sete Lagoas - MG. Foi utilizado o teste de aglutinação microscópica (MAT) para detecção de aglutininas antileptospira. Prevalência animal de 20,7 por cento (95 por cento CI = 17,1 por cento-24,3 por cento) e prevalência de rebanho de 80,8 por cento (95 por cento CI = 73,8 por cento = 87,7 por cento) foram reportadas. Os sorotipos mais prevalentes no estudo foram hardjoprajitno (19,4 por cento); hardjoprajitno estirpe Norma (17,4 por cento) e hardjo-bovis (17,4 por cento). Estes resultados demostram a importância da sorovariedade hardjo nos casos de leptospirose bovina do estado de Minas Gerais...


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Agglutinins/blood , Cattle/immunology , Leptospira/isolation & purification , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Serologic Tests/veterinary
16.
Braz. j. biol ; Braz. j. biol;74(1): 238-242, 2/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-715571

ABSTRACT

Antibody can be assessed by agglutinating antibody titer which is a quantitative measure of circulating antibodies in serum from fish previously immunized. The antibody evaluation has been performed with different fish species, and is considered a reliable method that can be applied to confirm several hypothesis regarding acquired immunity, even in conjunction with precise methods to describe immune mechanisms. In order to provide appropriate analytical methods for future studies on the specific immune system of native fish, the present study standardized on assay to measure the serum agglutinating antibody titer produced after immunization with inactivated A. hydrophila and levamisole administration in pacu. It was possible to determine the agglutinating antibodies titer in a satisfactorily way in pacu immunized with inactive A. hydrophila, and the highest titers were observed on fish fed with levamisole.


Os anticorpos podem ser avaliados pelo título aglutinante de anticorpos, que é uma medida quantitativa de anticorpos no soro de peixe previamente imunizados. A determinação do título de anticorpos foi realizada com diversas espécies de peixes e é considerado um método confiável que pode ser aplicado para confirmar diversas hipóteses que envolvam o sistema adquirido de defesa, mesmo em conjunto com métodos precisos, para descrever mecanismos imunes. A fim de prover métodos analíticos adequados para futuros estudos sobre o sistema imune específico de peixes nativos, o presente estudo aperfeiçoou o ensaio para avaliar o título aglutinante de anticorpos em soro de pacu imunizados com A. hydrophila e alimentados com levamisol. Foi possível determinar o título aglutinante de anticorpos de forma satisfatória, em pacus imunizados com A. hydrophila inativa, e os maiores títulos foram observados em peixes alimentados com levamisol.


Subject(s)
Animals , Adaptive Immunity/immunology , Aeromonas hydrophila/immunology , Characidae/immunology , Fish Diseases/prevention & control , Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Characidae/classification , Fish Diseases/immunology , Levamisole/administration & dosage
17.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-155352

ABSTRACT

In recent years, worldwide surveys of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs have been reported. However, only limited surveys of T. gondii infection in police dogs have been available, including China. In the present study, we report the seroprevalence of T. gondii in police dogs in Shenyang, northeastern China. Sera from 291 police dogs were examined for T. gondii antibodies with the modified agglutination test (MAT), and 30.9% animals were tested seropositive. The results of the present study indicated a relatively high prevalence of T. gondii infection in police dogs in Shenyang, China.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Male , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , China/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology
18.
Braz. j. vet. res. anim. sci ; 50(5): 353-358, 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-789887

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii that affects a wide range of vertebrates. Rodents are intermediate hosts and serve as food for felids, the definitive hosts. However, because of the high variety of species in the order Rodentia, the serological diagnosis is difficult to perform, since the most used techniques require the use of specific antibody conjugated to fluorescein or enzymes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a heterologous secondary antibody conjugate in Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) for diagnosis of anti-T. gondii antibodies in two species of wild rodents: Euryoryzomys russatus (WAGNER, 1848) and Calomys callosus (RENGGER, 1830). The specie Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) was used as control conjugate. The animals were experimentally infected with five cysts of T. gondii (strain ME 49) per animal. The Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), which does not require the use of conjugates, and the presence of T. gondii cysts in the rodents were used to confirm the infection. For each animal species, serum samples were collected weekly for five weeks and tested (50 samples per rodent specie, total of 150 samples). None of the samples from C. callosus and E. russatus were positive in the IFAT when anti-mouse heterologous conjugate was used. Brain cysts of T. gondii were microscopically observed in all animals, except in one of the E. russatus. Positive results were found in the MAT 14 days after T. gondii infection in all three species of rodents and IFAT of the control group (M. musculus) was also positive 14 days after infection using anti-mouse (homologous) conjugate. The use of heterologous secondary antibody conjugates should be used with caution and the MAT had a good agreement for serological diagnosis of T. gondii in the studied rodent species.


A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, que afeta uma grande variedade de vertebrados. Os roedores são hospedeiros intermediários e servem de alimento para felinos, os hospedeiros definitivos. No entanto, por causa da elevada variedade de espécies na ordem Rodentia, o diagnóstico serológico é difícil de ser realizado, uma vez que as técnicas mais empregadas requerem a utilização de um anticorpo específico conjugado com fluoresceína ou enzimas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de um conjugado secundário heterólogo na Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) para diagnóstico de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em duas espécies de roedores silvestres: Euryoryzomys russatus (WAGNER, 1848) e Calomys callosus (RENGGER, 1830). A espécie Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) foi utilizada como controle do conjugado. As três espécies de roedores foram experimentalmente infectadas com cinco cistos de T. gondii (cepas ME 49) por animal. O Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT), que não requer o uso de conjugados, bem como, a presença de cistos de T. gondii nos roedores foram usados para confirmar a infecção. Para cada espécie de animal, amostras de soro foram coletadas durante cinco semanas e testadas (50 amostras por espécie de roedor, total de 150 amostras). Nenhuma das amostras de C. callosus e E. russatus foram positivas na RIFI, quando foi usado o conjugado heterólogo anti-camundongo. Cistos cerebrais de T. gondii foram microscopicamente observados em todos os animais, exceto em um dos E. russatus. Resultados positivos foram encontrados pelo MAT após 14 dias de inoculação em todas as três espécies estudadas e pela RIFI no grupo controle (M. musculus), também no dia 14 após a infecção utilizando conjugado anti-camundongo. O uso de conjugados secundários heterólogos deve ser empregado com cautela e o MAT apresentou uma boa concordância para o diagnóstico sorológico de T. gondii nas espécies de roedores estudadas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies, Heterophile/administration & dosage , Mice/immunology , Toxoplasma , Rodentia/immunology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary , Serologic Tests/veterinary , Agglutination Tests/veterinary
19.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;32(8): 721-726, ago. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-649510

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and compare the results obtained in the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and bioassay in mice. In order to accomplish this, 40 free-range chickens from eight farms in neighboring areas to the Pantanal in Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, were euthanized and blood samples, brain and heart were collected. The occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies found in chickens was 67.5% (27 samples), considering as a cutoff point the dilution 1:5. Among the samples analyzed, 7 (25.9%) were positive in the dilution 1:5, 3 (11.1%) in 1:10, 2 (7.4%) in 1:20, 3 (11.1%) in 1:320, 1 ( 3.7%) in 1:640, 3 (11.1%) in 1:1280, 2 (7.4%) in 1:2560, 4 (14.8%) in 1:5120 and 2 (7.4%) in 1:10.240. From the mixture of tissue samples (brain and heart) from the chickens analyzed, 16 (40%) presented electrophoretic bands compatible with T. gondii by PCR (gene B1). In the comparison of techniques, 59.26% positivity in PCR was revealed among animals that were seropositive in MAT (cutoff 1:5). From 141 inoculated mice, six (4.44%) died of acute toxoplasmosis between 15 and 23 days after inoculation. Surviving mice were sacrificed at 74 days after inoculation, and a total of 28 cysts were found in the brains of 10 distinct groups. From the seropositive hens, 27 bioassays were performed and 11 (40.7%) isolates were obtained. A greater number of isolations happened in mice that were inoculated with tissues from chickens that had high titers for anti-T. gondii antibodies. Chronic infection in mice was observed in nine groups (33.3%) from five different properties. Among the surviving mice, 25.6% were positive for T. gondii in MAT (1:25). From mice positive in PCR, 87.5% were also positive in MAT. Among the PCR-negative mice, 5.2% were positive for T. gondii in MAT. It can be concluded through this study that the occurrence of infecton by T. gondii in the rural properties studied was high, that PCR directed to gene B1 does not confirm the viability of the parasite, but it can be used as a screening method for the selection of chickens infected by T. gondii, that the animals with titer greater than 10 must be prioritized for the selection of animals for bioassay, since for them, the chances of isolating the parasite are greater and that seroconversion in experimentally infected mice is not a good indicator for isolating the agent.


Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a ocorrência de Toxoplasma gondii e comparar os resultados obtidos no Teste de Aglutinação Modificada (MAT), Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) e o bioensaio em camundongos. Para tanto, 40 galinhas de criação livre de oito fazendas em áreas limítrofes ao Pantanal da Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, foram eutanasiadas e amostras de sangue, o cérebro e o coração foram coletados. A frequência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii encontrada nas galinhas foi de 67,5% (27 amostras), considerando como ponto de corte a diluição 1:5. Entre as amostras analisadas, 7 (25,9%) foram positivas na diluição 1:5, 3 (11,1%) em 1:10, 2 (7,4%) em 1:20, 3 (11,1%) em 1:320, 1 ( 3,7%) em 1:640, 3 (11,1%) em 1:1.280, 2 (7,4%) em 1:2.560, 4 (14,8%) em 1:5.120 e 2 (7,4%) em 1:10.240. A partir da mistura de amostras de tecidos (cérebro e coração) das galinhas analisadas, 16 (40%) apresentaram bandas eletroforéticas compatíveis com T. gondii por PCR (gene B1). Na comparação das técnicas, revelou-se 59,26% de positividade na PCR entre os animais soropositivos no MAT (ponto de corte 1:5). Dos 141 camundongos inoculados, seis (4,44%) morreram de toxoplasmose aguda entre 15 e 23 dias após a inoculação. Os camundongos que sobreviveram foram sacrificados 74 dias após a inoculação, sendo encontrados 28 cistos nos cérebros de 10 grupos distintos. Das galinhas soropositivas, foram realizados 27 bioensaios e obtidos 11 (40,7%) isolados. Um maior número de isolamentos ocorreu em camundongos que foram inoculados com tecidos de galinhas que tinham altos títulos de anticorpos anti-T. gondii. Infecção crônica em camundongos foi observada em nove grupos (33,3%) de cinco propriedades diferentes. Entre os camundongos que sobreviveram, 25,6% foram positivos para T. gondii no MAT (1:25). Dos camundongos positivos na PCR, 87,5% também foram positivos no MAT. Já entre os camundongos PCR negativos 5,2% foram positivos para T. gondii no MAT. Concluiu-se através deste estudo que a ocorrência de infecção pelo T. gondii nas propriedades rurais estudadas foi alta, que a PCR direcionada ao gene B1, não confirma a viabilidade do parasita, porém pode ser utilizada como método de triagem para a seleção de galinhas infectadas por T. gondii, que os animais com título maior que 10 devem ser priorizados para a seleção de animais para bioensaio, pois para eles, as chances de isolamento do parasita são maiores e que a soroconversão em camundongos infectados experimentalmente não é um bom indicador de isolamento do agente.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biological Assay/veterinary , Chickens/parasitology , Toxoplasmosis, Animal , Toxoplasma/isolation & purification , Pathology, Molecular , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Serologic Tests/veterinary , Agglutination Tests/veterinary
20.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;32(6): 523-528, jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-626497

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de rebanhos ovinos positivos (focos) e de animais soropositivos para leptospirose na região semiárida do Estado da Paraíba, bem como identificar fatores de risco. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 1.275 animais procedentes de 117 rebanhos em 19 municípios da mesorregião do Sertão, Estado da Paraíba. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da leptospirose foi utilizado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), com 24 sorovares de Leptospira spp. como antígenos. Um rebanho foi considerado positivo quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das 117 propriedades utilizadas 33 (28,20%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo, e dos 1.275 animais 69 (5,41%) foram soropositivos, com títulos variando de 100 a 3200. O sorovares reagentes foram Autumnalis (49,30%), Andamana (27,53%), Sentot (17,39%), Whitcomb (4,34%) e Australis (1,44%). Possuir mais de 48 animais no rebanho (odds ratio = 2,26; IC 95% = 1,33 -5,07; p = 0,021) e participação em exposições (odds ratio = 9,05; IC 95% = 0,96 - 85,71; p = 0,055) foram identificados como fatores de risco. Sugere-se a necessidade de estudos acerca do isolamento do agente, da caracterização de sua patogenicidade e do seu impacto econômico nos rebanhos ovinos da região, bem como recomenda-se maior controle sanitário nas aglomerações de animais.


The aim of this investigation was to determine the herd-level and animal-level prevalence of leptospirosis in sheep from the semiarid of Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors. Blood samples were collected from 1,275 sheep from 117 flocks in 19 counties in the Sertão mesoregion, Paraíba. For the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using 24 Leptospira spp. serovars as antigens was carried out. Of the 117 flocks studied 33 (28.20%) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and of the 1,275 animals 69 (5.41%) were seropositive with titers ranging from 100 to 3,200. Reactant serovars were Autumnalis (49.30%), Andamana (27.53%), Sentot (17.39%), Whitcomb (4.34%) and Australis (1.44%). Herd size > 48 sheep (odds ratio =2.26; 95% CI =1.33-5.07; p=0.021) and participation in animal exhibits (odds ratio =9.05; 95% CI =0.96-85.71; p=0.055) were identified as risk factors. The need was suggested for studies on the isolation of the agent, characterization of its pathogenicity and its economic impact on sheep flocks of the region, and sanitary control in sheep agglomerations was recommended.


Subject(s)
Animals , Epidemiology/statistics & numerical data , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Sheep/microbiology , Serology/statistics & numerical data , Leptospira interrogans serovar autumnalis/isolation & purification , Signs and Symptoms/veterinary , Agglutination Tests/veterinary
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