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Abstract Introduction Spinal infusions of either fentanyl or sufentanil have been reported in international reports, articles, and scientific events worldwide. This study aimed to determine whether intrathecal fentanyl or sufentanil offers safety in mortality and perioperative adverse events. Methods MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, CENTRAL (Cochrane library databases), gray literature, hand-searching, and clinicaltrials.gov were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials with no language, data, or status restrictions were included, comparing the effectiveness and safety of adding spinal lipophilic opioid to local anesthetics (LAs). Data were pooled using the random-effects models or fixed-effect models based on heterogeneity. Results The initial search retrieved 4469 records; 3241 records were eligible, and 3152 articles were excluded after reading titles and abstracts, with a high agreement rate (98.6%). After reading the full texts, 76 articles remained. Spinal fentanyl and sufentanil significantly reduced postoperative pain and opioid consumption, increased analgesia and pruritus. Fentanyl, but not sufentanil, significantly reduced both postoperative nausea and vomiting, and postoperative shivering; compared to LAs alone. The analyzed studies did not report any case of in-hospital mortality related to spinal lipophilic opioids. The rate of respiratory depression was 0.7% and 0.8% when spinal fentanyl or sufentanil was added and when it was not, respectively. Episodes of respiratory depression were rare, uneventful, occurred intraoperatively, and were easily manageable. Conclusion There is moderate to high quality certainty that there is evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of adding lipophilic opioids to LAs in spinal anesthesia.

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Abstract Background Post-spinal anesthesia hypotension is of common occurrence, and it hampers tissue perfusion. Several preoperative factors determine patient susceptibility to hypotension. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility Index (IVCCI) for predicting intraoperative hypotension. Methods One hundred twenty-nine adult patients who were scheduled for elective surgical procedures after administration of spinal (intrathecal) anesthesia were included in the study. Ultrasound evaluation of the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) was done in the preoperative area, and the patients were shifted to the Operating Room (OR) for spinal anesthesia. An independent observer recorded the change in blood pressure after spinal anesthesia inside the OR. Results Twenty-five patients developed hypotension (19.37%). Baseline systolic blood pressure and mean blood pressures were statistically higher in those patients who developed hypotension (p= 0.001). The logistic regression analysis for IVCCI and the incidence of hypotension showed r2 of 0.025. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.467 (95% Confidence Interval, 0.338 to 0.597; p= 0.615). Conclusions Preoperative evaluation of IVCCI is not a good predictor for the occurrence of hypotension after spinal anesthesia.

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OBJECTIVES: Spinal anesthesia is a technique in which a local anesthetic is administered into the subarachnoid space. For this, different caliber and style needles are used, one of them, the pencil point needle, has reported a lower incidence of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) and adverse events. However, failure rates vary, possible technical difficulty being one of the causes. In this context, the objective of this study was to evalúate the incidence of PDPH, the time in seconds to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the anesthetic success rate with the spinal technique using a 29G pencil point needle, for non-obstetric procedures. METHODS: Unique historical cohort (2016-2019) of 812 patients over 18 years old. Among the variables observed there were sociodemographic characteristics, number of lumbar puncture attempts, CSF collection time, patient position for the anesthetic procedure, type of surgery, anesthetic failure, and appearance of PDPH. Stata SE14.0 software was used for the statistical analysis of the information. Results: No cases of PDPH were observed. The average time for obtaining CSF was 86.1 seconds, with the factors associated with a higher time frame being the position in lateral decubitus and age. The anesthetic success rate was 99.2%. CONCLUSIÓN: The use of the 29G pencil point needle for subarachnoid anesthesia in patients for non-obstetric surgery, in the observed cohort, reported a success rate close to 100%. The time to obtain CSF can be slow compared to the use of larger gauge needles and varies with the position and age of the patient.

OBJETIVOS: La anestesia espinal es una técnica en la que se administra un anestésico local en el espacio subaracnoideo. Para ello se utilizan agujas de diferentes calibres y estilos, una de ellas, la aguja de punta de lápiz ha reportado menor incidencia de cefalea post punción dural (CPPD) y eventos adversos. Sin embargo, las tasas de falla varían, siendo la posible dificultad técnica una de las causas. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de CPPD, el tiempo en segundos para la obtención de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) y la tasa de éxito anestésico con la técnica espinal con aguja punta lápiz 29G, para procedimientos no obstétricos. MÉTODOS: Cohorte histórica única (2016-2019) de 812 pacientes mayores de 18 años. Entre las variables observadas se encuentran las características sociodemográficas, número de intentos de punción lumbar, tiempo de recolección del LCR, posición del paciente para el procedimiento anestésico, tipo de cirugía, falla anestésica y aparición de CPPD. Para el análisis estadístico de la información se utilizó el software Stata SE14.0. RESULTADOS: No se observaron casos de CPPD. El tiempo medio de obtención del LCR fue de 86,1 segundos, siendo los factores asociados a un mayor tiempo la posición en decúbito lateral y la edad. La tasa de éxito anestésico fue del 99,2%. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la aguja punta de lápiz 29G para anestesia subaracnoidea en pacientes para cirugía no obstétrica, en la cohorte observada, reportó una tasa de éxito cercana al 100%. El tiempo para obtener LCR puede ser lento en comparación con el uso de agujas de mayor calibre y varía según la posición y la edad del paciente.

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BACKGROUND: Anesthesia during brachytherapy therapy poses a significant challenge as radiotherapy rooms are neither designed nor equipped for the administration of anesthesia. AIMS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent brachytherapy performed under anesthesia, to describe the anesthetic approach and assess anesthetic-related complications. METHODS: Data of all patients older than 18 years of age who underwent brachytherapy under anesthesia between November 2019 and January 2021 were recorded. Data were obtained from medical records, including all demographic characteristics and information regarding the anesthetic procedure and its associated complications. In addition, we describe our protocols for preoperative evaluation, anesthetic procedures, and anesthetic technique-related complications. RESULTS: Over the reporting period, 109 sessions of brachytherapy under anesthesia were performed in 70 patients (age range 25-75 years). The most frequent diagnoses were uterine cervical cancer (40%), prostate cancer (33.9%) and endometrial cancer (10.2%). 63.3% of the patients received only one dose of brachytherapy and 79.8% of the cases were ambulatory. Our most frequent anesthetic technique was spinal anesthesia (60.6%), followed by combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (27.5%). Complications related to anesthesia occurred in 25 sessions (22.9%). The most recurrent complications were hypotension (10.1%) and bradycardia (4.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The delivery of anesthesia in its different modalities; regional, spinal, combined spinal-epidural and general anesthesia can be safely and reliably performed in the radiotherapy bunker for patients undergoing brachytherapy.

La anestesia para braquiterapia implica un desafío, ya que las salas de radioterapia no están diseñadas ni equipadas para la administración de anestesia. OBJETIVO: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a braquiterapia para describir el enfoque anestésico y evaluar las complicaciones relacionadas con la anestesia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se registraron los datos de todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años que se sometieron a braquiterapia bajo anestesia general entre noviembre de 2019 y enero de 2021. Los datos se obtuvieron de los registros médicos, incluyendo todas las características demográficas e información sobre el procedimiento anestésico y sus complicaciones asociadas. Además, describimos nuestros protocolos para la evaluación preoperatoria, los procedimientos anestésicos y complicaciones asociadas a la técnica anestésica utilizada. RESULTADOS: Durante el período de referencia, se realizaron 109 sesiones de anestesia para braquiterapia en 70 pacientes (rango etario 25-75 años). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron cáncer cervicouterino (40%), próstata (33,9%) y endometrio (10,2%). El 63,3% recibió solo una dosis de braquiterapia y en 79,8% de los casos fueron ambulatorios. La técnica anestésica más utilizada fue la anestesia espinal (60,6%), seguido de anestesia combinada espinal-epidural (27,5%). Las complicaciones relacionadas con la anestesia se produjeron en 25 sesiones (22,9%). Las complicaciones más frecuentes hipotensión (10,1%) y bradicardia (4,6%). CONCLUSIÓN: La administración de anestesia en sus distintas modalidades; regional, espinal, combinada espinal-epidural y general puede ser realizada de forma segura y confiable en el bunker de radioterapia para pacientes sometidos a braquiterapia.

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Neurological impairment after neuraxial anesthesia is very uncommon, but with possible severe consequences. We report the case of a 30-year-old patient scheduled for elective surgery under spinal anesthesia who presented pain during the procedure and neurological impairment in the lower extremities during the postoperative period. The specialized analysis of the case and the paitient's evolution showed that the cause was an acute transverse myelitis. The relationship between this entity and anesthesia is controversial; however, it must be considered in patients undergoing neuroaxial anesthesia who evolve with postoperative neurological impairment and pain in their lower extremities, even though there are no warning symptoms during the procedure. The objective of this report is to alert about the importance of the observation in patients who present pain during neuraxial anesthesia and the prompt evaluation of those who evolve with pain or neurological impairment after the procedure.

El déficit neurológico después de anestesia neuroaxial es de ocurrencia muy infrecuente, pero de posibles consecuencias severas. Reportamos el caso de un paciente de 30 años programado para cirugía electiva bajo anestesia espinal que presentó dolor durante el procedimiento y déficit neurológico de extremidades inferiores en el posoperatorio inmediato. El análisis especializado del caso y su evolución clínica mostraron que se trataba de una mielitis transversa aguda. La relación entre esta entidad y anestesia es controversial; sin embargo, debe ser considerada en los diagnósticos diferenciales en pacientes sometidos a anestesia neuroaxial que evolucionen con dolor y déficit neurológico posoperatorio en sus extremidades inferiores, a pesar de que no haya síntomas de alerta durante el procedimiento. El objetivo de este reporte es alertar acerca de la importancia de la observación de pacientes que presenten dolor durante la anestesia neuroaxial y el estudio inmediato de aquellos que evolucionen con dolor o déficit neurológico después del procedimiento.

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INTRODUCTION: Caesarean section is the most frequent surgery worldwide, the ideal rate for this procedure should be 19%, currently it's on the rise worldwide. To reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with anesthetic-surgical procedures in pregnant patients, correct perioperative assessment is necessary, capable of recognizing the risks to which these patients are exposed and being able to create strategies to reduce them. OBJECTIVE: The patients present risks inherent of pregnancy condition. The following work is carried out with the aim of prioritizing the preoperative assessment for the patient undergoing cesarean delivery to reduce maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality associated with anesthetic-surgical procedures. METHODOLOGY: A non-systematized bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed, Medline, Portal Timbo, Scielo databases to evaluate the perioperative management of cesarean section. The reference keywords used were "cesarean section", "anesthesia", "perioperative care", "maternal mortality". RESULTS: A review of the perioperative management for cesarean section was carried out, emphasizing the recognition of risks to which the patients are exposed and strategies to reduce them are proposed with the aim of reducing the morbidity and mortality of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing cesarean delivery have a high risk of complications, the most common are presented in the manipulation of the airway, aspiration of gastric content, infections, bleeding, and thrombosis, recognizing these risks and acting on each one of them can reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cesárea es la cirugía más frecuente a nivel mundial, actualmente la misma viene en ascenso. Para disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a los procedimientos anestésico-quirúrgicos en la paciente embarazada es necesario una correcta valoración perioperatoria capaz de reconocer los riesgos a los cuales estas pacientes están expuestas y poder crear estrategias para disminuir los mismos. OBJETIVO: Las pacientes presentan riesgos inherentes a su condición de gravidez. Se realiza el siguiente trabajo con el objetivo de priorizar la valoración preoperatoria para la paciente sometida a parto por cesárea con la finalidad de disminuir la morbimortalidad materno-fetal asociada a procedimientos anestésicoquirúrgicos. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistematizada en bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Portal Timbo, Scielo, para evaluar el manejo perioperatorio de la cesárea. Se utilizaron como palabras clave de referencia "cesarean section", "anesthesia", "perioperative care", "maternal mortality". RESULTADOS: Se realizó una revisión del manejo perioperatorio para la cesárea, se realiza énfasis en el reconocimiento de riesgos a los cuales las pacientes están expuestas y se plantean estrategias de disminución de estos con el objetivo de reducir la morbimortalidad de las pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: Las pacientes sometidas a parto por cesárea presentan alto riesgo de complicaciones, las más comunes se presentan en la manipulación de la vía aérea, aspiración de contenido gástrico, infecciones, sangrado y trombosis, reconociendo dichos riesgos y actuando sobre cada uno de ellos se puede disminuir la morbimortalidad de las pacientes.

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BACKGROUND@#Norepinephrine infusion decreases hypotension after spinal anesthesia during cesarean section. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of norepinephrine infusion and ephedrine bolus against post-spinal hypotension in parturients.@*METHODS@#In this double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial, parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly allocated to receive norepinephrine infusion (0.05 μg·kg-1·min-1) just before spinal anesthesia continuing for 30 min or ephedrine bolus (0.15 mg/kg) just before spinal anesthesia. A rescue bolus (5 μg norepinephrine for the norepinephrine group, and 5 mg ephedrine for the ephedrine group) was administered whenever hypotension occurred. Our primary outcome was the incidence of hypotension within 30 min of spinal anesthesia administration. Secondary outcomes included maternal and neonatal outcomes 30 min after spinal block, and neonatal cerebral oxygenation 10 min after birth.@*RESULTS@#In total, 190 patients were enrolled; of these patients, 177 were included in the final analysis. Fewer patients suffered hypotension in the norepinephrine group than in the ephedrine group (29.5% vs. 44.9%, odds ratio [OR]: 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28-0.95, P = 0.034). Moreover, the tachycardia frequency was lower in the norepinephrine group than in the ephedrine group (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.11-0.44, P < 0.001), and patients suffered less nausea and vomiting (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.11-0.70, P = 0.004). There was no difference in Apgar scores and umbilical arterial blood gas analysis between the two groups. However, neonatal cerebral regional saturations were significantly higher after birth in the norepinephrine group than in the ephedrine group (mean difference: 2.0%, 95% CI: 0.55%-3.45%, P = 0.008).@*CONCLUSION@#In patients undergoing elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia, norepinephrine infusion compared to ephedrine bolus resulted in less hypotension and tachycardia, and exhibited potential neonatal benefits.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02542748; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02542748.

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BACKGROUND@#Hypotension is a common complication caused by spinal anesthesia (SA), which may have adverse impacts on the condition of the parturient and fetus. Liquid infusion was found to be relatively effective for reducing the incidence of hypotension. However, the question of whether colloid preload can optimize hemodynamic variables in the cesarean section remains controversial. This study aims to determine the effects of colloid preload on the incidence of hypotension induced by SA in elective cesarean section.@*METHODS@#Related keywords were searched on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from inception dates to May 2020. Studies included were evaluated for eligibility and quality. The primary outcome was the intra-operative incidence of hypotension and severe hypotension. The secondary outcomes included the lowest intra-operative systolic blood pressure, the maximal intra-operative heart rate, the intra-operative needs of ephedrine and phenylephrine, the incidence of maternal nausea and/or vomiting, and neonatal outcomes (umbilical artery pH and Apgar scores). Apart from the above, RevMan 5.3 was used for the data analysis.@*RESULTS@#Altogether nine randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in the incidence of intra-operative hypotension, severe hypotension, or neonatal outcomes between the colloid preload group and control group, except for the umbilical artery pH.@*CONCLUSION@#This meta-analysis suggests that colloid preload does not significantly reduce the incidence of hypotension associated with SA in elective cesarean section.

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Abstract Background: Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) risk factors have not been defined for obstetric patients. In this study, our objective was to identify potential risk factors for PONV after cesarean sections performed under spinal anesthesia. Methods: One cohort of patients submitted to cesarean under spinal anesthesia was used to investigate potential risk factors for PONV. The best numerical risk factors were dichotomized using chi-squared method. A conditional independence (incremental association method) casual network was used to select the best predictors for PONV. Results: Two hundred and fifty of 260 patients remained in the study. Odds ratio for PONV of younger maternal age (< 25 years: 2.9 [1.49−5.96]), lower spinal bupivacaine dose (< 13 mg, inf [2.4-inf]), lower spinal morphine dose (< 80 mg, 0.03 [0−0.97]), history of motion sickness (2.5 [1.27−5.25]), significant nausea during the first trimester (0.3 [0.16−0.64]), intraoperative nausea and vomiting (8.2 [3.67−20.47]), and lower gestational age (< 38 weeks, 2.0 [1.01−4.08]) were statistically significant. The causal network selected absence of significant nausea during the first gestational trimester, intraoperative nausea, and gestational age < 38 weeks as the main direct risk factors for PONV. Conclusions: Intraoperative nausea and maternal age < 25 years were the main risk factors for PONV after cesareans under spinal anesthesia. Absence of self-reported nausea during the first trimester was a protective factor for post-cesarean nausea and vomiting.

Resumo Introdução: Os fatores de risco para náusea e vômitos pós-operatórios (NVPO) ainda não foram definidos para pacientes de obstetrícia. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi identificar potenciais fatores de risco para NVPO após parto cesariano realizado sob raquianestesia. Método: Uma coorte de pacientes submetidas a cesariana sob raquianestesia foi usada para investigar potenciais fatores de risco para NVPO. Os melhores fatores de risco numéricos foram dicotomizados por meio do método qui-quadrado. Uma rede casual de independência condicional (método de associação adicional) foi usada para selecionar os melhores preditores de NVPO. Resultados: Das 260 pacientes iniciais, 250 completaram o estudo. A razão de chances para NVPO foi estatisticamente significante para menor idade materna (< 25 anos: 2,9 [1,49−5,96]), dose mais baixa de bupivacaina raquidiana (< 13 mg, inf [2,4-inf]), dose mais baixa de morfina raquidiana (< 80 mg, 0,03 [0−0,97]), histórico de enjoo de movimento (2,5 [1,27−5,25]), náuseas importantes durante o primeiro trimestre (0,3 [0,16−0,64]), náusea e vômitos intraoperatórios (8,2 [3,67−20,47]) e menor idade gestacional (< 38 semanas, 2,0 [1,01−4,08]). A rede causal selecionou ausência de náuseas significativas durante o primeiro trimestre gestacional, náusea intraoperatória e idade gestacional < 38 semanas como os principais fatores de risco diretos para NVPO. Conclusões: Náusea intraoperatória e idade materna < 25 anos foram os principais fatores de risco para NVPO após cesariana sob raquianestesia. A ausência de náusea autorreferida durante o primeiro trimestre foi um fator protetor para náusea e vômitos após cesariana.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Limited data are present on safety and efficiency of epinephrine for the prophylaxis and treatment of spinal-hypotension. This study was conducted to compare the effect of epinephrine with norepinephrine and phenylephrine on the treatment of spinal-hypotension and ephedrine requirement during cesarean delivery. Methods: One hundred and sixty parturients with uncomplicated pregnancies undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were recruited. They were allocated randomly to receive norepinephrine 5 µg.mL−1 (n = 40), epinephrine 5 µg.mL−1 (n = 40), phenylephrine 100 µg.mL−1 (n = 40) or 0.9% saline infusions (n = 40) immediately after induction of spinal anesthesia. Whenever systolic blood pressure drops to less than 80% of baseline, 5 mg of intravenous ephedrine was administered as rescue vasopressor. The incidence of hypotension, total number of hypotension episodes, the number of patients requiring ephedrine, the mean amount of ephedrine consumption and side effects were recorded. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in incidence of maternal hypotension between groups. The number of patients requiring ephedrine was significantly greater in group saline than in group phenylephrine (p< 0.001). However, it was similar between phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine groups. The mean ephedrine consumption was significantly higher in group saline than in norepinephrine, epinephrine, phenylephrine groups (p= 0.001). Conclusion: There is no statistically significant difference in incidence of hypotension and ephedrine consumption during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery with the use of epinephrine when compared to norepinephrine or phenylephrine. Epinephrine can be considered an alternative agent for management of spinal hypotension.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Existem dados limitados sobre segurança e eficiência da epinefrina na profilaxia e tratamento da hipotensão arterial associada à raquianestesia. O presente estudo foi realizado para comparar o efeito da epinefrina com norepinefrina e fenilefrina no tratamento da hipotensão após raquianestesia e necessidade de efedrina durante o parto cesáreo. Método: Foram recrutadas 160 parturientes com gestações não complicadas, submetidas a cesariana eletiva sob raquianestesia. Elas foram alocadas aleatoriamente para receber norepinefrina 5 µg.mL-1 (n = 40), epinefrina 5 µg.mL-1 (n = 40), fenilefrina 100 µg.mL-1 (n = 40) ou infusão de solução fisiológica NaCl a 0,9% (n = 40) imediatamente após a indução da raquianestesia. Sempre que houvesse redução da pressão arterial sistólica para valor inferior a 80% da linha de base, 5 mg de efedrina iv eram administrados como vasopressor de resgate. A incidência de hipotensão, o número total de episódios de hipotensão, o número de pacientes que necessitaram de efedrina, o consumo médio de efedrina e os efeitos colaterais foram registrados. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na incidência de hipotensão materna entre os grupos. O número de pacientes que necessitaram de efedrina foi significantemente maior no grupo solução fisiológica do que no grupo fenilefrina (p< 0,001). No entanto, foi semelhante entre os grupos fenilefrina, norepinefrina e epinefrina. O consumo médio de efedrina foi significantemente maior no grupo solução fisiológica do que nos grupos norepinefrina, epinefrina e fenilefrina (p = 0,001). Conclusão: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na incidência de hipotensão e consumo de efedrina durante raquianestesia para parto cesáreo com uso de epinefrina quando comparada à norepinefrina ou fenilefrina. A epinefrina pode ser considerada como agente alternativo para o tratamento da hipotensão após raquianestesia.

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Introducción: El abordaje del espacio subaracnoideo fue descrito por Quincke en el 1891. En la actualidad es práctica común para la realización de la anestesia neuroaxial subaracnoidea en las pacientes obstétricas. Las complicaciones descritas, asociadas a esto, son varias. Dentro de estas, la parálisis del nervio abducens o VI par no es frecuente y en ocasiones, no está relacionada a la punción ya que se produce días después del evento. Objetivo: Revisar la información relacionada con la complicación de parálisis del VI par. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 33 años de edad, femenina, de profesión médico, con antecedentes personales de migraña, historia de anestesia neuroaxial epidural sin complicaciones, que para la realización de una cesárea de segmento arciforme y salpinguectomia parcial bilateral, recibió una anestesia combinada peridural-espinal. El transoperatorio transcurre con estabilidad hemodinámica, hizo cefalea al tercer día del posoperatorio, que la atribuyó al antecedente de migraña y fue tratada sin evaluación por anestesiología con dipirona. A los 10 días de operada hace desviación de la mirada y diplopia, se diagnostica parálisis del VI par. Fue tratada por Neurología y se plantean varios diagnósticos diferenciales. Los estudios imagenológicos resultan negativos, se trató con vitaminas y se produjo remisión a las 6 semanas. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de esta complicación es necesario ya que puede pasar inadvertida la relación con la anestesia y, por tanto, ser mal conducido su tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: The approach to the subarachnoid space was described by Quincke in 1891. It is now a common practice to perform subarachnoid neuroaxial anesthesia in obstetric patients. The complications described, associated with this, are several. Within these, the paralysis of the abducens nerve or sixth pair is not frequent and sometimes is not related to the puncture, since it occurs days after the event. Objective: To review the information related to the complication of paralysis of the sixth pair. Case presentation: A 33-year-old female patient, a physician, with a personal history of migraine, a history of epidural neuroaxial anesthesia without complications, who underwent combined epidural-spinal anesthesia for performing a cranial segment cesarean section and bilateral partial salpingectomy. The transoperative period runs with hemodynamic stability. There was headache three days after surgery, which was attributed to the migraine history and the patient was treated, without evaluation by anesthesiology, with dipyrone. At 10 days after surgery, the eyes are diverted and diplopia is manifested, paralysis of the sixth pair is diagnosed. She was treated by neurology and several differential diagnoses were proposed. Imaging studies are negative. She was treated with vitamins and remission occurred at six weeks. Conclusions: The diagnosis of this complication is necessary, since the relationship with anesthesia may go unnoticed and, therefore, its treatment may be poorly conducted(AU)

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Abstract Loss of consciousness during spinal anesthesia is a rare but scary complication. This complication is generally related to severe hypotension and bradycardia, but in this case, the loss of consciousness occurred in a hemodynamically stable parturient patient. We present a 31 years-old patient who underwent an emergency cesarean section. She lost consciousness and had apnea that started 10 minutes after successful spinal anesthesia and repeated three times for a total of 25 minutes, despite the stable hemodynamics of the patient. The case was considered a subdural block, and the patient was provided with respiratory support. The subdural block is expected to start slowly (approximately 15-20 minutes), but in this case, after about 10 minutes of receiving anesthesia, the patient suddenly had a loss of consciousness. After the recovery of consciousness and return of spontaneous respiration, the level of a sensory block of the patient, who was cooperative and oriented, was T4. There were motor blocks in both lower extremities. Four hours after intrathecal injection, both the sensory and motor blocks ended, and she was discharged two days later with no complications. Hence, patients who receive spinal anesthesia should be closely observed for any such undesirable complications.

Resumo A perda de consciência durante a raquianestesia é uma complicação rara, mas assustadora. Essa complicação geralmente está relacionada à grave hipotensão e bradicardia, mas, neste caso, a perda de consciência ocorreu em uma paciente parturiente hemodinamicamente estável. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 31 anos, submetida a uma cesariana de emergência. A paciente perdeu a consciência e apresentou apneia que teve início 10 minutos após a raquianestesia bem-sucedida e repetiu o episódio três vezes por 25 minutos, a despeito de sua hemodinâmica estável. O caso foi considerado como um bloqueio subdural e a paciente recebeu suporte respiratório. Espera-se que o bloqueio subdural inicie lentamente (aproximadamente 15-20 minutos), mas, neste caso, cerca de 10 minutos após a anestesia, a paciente repentinamente perdeu a consciência. Após a recuperação da consciência e o retorno da respiração espontânea, a paciente que estava orientada e cooperativa apresentou nível de bloqueio sensorial em T4. Havia bloqueio motor em ambas as extremidades inferiores. O bloqueio sensório-motor terminou quatro horas após a injeção intratecal e a paciente recebeu alta hospitalar dois dias depois, sem complicações. Considerando o exposto, os pacientes que recebem raquianestesia devem ser atentamente observados para quaisquer complicações indesejáveis.

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Spinal anesthesia is a technique commonly used for local anesthesia and in obstetric surgeries. Rarely, the formation of an intracranial subdural hematoma (SDH) may result from spinal anesthesia, constituting a serious condition that often leads to severe neurological deficits. The presentation and course of this pathology may occur in a completely different way, which makes its diagnosis and management difficult. In the present article, the authors report two cases of patients with intracranial SDH after spinal anesthesia with completely different presentations and outcomes, demonstrating the variability of the manifestations of this condition. A quick review of key points of its pathophysiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment was also performed.

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Introducción: La historia de la raquianestesia, comenzó el 16 de agosto de 1898, la primera anestesia raquídea de la historia cimentó una de las piedras angulares de la Anestesiología. Más de cien años después y a pesar del desarrollo tecnológico que acompaña la especialidad, aún la anestesia regional es una técnica ampliamente utilizada a nivel mundial, no exenta de complicaciones, donde se destaca la cefalea pospunción dural. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia y características de la cefalea pospunción dural en pacientes con deambulación, precoz o no, intervenidos bajo anestesia espinal subaracnoidea, para cirugía artroscópica de rodilla. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en una serie de casos (100), atendidos en el Hospital Militar Central "Carlos J. Finlay", que fueron distribuidos en dos grupos. El grupo I formado por los que deambularon a las 4 horas de la intervención y el grupo II deambuló a las 14 horas. En ambos grupos se había utilizado anestesia raquídea con trocar 25 atraumático del tipo Whitacre. Resultados: En ambos grupos no se reportaron casos de cefalea pospunción dural. Conclusiones: No hubo casos de cefalea pospunción dural en pacientes con deambulación, precoz o no, intervenidos bajo anestesia espinal subaracnoidea para cirugía artroscópica de rodilla(AU)

Introduction: The history of spinal anesthesia, began on August 16, 1898, the first spinal anesthesia in history based one of the cornerstones of anesthesiology. More than a hundred years later and despite the technological development that accompanies the specialty, even regional anesthesia is a technique widely used worldwide, not free of complications, which highlights the dural post-puncture headache. Objective: To describe the prevalence and characteristics of dural post-puncture headache in patients with ambulation, early or not, undergoing subarachnoid spinal anesthesia, for arthroscopic knee surgery. Method: A descriptive observational study was conducted in a series of cases (100), attended at the Central Military Hospital "Carlos J. Finlay", which were divided into two groups. The group I formed by those who wandered at 4 hours after the intervention and group II wandered at 14 hours. In both groups, spinal anesthesia with atraumatic trocar of the Whitacre type was used. Results: In both groups there were no reported cases of dural post-puncture headache. Conclusions: There were no cases of dural post-puncture headache in patients with ambulation, early or not, undergoing subarachnoid spinal anesthesia for arthroscopic knee surgery(AU)

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Abstract Introduction: Lumbar epidural block is an effective and routinely used technique for labor pain relief, and the combined spinal-epidural block has the benefit of using lower doses of local anesthetics and rapid onset of analgesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two anesthetic techniques: combined spinal-epidural block and continuous epidural block in pregnant women for labor analgesia. Methods: Eighty patients, ASA II and III, with cephalic presentation and cervical dilation between 5 and 6 cm, undergoing labor analgesia, allocated in two groups according to the anesthetic technique: combined spinal-epidural (GI) and continuous epidural (GII). Pain severity before the blockade, time to complete analgesia, degree of motor blockade, time to full cervical dilation, duration of the second stage of labor, pain severity during the 1st and 2nd stage of labor, type of delivery, use of oxytocin during labor, maternal cardiocirculatory and respiratory parameters and adverse events, and neonatal repercussions were recorded. Results: At the time of anesthesia, pain severity was similar in both groups. Pain relief was faster in GI (4.5 ± 1.5 min) when compared to GII (11.6 ± 4.6 min) p = 0.01; pain scores in the first and second stages of delivery were lower in GI (0.9 ± 0.3 and 1.8 ± 0.7, respectively) when compared to GII (1.9 ± 0.6 and 2.2 ± 0.5, respectively), with p = 0.01 only in the first stage of labor; there was need for local anesthetics supplementation in GII; there were more frequent spontaneous deliveries in GI (80% of patients) than in GII (50%) (p = 0.045) and more frequent use of instrumental (p = 0.03) in GII (12 patients) compared to GI (4 patients); the frequency of cesarean deliveries was significantly higher (p = 0.02) in Group II than in Group I, with 4 cases in GI and 8 cases in GII; absence of maternal cardiocirculatory and respiratory changes and neonatal repercussions; more frequent pruritus in GI (10 patients) and (0 patients in GII) (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The combined blockade proved to be effective with better quality of analgesia and greater comfort for pregnant women, constituting a good option for the practice of obstetric analgesia.

Resumo Introdução: O bloqueio peridural lombar constitui técnica eficaz e rotineiramente empregada para alívio da dor do parto e o bloqueio combinado raquiperidural tem como benefícios o emprego de doses menores de anestésicos locais e rápido início de analgesia. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar comparativamente a eficácia e a segurança de duas técnicas anestésicas: bloqueio combinado raquiperidural e peridural contínua em grávidas submetidas à analgesia de parto. Método: Oitenta gestantes, ASA 2 e 3, apresentação cefálica e dilatação cervical entre cinco e seis centímetros, submetidas à analgesia de parto, distribuídas em dois grupos de acordo com a técnica anestésica: técnica combinada raquiperidural (GI) e peridural contínua (GII). Avaliaram-se: intensidade de dor antes do bloqueio; tempo para completa analgesia; grau do bloqueio motor; tempo para dilatação cervical total; duração do 2° estágio do trabalho de parto; intensidade de dor durante o 1° e o 2° estágio do trabalho de parto; tipo de parto; uso de ocitocina durante trabalho de parto; parâmetros cardiocirculatórios, respiratórios e eventos adversos maternos; repercussões neonatais. Resultados: No momento da anestesia a intensidade de dor era semelhante em ambos os grupos. O alívio da dor foi mais rápido no GI (4,5 ± 1,5 min) quando comparado com o GII (11,6 ± 4,6 min) p = 0,01; os escores de dor no primeiro e segundo estágios de parto foram menores no GI (0,9 ± 0,3) e (1,8 ± 0,7) quando comparados com o GII (1,9 ± 0,6) e (2,2 ± 0,5) com p = 0,01 somente no primeiro estágio de trabalho de parto; houve necessidade de complementação com anestésicos locais no GII; partos espontâneos mais frequentes em GI (80% das pacientes) do que em GII (50%) p = 0,045 e instrumentais mais frequentes (p = 0,03) em GII (12 pacientes) quando comparadas com o GI (quatro pacientes); a frequência de partos cesáreos foi significativamente maior (p = 0,02) no Grupo II do que no Grupo I, quatro casos no GI e oito no GII; ausência de alterações cardiocirculatórias e respiratórias maternas e repercussões neonatais; prurido mais frequente no GI (10 pacientes) e (0 paciente no GII) p = 0,02. Conclusão: O bloqueio combinado mostrou-se eficaz com melhor qualidade de analgesia e maior conforto às gestantes, constitui boa opção para a prática de analgesia obstétrica.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Hypothermia occurs in about 60% of patients under anesthesia and is generally not managed properly during short lasting surgical procedures. Hypothermia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The current study is designed to assess the effects of crystalloid warming on maternal and fetal outcomes in patients undergoing elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, sixty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive crystalloid at room temperature or warmed at 37 °C. Spinal anesthesia was performed at L3-L4 interspace with 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine without adding opioids. Core temperature, shivering, and hemodynamic parameters were measured every minute until 10th minute and 5-min intervals until the end of operation. The primary outcome was maternal core temperature at the end of cesarean section. Results: There was no difference for baseline tympanic temperature measurements but the difference was significant at the end of the operation (p = 0.004). Core temperature was 36.8 ± 0.5 °C at baseline and decreased to 36.3 ± 0.5 °C for isothermic warmed crystalloid group and baseline tympanic core temperature was 36.9 ± 0.4 °C and decreased to 35.8 ± 0.7 °C for room temperature group at the end of the operation. Shivering was observed in 43.3% in the control group. Hemodynamic parameter changes and demographic data were not significant between groups. Conclusions: Isothermic warming crystalloid prevents the decrease in core temperature during cesarean section with spinal anesthesia in full-term parturients. Fetal Apgar scores at first and fifth minute are higher with isothermic warming.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A hipotermia ocorre em cerca de 60% dos pacientes sob anestesia e geralmente não é tratada adequadamente durante procedimentos cirúrgicos de curta duração. A hipotermia está associada a desfechos clínicos adversos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do aquecimento de cristaloides nas condições maternas e fetais em pacientes submetidas à cesariana eletiva com raquianestesia. Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo, randômico e controlado, 60 parturientes agendadas para cesárea eletiva com raquianestesia foram distribuídas aleatoriamente para receber cristaloides à temperatura ambiente ou aquecidos a 37 °C. A raquianestesia foi realizada no interespaço L3-L4 com 10 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica sem adição de opioides. Temperatura central, tremores e parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram medidos a cada minuto até o décimo minuto e em intervalos de 5 min até o fim da operação. O desfecho primário foi a temperatura central materna ao final da cesárea. Resultados: Não houve diferença nas mensurações basais da temperatura timpânica, mas a diferença foi significativa no fim da operação (p = 0,004). A temperatura central foi de 36,8 ± 0,5 °C na fase basal e diminuiu para 36,3 ± 0,5 °C no grupo com aquecimento isotérmico de cristaloides e a temperatura basal timpânica foi de 36,9 ± 0,4 °C e diminuiu para 35,8 ± 0,7 °C no grupo sem aquecimento das soluções no fim da operação. Tremores foram observados em 43,3% no grupo controle. Alterações nos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e dados demográficos não foram significantes entre os grupos. Conclusões: O aquecimento isotérmico de cristaloides previne a redução da temperatura central durante a cesariana com raquianestesia em parturientes a termo. Os escores de Apgar para os fetos no primeiro e quinto minutos são maiores com o aquecimento isotérmico.

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We present the case of a 31-year-old patient recent diagnosed with tethered cord syndrome, by MRI, before urgent caesarian section. The image shows the conus medullaris in a low location, reaching L5-S1, which could lead to potential neurological damage if it hadn't been diagnosed. Tethered cord syndrome is a condition in which the spinal cord is enlongated and in a low location, attached to an inelastic structure that holds the conus medullaris, blocking its normal ascension during growth. As a result, the conus medullaris is located below L2 vertebral body, increasing the risk of suffering direct neural damage at spinal anesthesia. Even if direct cord injury can be avoided, the injection of a local anesthetic agent may increase the subarachnoidal preassure leading undirectly to spinal cord damage. The tethered cord is considered to be a contraindication for spinal anesthesia. The incidence of tethered cord is unknown, it can be asymptomatic in adults or present non-specific symptoms, making it difficult to detect before anesthesia. The MRI is the best method for adult diagnosis, allowing us to evaluate the conus medullaris location, injuries and deformations

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 31 años coordinada para cesárea de urgencia con diagnóstico reciente de médula amarrada (MA) por resonancia magnética. La imagen muestra el cono medular descendido hasta por lo menos L5-S1, exponiéndola a un potencial daño neurológico de no contar con el diagnóstico. Médula amarrada es una condición en la cual la médula espinal se encuentra estirada y descendida por una estructura inelástica que amarra el cono medular, evitando su normal ascenso durante el crecimiento. Como resultado, el cono medular se encuentra por debajo del cuerpo de L2, incrementando el riesgo de lesión directa con la aguja de raquianestesia. Incluso en aquellos pacientes en que la lesión directa no se produce, la inyección del anestésico local puede aumentar la presión subaracnoidea pudiendo provocar una lesión indirecta. La MA es considerada una contraindicación para la anestesia raquídea. La incidencia de MA se desconoce, en adultos puede ser asintomática o presentar síntomas inespecíficos dificultando su diagnóstico preoperatorio. La RNM es el método de elección para el diagnóstico en adultos, permitiéndonos valorar la localización del cono medular, lesiones y malformaciones En neonatos la ultrasonografía puede ser también de utilidad para el diagnóstico.

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INTRODUCTION: The presence of an active bacteremia has been considered a relative contraindication to perform an intrathecal puncture due to the risk of causing meningitis or epidural abscess. However, a clear and definite causal relationship has not yet been demonstrated. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between intrathecal puncture and the development of meningitis in sub-jects with bacteremia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental study in rats with chronic bacteremia to which dural puncture was performed. Meningitis was then evaluated by direct drainage of the cisterna magna and histopathological studies of brain tissue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 12 of 40 bacteremic rats that underwent intrathecal puncture developed meningitis. Previous administration of antibiotics seems to reduce this risk.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha considerado la presencia de una bacteremia activa como contraindicación relativa para realizar una punción intratecal por el riesgo de provocar meningitis o absceso peridural. Sin embargo, aún no se ha podido demostrar una relación causal clara y definida. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la relación entre punción intratecal y el desarrollo de meningitis en sujetos con bacteremia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio experimental en ratas con bacteremia crónica a las que se les realizó punción dural, luego se evaluó la presencia o no de meningitis mediante drenaje directo de la cisterna magna y estudios histopatológicos de tejido cerebral. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIÓN: 12 de 40 ratas bacterémicas a las que se le realizó punción intratecal desarrollaron meningitis. La adminis-tración previa de antibiótico parece disminuir este riesgo.