ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the feasibility of using temporary permanent pacemaker (TPPM) in patients with high-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) as bridging strategy to reduce avoidable permanent pacemaker implantation. Methods: This is a prospective observational study. Consecutive patients undergoing TAVR at Beijing Anzhen Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from August 2021 to February 2022 were screened. Patients with high-degree AVB and TPPM were included. Patients were followed up for 4 weeks with pacemaker interrogation at every week. The endpoint was the success rate of TPPM removal and free from permanent pacemaker at 1 month after TPPM. The criteria of removing TPPM was no indication of permanent pacing and no pacing signal in 12 lead electrocardiogram (EGG) and 24 hours dynamic EGG, meanwhile the last pacemaker interrogation indicated that ventricular pacing rate was 0. Routinely follow-up ECG was extended to 6 months after removal of TPPM. Results: Ten patients met the inclusion criteria for TPPM, aged (77.0±11.1) years, wirh 7 females. There were 7 patients with third-degree AVB, 1 patient with second-degree AVB, 2 patients with first degree AVB with PR interval>240 ms and LBBB with QRS duration>150 ms. TPPM were applied on the 10 patients for (35±7) days. Among 8 patients with high-degree AVB, 3 recovered to sinus rhythm, and 3 recovered to sinus rhythm with bundle branch block. The other 2 patients with persistent third-degree AVB received permanent pacemaker implantation. For the 2 patients with first-degree AVB and LBBB, PR interval shortened to within 200 ms. TPPM was successfully removed in 8 patients (8/10) at 1 month without permanent pacemaker implantation, of which 2 patients recovered within 24 hours after TAVR and 6 patients recovered 24 hours later after TAVR. No aggravation of conduction block or permanent pacemaker indication were observed in 8 patients during follow-up at 6 months. No procedure-related adverse events occurred in all patients. Conclusion: TPPM is reliable and safe to provide certain buffer time to distinguish whether a permanent pacemaker is necessary in patients with high-degree conduction block after TAVR.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Feasibility Studies , Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement , Pacemaker, Artificial , Bundle-Branch BlockABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the success rate of His-Purkinje system pacing (HPSP) in patients with various sites of atrioventricular block (AVB) and provide clinical evidence for the selection of HPSP in patients with AVB. Methods: This is a retrospective case analysis. 637 patients with AVB who underwent permanent cardiac pacemaker implantation and requiring high proportion of ventricular pacing from March 2016 to September 2021 in the Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command were enrolled. The site of AVB was determined by electrophysiological examination. His bundle pacing (HBP) was performed in the first 130 patients (20.4%) who were classified as the HBP group and HPSP included HBP and/or left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) was performed in later 507 patients (79.6%) and these patients were classified as the HPSP group. The basic clinical information such as age and sex of the two groups was compared, and the success rates of HBP or HPSP in patients with different sites of AVB and QRS intervals were analyzed. Results: The age of HBP group was (66.4±15.9) years with 75 males (57.7%). The age of HPSP group was (66.8±13.6) years with 288 (56.8%) males. Among 637 patients, 63.0% (401/637) had atrioventricular node block; 22.9% (146/637) had intra-His block; 14.1% (90/637) had distal or inferior His bundle block. Totally, the success rate of HPSP was higher than that of HBP [93.9% (476/507) vs. 86.9% (113/130), P<0.05]. In each group of patients with various AVB sites, the success rate of HPSP was higher than that of HBP respectively and both success rates of HBP and HPSP showed a declining trend with the distant AVB site. The success rate of HBP in patients with atrioventricular node block and intra-His block was higher than that in patients with distal or inferior His bundle block [95.2% (79/83) vs. 47.1% (8/17), P<0.001; 86.7% (26/30) vs. 47.1% (8/17), P=0.010]. The success rate of HPSP was higher than that of HBP in patients with distal or inferior His bundle block [87.7% (64/73) vs 47.1% (8/17), P=0.001]. In patients with QRS<120 ms, 94.9% (520/548) of AVB sites were in atrioventricular node or intra-His, and HBP had a similar high success rate with HPSP [95.6% (109/114) vs. 96.3% (418/434), P=0.943] in these patients. In patients with QRS ≥ 120 ms, 69.7% (62/89) of AVB sites were at distal or inferior His bundle, and the success rate of HBP was only 25.0% (4/16), while the success rate of HPSP was as high as 79.5% (58/73), P<0.001. Conclusions: In patients with QRS<120 ms and atrioventricular node block or intra-His block, success rates of HBP and HPSP are similarly high and HBP might be considered as the first choice. In patients with QRS ≥ 120 ms and AVB site at distal or inferior His bundle, the success rate of HPSP is higher than that of HBP, suggesting LBBP should be considered as the first-line treatment option.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Bundle of His/physiology , Cardiac Pacing, Artificial , Electrocardiography , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Atrioventricular Block/diagnosis , Atrioventricular Block/therapySubject(s)
Humans , Adult , Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery , Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy , Aortic Coarctation/diagnosis , Aortic Coarctation/therapy , Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency/therapy , Tetralogy of Fallot , Transposition of Great Vessels , Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Ebstein Anomaly/therapy , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/therapy , Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/therapyABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: El marcapasos epicárdico es el método preferido en recién nacidos y niños que pesan menos de 10 kg. Sin embargo, su colocación cuenta con una alta incidencia de fracaso prematuro. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un lactante que requirió la colocación de un marcapasos por bloqueo atrioventricular congénito diagnosticado prenatalmente. El paciente presentaba estenosis crítica de la vena cava superior como complicación secundaria a los cables del marcapasos. La resolución intervencionista mediante un stent en el sitio de estenosis corrigió el síndrome de vena cava superior de forma efectiva. Conclusiones: Este caso representa una alternativa clínicamente viable en el tratamiento del síndrome de vena cava superior, que puede emplearse después de otras terapias convencionales que hayan fallado.
Abstract Background: Epicardial pacemaker is the preferred method for newborns and children under 10 kg of weight. However, its placement presents a high rate of premature failure. Case report: The case of an infant requiring placement of pacemaker by congenital atrioventricular block with prenatal diagnosis is described. The patient showed critical stenosis of the superior vena cava as a complication. Interventional resolution using a stent at the site of stenosis corrected the superior vena cava syndrome effectively. Conclusions: This case represents a clinically viable alternative for the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome, which can be used after other conventional therapies have failed.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Pacemaker, Artificial , Superior Vena Cava Syndrome/surgery , Stents , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Vena Cava, Superior/pathology , Superior Vena Cava Syndrome/etiology , Atrioventricular Block/congenitalABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Recent studies suggest that baseline prolonged PR interval is associated with worse outcome in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature have not been made. Objective: To assess the association between baseline prolonged PR interval and adverse outcomes of CRT by a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis. Methods: We comprehensively searched the databases of MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to March 2017. The included studies were published prospective or retrospective cohort studies that compared all-cause mortality, HF hospitalization, and composite outcome of CRT with baseline prolonged PR (> 200 msec) versus normal PR interval. Data from each study were combined using the random-effects, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird to calculate the risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Six studies from January 1991 to May 2017 were included in this meta-analysis. All-cause mortality rate is available in four studies involving 17,432 normal PR and 4,278 prolonged PR. Heart failure hospitalization is available in two studies involving 16,152 normal PR and 3,031 prolonged PR. Composite outcome is available in four studies involving 17,001 normal PR and 3,866 prolonged PR. Prolonged PR interval was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (pooled risk ratio = 1.34, 95 % confidence interval: 1.08-1.67, p < 0.01, I2= 57.0%), heart failure hospitalization (pooled risk ratio = 1.30, 95 % confidence interval: 1.16-1.45, p < 0.01, I2= 6.6%) and composite outcome (pooled risk ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.13-1.30, p < 0.01, I2= 0%). Conclusions: Our systematic review and meta-analysis support the hypothesis that baseline prolonged PR interval is a predictor of all-cause mortality, heart failure hospitalization, and composite outcome in CRT patients.
Resumo Fundamento: Estudos recentes sugerem que intervalo PR basal prolongado está associado a prognóstico ruim para a terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC). No entanto, nunca foram feitas uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise da literatura. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre intervalo PR basal prolongado e resultados adversos da TRC por meio de uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise da literatura. Métodos: Pesquisamos de forma abrangente os bancos de dados MEDLINE e EMBASE, desde o início até março de 2017. Os estudos incluídos eram de coorte prospectivos ou retrospectivos que comparavam mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca e desfecho composto por TRC com PR basal prolongado (> 200 ms) versus intervalo PR normal. Os dados de cada estudo foram combinados pelo modelo de efeitos aleatórios, variância genérica inversa de DerSimonian e Laird para calcular as razões de risco e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Foram incluídos seis estudos de janeiro de 1991 a maio de 2017 nesta metanálise. A taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas foi mencionada em quatro estudos envolvendo 17.432 intervalos PR normais e 4.278 prolongados. Hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca foi abordada em dois estudos envolvendo 16.152 PR normais e 3.031 prolongados. Desfecho composto esteve presente em quatro estudos com 17.001 PR normais e 3.866 prolongadas. Intervalo PR prolongado foi associado a risco aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas (razão de risco agrupado = 1,34, IC95%: 1,08-1,67, p < 0,01, I2= 57,0%), hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca (razão de risco agrupado = 1,30, 95 % de IC95%: 1,16-1,45, p < 0,01, I2= 6,6%) e desfecho composto (razão de risco agrupado = 1,21, IC95%: 1,13-1,30, p < 0,01, I2= 0%). Conclusões: Nossa revisão sistemática e metanálise suportam a hipótese de que o intervalo PR basal prolongado é um preditor de mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca e desfecho composto em pacientes submetidos à TRC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Atrioventricular Block/diagnosis , Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy/methods , Heart Failure/therapy , Prognosis , Treatment Outcome , Risk Assessment , Electrocardiography , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Heart Failure/mortality , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Objetivos: Descrever as características de pacientes menores de 18 anos com bloqueio atrioventricular total congênito submetidos a implante ou troca de marcapasso definitivo. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 34 pacientes que foram submetidos a implante ou troca de marcapasso entre janeiro de 2011 e maio de 2017 em um único centro. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos (grupo I: implante e grupo II: troca) e avaliados de acordo com o sexo, idade, cardiopatia congênita, indicação do implante, técnica utilizada, complicações e mortalidade. Resultados: 47,1% eram do sexo feminino. A mediana para idade no momento do implante foi de 2 anos e 6 meses e para peso foi de 17,5Kg. Cardiopatia congênita teve prevalência de 52,9% nos pacientes. As indicações para implante de marcapasso definitivo foram: frequência cardíaca menor que 70 bpm com cardiopatia ou disfunção (44,1%), frequência cardíaca menor que 55 bpm sem cardiopatia (26,5%), sinais e sintomas de baixo débito cardíaco (20,6%) e disfunção ventricular (8,8%). A técnica epicárdica foi realizada em 73,5% e a endocárdica em 26,5% dos pacientes. Foi implantado marcapasso bicameral em 53% e monocameral em 47% deles. Complicações foram observadas em 23,5% e a mortalidade foi de 8,8%. Conclusões: A criteriosa avaliação desses pacientes permite uma adequada escolha do sistema e da técnica de implante. Pouco mais da metade dos pacientes tinham cardiopatia congênita, a técnica epicárdica foi a mais realizada, a maioria recebeu marcapasso bicameral, e as complicações e a mortalidade foram semelhantes as encontradas na da literatura
Aims: Describe the characteristics of 34 patients under 18, with congenital complete heart block submitted for definitive pacemaker implant or replacement. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent pacemaker implant or replacement between January 2011 and May 2017 at a single center. The patients were divided into 2 groups (group I: implant and group II: replacement) and evaluated according to gender, age, congenital heart disease, implant indication, technique used, complications and mortality. Results: Thirty-four patients underwent definitive pacemaker implant or replacement, 47.1% of which were female. The median age at the time of implantation was 2 years and 6 months and median weight was 17.5 kg. Congenital heart disease was found in 52.9% of the patients. The indications for definitive pacemaker implant were heart rate lower than 70 bpm with heart disease or dysfunction (44.1%), heart rate less than 55 bpm without heart disease (26.5%), signs and symptoms of low cardiac output (20.6%) and ventricular dysfunction (8.8%). The epicardial technique was performed in 73.5% and the endocardial technique in 26.5% of the patients. A bicameral pacemaker was implanted in 53% and monocameral ventricular pacemaker in 47% of the patients. Complications were observed in 23.5%, with a mortality of 8.8% of the patients. Conclusions: The careful evaluation of the characteristics of these patients allows an adequate choice of the system and the implant technique. Just over half of the patients had congenital heart disease, the epicardial technique was the most performed, most received bicameral pacemaker, and complications and mortality were similar to the literature
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Pacemaker, Artificial , Atrioventricular Block/complications , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy , Pericardium , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Prostheses and Implants , Comorbidity , Sex Factors , Retrospective Studies , Age Factors , Electrodes , Heart RateABSTRACT
Homem, 26 anos, portador de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, com nefrite em hemodiálise, apresentou endocardite infecciosa de valva aórtica, com abcesso em septo fibroso, com fluxo para a cavidade direita, sendo indicada troca valvar aórtica e fechamento do orifício septal com patch de pericárdio. Evoluiu após o procedimento com bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT), sendo implantado marcapasso (MP) definitivo por veia subclávia direita (VSCD). Após 6 meses, apresentou hematoma infectado em loja do MP, sendo indicado explante do mesmo. Como o paciente era dependente do dispositivo, foi posicionado MP provisório por veia femoral (VF) em ventrículo direito (VD), até a resolução do quadro infeccioso e a liberação para implante de novo sistema endocárdico. No entanto, em virtude da presença de fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) em membro superior esquerdo (MSE) e trombose de VSCD diagnosticada por venografia em sala, optouse por implante de MP epicárdico. Vinte e três dias após este implante, evoluiu com falha de captura por aumento de limiar de estimulação. Foi posicionado novo MP provisório por VF. Realizada tentativa de implante de MP por veia jugular interna direita, sem sucesso, por não progressão do guia (trombose). Optou-se por implante de MP definitivo por VF direita, com eletrodo de 85cm e implante de unidade geradora em bolsa confeccionada em fossa ilíaca direita. Limiar ventricular e impedância se mantiveram estáveis durante toda a internação. Recebeu alta, com avaliação após 6 meses sem intercorrências, com bom limiar e impedância. A via femoral é uma alternativa não usual, porém segura e eficaz para implante de MP definitivo em pacientes nos quais o acesso central alto e epicárdico não é possível
A 26-year-old male with systemic lupus erythematosus with hsis nephritis had an infectious endocarditis of the aortic valve with abscess in the fibrous septum with flow into the right cavity. Being indicated aortic valve replacement and closure of the septal orifice with pericardial patch. The patient evolved after the procedure with total atrioventricular block (BAVT), and a definitive pacemaker (PM) was implanted by right subclavian vein (RSV). After six months, he presented an infected hematoma in the device, being explanted. As the patient was device dependent, temporary femoral vein (FV) was placed in the right ventricle (RV), until the resolution of the infectious condition and the release to implant of a new endocardial system. However, due to the presence of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in the left upper limb (LUL) and right subclavian vein thrombosis diagnosed by venography, we opted for epicardial PM implantation. Twenty-three days after this implant evolved with failed capture by increasing stimulation threshold. New provisional PM was placed by FV. An attempt was made to implant PM by right internal jugular vein, without success, for non-progression of the guide (thrombosis). We chose to implant the definitive PM by right FV, with an electrode of 85cm and implant of a generating unit in the right iliac fossa. Ventricular threshold and impedance remained stable throughout the hospitalization. He was discharged, with evaluation after 6 months without intercurrences, with good threshold and impedance. The femoral route is an unusual but safe and effective alternative for definitive MP implantation in patients where high central and epicardial access is not possible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Pacemaker, Artificial , Femoral Vein , Aortic Valve , Prostheses and Implants , Comorbidity , Defibrillators, Implantable , Atrioventricular Block/therapyABSTRACT
Se trata de paciente masculino de 2 años, asintomático que en control de rutina se evidencia bradicardia (40lpm). Mediante electrocardiograma se realiza el diagnóstico de bloqueo auriculoventricular completo (BAVC). Se realiza ecocardiograma sin alteración funcional ni estructural. Por lo antes mencionado se concluye como un BAVC congénito aislado en un paciente asintomático con una frecuencia ventricular insuficiente por lo que se le implantó un marcapasos permanente (modo VVI) sin complicaciones.
A 2-year-old male patient, asymptomatic with bradycardia (40bpm) in a routine examination. Using electrocardiogram the diagnosis of complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) was made. Echocardiogram was performed and showed no functional or structural disease. We conclude like an asymptomatic congenital isolated CAVB with insufficient ventricular rate, for this reason a permanent pacemaker (VVI mode) was implanted, without complications.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Atrioventricular Block/diagnosis , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Pacemaker, Artificial , Echocardiography , ElectrocardiographyABSTRACT
O sistema cardiovascular é responsável pelo fluxo circulatório adequado, o qual depende do volume sistólico e frequência cardíaca (FC). Quando insuficientes, causa hipofluxo cerebral e incapacidade de realizar atividades. A bradicardia é causada por: a) disfunção sinusal, manifestada por FC inapropriadas, pausas ou síndrome de taqui-bradicardia, síncopes, tonturas e intolerância aos esforços, sem risco à vida; b) distúrbio da condução atrioventricular (bloqueios atrioventriculares - BAV): de primeiro, segundo (Mobitz I, Mobitz II e avançado) e terceiro grau (Total) . O BAV de primeiro grau e do tipo Mobitz I tem bom prognóstico. O BAV Mobitz II, avançado e total, mesmo oligossintomático ou transitório, sem causas removíveis, tem maior morbimortalidade; c) distúrbios neuromediados e a síncope reflexa são desencadeados por posição ortostática ou exposição à estresse emocional e a síndrome do seio carotídeo associada à estimulação da carótida. A FC baixa pode estar associada a um maior risco, sendo que os sinais e sintomas indicam gravidade. Na urgência, deve-se tratar as causas subjacentes assegurar o bom funcionamento das vias aéreas administrar O2 monitorar ritmo, FC, pressão arterial, e, também, o acesso venoso. É importante analisar o ritmo, exame físico e histórico, além de pesquisar e tratar os fatores contribuintes. Caso haja sinais de baixa perfusão, deve-se administrar atropina. A estimulação por marcapasso transcutâneo é indicada, caso a atropina seja ineficaz. Além disso, deve-se considerar a adrenalina ou dopamina e estimulação transvenosa
The cardiovascular system is responsible for adequate circulatory flow, which depends on systolic volume and heart rate (HR). When insufficient, it causes cerebral hypoflow and inability to perform activities. Bradycardia is caused by: a) sinus dysfunction, manifested by inappropriate HR, pauses or tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, syncope, dizziness and intolerance to exertion, without risk to life; b) atrioventricular conduction disorder (atrioventricular (AV) blocks): first, second (Mobitz type I, Mobitz type II and advanced) and third degree (complete). First-degree and Mobitz type I AV block both have good prognosis. Mobitz type II, advanced and complete AV block, even oligosymptomatic or transient, without removable causes, have higher morbidity and mortality; c) neuromediated disorders and reflex syncope are triggered by orthostatic position or exposure to emotional stress and carotid sinus syndrome, associated with carotid stimulation. Low HR may be associated with increased risk, and signs and symptoms indicate severity. In emergency conditions the underlying causes should be treated to ensure good functioning of the airways; administer O2; monitor cardiac rhythm, HR, blood pressure, and venous access. It is important to analyze rhythm, and conduct a physical examination and clinical history, and to check for and treat contributing factors. If there are signs of low perfusion, atropine should be administered. Simulation by transcutaneous pacemaker is indicated if atropine is ineffective. Epinephrine or dopamine and transvenous stimulation should also be considered
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Perfusion/methods , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/therapy , Bradycardia/therapy , Emergencies , Intensive Care Units , Pacemaker, Artificial , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Atrial Fibrillation/therapy , Atropine/administration & dosage , Tachycardia, Sinus , Dopamine/therapeutic use , Risk Factors , Age Factors , Syncope, Vasovagal/complications , Electrocardiography/methods , Atrioventricular Block/complications , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Heart Rate , Hypertension/complicationsABSTRACT
A cardiomiopatia induzida pelo marcapasso é uma cardiomiopatia que ocorre em pacientes expostos a estimulação ventricular direita, sendo definida pela piora da função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo na ausência de outras etiologias possíveis, com ou sem evidência de insuficiência cardíaca. Sua incidência varia de 9% a 26%, dependendo da população estudada e do período de acompanhamento. Relata-se o caso de uma criança submetida a implante de marcapasso ventricular por bloqueio atrioventricular total, que evoluiu com disfunção ventricular grave e insuficiência cardíaca 14 meses após o implante. Após realização de terapia de ressincronização cardíaca, a criança evoluiu com melhora clínica e remodelamento reverso do ventrículo esquerdo
Pacing-induced cardiomyopathy is observed in patients exposed to right ventricular pacing and is defined as worsening of left ventricular systolic function in the absence of alternative causes, with or without clinical evidence of heart failure. Incidence ranges from 9% to 26%, depending on the study population and the length of follow-up. This is a case report of a child with univentricular pacemaker for total atrioventricular block that evolved into severe ventricular dysfunction and heart failure after implant. Cardiac resynchronization was performed and the child evolved with clinical improvement and reverse left ventricular remodeling
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Pacemaker, Artificial/adverse effects , Ventricular Function/physiology , Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy/methods , Cardiomyopathies/diagnosis , Cardiomyopathies/therapy , Stroke Volume , Echocardiography/methods , Treatment Outcome , Ventricular Dysfunction , Drug Therapy/methods , Atrioventricular Block/diagnosis , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Heart VentriclesABSTRACT
Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com implante de marcapasso bicameral há dois meses por bloqueio atrioventricular total, que, dois dias após queda acidental em sua residência com trauma homolateral ao local do implante do marcapasso, apresentou pré-síncope, lipotimias e bradicardia. O eletrocardiograma evidenciava perda total de comando atrioventricular e a radiografia de tórax mostrava tracionamento, deslocamento e enovelamento dos cabos-eletrodos próximo ao gerador. A paciente foi diagnosticada como caso típico de síndrome de Twiddler
We report the case of a patient with a bicameral pacemaker implantation within the last two months due to total atrioventricular block, who presented pre-syncope, lipothymia and bradycardia two days after an accidental fall at home with a homolateral trauma to the pacemaker implantation site. The electrocardiogram showed a total loss of the atrioventricular command and chest x-ray evidence of traction, displacement and folding of the leads near the generator. The patient was diagnosed as a typical Twiddler's Syndrome case
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Accidental Falls , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Electrodes , Pacemaker, Artificial , Cardiac Pacing, Artificial/methods , Defibrillators, Implantable , Risk Factors , Syncope/diagnosis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la disincronía mecánica ventricular izquierda (DMVI) asociada a la estimulación endocárdica prolongada del ventrículo derecho mediante el ensayo piloto de una nueva técnica de imagen en Uruguay. Métodos: Se estudiaron 12 pacientes con marcapasos implantados al menos hace un año utilizando SPECT gatillada con 99mTc-MIBI y análisis de fase en reposo. Se registraron variables clínicas, duración del QRS, tasa, modo y sitio de estimulación ventricular, presencia y extensión de infarto e isquemia, volúmenes cavitarios y FEVI en reposo. Utilizando V-Sync de Emory Cardiac Toolbox se obtuvieron desviación estándar y ancho de banda de fase en reposo (grados), comparando los individuos con FEVI ≥ y < 50% con una población control. Resultados: Los pacientes de la serie con estimulación endocárdica prolongada en el ventrículo derecho exhibieron marcada DMVI. Los pacientes con FEVI moderada/severamente disminuida (con diámetros cavitarios mayores, estimulación septal, infarto extenso o isquemia significativa) exhibieron mayor disincronía que aquellos con FEVI conservada/levemente disminuida (ancho de banda = 144.33o vs. 77.41o, p < 0.05; desviación estándar = 46.67o vs. 26.81o, p < 0.05). Conclusiones: En la cardiopatía isquémica la elevada tasa de estimulación endocárdica crónica se asocia con marcada DMVI, aun cuando la función sistólica esté conservada. El análisis de fase podría ser una herramienta válida para evaluar la disincronía asociada al infarto en pacientes con marcapasos, y aportar a la indicación oportuna del pasaje (upgrading) al modo de estimulación biventricular.
Abstract: Objetive: To evaluate left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) associated with prolonged right ventricular pacing through an innovative imaging technique as a pilot study in Uruguay. Methods: A 99mTc-MIBI gated-SPECT and phase analysis was performed in 12 patients with pace-makers implanted at least one year before scintigraphy, due to advanced atrioventricular block. Clinical data, QRS duration, rate, mode and site of pacing in right ventricle, chamber diameters, presence and extension of myocardial scar and ischaemia, as well as LVEF at rest, were recorded. Using V-Sync of Emory Cardiac Toolbox, a standard deviation (PSD) and band-width (PBW) from rest phase histogram was obtained and these indexes were compared with controls in the subgroups of patients with LVEF ≥ 50% and < 50%. Results: Patients with prolonged RV endocardial pacing exhibited marked LVMD. More severe dyssynchrony was found in patients with impaired LVEF than in patients with preserved LVEF (PSD: 46.67o vs. 26.81o, P < .05; PBW: 144.33o vs. 77.41o, P < .05). Higher left ventricle diameters, extensive infarct, or significant ischaemia were found in patients with impaired LVEF. Conclusions: Chronic right ventricular pacing was invariably associated with LVMD, even when systolic function was preserved. Phase analysis could be a potentially useful technique to evaluate LMVD associated with myocardial scar in patients with pacemakers, and to decide promptly the upgrading to biventricular pacing.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cardiac Pacing, Artificial/methods , Ventricular Function , Atrioventricular Block/physiopathology , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Cardiac-Gated Single-Photon Emission Computer-Assisted Tomography , Pacemaker, Artificial , Time Factors , Biomechanical Phenomena , Pilot Projects , Cross-Sectional Studies , Atrioventricular Block/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
RESUMO A granulomatose com poliangiíte é um raro distúrbio inflamatório sistêmico que se caracteriza por vasculite de pequenas artérias, arteríolas e capilares, associada a lesões granulomatosas necrotizantes. Este artigo relata o caso de uma paciente com diagnóstico prévio de granulomatose com poliangiíte, admitida à unidade de terapia intensiva com quadro de crises convulsivas e instabilidade hemodinâmica em razão de bloqueio atrioventricular completo. Estas manifestações se associaram a múltiplos episódios de taquicardia ventricular sustentada; não havia alterações estruturais cardíacas, nem se detectaram distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos. Na unidade de terapia intensiva, a paciente foi submetida à implantação de marca-passo provisório, imunossupressão com uso de corticosteroides e terapia imunobiológica, resultando em melhora hemodinâmica completa. Distúrbios graves da condução cardíaca em pacientes com granulomatose com poliangiíte são raros, mas associam-se à grande morbidade. O reconhecimento precoce e o uso de intervenções específicas são capazes de prevenir a ocorrência de desfechos desfavoráveis, especialmente na unidade de terapia intensiva.
ABSTRACT Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by vasculitis of the small arteries, the arterioles and the capillaries together with necrotizing granulomatous lesions. This case reports on a young female patient, previously diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, who was admitted to the intensive care unit with seizures and hemodynamic instability due to a complete atrioventricular heart block. The event was associated with multiple episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia without any structural heart changes or electrolyte disturbances. In the intensive care unit, the patient was fitted with a provisory pacemaker, followed by immunosuppression with corticosteroids and immunobiological therapy, resulting in a total hemodynamic improvement. Severe conduction disorders in patients presenting granulomatosis with polyangiitis are rare but can contribute to increased morbidity. Early detection and specific intervention can prevent unfavorable outcomes, specifically in the intensive care unit.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/complications , Tachycardia, Ventricular/etiology , Atrioventricular Block/etiology , Pacemaker, Artificial , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/therapy , Tachycardia, Ventricular/therapy , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Cardiac Conduction System Disease/etiology , Cardiac Conduction System Disease/therapy , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
A despeito da utilização de profilaxia antibiótica, tanto nos implantes iniciais como nos procedimentos de reoperação, as taxas de infecção relacionada aos dispositivos cardíacos eletrônicos implantáveis têm aumentadoprogressivamente, causando impacto na mortalidade e custos hospitalares. O tratamento de processos infecciososrelacionados aos dispositivos cardíacos eletrônicos implantáveis consiste na remoção completa do sistema deestimulação cardíaca, associada a terapia antimicrobiana sistêmica e reimplante de um novo dispositivo cardíaco. Neste artigo, relatamos o caso clínico de paciente com infecção na loja do gerador de pulsos sem evidênciasde infecção intravascular. O implante de marcapasso atrioventricular epicárdico subxifoide foi utilizado como estratégia para diminuir o risco de contaminação do novo sistema e facilitar a remoção transvenosa dos eletrodos antigos abandonados sob melhores condições técnicas...
Despite the use of antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of cardiac implantable electronic device implantation or reoperations, rates of cardiac implantable electronic device-related infection have increasedprogressively causing an impact on mortality and treatment costs. The treatment of cardiac implantable electronic device-related infections demands a complete removal of the infected device followed by systemic antimicrobial therapy and reimplantation of a new system. In this article, we report the case of a patient with pulse generator pocket infection without evidence of intravascular infection. Epicardial atrioventricular pacemaker implant through subxiphoid approach was used as a strategy to decrease the risk of contamination of the new system and to facilitate the removal of the abandoned transvenous leads under better technical conditions...
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Device Removal , Electrodes , Infections/diagnosis , Infections/therapy , Pacemaker, Artificial , Patients , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Prostheses and ImplantsABSTRACT
A dextrocardia é uma anomalia rara e sua associação ao bloqueio atrioventricular total é ainda maisincomum. A cardiopatia chagásica crônica é uma doença endêmica no Brasil, onde o aparecimento dessaarritmia é relativamente frequente (forma arritmogênica). Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 38 anos de idade submetida a implante de marcapasso dupla-câmara por bloqueio atrioventricular total, portadora de cardiopatia chagásica crônica, que, em seu acompanhamento, apresentou insuficiência cardíaca refratária e necessidade de ressincronização cardíaca, evoluindo com melhora da classe funcional em sua avaliação precoce.
Dextrocardia is a rare anomaly, and its association with complete atrioventricular block is even moreunusual. Chronic Chagasic heart disease is endemic in Brazil, where the onset of this arrhythmia is relatively frequent (arrhythmogenic form). We report a 38-year-old patient with Chagasic heart disease undergoing implantation of a dual chamber pacemaker for complete atrioventricular block, who developed refractory heart failure during the follow-up and required cardiac resynchronization, evolving with improved functional class in the early assessment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Atrioventricular Block/complications , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Dextrocardia/complications , Dextrocardia/therapy , Chagas Disease/complications , Chagas Disease/therapy , Pacemaker, Artificial , Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy/methods , Chronic Disease/therapy , Echocardiography/methods , Electrocardiography/methods , Heart Atria , Heart Defects, Congenital , Heart Ventricles , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
O implante por cateter de bioprótese valvar aórtica (do inglês Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation TAVI) vem ganhando espaço e configura-se como opção terapêutica para pacientes com estenose aórtica grave sintomática e risco cirúrgico elevado ou proibitivo. Apesar da menor manipulação e da menor agressividade comparativamente à abordagem cirúrgica tradicional, a incidência de bloqueio atrioventricular avançado é expressiva e resulta em aproximadamente 30% de implantes de marcapasso cardíaco definitivo. A identificação de fatores clínicos, eletrocardiográficos, anatômicos e relacionados ao tipo de prótese ou à técnica de liberação do dispositivo é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas e materiais, visando a reduzir a taxa de bloqueio atrioventricular avançado após o procedimento de TAVI. Os preditores mais relevantes analisados foram: bloqueio de ramo direito prévio, tipo de prótese (autoexpansível vs. balão expansível), profundidade do implante sobre a via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo, expansão excessiva da prótese, bloqueio atrioventricular total intra procedimento, bloqueio atrioventricular de 1o grau ao eletrocardiograma de base e sexo masculino...
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a therapeutic option for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis who have a high surgical risk. Despite of less aggressive manipulation when compared to conventional surgery, the incidence of atrioventricular block is significant and 30% of patients require permanent pacemaker. The identification of clinical, electrocardiographic, anatomic and technical factors related to the type of implant or device release technique is essential for the development of new techniques and materials aiming at reducing the advanced atrioventricular block rate after TAVI. The most relevant predictors analyzed were: previous right bundle branch block, type of device (self-expanding vs. balloon-expandable), depth of frame in left ventricular outflow tract, valve over expansion, intraprocedural total atrioventricular block, first degree atrioventricular block in baseline electrocardiogram and male gender...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Atrioventricular Block/complications , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy , Aortic Valve Stenosis/therapy , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/methods , Pacemaker, Artificial , Bioprosthesis , Electrocardiography/methods , Risk Factors , Prostheses and Implants/methods , Review Literature as Topic , Aortic Valve/surgery , Heart VentriclesABSTRACT
FUNDAMENTO: A estimulação crônica do ventrículo direito (EVD) induz um padrão de contração dessincronizado, produzindo assincronia interventricular e intraventricular. Muitos estudos têm mostrado a relação entre EVD e a forma e função ventricular esquerda (VE) comprometida. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sincronia e a função do VE em pacientes pediátricos que receberam EVD em comparação com aqueles que receberam estimulação do VE (EVE). MÉTODOS: As funções sistólica e diastólica e a sincronia do VE foram avaliadas em 80 pacientes pediátricos com bloqueio atrioventricular total não cirúrgico ou pós-cirúrgico, com estimulação a partir do endocárdio do ventrículo direito (VD) (n = 40) ou do epicárdio do VE (n = 40). Foram analisados dados ecocardiográficos obtidos antes da implantação do marca-passo, imediatamente após a implantação, e no final de um acompanhamento médio de 6,8 anos. RESULTADOS: A função diastólica do VE não se alterou em nenhum dos pacientes durante o acompanhamento. A função sistólica ventricular esquerda foi preservada nos pacientes que receberam EVE. No entanto, a fração de encurtamento e a fração de ejeção diminuíram de medianas de 41% ± 2,6% e 70% ± 6,9% antes da implantação para 32% ± 4,2% e 64% ± 2,5% (p < 0,0001 e p < 0,0001), respectivamente, no acompanhamento final. O atraso mecânico interventricular foi significativamente maior com a EVD (66 ± 13 ms) do que com a EVE (20 ± 8 ms). Da mesma forma, nos dois grupos houve uma diferença significativa entre os seguintes parâmetros: atraso mecânico do VE (EVD: 69 ± 6 ms, EVE: 30 ± 11 ms, p < 0,0001); atraso septo-lateral (RVP: 75 ± 19 ms, LVP: 42 ± 10 ms, p < 0,0001) e atraso septo-posterior (EVD: 127 ± 33 ms, EVE: 58 ± 17 ms, p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Quando comparado ao endocárdio do VD, o epicárdio do VE é um local ideal para a estimulação para preservar a sincronia e a função cardíaca.
BACKGROUND: Chronic right ventricular pacing (RVP) induces a dyssynchronous contraction pattern,producing interventricular and intraventricular asynchrony. Many studies have shown the relationship of RVP with impaired left ventricular (LV) form and function. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate LV synchrony and function in pediatric patients receiving RVP in comparison with those receiving LV pacing (LVP). METHODS:LV systolic and diastolic function and synchrony were evaluated in 80 pediatric patients with either nonsurgical or postsurgical complete atrioventricular block, with pacing from either the RV endocardium (n = 40) or the LV epicardium (n = 40). Echocardiographic data obtained before pacemaker implantation, immediately after it, and at the end of a mean follow-up of 6.8 years were analyzed. RESULTS: LV diastolic function did not change in any patient during follow-up. LV systolic function was preserved in patients with LVP. However, in children with RVP the shortening fraction and ejection fraction decreased from medians of 41% ± 2.6% and 70% ± 6.9% before implantation to 32% ± 4.2% and 64% ± 2.5% (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001), respectively, at final follow-up. Interventricular mechanical delay was significantly larger with RVP (66 ± 13 ms) than with LVP (20 ± 8 ms). Similarly, the following parameters were significantly different in the two groups: LV mechanical delay (RVP: 69 ± 6 ms, LVP: 30 ± 11 ms, p < 0.0001); septal to lateral wall motion delay (RVP: 75 ± 19 ms, LVP: 42 ± 10 ms, p < 0.0001); and, septal to posterior wall motion delay (RVP: 127 ± 33 ms, LVP: 58 ± 17 ms, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Compared with RV endocardium, LV epicardium is an optimal site for pacing to preserve cardiac synchrony and function.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy/methods , Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization/physiology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Biopsy/methods , Endocardium/pathology , Logistic Models , Pacemaker, Artificial , Prospective Studies , Pericardium/pathology , Treatment Outcome , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/therapyABSTRACT
Apresentamos o caso de um paciente portador da forma cardíaca da doença de Chagas com disfunção ventricular esquerda e bloqueio atrioventricular de 2º grau Mobitz II, associados a vários episódios de síncope. Foi submetido a implante de marcapasso artificial definitivo dupla câmara. Após um ano do implante foi diagnosticado deslocamento de eletrodo atrial, sendo submetido a reimplante de eletrodo atrial. Após dois anos do primeiro procedimento cirúrgico, apresentava dispneia aos grandes esforços. Durante a avaliação, foi solicitado ecocardiograma, que detectou a presença de corpo estranho de características metálicas em câmaras cardíacas esquerdas, consistente com eletrodo de marcapasso ectópico.
The present case reports on a patient presenting the cardiac form of Chagas disease, with left ventricular dysfunction and second-degree atrioventricular block Mobitz type II, associated with several syncope episodes. The patient underwent a double-chamber definitive artificial pacemaker implant. One year after the implant, the displacement of the atrial electrode was diagnosed and the patient was submitted to re-implantation of the atrial electrode. Two years after the first surgical procedure, the patient presented dyspnea on exertion. The physical evaluation included an echocardiogram, which detected the presence of a foreign body with metallic characteristics in the left cardiac chambers, consistent with that of an ectopic pacemaker electrode.