Effect of magnesium sulfate with ketamine infusions on intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in cancer breast surgeries: a randomized double-blind trial

Abstract Background Opioids are the cornerstone in managing postoperative pain; however, they have many side effects. Ketamine and Magnesium (Mg) are NMDA receptor antagonists used as adjuvant analgesics to decrease postoperative opioid consumption. Objective We assumed that adding Mg to ketamine infusion can improve the intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy of ketamine infusion alone in cancer breast surgeries. Methods Ninety patients aged between 18 and 65 years and undergoing elective cancer breast surgery were included in this prospective randomized, double-blind study. Group K received ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1 bolus then 0.12 mg.kg-1.h-1 infusion for the first 24 hours postoperatively. Group KM: received ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1 and Mg sulfate 50 mg.kg-1, then ketamine 0.12 mg.kg-1.h-1 and Mg sulfate 8 mg.kg-1.h-1 infusions for the first 24 hours postoperative. The primary outcome was the morphine consumption in the first 24 hours postoperative, while the secondary outcomes were: intraoperative fentanyl consumption, NRS, side effects, and chronic postoperative pain. Results Group KM had less postoperative opioid consumption (14.12 ± 5.11 mg) than Group K (19.43 ± 6.8 mg). Also, Group KM had less intraoperative fentanyl consumption. Both groups were similar in postoperative NRS scores, the incidence of side effects related to opioids, and chronic neuropathic pain. Conclusion Adding Mg to ketamine infusion can safely improve intraoperative and postoperative analgesia with opioid-sparing effect in cancer breast surgery.

Effect of preoperative anxiety level on postoperative pain, analgesic consumption in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: an observational cohort study

Abstract Backgraund: This prospective observational cohort study aimed to investigate the relationship between preoperative anxiety levels and postoperative pain and analgesic requirement in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Methods: Forty two female patients with body mass index ≥ 35, who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for treatment of obesity were included in the study. Spielberger's state and trait anxiety scales were used in this study. Demographic data of the patients, anesthetic and analgesic drugs during the surgery, pain levels measured with verbal analog scale at the postoperative 1st, 4th, 12th, and 24th hour, sedation levels measured with the Ramsay sedation scale, and the amount of analgesic consumed were recorded. Anesthesiologist, surgeon, and patient were not informed of the anxiety level results. The relationship between preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain and analgesic consumption was evaluated by Spearman's correlation analysis. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was applied. Normal Distribution control was performed by applying the Shapiro-Wilk test to residual values obtained from the final model. Results: There was no relationship between trait anxiety level and postoperative pain and analgesic consumption. A correlation was found between state anxiety level and pain level up to 24 hours and analgesic consumption (p < 0.05). According to the obtained model it had been observed that the university graduates consumed more analgesic compared to other education level groups. Conclusion: In this study, a relationship was found between preoperative state anxiety level and 24-hour pain scores and analgesic consumption in patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy under general anesthesia.

Prevalencia de dolor y su abordaje terapéutico en niños pasibles de cuidados paliativos asistidos en un centro de referencia de Uruguay / Prevalence of pain and its therapeutic approach in children eligible for assisted palliative care in a reference hospital center in Uruguay / Prevalência de dor e sua abordagem terapêutica em crianças submetidas a cuidados paliativos atendidas em um centro hospitalar de referência no Uruguai

Introducción: el tratamiento del dolor es un derecho humano y constituye un pilar de los cuidados paliativos (CP). Este síntoma en niños suele ser subestimado e insuficientemente tratado. Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia del dolor y describir el perfil de uso de fármacos analgésicos, coadyuvantes y procedimientos invasivos en niños asistidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos Pediátricos del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (UCPP-CHPR) durante el período 2019-2021. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias clínicas. Resultados: se incluyeron 317 niños, 58% de sexo masculino, con una mediana de edad 6,9 años. Eran portadores de enfermedades neurológicas severas no evolutivas 64%, utilizaban prótesis o tecnología médica 51%. Se encontró registro de presencia de dolor en 35%, de tipo crónico 87%, mixto 55% y de fuentes múltiples 54%. Se detectó uso de escala para evaluación del dolor en 61%, la más utilizada fue r-FLACC. En el grupo de niños con dolor se encontró prescripción de analgésicos en 43% (48/111) y de coadyuvantes 87% (97/111), gabapentina en 78. En todos la vía de administración fue la oral/enteral. Se encontró uso off label de fármacos en 79% y polifarmacia en 82%. Se registraron efectos adversos en 10%. Conclusión: un tercio de los niños asistidos por la UCPP-CHPR, presentaba registros de presencia dolor. La mayoría de tipo crónico, mixto y de fuentes múltiples. Se encontró amplio uso de escalas validadas para evaluación del dolor y alta prescripción de coadyuvantes en relación a la de analgésicos.

Introduction: pain treatment is a human right and a pillar of palliative care (PC). This symptom in children is often underestimated and insufficiently treated. Objective: learn about the prevalence of pain and describe the analgesic drugs' usage profile, adjuvants and invasive procedures in children assisted in the Pediatric Palliative Care Unit of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (UCPP-CHPR) during the period 2019-2021. Methodology: observational, descriptive and retrospective study based on the review of medical records. Results: 317 children were included, 58% male, with a median age of 6.9 years. 64% were carriers of severe non-progressive neurological diseases, 51% used prosthetics or medical technology. A record of the presence of pain was found in 35%, chronic type 87%, mixed 55% and multiple sources 54%. The use of a pain assessment scale was detected in 61%, the most used was r-FLACC. In the group of children with pain, analgesics were prescribed in 43% (48/111) and adjuvants in 87% (97/111), gabapentin in 78. In all of them, the administration route was oral/enteral. Off-label use of drugs was found in 79% and polypharmacy in 82%. Adverse effects were recorded in 10%. Conclusion: a third of the children assisted by the UCPP-CHPR showed records of pain presence. Most chronic type, mixed and multiple sources. We found a vast use of validated scales for pain assessment and high prescription of adjuvants in relation to analgesics.

Introdução: o tratamento da dor é um direito humano e constitui um pilar dos Cuidados Paliativos (CP). Este sintoma em crianças é geralmente subestimado e insuficientemente tratado. Objetivo: conhecer a prevalência da dor e descrever o perfil do uso de medicamentos analgésicos, adjuvantes e procedimentos invasivos em crianças atendidas na Unidade de Cuidados Paliativos Pediátricos do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell (UCPP-CHPR) durante o período de 2019-2021. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo por meio de revisão de prontuários. Resultados: foram incluídas 317 crianças, 58% do sexo masculino, com idade mediana de 6,9 anos. 64% eram portadores de doenças neurológicas graves não evolutivas, 51% usavam próteses ou tecnologia médica. Registro da presença de dor foi encontrado em 35%, do tipo crônica 87%, mista 55% e de origem múltipla 54%. A utilização de escala para avaliação da dor foi detectada em 61%, sendo a mais utilizada a r-FLACC. No grupo de crianças com dor, a prescrição de analgésicos foi encontrada em 43% (48/111) e adjuvantes em 87% (97/111), gabapentina em 78. Ao todo, a via de administração foi oral/enteral. Uso off-label de medicamentos foi encontrado em 79% e polifarmácia em 82%. Efeitos adversos foram registrados em 10%. Conclusão: um terço das crianças atendidas pela UCPP-CHPR apresentou registro da presença de dor. A maioria do tipo crônica, mista e de fontes múltiplas. Encontrou-se ampla utilização de escalas validadas para avaliação da dor e elevada prescrição de coadjuvantes em relação aos analgésicos.

Desordens hiperostóticas em American Bully / Hiperostotic disorders in american bully

O complexo de desordens hiperostóticas é uma condição rara e autolimitante, que tem as mesmas características histopatológicas, que cursa com proliferação óssea de caráter não neoplásico. Acomete cães jovens de raças distintas, com variabilidade quanto ao tipo de proliferação óssea e quanto aos ossos acometidos. O complexo é composto pela osteopatia craniomandibular, hiperostose da calota craniana e osteodistrofia hipertrófica. Podendo estar presente nos ossos da calota craniana, mandíbulas, coluna cervical e esqueleto apendicular. O presente relato, descreveu o quadro de uma cadela, da raça American Bully, não castrada, três meses de idade, que foi atendida com queixa de aumento de volume doloroso das mandíbulas, hiporexia e sialorreia há 15 dias, apresentando ao exame físico, amplitude de movimento diminuída e sensibilidade dolorosa da articulação temporomandibular, espessamento firme bilateral do crânio em região de fossa temporal, espessamento palpável de consistência firme das mandíbulas e crepitação respiratória. Após avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares, chegou-se ao diagnóstico presuntivo, de complexo de desordens hiperostóticas. Foi instituído como conduta terapêutica o suporte analgésico, sendo eficaz para a manutenção das necessidades fisiológicas até a paciente alcançar a fase adulta. O prognóstico para esta paciente foi considerado bom, uma vez que não havia indícios de anquilose da articulação temporomandibular e/ou manifestações neurológicas.

The complex of hyperostotic disorders is a rare and self-limiting condition, which has the same histophatological characteristics, which courses with non-neoplastic bone proliferations. It affects young dogs of different breeds, with variability the bones affected. The complex is composed of craniomandibular osteopathy, calvarial hyperostotic syndrome and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. It may be present in the bones of the skullcap, jaws, cervical spine and appendicular skeleton. The present report describes the condition of a female dog, American Bully breed, entire, three months old, with a complaint of painful swelling of the jaws, hyporexia and drooling for 15 days, presenting on physical examination, reduced amplitude and pain of the temporomandibular joint, bilateral firm thickening of the skull in the temporal fossa region, palpable firm-consistent thickening of the mandibles and respiratory crackle. After clinical evaluation and complementary tests, a presumptive diagnosis of hyperostotic disorders complex was reached. It was instituted pain management as a treatment, being effective for the maintenance of physiological needs until the patient reaches the adulthood. The prognosis for this patient was considered good, since there was no evidence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and/or neurological manifestations.

Efectos de una intervención de enfermería en el control del dolor posoperatorio del paciente adulto / Effects of a Nursing Intervention on Postoperative Pain Control in the Adult Patient

ntroducción: El control apropiado del dolor es un desafío crucial y necesario de abordar en el campo quirúrgico, al producir un gran impacto en la recuperación del paciente. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención de enfermería aplicada en el periodo perioperatorio para el control del dolor del paciente adulto en el posoperatorio inmediato. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, cuasi experimental, con grupo experimental y control de adultos intervenidos en el quirófano de una institución de salud en Bucaramanga - Colombia en el primer semestre de 2017, con un universo de 3240 pacientes y muestra calculada de 120. La intervención constó de tres fases, enmarcada en la teoría de síntomas desagradables. Para evaluar el dolor se utilizó la Escala Visual Análoga. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, bivariado y múltiple, se calcularon Betas con modelos de regresión lineal con los puntajes de la escala de dolor a los 10-20 y 30 minutos, 1- 1,5 y 2 horas. Resultados: Los grupos presentaron características similares, en el grupo experimental disminuyeron los puntajes en la escala de dolor a los 10 minutos en -0,98 (IC 95 por ciento: -2,0; 0,02), a la hora de -0,77(IC 95 por ciento: -1,60; 0,05), a las 1,5 horas de -0,71(IC 95 por ciento: -1,13; -0,12) y las 2 horas de -0,60(IC 95 por ciento: -1,09; -0,10). Conclusiones: La intervención de enfermería en perioperatorio, más allá de la administración de analgésicos, es fundamental para modificar las respuestas, como lo refiere la teoría de Swanson, se mejora o controlan los síntomas desagradables y sus efectos negativos, en este caso el dolor posoperatorio(AU)

Introduction: Appropriate pain control is a crucial and necessary challenge to address in the surgical field, since it would produce a great impact patient recovery. Objective: To assess the effect of a nursing intervention applied during the perioperative period for pain control in the adult patient in the immediate postoperative period. Methods: Quantitative and quasiexperimental study carried out with two groups, an experimental and a control group, of adults operated on in the surgical room of a health institution in Bucaramanga, Colombia, in the first semester of 2017. The universe consisted of 3240 patients, while the calculated sample was 120. The intervention consisted in three phases, framed within the theory of unpleasant symptoms. The visual analog scale was used to assess pain. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple analyses were performed. Betas were calculated with linear regression models and using the scores of the pain scale at ten to twenty and thirty minutes; as well as at one to one and half hours, and two hours. Results: The groups presented similar characteristics: in the experimental group, the scores of the pain scale decreased at ten minutes by 0.98 (95 percent CI: -2.0; 0.02); at one hour, by 0.77 (95 percent CI: -1.60; 0.05; at one and a half hours, by 0.71 (95 percent CI: -1.13; -0.12); and at two hours, by 0.60 (95 percent CI: -1.09; -0.10). Conclusions: The nursing intervention in the perioperative period, beyond the administration of analgesics, is fundamental to modify responses, as referred by Swanson's theory, unpleasant symptoms and their negative effects are improved or controlled; in this case, postoperative pain(AU)

Determination of prevalence, characteristics, management and related factors for pain in the older adults: pain among nursing home residents

This study aimed to determine pain assessment approaches and pain management strategies in elderly people in a nursing home.The cross-sectional-descriptive study sample consisted of 147 older adults living in a nursing home in Turkey in 2019. They all agreed to participate in the study (n = 147); however, as our research was about older adultswith pain problems, the study was completed with a total of 108 older adultsexperiencing pain problems. The participants' average age was 73.60 ± 6.97 years. Geriatric pain scale scores were higher for women aged 75 years and over, those who had a chronic disease and those who received analgesics, and there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores (p < 0.05). Nurses must pay attention to pain assessment and management in nursing homes because of the adverse effects of pain on older adults' health status, vital functions, and well-being.

Clinical research and application of preemptive analgesia in dental treatment / 中华口腔医学杂志

Preemptive analgesia refers to the use of analgesics or regional nerve block in advance of nerve conduction changing or nerve remodeling caused by traumatic stimulation, so as to achieve better postoperative pain relief and to prevent postoperative pain hypersensitivity. Preemptive analgesia minimizes or prevents postoperative pain by reducing peripheral and central sensitization, which thereby limit the pain cascade. This paper briefly introduces the mechanism and methods of preemptive analgesia, as well as its application and research progress in the field of oral treatment. With the increased requirements for comfortable medical treatments and popularization of multimodal analgesia in pain management of oral surgery, preemptive analgesia will be more widely studied and applied in oral diagnosis and treatment.

Using a consensus acupoints regimen to explore the relationship between acupuncture sensation and lumbar spinal postoperative analgesia: A retrospective analysis of prospective clinical cooperation / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#This study evaluated the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment on postoperative pain in patients with degenerative lumbar spine disease, and explored the relationship between the postoperative analgesic effect of acupuncture and the sensation of acupuncture experienced by the patients.@*METHODS@#This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 97 patients who had undergone an operation by the same surgeon due to degenerative lumbar disease. These patients were divided into acupuncture group (n = 32), patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) group (n = 27), and oral analgesia group (n = 38) according to the different postoperative analgesic methods. During their hospitalization, patients completed daily evaluations of their pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and injection times of supplemental meperidine were recorded. Also, the Chinese version of the Massachusetts General Hospital Acupuncture Sensation Scale (C-MASS) was used in the acupuncture group.@*RESULTS@#Each of the three treatment groups showed significant reductions in postoperative pain, as shown by reduced VAS scores. The acupuncture group, however, had less rebound pain (P < 0.05) than the other two groups. Both the acupuncture and PCA groups experienced acute analgesic effects that were superior to those in the oral analgesia group. In addition, the higher the C-MASS index on the second day after surgery, the lower the VAS score on the fourth day after surgery. There was also a significant difference in the "dull pain" in the acupuncture sensation.@*CONCLUSION@#The results demonstrated that acupuncture was beneficial for postoperative pain and discomfort after simple surgery for degenerative spinal disease. It is worth noting that there was a disproportionate relevance between the patient's acupuncture sensation and the improvement of pain VAS score.

A novel cell tool for α2δ-1-NMDAR target-based analgesic drug discovery / 生物工程学报

The α2δ-1 protein coded by Cacna2d1 is dramatically up-regulated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and spinal dorsal horn following sensory nerve injury in various animal models of neuropathic pain. Cacna2d1 overexpression potentiates presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDAR activity of spinal dorsal horn neurons to cause pain hypersensitivity. The α2δ-1-NMDAR interaction promotes surface trafficking and synaptic targeting of NMDARs in neuropathic pain caused by chemotherapeutic agents and peripheral nerve injury, as well as in other pathological conditions such as in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) with neurogenic hypertension and in the brain with ischemic stroke. The lentiviral transfection method was used to construct a human embryonic kidney HEK293T cell line that could stably express α2δ-1-NMDAR complex. A stably transfected cell line was observed by florescence microscope, and identified by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The results showed that the HEK293T cell line was successfully transfected and the genes could be stably expressed. Subsequently, the transfected cell line was successfully developed into a target drug screening system using patch clamp techniques. It provides a promising cell model for further research on the interaction mechanism of α2δ-1-NMDAR complex and drug screening for chronic pain and related diseases with low side effects.

Effect of sequential sedation and analgesia in preventing delirium and withdrawal symptoms in children after ventilator weaning / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the effect of sequential sedative and analgesic drugs in preventing delirium and withdrawal symptoms in children after ventilator weaning.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 61 children who were admitted and received mechanical ventilation support for ≥5 days in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Dongguan Children's Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University from December 2019 to September 2021. The children were divided into a control group (30 children with no maintenance of analgesic and sedative drugs after ventilator weaning) and an observation group (31 children with sequential sedative and analgesic drugs maintained for 48 hours after ventilator weaning). The two groups were compared in terms of the Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale (SOS) score, the Pediatric Delirium Scale (PD) score, the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) score, and the incidence rates of delirium or withdrawal symptoms at 24 and 72 hours after ventilator weaning.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of delirium at 24 hours and 72 hours after ventilator weaning between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly lower incidence rate of withdrawal symptoms and scores of SOS, PD, and RASS scales at 24 hours and 72 hours after ventilator weaning (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Sequential sedation and analgesia after ventilator weaning can reduce the incidence of withdrawal symptoms within 72 hours after ventilator weaning, but it cannot reduce the incidence rate of delirium.

Effect of closure of anterior abdominal wall layers on early postoperative findings at cesarean section: A prospective cross-sectional study

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of closure types of the anterior abdominal wall layers in cesarean section (CS) surgery on early postoperative findings. Methods The present study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional study and was conducted at a university hospital between October 2018 and February 2019. A total of 180 patients who underwent CS for various reasons were enrolled in the study. Each patient was randomly assigned to one of three groups: Both parietal peritoneum and rectus abdominis muscle left open (group 1), parietal peritoneum closure only (group 2), and closure of the parietal peritoneum and reapproximation of rectus muscle (group 3). All patients were compared in terms of postoperative pain scores (while lying down and duringmobilization), analgesia requirement, and return of bowel motility. Results The postoperative pain scores were similar at the 2nd, 6th, 12th, and 18th hours while lying down. During mobilization, the postoperative pain scores at 6 and 12 hours were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 3. Diclofenac use was significantly higher in patients in group 1 than in those in group 2. Meperidine requirements were similar among the groups. There was no difference between the groups' first flatus and stool passage times. Conclusion In the group with only parietal peritoneum closure, the pain scores at the 6th and 12th hours were higher. Rectus abdominismuscle reapproximations were found not to increase the pain score. The closure of the anterior abdominal wall had no effect on the return of bowel motility.

Optimization of extraction of flavonoids from Lonicera rupicola and analysis of its effects in resisting inflammation, relieving pain, enhancing immunity, and inhibiting pyroptosis / 中国中药杂志

The present study optimized the extraction of flavonoids from Lonicera rupicola Hook. f. et Thoms(LRH) and explored its pharmacological effects, such as resisting inflammation, relieving pain, enhancing immunity, and inhibiting pyroptosis, aiming to provide data support and scientific basis for the development and utilization of LRH. Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction of flavonoids from LRH based on the results of single-factor experiments. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of LRH flavonoids were evaluated via inflammation and pain models in mice, such as xylene-induced ear swelling, carrageenan-induced footpad swelling, writhing caused by acetic acid, and paw licking. The effect of LRH flavonoids on the carbon clearance index of monocytes and serum immunoglobulin A(IgA) and IgM levels was analyzed on the immunosuppression model induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. The anti-oxidative effect in vivo of LRH flavonoids on liver superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels was determined based on the chronic/subacute aging model in mice induced by D-galactose. The levels of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1(caspase-1), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and IL-18 in the supernatant of J774 A.1 mononuclear phagocytes were detected to evaluate the effect of LRH flavonoids on the pyroptosis of mononuclear phagocytes in mice induced by the combination of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and adenosine triphosphate(ATP). Meanwhile, the effect of LRH flavonoids on the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway was also explored. The optimum conditions for the extraction of LRH flavonoids are listed below: extraction temperature of 65 ℃, the ethanol concentration of 50%, extraction time of 60 min, a material-liquid ratio at 1∶25, and the yield of LRH flavonoids of 0.553%. RSM determined the multiple quadratic regression equation model of response value and variables as follows: the yield of LRH flavonoids=0.61-0.48A+0.1B+0.029C-0.014D+0.32AB+0.04AC-0.012AD-0.02BC+0.037BD-0.031CD-0.058A~2-0.068B~2-0.069C~2-0.057D~2. LRH flavonoids could effectively inhibit ear swelling and footpad swelling, reduced acetic acid-induced writhing, and delayed the paw licking response time in mice. Additionally, LRH flavonoids could improve the carbon clearance index in immunosuppressed mice, potentiate the activities of SOD and CAT and reduce MDA levels in the liver of aging mice induced by D-galactose, and effectively inhibit macrophage pyroptosis by decreasing the levels of caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. The results reveal that LRH flavonoids possess excellent pharmacological activities such as resisting inflammation and oxidation, relieving pain, and enhancing immunity. They can inhibit pyroptosis by enhancing the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. The results of this study can underpin the pharmacological research, development, and utilization of LRH.

Use of gabapentin in management of postoperative pain after crosslinking / Uso da gabapentina no manejo da dor pós-operatória do crosslinking

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin in the management of neuropathic pain in patients with keratoconus, who were treated with fast (10 minutes) epi-off corneal crosslinking (CXL). Methods: This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. The sample comprised patients with bilateral progressive keratoconus, aged 12 years or older, who underwent a bilateral epi-off corneal CXL (fast - 10 minutes) procedure. One group was given placebo orally, and the other group received gabapentin 600 mg orally, both preoperatively. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was applied to record postoperative pain up to 48 hours after procedure. The study was conducted at the Belotto Stock Centro Oftalmológico, in the city of Joaçaba, Santa Catarina, Brazil, from June 2018 to September 2019. Results: At no point in the study significant differences were observed between groups, in terms of pain intensity measured by means of the VAS questionnaire, or of opioid use (Paco®), though opioid consumption was 21% lower in the group receiving gabapentin. Conclusion: We concluded gabapentin has no efficacy in postoperative pain control after epi-off corneal CXL (fast - 10 minutes). Although there was no statistically significant difference, the group that received gabapentin suffered less pain, resulting in lower opioid consumption. UTN number: U1111-1256-0330.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do uso da gabapentina no manejo da dor neuropática em pacientes portadores de ceratocone submetidos ao tratamento de crosslinking corneano epi-off fast de 10 minutos. Métodos: Tratou-se de pesquisa prospectiva, duplo-cega, randomizada. A amostra foi composta de pacientes com ceratocone progressivo bilateral, a partir dos 12 anos de idade, submetidos ao procedimento de crosslinking corneano acelerado epi-off fast de 10 minutos bilateral. Um grupo recebeu placebo via oral e o outro, gabapentina 600mg, via oral, ambos no pré-operatório. A Escala Visual Analógica foi aplicada para registrar a dor pós-operatória até 48 horas após o procedimento. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de junho de 2018 a setembro de 2019 em um centro oftalmológico. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas para ambos os grupos, tanto na intensidade da dor medida pela Escala Visual Analógica, como na redução do uso do opioide (Paco®), em qualquer horário analisado durante um período de 48 horas. No entanto, houve redução de 21% no consumo de opioides pelo grupo que fez uso da gabapentina. Conclusão: A gabapentina não demonstrou eficácia no controle da dor no pós-operatório do crosslinking corneano epi-off fast de 10 minutos. No entanto, observou-se que, mesmo não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa, houve diminuição da dor no grupo em que foi usada a gabapentina, resultando na redução do consumo de opioides. Número UTN: U1111-1256-0330.

Multimodal Analgesia of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Management in Lobectomy by Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery / 中国医学科学院学报

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery(VATS)has become the main method of lobectomy.Multimodal analgesia is one of the core contents of enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS)management in VATS lobectomy,which aims to control perioperative pain,reduce stress response,and achieve rapid recovery after surgery.In recent years,multimodal analgesia has developed rapidly,emphasizing the comprehensive implementation of a variety of analgesic methods and the synergistic application of analgesics with different mechanisms.This article reviews the new progress in the implementation of multimodal analgesia in VATS lobectomy and addresses the current problems and challenges,aiming to help develop more effective and practical analgesic strategies of ERAS.

Prescriptions of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs in municipalities from a Brazilian Southeast state

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe dental prescriptions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), opioids, and analgesics dispensed by the Brazilian National Health System (BNHS, SUS in Portuguese) of a Southeastern state from January to December 2017, and to analyze their association with socioeconomic and oral health care services' characteristics at municipal level. Data were collected from the Brazilian Integrated Pharmaceutical Care Management System. Medicines were grouped according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. The total number of Defined Daily Doses (DDD) and DDD per 1,000 inhabitants (inhab.) per year were presented and compared between groups of municipalities. Data analysis used the Classification and Regression Tree model performed with IBM SPSS 25.0. The total number of NSAID, opioids, and analgesics prescriptions was 70,747 and accounted for 354,221.13 DDD. The most frequently prescribed medicine was ibuprofen (n = 24,676; 34.88%). The number of dental practitioners in the BNHS per 1,000 inhab. (p < 0.001), first dental appointment coverage (p = 0.010), oral health teams per 1,000 inhab. (p=0.022), and the proportion of rural population (p = 0.014) were variables positively associated with the number of DDD of NSAID per 1,000 inhab. per year. Bolsa Família program coverage per 1,000 inhab. (p = 0.022) was negatively associated with NSAID prescription. Regarding analgesics, first dental appointment coverage (p=0.002) and Bolsa Família program coverage per 1,000 inhab. (p = 0.012) were positively associated with DDD per 1,000 inhab. per year. In conclusion, dental prescriptions of analgesics and NSAID in the BNHS were associated with socioeconomic and oral health care services' characteristics.

Internalização do cuidado: um estudo qualitativo com escolares que convivem com a doença falciforme / Internalizacion del cuidado: un estudio cualitativo com niños que viven con enfermedad de células falciformes / Internalization of care: a qualitative study with schoolchildren living with sickle cell disease

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a internalização do cuidado com o corpo pelo escolar com a doença falciforme com base na teoria do desenvolvimento de Vigotski e no conceito de cuidado de Collière. Método Estudo qualitativo com 15 escolares que convivem com a doença falciforme, acompanhados em ambulatório na cidade de Vitoria - ES. A técnica utilizada foi a entrevista individual e a análise temática. A hidratação corporal, o brincar, a prevenção e manejo da crise falcêmica, a alimentação e as roupas foram as unidades temáticas que emergiram. Resultados Os participantes referiram ingerir variados tipos de líquidos. As brincadeiras foram predominantemente ativas. Os medicamentos foram de reparação e manutenção da saúde. Não se evidenciou consumo de alimentos saudáveis. Observou-se a utilização de roupas adequadas ao frio. A dor foi um signo da internalização do cuidado e do conhecimento para brincadeiras. A diminuição de líquidos e roupas inadequadas desencadearam a crise falcêmica. Considerações Finais Evidenciaram-se a internalização do conhecimento e dos cuidados mediados pela dor e o despreparo dos professores pela falta de conhecimento. Implicações para a prática este estudo poderá subsidiar a melhor articulação entre profissional de saúde, criança e escola.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la internalización de la atención por parte del escolar con la enfermedad de células falciformes basado en la teoría del desarrollo de Vigotski y el concepto de atención de Collière. Método Estudio cualitativo con 15 escolares que viven con la enfermedad de células falciformes, monitoreados en una clínica ambulatoria en la ciudad de Vitoria - ES. La técnica fue la entrevista individual y el análisis temático. La hidratación corporal, el juego, la prevención y el manejo de la crisis falcémica, la alimentación y la ropa fueron las unidades temáticas que emergieron. Resultados Los participantes informaron de la ingestión de varios tipos de líquidos. Los juegos fueron predominantemente activos. Los medicamentos fueron de reparación y mantenimiento de la salud. No se ha demostrado el consumo de alimentos saludables. Se observó el uso de ropa adecuada para el frío. El dolor fue un signo de la internalización de la atención y el conocimiento para los juegos. La disminución de líquidos y la ropa inadecuada desencadenaron la crisis falcémica. Consideraciones finales Se señalaron la internalización del conocimiento y la atención mediados por el dolor y la falta de preparación de los maestros debido a la falta de conocimiento. Implicaciones para la práctica este estudio podrá subsidiar la mejor articulación entre los profesionales de la salud, los niños y la escuela.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the internalization of body care by the schoolchildren with sickle cell disease based on Vigotski's development theory and Collière's concept of care. Method Qualitative study with 15 schoolchildren living with sickle cell disease, followed in an outpatient clinic in the city of Vitoria - ES. The technique was the individual interview and thematic analysis. Body hydration, playing, prevention and management of the sickle cell crisis, food and clothing were the thematic units that emerged. Results Participants reported ingesting various types of liquids. The games were predominantly active. The medications were repair and maintenance of health. It was observed no consumption of healthy foods. The use of clothes suitable for the cold was evidenced. Pain was a sign of the internalization of care and knowledge for games. The decrease in liquids and inadequate clothing triggered the sickle cell crisis. Final Considerations The internalization of knowledge and care mediated by pain and the unpreparedness of teachers due to lack of knowledge were highlighted. Implications for practice this study can support the best articulation between health professionals, children and school.

Experiências das mulheres quanto às suas trajetórias até o diagnóstico de endometriose / Experiencias de mujeres en cuanto a sus trayectorias hasta el diagnóstico de endometriosis / Experiences of women regarding their pathways to the diagnosis of endometriosis

Resumo Objetivo descrever as experiências das mulheres sobre as suas trajetórias desde o início dos sintomas até o diagnóstico da endometriose. Método pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa, realizada com dez mulheres com diagnóstico de endometriose no município do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. Coletaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas áudio gravadas e posteriormente submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo por meio do software Atlas.ti 8. Resultados sem o diagnóstico de endometriose, as mulheres vivenciam sintomas fortes desde a menarca. Essa situação repercute negativamente em diferentes esferas da vida, inclusive pela desvalorização de suas queixas em seus círculos de convivência. Assim, entende-se a importância da rede de apoio perante essa situação. Diante desse contexto, as mulheres peregrinam por diversos profissionais até o diagnóstico definitivo. Considerações finais e implicações para a prática as trajetórias dessas mulheres são marcadas pela desvalorização de suas queixas por profissionais de saúde e pessoas próximas, pela naturalização da dor feminina e pela dificuldade em estabelecer um diagnóstico diferencial. No entanto, a capacidade individual de reconhecer a presença de uma patologia, o conhecimento sobre a endometriose e a experiência do profissional facilitaram o diagnóstico. No contexto da assistência de enfermagem, entender essa trajetória pode promover a escuta ativa, melhor valorização das queixas, avaliação clínica e o encaminhamento para o diagnóstico precoce.

Resumen Objetivo describir las vivencias de las mujeres en sus trayectorias desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el diagnóstico de endometriosis. Método investigación descriptiva cualitativa realizada con diez mujeres diagnosticadas con endometriosis en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil. Se recogieron entrevistas semiestructuradas grabadas en audio y posteriormente se sometieron a Análisis de Contenido utilizando el software Atlas.ti 8. Resultados sin el diagnóstico de endometriosis, las mujeres experimentan síntomas fuertes desde la menarquia. Esta situación tiene un impacto negativo en diferentes ámbitos de la vida, incluso por la devaluación de sus quejas en sus círculos de convivencia. Así, se comprende la importancia de la red de apoyo en esta situación. Ante este contexto, las mujeres deambulan por diferentes profesionales hasta el diagnóstico definitivo. Consideraciones finales e implicaciones para la práctica las trayectorias de estas mujeres están marcadas por la devaluación de sus quejas por parte de los profesionales de la salud y personas cercanas, por la naturalización del dolor femenino y por la dificultad para establecer un diagnóstico diferencial. Sin embargo, la capacidad del individuo para reconocer la presencia de una patología, el conocimiento sobre la endometriosis y la experiencia del profesional facilitaron el diagnóstico. En el contexto del cuidado de enfermería, comprender esta trayectoria puede promover la escucha activa, mejor valoración de las quejas, evaluación clínica y la derivación para diagnóstico precoz.

Abstract Objectives to describe the experiences of women on their trajectories from the beginning of symptoms to the diagnosis of endometriosis. Method descriptive, qualitative research, conducted with ten women diagnosed with endometriosis in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. Audio recorded semi-structured interviews were collected and later submitted to Content Analysis using Atlas.ti 8 software. Results without the diagnosis of endometriosis, women experience strong symptoms from the menarche. This situation has a negative impact on different spheres of life, including the devaluation of their complaints in their circles of coexistence. Thus, the importance of the support network in this situation is understood. Faced with this context, women wander through various professionals until the definitive diagnosis. Final considerations and implications for practice the trajectories of these women are marked by the devaluation of their complaints by health professionals and people close to them, by the naturalization of female pain and by the difficulty in establishing a differential diagnosis. However, the individual's ability to recognize the presence of a pathology, the knowledge about endometriosis and the professional's experience facilitated the diagnosis. In the context of nursing care, understanding this trajectory can promote active listening, better appreciation of complaints, clinical assessment and referral to early diagnosis.