Factores asociados a anemia ferropénica en lactantes y preescolares / Factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in infants and preschoolers

Introducción: La anemia se define como una afección en la cual el número de glóbulos rojos o la concentración de hemoglobina dentro de estos se encuentran por debajo del límite inferior, 11 gr/dl para menores entre 6 a 59 meses. La OMS calcula que a nivel mundial la anemia presenta una prevalencia del 42% en los niños menores de 5 años. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión panorámica de diversas publicaciones científicas acerca de los factores asociados a la anemia ferropénica en preescolares. Materiales y métodos: La revisión se realizó a través de la búsqueda electrónica de diversos artículos científicos relacionados con el tema. Se utilizó la pregunta PEO: ¿Cuáles son los factores asociados a anemia ferropénica en lactantes y preescolares? Se seleccionaron los artículos publicados desde el 2017 hasta el 2022. Resultados: De los 48 artículos encontrados en la revisión, 33 fueron descartados por no cumplir con nuestros criterios de selección, quedando 15 artículos para esta revisión. Basado en 12 artículos revisados, se halló que los factores que se asocian a anemia en menores de 5 años eran por problemas socioeconómicos, déficit de micronutrientes altos en hierro en dieta, madre con antecedente de anemia, la edad materna, falta de educación, entre otros. Conclusión: Los factores predisponentes para la presencia de anemia ferropénica en los menores de 5 años más importantes fueron los relacionados con la edad materna, el nivel socioeconómico y educativo de la madre que conllevan el déficit de hierro del menor.

Introduction: Anemia is defined as a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the hemoglobin concentration within red blood cells is below the lower limit, 11 g/dL for children aged 6-59 months. The WHO estimates that worldwide anemia has a prevalence of 42% in children under 5 years of age. Objectives: To perform an overview review of various scientific publications on the factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in preschoolers. Materials and methods: The review was carried out through an electronic search of various scientific articles related to the subject. The PEO question was used: What are the factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in infants and preschoolers? Articles published from 2017 to 2022 were selected. Results: Of the 48 articles found in the review, 33 were discarded for not meeting our selection criteria, leaving 15 articles for this review. Based on 12 articles reviewed, it was found that the factors associated with anemia in children under 5 years of age were socioeconomic problems, deficiency of micronutrients high in iron in the diet, mothers with a history of anemia, maternal age, lack of education, among others. Conclusion: The most important predisposing factors for the presence of iron deficiency anemia in children under 5 years of age were those related to maternal age, socioeconomic and educational level of the mother that lead to iron deficiency in the child.

Riesgos y beneficios de la profilaxis con sulfato ferroso en lactantes nacidos a término con niveles de hemoglobina y ferremia desconocidos / Risks and benefits of iron supplementation in full-term infants with unknown hemoglobin and ferritin levels

La seguridad y eficacia de los programas de suplementación con hierro a lactantes, está actualmente en discusión. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar estudios sobre riesgos y beneficios de la suplementación con hierro profiláctico en lactantes menores de un año, nacidos a término, con niveles de hemoglobina (Hb) y ferremia desconocidos. Se realizó una búsqueda en Pubmed y Cochrane, identificando 3 revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Estos estudios arrojaron resultados que indican mejoras en los niveles séricos de hierro y hemoglobina como resultado de la suplementación con hierro. Sin embargo, no se observó un beneficio significativo en el desarrollo cognitivo de los lactantes. Los efectos adversos más reportados son los gastrointestinales, efectos en el crecimiento (menor ganancia de talla y peso) y menor absorción de zinc. En resumen, la evidencia en cuanto a la profilaxis con hierro en lactantes es limitada, lo que nos lleva a recomendar un seguimiento cercano de los lactantes que reciben suplementos de hierro, con el objetivo de detectar posibles eventos adversos. Es fundamental evaluar cuidadosamente los riesgos y beneficios de esta intervención antes de su implementación (AU)

The safety and efficacy of iron supplementation programs for infants are currently under discussion. The objective of this review was to identify studies on the risks and benefits of prophylactic iron supplementation in infants under one year of age, born at term, with unknown hemoglobin (Hb) and serum iron levels. The search was conducted on Pubmed and Cochrane, identifying three systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The results indicate improvements in serum iron and hemoglobin levels as a result of iron supplementation. However, a significant benefit in infant cognitive development was not observed. The most reported adverse effects were gastrointestinal, effects on growth (reduced height and weight gain), and reduced zinc absorption. In summary, the evidence regarding iron prophylaxis in infants is limited, leading us to recommend close monitoring of infants receiving iron supplements to detect potential adverse events. It is crucial to carefully assess the risks and benefits of this intervention before implementation (AU)

Research progress on differential diagnosis of thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia by blood erythrocyte parameters / 中华预防医学杂志

Thalassemia trait is an autosomal recessive genetic disease, which is a hemolytic anemia caused by disturbance of erythrocyte hemoglobin production caused by gene mutation or deletion. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body due to an imbalance between the demand and supply of iron. The laboratory manifestations of both are microcytic hypochromic anemia, but the treatment schemes are completely different, and it is difficult to distinguish them from the results of blood count. Erythrocyte parameters can be used to establish a formula or model to differentiate them, which can achieve the purpose of early screening, early diagnosis and early treatment,preventing the occurrence of severe anemia and providing a scientific basis for the thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia prevention. This article will review the research progress of using erythrocyte parameters to distinguish thalassemia trait with iron deficiency anemia.

Research progress on differential diagnosis of thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia by blood erythrocyte parameters / 中华预防医学杂志

Thalassemia trait is an autosomal recessive genetic disease, which is a hemolytic anemia caused by disturbance of erythrocyte hemoglobin production caused by gene mutation or deletion. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body due to an imbalance between the demand and supply of iron. The laboratory manifestations of both are microcytic hypochromic anemia, but the treatment schemes are completely different, and it is difficult to distinguish them from the results of blood count. Erythrocyte parameters can be used to establish a formula or model to differentiate them, which can achieve the purpose of early screening, early diagnosis and early treatment,preventing the occurrence of severe anemia and providing a scientific basis for the thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia prevention. This article will review the research progress of using erythrocyte parameters to distinguish thalassemia trait with iron deficiency anemia.

Uso de hierro intravenoso en el tratamiento de la anemia ferropénica en niños: a propósito de un caso / Use of intravenous iron for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children: clinical case study / Uso de ferro intravenoso no tratamento da anemia ferropriva em crianças: relato de caso

Introducción: el déficit de hierro es la causa más común de anemia debido a carencia nutricional. Su tratamiento consiste en proporcionar alimentos ricos en hierro biodisponible junto con la administración de hierro oral. En circunstancias definidas puede utilizarse el hierro intravenoso. Objetivo: describir el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de un niño portador de anemia ferropénica severa secundaria a mala adherencia al hierro oral en el que se utilizó hierro intravenoso. Caso clínico: niño de 21 meses, raza blanca. Antecedente de anemia ferropénica severa, con repercusión hemodinámica que a los 14 meses requirió transfusión de sangre desplasmatizada. Sin controles de hemoglobina posteriores. Sin adherencia a profilaxis con hierro vía oral. Alto consumo de leche de vaca y bajo consumo de alimentos ricos en hierro. En el contexto de infección respiratoria aguda baja se constata anemia clínica con marcado decaimiento y anorexia, sin repercusión hemodinámica. Se confirma la anemia microcítica, hipocrómica severa, con ancho de distribución eritrocitaria elevado, con metabolismo de hierro alterado. Recibe hierro sacarato, intravenoso, por seis días con buena tolerancia y evolución. Discusión: se identificaron múltiples factores de riesgo para anemia ferropénica. La pobre respuesta al tratamiento con hierro oral debido a efectos adversos y olvidos de administración, junto al antecedente de anemia ferropénica severa, que requirió transfusión de sangre desplasmatizada, motivaron la indicación de hierro intravenoso. Su administración fue programada y monitorizada, sin complicaciones. Es necesario fortalecer la prevención en todos los controles pediátricos y abordar este problema de salud desde una mirada interdisciplinaria.

Introduction: iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia due to nutritional deficiency. Its treatment consists of providing bioavailable iron rich food together with oral iron. In specific circumstances, intravenous iron may be used. Objective: of this study is to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach used with a child with severe iron deficiency anemia secondary to poor adherence to oral iron, in which intravenous iron was used. Clinical case: 21 month-old white patient. History of severe iron deficiency anemia, with hemodynamic repercussions that at 14 months of age required transfusion of deplasmatized blood. Without subsequent hemoglobin controls. No adherence to oral iron prophylaxis. High consumption of cow's milk and low of iron-rich foods. Within the context of acute lower respiratory infection, a clinical anemia with marked decline and anorexia were observed, without hemodynamic repercussions. Severe hypochromic microcytic anemia was confirmed, with an elevated erythrocyte distribution width and altered iron metabolism. He received iron saccharate, intravenously for 6 days with good tolerance and evolution. Discussion: multiple risk factors for iron deficiency anemia were identified. The poor response to treatment with oral iron resulting from adverse effects and lack of proper administration, together with a history of severe iron deficiency anemia, which required transfusion of deplasmatized blood, led to the prescription of intravenous iron. This administration was scheduled and monitored, occurring without complications. It is necessary to strengthen prevention of this condition in all pediatric check-ups and address this health problem from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Introdução: a deficiência de ferro é a causa mais comum de anemia por deficiência nutricional. Seu tratamento consiste no fornecimento de alimentos ricos em ferro biodisponível, juntamente com a administração de ferro por via oral. Em circunstâncias especificas, pode ser utilizado ferro intravenoso. Objetivo: descrever a abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica de uma criança com anemia ferropriva grave secundária a sua má adesão ao ferro oral, e o uso de ferro intravenoso. Caso clínico: 21 meses, raça branca. História de anemia ferropriva grave, com repercussão hemodinâmica que requiriu de transfusão de sangue desplasmatizada aos 14 meses. Não houve nenhum controle de hemoglobina subsequente. Nenhuma adesão à profilaxia oral com ferro. Alto consumo de leite de vaca e baixo consumo de alimentos ricos em ferro. No contexto de infecção respiratória inferior aguda, observa-se anemia clínica com acentuado emagrecimento e anorexia, sem repercussões hemodinâmicas. É confirmada anemia microcítica e hipocrômica grave, com largura de distribuição eritrocitária elevada e metabolismo alterado do ferro. Recebeu sacarose férrica intravenosa por 6 dias com boa tolerância e evolução. Discussão: foram identificados múltiplos fatores de risco para anemia ferropriva. A má resposta ao tratamento com ferro oral devido aos efeitos adversos e ao esquecimento da administração, aliás da história de anemia ferropriva grave, que exigiu transfusão de sangue desplasmatizada, motivaram a indicação do ferro intravenoso. Sua administração foi programada e monitorada, e aconteceu sem intercorrências. É preciso fortalecer a prevenção em todos os controles pediátricos e abordar este problema de saúde numa persectiva interdisciplinar.

Efectividad de la administración de hierro en forma semanal y diaria para la prevención de anemia por deficiencia de hierro en lactantes / Effectiveness of weekly and daily iron administration for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants

Introducción. La deficiencia de hierro (DH) es la carencia nutricional más prevalente y la principal causa de anemia en lactantes. Existe consenso en la suplementación diaria con hierro como estrategia de prevención; también se demostró que la suplementación semanal es eficaz, pero la evidencia en lactantes es escasa. El objetivo fue comparar la efectividad de la administración diaria de hierro frente a la semanal para la prevención de la anemia por DH del lactante. Población y métodos. Ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado. Lactantes atendidos en un centro de salud público, sin anemia a los 3 meses de edad, aleatorizados en tres grupos: suplementación diaria (1 mg/kg/día), semanal (4 mg/kg/semana) o sin suplementación (grupo control con lactancia materna exclusiva [LME]). Se evaluó anemia y DH a los 3 y 6 meses. Se registró grado de adherencia y efectos adversos. Los datos se analizaron con el software R versión 4.0.3. Resultados. Participaron 227 lactantes. A los 6 meses el grupo de lactantes con LME sin suplementación (control) presentó prevalencias de DH y anemia por DH (ADH) mayores que los grupos intervenidos (diario y semanal). DH: 40,5 % vs. 13,5 % y 16,7 % (p = 0,002); ADH: 33,3 % vs. 7,8 % y 10 % (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias entre los grupos diario y semanal. Tampoco hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de alta adherencia a la suplementación (50,6 % diaria vs. 57,1 % semanal), ni en los efectos adversos. Conclusiones. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la efectividad entre la administración diaria y semanal para la prevención de ADH del lactante.

Introduction. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency and the main cause of anemia in infants. There is consensus on daily iron supplementation as a preventive strategy; and weekly iron supplementation has also been shown to be effective, but evidence in infants is scarce. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of daily versus weekly iron administration for the prevention of ID anemia (IDA) in infants. Population and methods. Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Infants seen at a public health center, without anemia at 3 months of age, were randomized into 3 groups: daily supplementation (1 mg/kg/ day), weekly supplementation (4 mg/kg/week), or no supplementation (control group with exclusive breastfeeding [EB]). Anemia and ID were assessed at 3 and 6 months old. Adherence and adverse events were recorded. Data were analyzed using the R software, version 4.0.3. Results. A total of 227 infants participated. At 6 months, the group of infants with EB without supplementation(control) had a higher prevalence of ID and IDA than the intervention groups (daily and weekly). ID: 40.5% versus 13.5% and 16.7% (p = 0.002); IDA: 33.3% versus 7.8% and 10% (p < 0.001). There were no differences between the daily and weekly supplementation groups. There were also no differences in the percentage of high adherence to supplementation (50.6% daily versus 57.1% weekly) or adverse events. Conclusions. No significant differences in effectiveness were observed between daily and weekly administration for the prevention of infant IDA.

Evaluation of RET-He values as an early indicator of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women

Abstract Introduction During pregnancy, women are at an increased risk of developing iron-deficiency anemia. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of the reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He) in the early detection of iron-deficiency anemia in a group of pregnant women and to establish a reference range for this parameter in a group of control individuals. Method: A total of 60 patients and 130 control subjects were included in the study. Blood samples collected from the subjects were submitted to a complete blood count and a serum ferritin test and the data were analyzed by comparing the groups and ROC curves. Results The reference range found for the RET-He was between 29.75pg and 38.24pg, with a median of 35pg. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for the ferritin parameter showed an area under the curve of 0.732 for the RET-He, 0.586 for hemoglobin, 0.551 for the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and 0.482 for the mean corpuscular volume. Conclusion Early diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is essential to prevent damage to both maternal and fetal health. The RET-He presents an excellent potential as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in pregnant women.

The efficacy and safety of intravenous sucrose iron therapy for recurrent iron deficiency anemia / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron supplementation in patients with recurrent iron deficiency anemia (IDA) . Methods: This retrospective analysis of 90 patients with recurrent IDA from May 2012 to December 2021 was conducted, comparing the efficacy and safety of the intravenous iron therapy group and the oral iron therapy group. Results: Among the 90 patients with recurrent IDA, 20 were males and 70 were females, with a median age of 40 (range: 14-85) years. A total of 60 patients received intravenous iron supplementation and 30 received oral iron supplementation. The hematologic response rates in the intravenous iron group were significantly higher than those in the oral iron group at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment [80.0% (48/60) vs 3.3% (1/30) and 96.7% (58/60) vs 46.7% (14/30), all P<0.001, respectively]. The median increase in hemoglobin levels was also significantly higher in the intravenous iron group than in the oral iron group [38 (4, 66) g/L vs 7 (1, 22) g/L at week 4 and 44.5 (18, 80) g/L vs 19 (3, 53) g/L at week 8, all P<0.001]. The intravenous iron group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved normal hemoglobin levels than the oral iron group (55.0% vs 0 and 90% vs 43.3%, all P<0.001, respectively). Iron metabolism indicators were tested before and after 8 weeks of treatment in 26 and 7 patients in the intravenous and oral iron groups, respectively. The median increase in serum ferritin (SF) levels in the intravenous iron group 8 weeks after treatment was 113.7 (49.7, 413.5) μg/L, and 54% (14/26) of these patients had SF levels of ≥100 μg/L, which was significantly higher than the median increase in SF levels in the oral iron group [14.0 (5.8, 84.2) μg/L, t=4.760, P<0.001] and the proportion of patients with SF levels of ≥100 μg/L (P=0.013). The incidence of adverse reactions was 3.3% (2/60) in the intravenous iron group, which was significantly lower than that in the oral iron group [20.0% (6/30), P=0.015]. Conclusion: Intravenous iron supplementation is more effective for hematologic response, faster hemoglobin increase, and higher iron storage replenishment rates compared with oral iron supplementation in patients with recurrent IDA, and it is well tolerated by patients.

Relationship between Iron Metabolic Parameters and Platelet Counts in Blood Donors / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the correlation of iron metabolic parameters with platelet counts in blood donors.@*METHODS@#A total of 400 blood donors who met requirements of apheresis platelet donation were collected, and their hematological parameters were analyzed. The donors were divided into low ferritin group and normal group, the differences of hematological parameters between the two groups were compared, and the correlation of iron metabolic parameters and routine hematology parameters with platelet counts were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Whether male or female, low ferritin group had higher platelet counts than normal group (P < 0.01). Among the iron metabolic parameters, the platelet counts was negatively correlated with serum ferritin (SF), serum iron (SI), and transferrin saturation (TSAT) (r =-0.162, r =-0.153, r =-0.256), and positively correlated with total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) (r =0.219, r =0.294) in female blood donors. Platelet counts was also negatively correlated with SF, SI and TSAT (r =-0.188, r =-0.148, r =-0.224) and positively correlated with UIBC (r =0.220) in male blood donors. Among the routine hematology parameters, platelet counts was negatively correlated with mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) in female blood donors (r =-0.236, r =-0.267, r =-0.213, r =-0.284). Platelet counts was also negatively correlated with MCH, MCHC and Ret-He in male blood donors (r =-0.184, r =-0.221, r =-0.209).@*CONCLUSION@#In blood donors with low C-reactive protein level, the lower the iron store capacity, the lower the iron utilization, and the platelet counts tends to rise.

Causes of Abnormal Hemoglobin Electrophoresis / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the possible causes of abnormal hemoglobin electrophoresis results.@*METHODS@#The hemoglobin electrophoresis results of 5 696 patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from September 2018 to July 2021 were collected, and the abnormal results and clinical significance were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The results of 486 patients (accounting for 8.53%) were abnormal, of which 300 cases had increased HbA2, 135 cases had decreased HbA2, 44 cases had increased F alone, and 7 cases had abnormal hemoglobin bands. Among the 486 patients, 246 patients were thalassemia gene positive (the positive rate was 50.62%), including 29 cases of α thalassemia, 208 cases of β thalassemia and 9 cases of αβ thalassemia. Among the patients with elevated HbA2, 68.67% were detected β thalassemia, 3.00% αβ thalassemia, 9.33% were suspected to be caused by macrocytosis, 6.33% by thyroid dysfunction, and 12.67% by uncertainty of the method. Among the patients with reduced HbA2, 21.48% were detected α thalassemia, 60.00% iron deficiency anemia, 8.15% were suspected to be caused by thyroid dysfunction, and 10.37% by uncertainty of the method. Among the patients with elevated F alone, the results of thalassemia gene detection were negative, 40.91% of them were suspected to be caused by macrocytosis, 27.27% by hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, 29.55% by special physiological condition of pregnant women, and 2.27% by hyperthyroidism. Abnormal hemoglobin bands were detected in 7 patients, including 4 cases of hemoglobin D, 2 cases of hemoglobin E, and 1 case of hemoglobin J.@*CONCLUSION@#Thalassemia, iron deficiency anemia, macrocytosis such as megaloblastic anemia and non-severe aplastic anemia, thyroid dysfunction, hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, abnormal hemoglobin diseases, the uncertainty of the method are all important causes of abnormal hemoglobin electrophoresis results. In clinical work, the patient's indicators should be comprehensively analyzed to determine the possible cause.

Pre-and post-donation ferritin level of blood donors attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Donor Clinic in Southern Nigeria

While trying to save the patient via blood transfusion, the safety of the blood donor is paramount. This study evaluated the pre-and post-donation ferritin and packed cell volume (PCV) of donors attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital.Method: The study adopted descriptive longitudinal approach. A total of 18 donors with age range of 18 ­48years were enrolled and followed up for 30 days post-donation. The serum ferritin was analyzed using ELISA method while the PCV was analyzed using the microhematocrit method. Difference between means was performed using repeated measure ANOVA while post hoc was done using Bonferroni adjustment. Prediction of return to baseline values were performed using logistic regression. Alpha value was placed at 0.05 There was a decline in ferritin and packed cell volume from pre-to post-donation. The decline in ferritin was imminent until day 14 when recovery was initiated. Significant difference was observed between the pre-donation ferritin and the rest of the days except day 30. There was also a decline in PCV from pre-donation all through with recovery noticeable after day 7. The PCV of the pre-donation was only comparable to the day 30 post-donation. Approximately 5.6% (n=1) of the subjects was iron deficient pre-donation.Approximately 25% (n=4) of the subject have returned to baseline PCV while 0% of the subjects have returned to baseline ferritin at day 30 post-donation.Conclusion: For the safety of the donor, donation interval should be widened, and iron supplement followed up

Use of iron supplement to prevent anemia in children aged six to 59 months attended at the Family Health Strategy (ESF) units in a city in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Uso de suplemento de ferro para prevenção da anemia em crianças de seis a 59 meses atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família de um município de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the use of iron supplementation and associated factors in children aged six to 59 months attended at the Family Health Strategy units in a city in Minas Gerais (MG). Methods: a cross-sectional, analytical-exploratory study, carried out with 252 children aged six to 59 months, attended at ten units, between 2014 and 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socioeconomic conditions, maternal health, child's health and the knowledge of those responsible regarding anemia and iron supplementation, in addition to analysis of the child's medical records /booklet to collect test results. Descriptive statistics, bivariate association analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis were performed. Results: only 22.6% of the children aged between six and 24 months were receiving iron supplement at the time of the interview. Considering children aged six to 59 months, 13.1% were supplemented and breastfeeding time (p=0.006) and the participation in childcare (p=0.042), were positively associated with the use of supplementation. Conclusion: most children aged six to 24 months were not receiving supplementation as recommended by the Ministry of Health, demonstrating the need to implement prevention programs, such as the National Iron Supplementation Program and training of professionals on the importance of health education in preventing childhood anemia.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o uso do suplemento de ferro e fatores associados em crianças de seis a 59 meses atendidas em unidades Estratégia Saúde da Família em município de Minas Gerais (MG). Métodos: estudo transversal, analítico-exploratório, realizado com 252 crianças na faixa etária seis a 59 meses, atendidas em dez unidades, entre 2014 e 2016. Utilizou-se questionário estruturado para coleta de dados sobre condições socioeconômicas, saúde materna, saúde da criança e conhecimentos dos responsáveis acerca da anemia e suplementação com ferro, além de análise do prontuário / caderneta da criança para coleta de resultados de exames. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva, análise de associação bivariada e regressão logística para análise multivariada. Resultados: apenas 22,6% das crianças com idade entre seis e 24 meses estavam recebendo o suplemento de ferro no momento da entrevista. Considerando as crianças de seis a 59 meses, 13,1% eram suplementadas e o tempo de amamentação (p=0,006) e a participação na puericultura (p=0,042) apresentaram associação com o uso de suplemento. Conclusão: a maioria das crianças de seis a 24 meses não recebia a suplementação, demonstrando a necessidade de implementação dos programas de prevenção, como o Programa Nacional de Suplementação de Ferro e capacitação dos profissionais sobre a importância da educação em saúde para prevenção da anemia infantil.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy after Bariatric Surgery: Etiology, Risk Factors, and How to Manage It / Anemia ferropriva na gestação após cirurgia bariátrica: Etiologia, fatores de risco e como tratar

Abstract Objective Pregnancy after bariatric surgery is a reality of the 21st century and therefore is essential that all obstetricians know how to manage it. The most prevalent nutritional deficiency is iron deficiency and, consequently, anemia. Although bariatric surgery and pregnancy are already risk factors for anemia, we evaluated in our study if there were any other risk factors and actions to improve hemoglobin levels in this population. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study, and performed frequency measurements and analyzes of odds ratio, X2 and Fisher exact test to evaluate the risk factors. Results We evaluated 44 pregnancies after bariatric surgery, with an incidence of anemia of 62%, and the only identifiable risk factor for anemia was being black. As for the treatment, the iron salt used for oral supplementation did not associate with anemia risk, and in 27% of the patients, the adjustment of the oral dosage was enough for improvement in hemoglobin levels, but in 36% supplementation with intravenous iron was necessary. Conclusion Being black is a risk factor for anemia. The type of iron salt does not correlate with the incidence of anemia, and for the treatment and improvement of iron dosages, it seems an effective increase in iron intake.

Resumo Objetivo A gestação após cirurgia bariátrica é uma realidade do século XXI e, portanto, é de suma importância que os obstetras saibam conduzir o pré-natal dessas gestantes. A deficiência nutricional mais prevalente nessa população é a deficiência de ferro, que tem como consequência a anemia. Apesar da própria gestação e da cirurgia serem fatores de risco para anemia ferropriva, realizamos um estudo para avaliar se existem outros fatores que são de risco e quais condutas podem melhorar os níveis de hemoglobina nessa população. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectiva, e foram realizadas medidas de frequência e análise odds ratio, X2, e teste de exato de Fisher para a avaliação dos fatores de risco. Resultados Foram avaliadas 44 gestações após cirurgia bariátrica com incidência de anemia de 62%, sendo que o único fator de risco identificado foi a etnia preta. O sal de ferro utilizado na reposição não se associou com o risco de anemia. Em somente 27% das gestantes o ajuste da dose oral de ferro foi suficiente para corrigir a anemia, enquanto em 36% foi necessária a suplementação com ferro endovenoso. Conclusão Ser de etnia preta foi fator de risco para anemia após cirurgia bariátrica e o tipo de sal de ferro para suplementação não se correlacionou com a incidência de anemia. Para o tratamento da anemia, somente o ajuste da dose da medicação parece ser suficiente para a resolução desta.

Prevalence and correlates of childhood anemia in the MINA-Brazil birth cohort study / Prevalência e preditores de anemia na infância no estudo de coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the prevalence and predictors of childhood anemia in an Amazonian population-based birth cohort study. METHODS: Prevalence of maternal anemia was estimated at delivery (hemoglobin [Hb] concentration < 110 g/L) in women participating in the MINA-Brazil birth cohort study and in their children, examined at ages one, two (Hb < 110 g/L), and five (Hb < 115 g/L). Moreover, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured in mothers at delivery and in their 1- and 2-year-old children to estimate the prevalence of iron deficiency and its contribution to anemia, while adjusting for potential confounders by multiple Poisson regression analysis (adjusted relative risk [RRa]). RESULTS: The prevalence 95% confidence interval (CI) of maternal anemia, iron deficiency, and iron-deficiency anemia at delivery were 17.3% (14.0-21.0%), 42.6% (38.0-47.2%), and 8.7% (6.3-11.6)%, respectively (n = 462). At one year of age (n = 646), 42.2% (38.7-45.8%) of the study children were anemic, 38.4% (34.6-42.3%) were iron-deficient, and 26.3 (23.0-29.9) had iron-deficiency anemia. At two years of age (n = 761), these values decreased to 12.8% (10.6-15.2%), 18.1% (15.5-21.1%), and 4.1% (2.8-5.7%), respectively; at five years of age (n = 655), 5.2% (3.6-7.2%) were anemic. Iron deficiency (RRa = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.84-2.60) and consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) (RRa = 1.56; 95%CI: 1.14-2.13) were significant contributors to anemia at 1 year, after adjusting for maternal schooling. At 2 years, anemia was significantly associated with maternal anemia at delivery (RRa: 1.67; 95%CI: 1.17-2.39), malaria since birth (2.25; 1.30-3.87), and iron deficiency (2.15; 1.47-3.15), after adjusting for children's age and household wealth index. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia continues to be highly prevalent during pregnancy and early childhood in the Amazon. Public health policies should address iron deficiency, UPF intake, maternal anemia, and malaria to prevent and treat anemia in Amazonian children.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prevalência e os preditores de anemia na infância em um estudo de coorte de nascimentos de base populacional amazônica. MÉTODOS: Estimou-se a prevalência de anemia materna no parto (concentração de hemoglobina [Hb] < 110 g/L) em mulheres participantes do estudo de coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil e em seus filhos, examinados nas idades um, dois (Hb < 110 g/L) e cinco anos (Hb < 115 g/L). Além disso, as concentrações de ferritina, receptor solúvel de transferrina e proteína C reativa foram medidas em mães no parto e em seus filhos de 1 e 2 anos de idade para estimar a prevalência de deficiência de ferro e sua contribuição para anemia, ajustando para potenciais fatores de confusão por análise de regressão múltipla de Poisson (risco relativo ajustado [RRa]). RESULTADOS: As prevalências com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% de anemia materna, deficiência de ferro e anemia ferropriva no parto foram de 17,3% (14,0-21,0%), 42,6% (38,0-47,2%) e 8,7% (6,3-11,6%), respectivamente (n = 462). No primeiro ano de idade (n = 646), 42,2% (38,7-45,8%) das crianças estudadas eram anêmicas, 38,4% (34,6-42,3%) eram deficientes em ferro e 26,3 (23,0-29,9%) tinham anemia ferropriva. Aos dois anos de idade (n = 761), esses valores diminuíram para 12,8% (10,6-15,2%), 18,1% (15,5-21,1%) e 4,1% (2,8-5,7%), respectivamente; aos cinco anos de idade (n = 655), 5,2% (3,6-7,2%) eram anêmicos. A deficiência de ferro (RRa = 2,19, IC95%: 1,84-2,60) e consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) (RRa = 1,56, IC95%: 1,14-2,13) foram contribuintes significantes para anemia no 1° ano de idade, após ajuste para escolaridade materna. Aos 2 anos, a anemia associou-se significativamente à anemia materna no parto (RRa = 1,67; IC95%: 1,17-2,39), malária desde o nascimento (2,25; 1,30-3,87) e deficiência de ferro (2,15; 1,47-3,15), após ajuste para idade das crianças e índice de riqueza familiar. CONCLUSÕES: A anemia continua sendo altamente prevalente durante a gravidez e a primeira infância na Amazônia. Políticas públicas de saúde devem abordar a deficiência de ferro, o consumo de AUP, a anemia materna e a malária para prevenir e tratar a anemia em crianças amazônicas.

Risk factors associated with iron deficiency anemia in children under 5 years of age attending a health center in chachapoyas, Peru / Fatores de risco associados à anemia por deficiência de ferro em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade que freqüentam um centro de saúde em Chachapoyas, Peru

Study Design: Retrospective case-control study. Objective: Identify risk factors among sociodemographic, nutritional, and health characteristics associated with iron deficiency anemia in children under five years of age attending the growth and development clinic of the Nueve de Enero de Chachapoyas Health Center in 2019. Methods: Two groups were formed, each consisting of 50 children. Group 1 (G1, cases) were children diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia and a control group (CG) of age-matched healthy children residing in the same jurisdiction. Data were collected from the medical records of the health center in a structured record card based on the study variables: age, birth weight, parasitic diseases, or associated symptomatologies such as diarrhea, frequency, and type of feeding before and after six months of age. Data were grouped in contingency tables to calculate Odds Ratio (OR), and statistical significance was estimated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 95% confidence. Results: All the factors considered presented significant association p<0.05, except for sex, concerning the presence of anemia in children. With OR values of: under 32 months of age (OR=2.26, 95% CI 0.59-2.79), under 2900 g birth weight (OR=2.98, 95% CI 0.43-2.99), prolonged exclusive breastfeeding (OR=3.14, 95% CI 1. 55-3.88), early ablactation (OR=4.96, 95% CI 1.27-5.07), low consumption of foods of animal origin (3.5, 95% CI 1.18-3.61), low consumption of fruits and vegetables (2.33, 95% CI 0.86-2.63), among others. Conclusions: In the population of Chachapoyas, the factors considered in the study increase the risk of developing anemia in children under five years of age by more than 93%. Its probability of occurrence warrants a reevaluation of the strategies applied in the different programs or interventions carried out in the area for the control and prevention of anemia. (AU)

Desenho do estudo: Estudo retrospectivo de casos-controle. Objetivo: Identificar fatores de risco entre as ca-racterísticas sociodemográficas, nutricionais e de saúde associados à anemia por deficiência de ferro em crianças menores de cinco anos, atendendo à clínica de crescimento e desenvolvimento do Centro de Saúde Nueve de Enero de Chachapoyas em 2019. Método: Foram formados dois grupos, cada um formado por 50 crianças. O grupo 1 (G1, casos) eram crianças diagnosticadas com anemia por deficiência de ferro e um grupo controle (GC) de crianças saudá-veis, com idade compatível, residentes na mesma jurisdição. Os dados foram coletados dos registros médicos do cen-tro de saúde, em uma ficha de registro estruturada com base nas variáveis do estudo: idade, peso ao nascer, doenças parasitárias ou sintomas associados, como diarreia, frequência e tipo de alimentação antes e depois dos seis meses de idade. Os dados foram agrupados em tabelas de contingência para o cálculo do Odds Ratio (OR), e a significância esta-tística foi estimada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) com 95% de confiança. Resultados: Todos os fatores conside-rados apresentaram associação significativa p<0,05, com exceção do sexo, no que diz respeito à presença de anemia em crianças. Com valores OR de: menos de 32 meses de idade (OR=2,26, 95% CI 0,59-2,79), menos de 2900 g de peso ao nascer (OR=2,98, 95% CI 0,43-2,99), amamentação exclusiva prolongada (OR=3,14, 95% CI 1. 55-3. 88), ablactação precoce (OR=4,96, 95% CI 1,27-5,07), baixo consumo de alimentos de origem animal (3,5, 95% CI 1,18-3,61), baixo consumo de frutas e vegetais (2,33, 95% CI 0,86-2,63), entre outros. Conclusão: Na população de Chachapoyas, os fatores considerados no estudo aumentam em mais de 93% o risco de desenvolver anemia em crianças com menos de cinco anos. Sua probabilidade de ocorrência justifica uma reavaliação das estratégias aplicadas nos diferentes programas ou intervenções realizadas na área para o controle e prevenção da anemia.Palavras-chave: Fatores de risco, Anemia ferropriva, Anemia; Criança. (AU)

Prevalencia y evolución de la anemia en embarazadas del Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas / Prevalence and evolution of anemia in pregnant women at the Central Hospital of the Armed Forces / Prevalência e evolução da anemia em mulheres grávidas no Hospital Central das Forças Armadas

Introducción: de acuerdo a los datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud la prevalencia de anemia ferropénica en el embarazo oscila entre el 20 y el 39% de los mismos en Latinoamérica, siendo asociada con resultados adversos para la salud. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, donde fue estudiada la frecuencia de la anemia en las embarazadas usuarias del Hospital Central de las Fuerzas Armadas, y su evolución posterior luego del embarazo. Resultados: se observó que el 15,7% de las pacientes presentaba anemia en el embarazo, con un buen porcentaje de pacientes que cumplían el tratamiento con hierro indicado, y que sólo un bajo porcentaje realizaba un control de la anemia luego del embarazo. Discusión: el porcentaje de pacientes con anemia en el embarazo en este centro asistencial se encuentra por debajo de los porcentajes establecidos en la literatura internacional, se analizan las causas y se verifica que existe una dificultad en el seguimiento de estas pacientes luego del embarazo.

Introduction: according to World Health Organization data, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy ranges between 20 and 39% of pregnancies in Latin America, being associated with adverse health outcomes. Materials and Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out to study the frequency of anemia in pregnant women users of the Central Hospital of the Armed Forces of Montevideo, and its subsequent evolution after pregnancy. Results: it was observed that 15.7% of the patients had anemia during pregnancy, with a good percentage of patients who complied with the indicated iron treatment, and only a small number of patients underwent anemia control after pregnancy. Discussion: the percentage of patients with anemia in pregnancy in this health care center is below the percentages established in the international literature, the causes are analyzed and it is verified that there is a difficulty in the follow-up of these patients after pregnancy.

Introdução: de acordo com dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência de anemia por deficiência de ferro na gravidez varia entre 20 e 39% das gestações na América Latina, e está associada a resultados de saúde adversos. Materiais e Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal e descritivo para estudar a freqüência da anemia em gestantes usuárias do Hospital Central das Forças Armadas, e sua posterior evolução após a gravidez. Resultados: observou-se que 15,7% das pacientes tiveram anemia durante a gravidez, com uma boa porcentagem de pacientes que cumpriram o tratamento com ferro indicado, e apenas uma baixa porcentagem teve controle da anemia após a gravidez. Discussão: a porcentagem de pacientes com anemia na gravidez em nosso centro de atendimento está abaixo das porcentagens estabelecidas na literatura internacional, analisamos as causas e verificamos que existe uma dificuldade em monitorar essas pacientes após a gravidez.

Intervención educativa virtual sobre anemia en gestantes / Intervenção educativa virtual sobre anemia em gestantes / Virtual educational intervention on anemia for pregnant women

Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa virtual en los conocimientos sobre la anemia ferropénica en gestantes. Materiales y método: estudio preexperimental pretest-postest mono grupo, realizado en un centro de salud ubicado en Lima Norte (Perú) con una población de 30 gestantes. Después del pretest se planificó y realizó la intervención educativa, usando medios digitales y videoconferencia. Luego de dos semanas se aplicó el postest. La prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov fue empleada para determinar la distribución de normalidad de la variable de conocimientos sobre anemia ferropénica. Posteriormente, se aplicó la estadística descriptiva para evaluar las características sociodemográficas y obstétricas y la estadística inferencial para comprobar la hipótesis de la investigación mediante la prueba t de Student pareada. Resultados: la media de edad fue de 27,33 años y el 43,33 % de la muestra presentó anemia. Asimismo, la mayoría de las participantes reportó haber alcanzado la educación secundaria (60 %), no contar con una ocupación remunerada (66,67 %), encontrarse en el segundo trimestre de embarazo (63,33 %), haber asistido solo a dos controles prenatales (50 %) y tener más de un hijo (60 %). Se observó un aumento de los conocimientos sobre la anemia ferropénica después de la intervención (media de la diferencia: 2,1 puntos, p< 0,001). De igual forma, se observó un aumento de puntaje en las dimensiones sobre las generalidades de la anemia, sus consecuencias y una alimentación saludable. Conclusiones: la intervención educativa virtual es efectiva en el aumento de conocimientos sobre anemia ferropénica de las gestantes. Por lo tanto, se recomienda que de manera habitual el profesional de enfermería aplique esta intervención en una población más amplia de gestantes.

Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção educativa virtual sobre o conhecimento da anemia por deficiência de ferro em mulheres grávidas. Materiais e método: estudo pré-experimental, pré e pós-teste, num único grupo, realizado num centro de saúde localizado no norte de Lima, Peru. A população consistiu em 30 mulheres grávidas. Após o pré-teste, a intervenção educacional foi planejada e realizada com a utilização de meios digitais e videoconferência. Após algumas semanas, o pós-teste foi aplicado. O teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para determinar a distribuição de normalidade da variável "conhecimento da anemia por deficiência de ferro". Posteriormente, aplicaramse a estatística descritiva para avaliar as características sociodemográficas e obstétricas, e a estatística inferencial para testar a hipótese de pesquisa por meio do teste t de Student pareado. Resultados: a idade média foi de 27,33 anos e 43,33% esteve anêmica. Além disso, a maioria teve estudos secundários (60%), não teve qualquer ocupação remunerada (66,67%), esteve no segundo trimestre de gravidez (63,33%), frequentou apenas dois exames pré-natais (50%) e teve mais do que um filho (60%). Houve um aumento no conhecimento da anemia por deficiência de ferro após a intervenção (diferença média: 2,1 pontos, p < 0,001). Do mesmo modo, observou-se um aumento das pontuações nas dimensões "generalidades da anemia", "consequências" e "alimentação saudável". Conclusões: a intervenção educativa virtual é eficaz no aumento do conhecimento da anemia por deficiência de ferro em mulheres grávidas. Portanto, recomendase que o profissional de enfermagem aplique regularmente essa intervenção a uma população mais ampla de gestantes.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a virtual educational intervention on the knowledge regarding iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. Materials and method: Pre-experimental pretest-posttest monogroup study carried in a health center in North Lima (Peru) with a population of 30 pregnant women. After the pretest, the educational intervention was planned and conducted using digital media and videoconference. After two weeks, the posttest was applied. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normal distribution of the variable knowledge about iron deficiency anemia. Subsequently, descriptive statistics were applied to evaluate participants' sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, and inferential statistics to test the research hypothesis using the paired Student's t-test. Results: Participants' mean age was 27.33 years and 43.33% of them reported anemia. Most of the individuals in the sample had secondary education (60%), did not have a remunerative occupation (66.67%), were in the second trimester of pregnancy (63.33%), had attended only two prenatal controls (50%), and had more than one child (60%). An increase in knowledge about iron deficiency anemia was observed after the intervention (mean difference: 2.1 points, p < 0.001). Similarly, an increase in scores was observed in the dimensions of generalities of anemia, its consequences, and healthy eating habits. Conclusions: The virtual educational intervention is effective in increasing knowledge about iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. Therefore, it is recommended that nursing professionals consistently apply this intervention to a broader population of pregnant women.

Anemia en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: un objetivo subestimado / Anemia in inflammatory bowel disease

Anemia is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there are several causes of anemia in IBD, the two most frequent etiologies are iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Despite the high prevalence of anemia in IBD and its significant impact on patient's quality of life, this complication is still underdiagnosed and undertreated by providers. Active screening for anemia, structured assessment, comprehensive management, and multidisciplinary collaboration are needed in IBD patients. The cornerstone of anemia management depends on the underlying etiology along with normalization of inflammatory activity. Although, oral iron is effective for the treatment of mild iron deficiency-related anemia, intravenous iron formulations have a good safety profile and can be used as first-line therapy in patients with active IBD, severe anemia and previous intolerance prior to oral iron. After proper treatment of anemia, careful monitoring is necessary to prevent its recurrence. Herein, we discuss the etiology, screening, diagnosis, therapy selection, and follow-up for anemia in IBD.

Refractory iron deficiency anemia as an early manifestation of autoimmune gastritis in a teenager / Anemia ferropénica refractaria como presentación temprana de gastritis autoinmune en un adolescente

Abstract Autoimmune gastritis is an underdiagnosed disease in the pediatric population due to the absence of specific signs and symptoms and late clinical manifestations. Iron deficiency anemia has recently been identified as an early hematological manifestation, allowing an early diagnostic approach. We present the case of a Colombian teenager, with no history of autoimmunity, with refractory iron deficiency. He underwent extension studies; biopsies and serology compatible with autoimmune gastritis were documented, requiring parenteral iron in its evolution. This pathology is underdiagnosed in our context since early diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion to prevent associated complications.

Resumen La gastritis autoinmune es una enfermedad subdiagnosticada en la población pediátrica. Lo anterior se debe a la ausencia de signos y síntomas específicos y manifestaciones clínicas tardías. Recientemente se ha identificado la anemia ferropénica como una manifestación hematológica precoz, lo que permite un enfoque diagnóstico temprano. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente colombiano, sin antecedentes de autoinmunidad, con ferropenia refractaria, en el que se realizaron estudios de extensión y se documentaron biopsias y serología compatible con gastritis autoinmune, con requerimiento de hierro parenteral en su evolución. Esta patología es subdiagnosticada en nuestro medio, ya que el diagnóstico temprano requiere un alto índice de sospecha, lo que permite la prevención de las complicaciones asociadas.