Ultrasound-Guided Continuous Thoracic Paravertebral Block Improves Patient's Quality of Recovery After Open Hepatectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Background Ultrasound-guided continuous thoracic paravertebral block can provide pain-relieving and opioid-sparing effects in patients receiving open hepatectomy. We hypothesize that these effects may improve the quality of recovery (QoR) after open hepatectomy. Methods Seventy-six patients undergoing open hepatectomy were randomized to receive a continuous thoracic paravertebral block with ropivacaine (CTPVB group) or normal saline (control group). All patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with morphine postoperatively for 48 hours. The primary outcome was the global Chinese 15-item Quality of Recovery score on postoperative day 7, which was statistically analyzed using Student's t-test. Results Thirty-six patients in the CTPVB group and 37 in the control group completed the study. Compared to the control group, the CTPVB group had significantly increased global Chinese 15-item Quality of Recovery scores (133.14 ± 12.97 vs. 122.62 ± 14.89, P = 0.002) on postoperative day 7. Postoperative pain scores and cumulative morphine consumption were significantly lower for up to 8 and 48 hours (P < 0.05; P = 0.002), respectively, in the CTPVB group. Conclusion Perioperative CTPVB markably promotes patient's QoR after open hepatectomy with a profound analgesic effect in the early postoperative period.

Analgesic effect of ropivacaine after arthroscopic reconstruction of the ligament in athletes / Efeito analgésico da ropivacaína após reconstrução artroscópica do ligamento em atletas / El efecto de la ropivacaína en el dolor después de la reconstrucción artroscópica de ligamentos de un atleta

ABSTRACT After arthroscopic ligament reconstruction, athletes still need to go through a postoperative rehabilitation training period and suffer the possible pain that can go from moderate to severe. Commonly used analgesic medications, ropivacaine and fentanyl have the effect of relieving athletes' pain. To study the analgesic effect of ropivacaine on arthroscopic reconstruction of the knee ligament, the steps of reconstruction and pharmacology of ropivacaine were first introduced. Next, the analgesic effects of ropivacaine and fentanyl in 86 athletes were compared on muscle strength recovery, patient satisfaction, and pain score. The results showed that the satisfaction of patients with ropivacaine was 95.35%, and the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions was only 9.30%. These results indicate that ropivacaine has a better analgesic effect in arthroscopic reconstruction of the knee ligament in athletes, which is suitable for postoperative rehabilitation.

RESUMO Após a reconstrução artroscópica do ligamento, os atletas ainda precisam passar por um longo período de treinamento pós-operatório de reabilitação e suportar a possível dor de moderada a severa. Os medicamentos analgésicos ropivacaina e fentanilo comumente utilizados têm o efeito de aliviar a dor dos atletas. Para estudar o efeito analgésico da ropivacaína na reconstrução artroscópica do ligamento do joelho foram introduzidos, em primeiro lugar, os passos da reconstrução artroscópica do ligamento e os da farmacologia da ropivacaína. Em seguida, os efeitos analgésicos da ropivacaína e o fentanilo em 86 atletas foram comparados com a recuperação na força muscular, na satisfação do paciente e na pontuação da dor. Os resultados mostraram que a satisfação dos doentes com a ropivacaína chegava a 95.35%, e a incidência de reações adversas pós-operatórias foi apenas de 9.30%. Estes resultados indicam que a ropivacaína tem melhor efeito analgésico na reconstrução artroscópica do ligamento do joelho, o que é adequado para a reabilitação pós-operatória.

RESUMEN Después de la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento, los atletas aun precisan pasar por un largo período de entrenamiento posoperatorio de rehabilitación y soportar el posible dolor que puede ir de moderado a severo. Los medicamentos analgésicos, ropivacaína y fentanilo que son comúnmente utilizados, tienen el efecto de aliviar el dolor de los atletas. Para estudiar el efecto analgésico de la ropivacaína en la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento de la rodilla fueron introducidos, en primer lugar, los pasos de la reconstrucción y de la farmacología de la ropivacaína. Enseguida, los efectos analgésicos de la ropivacaína y el fentanilo en 86 atletas fueron comparados en la recuperación de la fuerza muscular, en la satisfacción del paciente y en la puntuación del dolor. Los resultados mostraron que la satisfacción de los pacientes con la ropivacaína llegaba a 95.35%, y la incidencia de reacciones adversas posoperatorias fue apenas de 9.30%. Estos resultados indican que la ropivacaína tiene mejor efecto analgésico en la reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento de la rodilla de los atletas, lo que es adecuado para la rehabilitación posoperatoria.

Comparación del bloqueo periprostático con lidocaina y supositorio de diclofenac y placebo en la biopsia prostática / Comparison of periprostatic block with lidocaine and diclofenac suppository and placebo in prostate biopsy

El bloqueo del nervio peri prostático con lidocaína, proporciona un buen alivio del dolor en la realización de la biopsia prostática guiada por ultrasonido, pero el dolor post-procedimiento, puede llegar a ser significativo, la adición del supositorio de diclofenac, podría proporcionar alivio adicional. Se asignaron al azar pacientes en 2 grupos el grupo 1 bloqueo con lidocaína del plexo peri prostático + supositorio de diclofenac sódico y el grupo 2 bloqueo con lidocaína del plexo peri prostático + supositorio de placebo, realizando biopsia doble sextante, el dolor a varios intervalos después del procedimiento se registró en una escala visual análoga (EVA) de 0 a 10. Los 2 grupos fueron similares en cuanto a edad, volumen de próstata, antígeno prostático específico, diagnóstico histopatológico. Los pacientes que recibieron diclofenac tuvieron puntajes de dolor significativamente más bajos que los que recibieron placebo (2 frente a 3,35) p 0,02. La administración rectal de diclofenac antes de la realización de la biopsia de próstata es un procedimiento simple que alivia significativamente el dolor experimentado sin aumento en la morbilidad(AU)

The peri-prostatic nerve block with lidocaine, provides good pain relief in performing ultrasoundguided prostate biopsy, but the postprocedure pain can be significant, the addition of diclofenac suppository, could provide additional relief. Patients were randomly assigned in 2 groups to group 1 blockade with lidocaine of the prostatic peri plexus + suppository of diclofenac sodium and group 2 blockade with lidocaine of the prostatic peri plexus + placebo suppository, performing double sextant biopsy, pain at several intervals after the procedure was recorded on a visual analog scale (EVA) from 0 to 10. Thee 2 groups were similar in terms of age, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen, histopathological diagnosis. Patients who received diclofenac had pain scores significantly lower than those who received placebo (2 vs. 3.35) p 0.02. Rectal administration of diclofenac before performing a prostate biopsy is a simple procedure that relieves significantly pain experienced without increased morbidity(AU)

Continuous peripheral nerve block for in-patients with lower limb ischemic pain

OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate that continuous peripheral nerve block (CPNB) may be an alternative with adequate analgesia and a lower incidence of side effects for ischemic pain due peripheral obstructive arterial disease (POAD). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with 21 patients with POAD, Fontaine IV graded, with foot pain. Patients were submitted to continuous sciatic nerve block (CSNB), through a perineural catheter. Primary outcomes were pain intensity (by numerical rating scale) and opioid consumption (in oral morphine equivalents). RESULTS: During CSNB, pain scores markedly decreased in comparison to the pre-block period. CONCLUSIONS: CPNB may be a good option for ischemic pain treatment in in-patients, as it provides effective pain control with fewer adverse effects.

Anestesia espinal con meperidina en paciente con hipersensibilidad a anestésicos locales / Spinal cord anesthesia with meperidine in a patient with hypersensitivity to local anesthesia

Introducción: La meperidina (o petidina) es un opioide sintético que tiene propiedades anestésicas locales bien conocidas, y ha sido utilizada por vía intratecal en cirugía general, urológica y obstétrica de forma segura. Este puede ser usado en anestesia espinal en paciente con hipersensibilidad a los anestésicos locales. Objetivo: Describir el manejo anestésico en una paciente con hipersensibilidad a los anestésicos locales con uso de meperidina intratecal. Presentación del caso: Se presenta una paciente femenina de 54 años de edad con historia previa de hipersensibilidad a los anestésicos locales, programada para colporrafia anterior, a la cual se le realiza una técnica regional, administrando meperidina intratecal. Para la analgesia posoperatoria se suministró diclofenaco de sodio en dosis única de 75 mg, por vía IV previo a la incisión. Conclusiones: Con la técnica descrita se logra un bloqueo sensitivo y motor adecuado, estabilidad de los signos vitales intraoperatoria y recuperación óptima en el posoperatorio inmediato. Es una alternativa más en el manejo de los pacientes con hipersensibilidad a los anestésicos locales(AU)

Introduction: Meperidine (or pethidine) is a synthetic opioid with well-known local anesthetic properties. It has been safely used intrathecally in general, urological and obstetric surgery. This can be used in spinal anesthesia in patients with hypersensitivity to local anesthetics. Objective: To describe anesthetic management of a patient with hypersensitivity to local anesthetics with the use of intrathecal meperidine. Case presentation: The case is presented of a 54-year-old female patient with a previous history of hypersensitivity to local anesthetics, scheduled for anterior colporrhaphy, who is performed regional technique, administering intrathecal meperidine. For post-operative analgesia, diclofenac sodium was administered intravenously in a single dose of 75 mg before the incision. Conclusions: The described technique allowed to achieve adequate sensory and motor block, stability of intraoperative vital signs, and optimal recovery in the immediate postoperative period. It is another alternative in the management of patients with hypersensitivity to local anesthetics(AU)

Eficacia analgésica del EMLA en procedimientos transcutáneos. Revisión sistemática / Analgesic efficacy of EMLA in transcutaneous procedures. Systematic review

Los parches de EMLA son frecuentemente utilizados como anestésicos locales durante la realización en procedimientos invasivos. Con el fin de valorar su eficacia y compararla con la de otros analgésicos y anestésicos disponibles, se realizó una revisión sistemática de todos los estudios realizados que cumplieran criterios de inclusión entre los años 1990 y 2019. Población y métodos: la búsqueda bibliográfica de la evidencia disponible fue realizada en las bases de datos de Cochrane Medline y Lilacs. Se incluyeron todos los ECA y revisiones sistemáticas en pacientes menores de 16 años entre los años 1990 y 2019. Resultados: Fueron hallados 31 artículos de los cuales 21 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. De dichos 21, solamente 8 estudios resultaron de muy buena y excelente calidad metodológica (JADAD). Conclusiones: El EMLA demostró mayor eficacia como analgésico en el 100% de los estudios donde se comparaba respecto del placebo. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto de otros analgésicos farmacológicos y no farmacológicos.(AU)

EMLA patches are commonly used as local anesthetics in minor invasive procedures. To assess efficacy and compare the patches with other available analgesics and anesthetics, a systematic review was conducted evaluated all studies that met the inclusion criteria published between 1990 and 2019. Population and methods: A literature search of the available evidence was conducted in the Cochrane, Medline, and Lilacs databases. All RCTs and systematic reviews in patients younger than 16 years published between 1990 and 2019 were included. Results: 31 articles were identified of which 21 met the inclusion criteria. Of these 21, of only 8 studies the methodology was of very good and excellent quality (JADAD). Conclusions: EMLA better efficacy as an analgesic in 100% of the studies comparing EMLA patches with placebo. However, no significant differences were found when comparing the patches with other pharmacological and non-pharmacological analgesics.(AU)

Safety of local anesthetics

Abstract Local anesthetics are essential medications for the conduction of dermatological procedures. They stop the depolarization of nerve fibers and are divided into two main categories, the amide and ester types. Systemic toxicity with reflex on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems is their most feared adverse reactions, and the anaphylactic reaction is the most concerning one. Although potentially fatal, these events are extremely rare, so local anesthetics are considered safe for use in in-office procedures.

Eficacia del bloqueo poplíteo por vía lateral / Effectiveness of the blockade popliteal for via lateral

Introducción: Los bloqueos nerviosos periféricos son un componente aceptado en la práctica médica desde el área quirúrgica, el control del dolor crónico y el posoperatorio. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del bloqueo poplíteo por vía lateral en los pacientes intervenidos por afecciones en el pie y tobillo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal en los pacientes intervenidos por afecciones en el pie y tobillo en el período de septiembre 2015 a septiembre 2018. Se constituyó el universo con 431 pacientes y la muestra por 209. Resultados: Más de las tres cuartas partes de los pacientes intervenidos por afecciones del pie y del tobillo a los que se les aplica el bloqueo se encuentran por encima de la quinta década de la vida. La mayor parte de ellos corresponden al rango de 51 Kg a los 70 Kg, con cuatro a seis cm de profundidad de la aguja para la localización del nervio basado en la ecuación de la recta. Es 19 veces más probable en ellos la ausencia de dolor en las primeras seis horas del posoperatorio después del bloqueo y más probable el éxito de la técnica propuesta con la determinación de la profundidad en cm de la aguja basado en la ecuación de la recta, con odds ratio de 31. Conclusiones: Se evaluó de eficaz el bloqueo poplíteo por vía lateral en la mayor parte de pacientes intervenidos por afecciones en el pie y tobillo(AU)

Background: the blockades nervous peripherals are a component accepted in the medical practice, from the surgical area, control of the chronic pain and postoperatory. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the blockade popliteal for via lateral in the patients intervened by affections in the foot and ankle. Methods: it was carried out a study transversal analytic of patients intervened by affections in the foot and ankle in the period from September 2015 to September 2018. The universe was constituted with 431 patients and the sample by 209. Results: more than the fourth three parts of the patients intervened by affections of the foot and of the ankle to those that are applied the blockade popliteal for via lateral they are above the fifth decade of the life. Most of the patients belong together to the range from 51 to the 70 Kgs with four to six cm of depth based on the equation of the straight line. It is more probable 19 times in the patients the pain absence in the first six hours of the post operatory after the blockade and more probable the success of the technique proposal with the determination of the depth in cm of the needle based before on the equation of the straight line described with odds ratio of 31. Conclusions: the evaluation of the effectiveness of the blockade popliteal for via lateral increases the anesthesiologist's therapeutic arsenal and it redounds in benefits for the patient during the perioperatorio, the application of this technique in appropriate clinical situations adds alternative valuable to the anesthetic attendance(AU)

Fascitis plantar. Criterios y experiencias sobre la infiltración con anestésicos locales y corticoesteroides / Plantar fasciitis Criteria and experiences on infiltration with local anesthetics and corticosteroids

Introducción: Dentro del grupo de las enfermedades del sistema osteomioarticular la fascitis plantar (FP) es una de las causas más frecuente de dolor crónico del pie. Objetivo: aportar criterios sobre el empleo de la infiltración de anestésicos locales y corticoesteroides para el tratamiento de la fascitis plantar. Desarrollo: se seleccionaron las infiltraciones de corticoesteroides y de anestésicos locales que se realizan con mayor frecuencia en la práctica clínica, se analizó su efectividad según la evidencia en la literatura internacional y a partir de ahí se contrastaron los resultados encontrados con los criterios y experiencias de los autores de este trabajo. Conclusiones: Las consideraciones realizadas en este estudio apuntan a que el uso de los corticoides mediante infiltraciones en patologías ortopédicas es un medio valioso para mejorar la inflamación de los tejidos y para el alivio de los dolores, tanto cuando se emplea en las articulaciones como en las partes blandas(AU)

Introduction: within the group of diseases of the osteomioarticular system, plantar fasciitis (FP) is one of the most frequent causes of chronic foot pain. Objective: to provide criteria on the use of infiltration of local anesthetics and corticosteroids for the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Development: the infiltrations of corticosteroids and local anesthetics that are performed more frequently in clinical practice were selected, their effectiveness was analyzed according to the evidence in the international literature and from there the results were contrasted with the criteria and experiences of the patients authors of this work. Conclusions: the considerations made in this study suggest that the use of corticosteroids through infiltrations in orthopedic pathologies is a valuable means to improve inflammation of the tissues and for the relief of pain, both when used in the joints and in the joints and soft parts(AU)

Posterior quadratus lumborum block for primary total hip arthroplasty analgesia: a comparative study / Bloqueio anestésico do quadrado lombar posterior para analgesia na artroplastia total do quadril primária: estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT Objective To compare analgesia and opioid consumption for patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. Methods The medical records of patients undergoing unilateral total hip arthroplasty between January 1st, 2017 and March 31, 2018 were reviewed, and 238 patients were included in the study. The primary outcome was postoperative opioid consumption in the first 24 postoperative hours. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative, post anesthesia care unit, and 48-hour opioid consumption, postoperative pain Visual Analog Scale scores, and post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Primary and secondary endpoint data were compared between patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block with patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block. Results For the patients who received quadratus lumborum block, the 24-hour total oral morphine equivalent (milligram) requirements were lower (53.82mg±37.41), compared to the patients who did not receive quadratus lumborum block (77.59mL±58.42), with p=0.0011. Opioid requirements were consistently lower for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block at each additional assessment time point up to 48 hours. Pain Visual Analog Scale scores were lower up to 12 hours after surgery for the patients who received a posterior quadratus lumborum block, and the post-anesthesia care unit length of stay was shorter for the patients who received quadratus lumborum block. Conclusion Preoperative posterior quadratus lumborum block for primary total hip arthroplasty is associated with decreased opioid requirements up to 48 hours, decreased Visual Analog Scale pain scores up to 12 hours, and shorter post-anesthesia care unit length of stay. Level of evidence: III

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a analgesia e o uso de opioides em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária com bloqueio pré-operatório do quadrado lombar posterior e pacientes que não receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar. Métodos Revisamos os prontuários de pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril unilateral entre 1º de janeiro de 2017 e 31 de março de 2018, e 238 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. O desfecho primário foi o consumo de opioides no pós-operatório nas primeiras 24 horas. Os desfechos secundários foram consumo de opioide no intraoperatório, na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e nas primeiras 48 horas, escores de Escala Visual Analógica de dor pós-operatória, e tempo de permanência na recuperação pós-anestésica. Os desfechos primário e secundários foram comparados entre os pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril primária com bloqueio pré-operatório do quadrado lombar posterior e aqueles que não receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar. Resultados Para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio, as doses totais de morfina por via oral em 24 horas foram menores (53,82mg±37,41) em comparação ao grupo sem bloqueio (77,59mg±58,42), com p=0,0011. A utilização de opioides foi consistentemente menor para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio em cada tempo adicional de avaliação até 48 horas. Os escores da Escala Visual Analógica até 12 horas após a cirurgia para os pacientes que receberam o bloqueio do quadrado lombar posterior e o tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica foram menores para o grupo que recebeu o bloqueio. Conclusão O bloqueio anestésico do quadrado lombar posterior para artroplastia total do quadril primária está associado à diminuição do uso de opioides nas primeiras 48 horas, diminuição do escore de dor da Escala Visual Analógica em até 12 horas, e menor tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica. Nível de evidência: III

The myofascial component of the pain in the painful shoulder of the hemiplegic patient

OBJECTIVES: Poststroke shoulder pain occurs very frequently and compromises function and quality of life. Because treatment depends on a multidisciplinary approach, it is desirable to optimize effectiveness. Myofascial pain syndrome is defined by the presence of trigger points that can also be found in spastic stroke patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of myofascial pain in the shoulder girdle muscles in patients with poststroke shoulder pain and to document the clinical and functional results obtained with specific treatment for this condition. METHODS: Spastic stroke hemiplegic patients undergoing rehabilitation at the Rehabilitation Center of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo were evaluated regarding the intensity and characteristics of shoulder pain, previous therapeutic interventions, shoulder goniometry and the presence of trigger points. Patients underwent trigger point blockade by intramuscular infiltration of 1% lidocaine. The evaluation and treatment procedures were repeated in the subsequent 3 weeks as long as the pain intensity was greater than 5 on a visual analog scale (VAS). In the fourth week, the evaluation procedures were repeated. Patients who were in a multiprofessional rehabilitation program were instructed to continue the treatment, and the others received complementary therapeutic advice if necessary to initiate it. The evaluations were performed at 0, 1, and 3 weeks and after 4 months. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (13 men; age=67.8±10.2 years; right hemiparesis: 11) participated in the study, and there was a reduction in pain assessed by VAS from baseline (7.6±2.7) to the first week (5.8±3.6; p<0.05) through the end of the third week (5.2±3.5; p<0.05), but not at the end of four months (6.6±2.9; p=0.11). Good responders had significantly lower pain levels after the third week and presented with a larger range of motion for passive abduction by the end of 4 months. These results demonstrate that the myofascial component of pain should be considered in poststroke shoulder pain and that its treatment may be a pathway for the rapid and long-lasting relief of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Trigger point blockade with lidocaine can reduce pain perception in spastic hemiplegic shoulder in as much as 50% of stroke survivors for four months.

Gingivoestomatitis herpética aguda en paciente adulto / Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis in adult patients

Introduction: Herpetic gingivostomatitis is an infection caused by herpes simplex virus, which affects mainly children patients, being uncommon this manifestation in adults. It initially appears with prodromal signs and then local signs show up. The treatment for this disease is only supportive, because there is already a peak of viral replication when it was diagnosed. Objectives: To report a case of herpetic gingivostomatitis and to discuss its clinical characteristics and treatment. Case report: The patient looked for clinic care for presenting painful oral lesions with little time of evolution. With no medical history, the patient reported using antibiotics and antifungals. Oroscopy showed multiple coalescing ulcerative lesions affecting the gum tissue, tongue, lips and hard palate. It has been diagnosed clinically as herpetic gingivostomatitis and has been treated with supportive treatment (analgesics, topical anesthetic and chlorhexidine digluconate 0,12 percent). The patient returned after one week with improvement of the condition. Conclusion: The correct diagnosis, through the evident clinical manifestations, prevents the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, leading to better response of the patient(AU)

Introducción: La gingivoestomatitis herpética es una infección causada por el virus herpes simple, que afecta principalmente a los pacientes infantiles, la cual resulta inusual en adultos. Inicialmente surge con señales prodrómicas y solo después se presentan señales locales. El tratamiento para este cuadro es solo de soporte, pues cuando se diagnostica ya hay un pico de replicación viral. Objetivo: informar un caso de gingivoestomatitis herpética y discutir sus características clínicas y tratamiento. Presentación del caso: El paciente buscó atención clínica por presentar dolorosas lesiones bucales con poco tiempo de evolución. Sin historial médico, informó que estaba usando antibióticos y antifúngicos, sin remisión de la condición. En la oroscopia se observaron múltiples lesiones ulcerativas coalescentes que afectan el tejido de la gingiva, la lengua, los labios y el paladar duro. Se ha diagnosticado clínicamente como gingivoestomatitis herpética y se ha tratado con tratamiento de apoyo (analgésicos, anestésicos tópicos y digluconato de clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento). El paciente regresó después de una semana con una mejoría de la condición. Conclusion es: El correcto diagnóstico, a través de las manifestaciones clínicas evidentes, previene el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos, lo que lleva a una mejor respuesta del paciente(AU)

Hemodynamic Behavior in Third Molar Surgeries Using Lidocaine or Articaine / Comportamiento Hemodinámico en Cirugías de los Terceros Molares Utilizando Lidocaína vs Articaina

SUMMARY: The aim of this research was to assess the hemodynamic variations during the extraction of impacted lower third molars using lidocaine 2 % or articaine 4 %, as local anesthetics. Fourteen patients with a mean age of 22.4 (SD=3.25), were submitted to the bilateral extraction of lower third molars, with an interval of three to four weeks between the two extractions. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation in the blood were assessed at seven specific time points: baseline; anesthetic puncture; two minutes after anesthesia; osteotomy; suture and five minutes after the procedure had been completed. The statistical analysis involved descriptive analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Mann-Whitney test, the t-test and the repeated measurements test. No significant differences were found for any of the hemodynamic behavior variables when comparing lidocaine 2 % and articaine 4 %. Significant differences were found between the time points assessed within each group, particularly in relation to the variable heart rate. In the articaine group, systolic blood pressure exhibited a significant decrease five minutes after the procedure. There were no significant variations in hemodynamic behavior between the two different anesthetic groups (articaine 4 % and lidocaine 2 %).

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las variaciones hemodinámicas durante la extracción de terceros molares inferiores impactados utilizando lidocaína al 2 % o articaína al 4 %, como anestésicos locales. Catorce pacientes con una edad promedio de 22,4 (SD = 3,25), fueron sometidos a la extracción bilateral de terceros molares inferiores, con un intervalo de tres a cuatro semanas entre las dos extracciones. Se evaluaron la presión arterial sistólica, la presión arterial diastólica, la presión arterial media, la frecuencia cardíaca y la saturación de oxígeno en la sangre, en siete momentos específicos: línea base; punción anestésica; dos minutos después de la anestesia; osteotomía; sutura y cinco minutos después de que el procedimiento fue completado. El análisis estadístico involucró el análisis descriptivo, la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, la prueba de Mann-Whitney, la prueba t y la prueba de mediciones repetidas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas para ninguna de las variables de comportamiento hemodinámico al comparar lidocaína 2 % y articaína 4 %. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los puntos de tiempo evaluados dentro de cada grupo, particularmente en relación con la frecuencia cardíaca variable. En el grupo de articaína, la presión arterial sistólica exhibió una disminución significativa cinco minutos después del procedimiento. No se observaron variaciones significativas en el comportamiento hemodinámico entre los dos grupos anestésicos diferentes (articaína 4 % y lidocaína 2 %).

Postoperative local incision analgesia for acute pain treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Summary Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect and safety of using local incision analgesia to treat acute postoperative pain in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Method: A cohort of 60 patients undergoing liver cancer resection was randomly divided into three groups (n=20 per group): local incision analgesia (LIA) group, which received local infiltration with ropivacaine combined with a postoperative analgesia pump; intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) group, which received fentanyl intravenous analgesia postoperatively; and the control group, which received tramadol hydrochloride injection postoperatively according to the NRS scoring system. The postoperative analgesic effect in each group was compared and tumor recurrence (survival) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: NRS scores, rate of analgesic usage, ambulation time (h) and intestinal function recovery time (h) were significantly reduced in LIA group compared with the control group at each postoperative time point (6, 12, 24 and 48 hours; p<0.05). Additionally, the NRS scores of LIA patients at 12 hours post-surgery was significantly reduced compared with PCA group (p<0.05), and the occurrence of postoperative adverse events in LIA group was significantly lower than that in PCA group (p<0.05). Survival analysis demonstrated that the mean survival time (tumor recurrence) was significantly increased in LIA group compared with the control group (χ2=4.749; p=0.029). Conclusion: Local incision analgesia improves the analgesic effect, causes fewer adverse reactions and increases postoperative survival time. Our study demonstrated that local incision analgesia is a safe and effective method of postoperative pain management following hepatectomy.

TeleCondutas: hemorroidas / TeleGuides: hemorrhoids

Hemorroidas são coxins vasculares normais do canal anal. São formados por espaços vasculares (sinusoides), tecido elástico e conjuntivo, e músculo liso. Sua função é proteger os esfíncteres anais subjacentes e contribuir para a continência fecal. Reservamos o termo "doença hemorroidária" para quando existem sintomas relacionados à sua presença. É mais prevalente em pessoas com idade entre 45 e 65 anos, tendo como principal causa o esforço evacuatório repetitivo, que determina o estiramento do tecido de sustentação dos plexos. Constipação, esforço evacuatório prolongado e gestação são seus principais fatores de risco. Esta guia apresenta informação que orienta a conduta para casos de hemorroidas no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde, incluindo: classificação das hemorroidas, sinais e sintomas, diagnóstico, tratamento da doença hemorroidária na APS, tratamento no serviço especializado, indicação de colonoscopia e encaminhamento para serviço especializado.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a randomized double blind prospective study / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine on brachial plexus block in patients scheduled for elective shoulder arthroscopy.@*METHODS@#Ninety patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I or II, scheduled for elective shoulder arthroscopy, were randomly divided into three groups. In group R (n=30), the patients were given 10 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine in branchial plexus block (interscalene approach guided by ultrasound), in group D1 (n=30), the patients were given 10 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine (interscalene approach guided by ultrasound) + dexmedetomidine 0.2 μg/(kg×h) (intravenous pump infusion), and in group D2 (n=30), the patients were given 10 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine (interscalene approach guided by ultrasound) + dexedetomidine 0.7 μg/(kg×h) (intravenous pump infusion). To evaluate the effect of brachial plexus block before general anesthesia. Group D1 and group D2 were given dexmedetomidine intravenously for 1.0 μg/kg during 10 min, then the drug was pumped by 0.2 μg/(kg×h) and 0.7 μg/(kg×h) respectively until 30 min before the operation finished. Changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and before anesthesia (T0), 10 min (T1), 30 min (T2) after giving dexmedetomidine, discontinue medication (T3), after operation (T4), and extubation (T5) were investigated. Motor and sensory block onset times, block durations, and duration of analgesia were recorded. The scores of pain after operation and the adverse effects of shiver, hypopiesia, drowsiness, and blood loss were recorded during operation.@*RESULTS@#Compared with group R, the duration of analgesia and duration of sensory block in group D1 and group D2 were significant longer (P<0.01), there was no significant difference between groups D1 and D2 (P>0.05). Compared with group R, at each time point of T1-T5, the heart rate and systolic blood pressure in group D1 and group D2 were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with D1 group, the incidence of hypotension and bradycardia in group D2 were significantly different (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Intravenous dexmedetomidine could prolong the duration of analgesia time and sensory block within the brachial plexus block, inhibiting the stress response during arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Compared with high-dose, low-dose can provide safer and better clinical effect and reduce the adverse effects of dexmedetomidine.

Analgesia peridural con anestésicos locales en la implementación del protocolo de recuperación precoz tras la cirugía colorrectal / Peridural analgesia with local anesthetics in the implementations of the early recovery protocol after correctable surgery

Introducción: la implementación de un protocolo de recuperación posoperatoria precoz, garantiza menor morbilidad, estancia posoperatoria corta y satisfacción de los pacientes. Objetivos: evaluar la utilidad de la analgesia epidural dentro de un protocolo de recuperación precoz en cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo y longitudinal con el objetivo de evaluar la utilidad de la analgesia epidural dentro de un protocolo de recuperación precoz en cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica en pacientes intervenidos en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras en el período de mayo 2014-diciembre 2016. La muestra quedó conformada por 97 pacientes intervenidos de cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica con estado físico II-III según la ASA, de cualquier género, programados para cirugía electiva colorrectal laparoscópica incluidos en el protocolo. Resultados: La media de la edad fue de 70 años y predominó el sexo masculino. La analgesia obtenida fue eficaz, se logró ausencia de dolor tanto en reposo como en movimiento en todos los momentos de medición en más del 50 por ciento de los pacientes y cuando apareció el dolor este fue considerado leve. Los requerimientos de analgesia de rescate fueron de 24,7 por ciento. Las complicaciones fueron escasas. Los temblores y la hipotensión aparecieron en 11,3 y 9,3 por ciento, respectivamente. La estadía fue menor de tres días en más de la mitad de los pacientes. Conclusiones: la implementación de un protocolo de recuperación posoperatoria precoz incrementa la eficacia y la eficiencia en la atención perioperatoria(AU)

Introduction: The implementation of an early postoperative recovery protocol guarantees lower morbidity, short postoperative stay, and patient satisfaction. Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of epidural analgesia within an early recovery protocol in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Method: A prospective and longitudinal descriptive and observational study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the usefulness of epidural analgesia within an early recovery protocol in laparoscopic colorectal surgery in patients operated at Hermanos Ameijeiras Surgical-Clinical Hospital in the period from May 2014 to December 2016. The sample consisted of 97 patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal surgery with physical status II-III according to the ASA, of any gender, scheduled for elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery included in the protocol. Results: The average age was 70 years and the male sex predominated. The analgesia obtained was effective, absence of pain was achieved both at rest and in movement at all measurement times in more than 50 percent of patients and, when pain appeared, it was considered mild. The requirements for rescue analgesia were 24.7 percent. The complications were minimal. Tremors and hypotension appeared in 11.3 percent and 9.3 percent of cases, respectively. Hospital stay was less than three days in more than half of the patients. Conclusions: The implementation of an early postoperative recovery protocol increases the effectiveness and efficiency in perioperative care(AU)

Medicamentos tópicos para otite externa aguda / Topical medicines for acute external otitis

Contexto:Otite externa aguda é uma inflamação que ocorre na orelha externá-pavilhão e canal auditivos. Essa condição clínica é caracterizada pelo acometimento da pele e do tecido subcutâneo, sendo a infecção bacteriana a principal causa. O paciente com essa doença tem inflamação no local, acompanhada de intensa dor e secreção. Além disso, experimenta dificuldades de audição, que deixam de existir com a cura da condição clínica. São alternativas terapêuticas para pacientes com otite externa aguda a assepsia (remoção de cerume e limpeza local), aplicação tópica de antibióticos, anti-inflamatórios esteroides e anestésicos, além da administração por via oral de analgésicos e antibióticos. Há no Brasil diversas apresentações farmacêuticas registradas para o tratamento da otite externa aguda. Contudo, nenhuma delas integra a Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais - RENAME. Pergunta: Qual alternativa terapêutica é mais eficaz/efetiva e segura para o tratamento de pacientes com otite externa aguda? Evidências científicas: Evidências clínicas: foi realizada revisão sistemática para sintetizar as evidências disponíveis sobre eficácia/efetividade e segurança de alternativas terapêuticas para o tratamento de pacientes com otite externa aguda. Foram incluídos dois estudos que avaliam alternativas terapêuticas disponíveis no Brasil. Um dos estudos aponta que a utilização de ciprofloxacino 2 mg/mL se mostrou mais eficaz em curar a doença em menos tempo que a associação entre polimixina B 10.000 UI, neomicina 3,5 mg/mL, hidrocortisona 10 mg/mL. O outro estudo concluiu que tanto ciprofloxacino 2 mg/mL associado a hidrocortisona 10 mg/mL quanto polimixina B 10.000 UI, neomicina 3,5 mg/mL, hidrocortisona 10 mg/mL são semelhantes em resolver o quadro de dor entre seis e sete dias. Para ampliar a análise, nova seleção de estudos foi feita incluindo a avaliação de medicamentos com equivalentes classes farmacêuticas no Brasil. Foram incluídos doze estudos. Foi notada maior eficácia da utilização de quinolona em relação à associação entre não quinolonas e anti-inflamatório esteroide em relação à cura em sete a dez dias de acompanhamento. Avaliação de custo - efetividade: foi realizada avaliação de custo - efetividade em virtude da diferença na eficácia entre quinolona e a associação entre não quinolonas e anti-inflamatório esteroide. Os preços considerados para as alternativas foram os Preços Fabrica definidos pela Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos ­ CMED. Foi construída árvore de decisão para avaliar o desfecho de cura clínica em sete a dez dias. O custo foi representado pelo valor monetário do medicamento e a efetividade pela cura clínica em sete a dez dias. Avaliação de Impacto Orçamentário: Compreendendo o período entre os anos de 2017 e 2021, foram consideradas as projeções populacionais calculadas pelo IBGE, as taxas de atendimentos de pacientes com otite externa aguda e a cobertura da atenção básica pelo SUS no Brasil. Considerando a perspectiva de financiamento pelo Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica, além do impacto orçamentário total, foram calculados o impacto orçamentário médio por município e por habitante. Discussão: São escassos os estudos sobre alternativas terapêuticas disponíveis no Brasil. A avaliação por classes farmacêuticas deve se dar com cautela, haja vista a pequena quantidade de estudos disponíveis e a heterogeneidade entre eles. Por meio da evidência disponível, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos atribuídos a cada princípio ativo. Para a seleção de medicamentos antimicrobianos, pode ser importante avaliar, em vez de uma infecção isolada, um conjunto de infecções para verificar os potenciais benefícios e riscos de se optar por um determinado medicamento. Deliberação final: Por recomendar a incorporação da associação entre sulfato de polimixina B 10.000 UI, sulfato de neomicina 3,5 mg/mL, fluocinolona acetonida 0,25 mg/mL e cloridrato de lidocaína 20 mg/mL, apresentada em frasco com 5 mL, para otite externa aguda. Decisão: Incorporar a associação de sulfato de polimixina B 10.000 UI, sulfato de neomicina 3,5 mg/mL, fluocinolona acetonida 0,25 mg/mL e cloridrato de lidocaína 20 mg/mL, apresentada em frasco com 5 mL, para otite externa aguda no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS. Decisão dada pela Portaria SCTIE-MS nº15 publicada no Diário Oficial da União (DOU) nº 58, de 24 de março de 2017.

Spinal injection of local anesthetic during cervical facet joint injection / Injeção espinhal de anestésico local durante injeção em facetas articulares cervicais

Abstract Introduction: Facet joint pain is a common source of non-radicular back pain worldwide. Non-surgical interventional modalities remain the mainstay in the treatment of facetogenic back pain and comprise the second most commonly performed interventional pain procedures in the USA. Case: A 36 year-old man with chronic cervical pain secondary to C6-C7 facet arthrosis radiographically, underwent diagnostic local anesthetic bilateral facet joint injection under fluoroscopic guidance. The left side was injected uneventfully; however, 1-2 min following injection of the right side the patient complained of unwellness and became very anxious. He referred paresthesias of the bilateral upper extremities, chest and upper abdomen. Physical examination showed sensory deficits roughly from C5 to T7 without motor deficits; resuscitation measures were not warranted. The deficits were completely resolved by 35-40 min in the recovery area. Discussion: Facet joint injections are a common and safe method of treating back pain secondary to facet arthropathy. Despite excellent safety profiles, rare and sometimes, life-threatening complications can occur. Our case hypothesizes intrathecal injection of local anesthetic during facet joint injection. Few reports have described similar situations. We hypothesize a mechanism of entry through the facet joint, given the proximity of the ligamentum flavum, and the intrathecal space to the anterior aspect of the facet joint. This report reinforces the need for resuscitation and airway management equipment to be readily available where interventional procedures are performed, as well as the need for adequate proficiency in airway management and resuscitation techniques in Pain Medicine training.

Resumo Introdução: A dor nas articulações facetárias é uma fonte mundialmente comum de dores nas costas não radiculares. As modalidades de intervenções não cirúrgicas continuam sendo os pilares no tratamento da dorsalgia facetária e ocupam o segundo lugar entre os procedimentos mais comumente feitos nos EUA para o manejo da dor. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 36 anos, com dor cervical crônica secundária à artrose facetária em C6-C7 (confirmada por radiografia), submetido a exame diagnóstico bilateral das facetas com injeção de anestésico local sob orientação fluoroscópica. O lado esquerdo foi injetado sem intercorrências; porém, um-dois minutos após a injeção do lado direito, o paciente queixou-se de mal-estar e ficou muito ansioso. Mencionou parestesia nos braços, no tórax e no abdome superior. O exame físico revelou déficits sensoriais de, aproximadamente, C5 a T7, sem déficit motor; medidas de reanimação não eram justificáveis. Os déficits foram completamente resolvidos em 35-40 minutos na área de recuperação. Discussão: A aplicação de injeções nas articulações facetárias é um método comum e seguro de tratar a dor nas costas secundária à artropatia facetária. Apesar dos excelentes perfis de segurança, complicações raras e, às vezes, com risco de morte podem ocorrer. Nosso caso relata a injeção intratecal de anestésico local durante injeção nas facetas articulares. Poucos relatos descreveram situações semelhantes. Levantamos a hipótese de um mecanismo de entrada através da faceta articular, por causa da proximidade do ligamento amarelo e do espaço intratecal com o aspecto anterior da faceta articular. Esse relato reforça a necessidade de reanimação e de equipamentos para o manejo das vias aéreas estarem prontamente disponíveis quando procedimentos intervencionistas são feitos, bem como a necessidade de estabelecer o domínio do conhecimento no manejo das vias aéreas e das técnicas de reanimação e treinamento em medicina da dor.