Assistance to families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Perceptions of the multiprofessional team / Assistência às famílias de crianças com Transtornos do Espectro Autista: percepções da equipe multiprofissional / Asistencia a familias de niños con Trastornos del Espectro Autista: percepciones del equipo multidisciplinario

Abstract Objective: to synthesize the care provided by health professionals, at different care levels, to the families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Method: a qualitative study, based on the Family-Centered Care philosophical theoretical framework and developed with 22 professionals from three multidisciplinary teams from the Health Care Network of a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The data were collected through two focus groups with each team, organized with the support of the Atlas.ti 8 Qualitative Data Analysis® software and submitted to Thematic Content Analysis. Results: the findings show actions centered on specific situations, especially on the demands and needs arising from the child's care and atypical behavior. Influencing factors for family care, such as work overload and little professional experience, show the weakness of multiprofessional care and the invisibility of the family as a care unit. Conclusion: the need is highlighted to review functioning of the network for the multiprofessional care of children and their families and how such network is organized. It is recommended to offer permanent education actions that contribute to the qualification of multiprofessional teams in the care of families of children in the autism spectrum.

Resumo Objetivo: sintetizar o cuidado prestado por profissionais de saúde, nos diferentes níveis de atenção, às famílias de crianças com Transtornos do Espectro Autista. Método: estudo qualitativo, baseado no referencial teórico filosófico do Cuidado Centrado na Família, desenvolvido com 22 profissionais de três equipes multidisciplinares de serviços da Rede de Atenção à Saúde de um município do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois grupos focais com cada equipe, organizados com apoio do software Atlas.ti 8 Qualitative Data Analysis e submetidos à Análise Temática de Conteúdo. Resultados: as descobertas mostram ações centradas em situações pontuais, principalmente nas demandas e necessidades advindas do cuidado da criança e de seu comportamento atípico. Fatores influenciadores para o cuidado à família, como a sobrecarga de trabalho e a pouca experiência profissional, evidenciam a fragilidade da assistência multiprofissional e a invisibilidade da família enquanto unidade de cuidado. Conclusão: destaca-se a necessidade de rever o funcionamento e modo como a rede para o cuidado multiprofissional da criança e sua família está organizada. Recomenda-se a oferta de ações de educação permanente que contribuam com a qualificação das equipes multiprofissionais no cuidado às famílias de crianças no espectro do autismo.

Resumen Objetivo: resumir la atención que brindan los profesionales de la salud, en los diferentes niveles de atención, a las familias de niños con Trastornos del Espectro Autista. Método: estudio cualitativo, basado en el marco teórico filosófico de la Atención Centrada en la Familia, desarrollado con 22 profesionales de tres equipos multidisciplinarios de servicios de la Red de Atención de la Salud en un municipio del estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de dos grupos focales con cada equipo y organizados con la ayuda del software Atlas.ti 8 Qualitative Data Analysis ® y sometidos al Análisis de Contenido Temático. Resultados: los hallazgos muestran acciones enfocadas en situaciones específicas, principalmente en las demandas y necesidades que genera el cuidado del niño y su comportamiento atípico. Factores que influyen en la atención a la familia, como la sobrecarga de trabajo y la poca experiencia profesional, revelan las falencias que tiene la asistencia multidisciplinaria y la invisibilidad de la familia como unidad de atención. Conclusión: es necesario examinar el funcionamiento y la forma en que está organizada la red para la atención multidisciplinaria de los niños y sus familias. Se recomienda implementar acciones de educación continua que contribuyan a la capacitación de los equipos multidisciplinarios para la atención a las familias de niños con espectro autista.

Mercurio y trastornos del neurodesarrollo en niños: una revisión sistemática / Mercury and neurodevelopmental disorders in children: A systematic review

El mercurio es un metal tóxico que puede atravesar la placenta y la barrera hematoencefálica, y causar la interrupción de varios procesos celulares. Estudios han investigado la exposición al mercurio y trastornos en el neurodesarrollo, por lo que se requiere un análisis crítico y riguroso de esta evidencia. El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar la evidencia científica disponible sobre los efectos de la exposición al mercurio durante las etapas prenatal y posnatal, y su relación con el desarrollo de trastornos neuroconductuales. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos MEDLINE y ScienceDirect; los resultados se presentaron a través de tablas y síntesis narrativa. Solo 31 estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. En general, la evidencia es limitada sobre los efectos de la exposición al mercurio y trastornos del neurodesarrollo en niños. Entre los posibles efectos reportados, se hallan problemas en el aprendizaje, autismo y trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

Mercury is a toxic metal which can cross the placenta and the blood-brain barrier and cause the disruption of various cellular processes. Studies have investigated mercury exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders; therefore, a critical and rigorous analysis of this evidence is required. The objective of this review was to evaluate the available scientific evidence on the effects of mercury exposure during the prenatal and postnatal periods and its relationship with the development of neurobehavioral disorders. A systematic search of the MEDLINE and ScienceDirect databases was conducted; the results were presented in tables and narrative synthesis. Only 31 studies met the eligibility criteria. Overall, the evidence on the effects of mercury exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children is limited. Learning disabilities, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were some of the reported potential effects.

Concordancia entre el estado nutricional objetivo y percibido por padres de niños con Trastorno de Espectro Autista (TEA) / Concordance between the objective nutritional status and perceived by parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Introducción. El Trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) engloba un grupo de trastornos que afectan el desarrollo infantil. Además del desarrollo neurológico, el aspecto nutricional es uno de los más afectados. En ocasiones esta alteración pasa desapercibida debido a la percepción alterada del estado nutricional (EN) que tienen los progenitores del niño. Objetivo. Determinar la concordancia entre el estado nutricional objetivo y percibido por padres de niños con TEA que asisten a la Asociación Esperanza para el Autismo, en la ciudad de Asunción, de junio a setiembre del 2018. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte trasverso, muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Participaron 29 padres de 29 niños. Se utilizó un cuestionario para determinar hábitos de alimentación. Para determinar la percepción del EN se empleó la Escala de Warschburger-Kröller (2009) y la Children's Body Image Scale (2012) Se evaluó concordancia entre lo percibido y observado mediante el Índice de Kappa. Resultados. Predominó el sexo masculino (86%), y participaron 23 madres. La media de edad de los niños fue de 4,7 años, y de los progenitores 36 años. El 56% de los niños (< 5 años) presentó un estado nutricional adecuado, mientras que el 53% de los mayores de 5 años presentó obesidad. Se observó una ligera concordancia entre la percepción de los padres y el estado nutricional objetivo. Conclusión.la educación nutricional a los padres de niños con TEA es fundamental para mejorar el estado nutricional actual, y permitir una percepción más cercana a la objetiva. Palabras Clave: percepción; niño; estado nutricional; educación especial; trastorno autístico

Introduction. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a group of disorders that affect child development. In addition to neurological development, the nutritional aspect is one of the most affected. Sometimes this alteration goes unnoticed due to the altered perception of the nutritional status that the parents of the child have. Objective.Determine the concordance between the objective nutritional status and that perceived by parents of children with ASD who attend the Esperanza para el Autismo Association, in the city of Asunción, Paraguay, from June to September 2018. Materials and methods. observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, non-probability sampling for convenience. 29 parents of 29 children participated. A questionnaire was used to determine eating habits. To determine the perception of the nutritional status, the Warschburger-Kröller Scale (2009) and the Children's Body Image Scale (2012) were used. Concordance between what was perceived and observed was evaluated using the Kappa Index.Results.the male sex predominated (86%), and 23 mothers participated. The mean age of the children was 4.7 years, and the parents 36 years. 56% of the children (<5 years) presented an adequate nutritional status, while 53% of those older than 5 years presented obesity. A slight concordance was observed between the perception of the parents and the objective nutritional status.Conclusion.nutritional education for parents of children with ASD is essential to improve the current nutritional status, and allow a perception closer to the objective. Key words: hypertension; blood pressure; treatment adherence and compliance; epidemiology

Inhalation of Cananga odorata essential oil relieves anxiety behaviors in autism-like rats via regulation of serotonin and dopamine metabolism / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Anxiety is one of the most common symptoms associated with autistic spectrum disorder. The essential oil of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson, usually known as ylang-ylang oil (YYO), is often used in aromatherapy as a mood-regulating agent, sedative, or hypotensive agent. In the present study, the effects and mechanisms of YYO in alleviating anxiety, social and cognitive behaviors in autism-like rats were investigated.@*METHODS@#The prenatal valproic acid (VPA) model was used to induce autism-like behaviors in offspring rats. The effectiveness of prenatal sodium valproate treatment (600 mg/kg) on offspring was shown by postnatal growth observation, and negative geotaxis, olfactory discrimination and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Then three treatment groups were formed with varying exposure to atomized YYO to explore the effects of YYO on the anxiety, social and cognitive behaviors of the autistic-like offspring through the elevated plus-maze test, three-chamber social test, and MWM test. Finally, the monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and their metabolites, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the rats were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography.@*RESULTS@#Offspring of VPA exposure rats showed autism-like behaviors. In the VPA offspring, medium-dose YYO exposure significantly elevated the time and entries into the open arms in the elevated plus-maze test, while low-dose YYO exposure significantly enhanced the social interaction time with the stranger rat in session 1 of the three-chamber social test. VPA offspring treated with YYO exposure used less time to reach the platform in the navigation test of the MWM test. YYO exposure significantly elevated the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine in the PFC of VPA offspring.@*CONCLUSION@#YYO exposure showed the effects in alleviating anxiety and improving cognitive and social abilities in the offspring of VPA exposure rats. The role of YYO was related to the regulation of the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine. Please cite this article as: Zhang N, Wang ST, Yao L. Inhalation of Cananga odorata essential oil relieves anxiety behaviors in autism-like rats via regulation of serotonin and dopamine metabolism. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(2): 205-214.

A utilização da imitação facial em tarefas de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais / The use of facial mimicry in emotional expressions recognition tasks / El uso de la imitación facial en tareas de reconocimiento de expresiones emocionales

A imitação facial é um comportamento involuntário capaz de facilitar a transmissão de informações não verbais relevantes em diferentes contextos sociais. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a capacidade de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais enquanto o observador tensiona a própria face ou imita a face-alvo. A hipótese utilizada foi a de que indivíduos que tensionam a própria face terão menor probabilidade de acertos na execução das tarefas de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais e aqueles que imitam a expressão terão uma maior probabilidade de acertos na execução das mesmas tarefas. A amostra foi composta por 30 participantes, divididos em dois grupos experimentais: o Grupo Imitação (GI) e o Grupo Ruído (GR), ambos com 18 participantes do sexo feminino e 12 do sexo masculino. O experimento consistiu em apresentar fotos de atores expressando facialmente uma emoção básica por 10 segundos. Neste período, os participantes deveriam, então, observar ou intervir facialmente, imitando ou tensionando a própria face (de acordo com o grupo alocado, Imitação ou Ruído). Após os 10 segundos executando a instrução (observar, imitar ou interferir), o participante deveria responder - entre as opções alegria, tristeza, nojo, raiva, surpresa e medo - a emoção correspondente à imagem. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparadas as tarefas de tensionar ou imitar a face-alvo, sugerindo que a alteração da própria face do observador pode influenciar durante o desempenho de uma tarefa de reconhecimento de emoções em faces.(AU)

Facial mimicry is an involuntary behavior capable of facilitating the transmission of relevant non-verbal information in different social contexts. The present study aimed to analyze the ability to recognize emotional expressions while the observer tenses their own face or imitates the target face. The hypothesis used was that individuals who tension their own face or imitate the expression of facial emotion have less or greater probability of success in performing tasks to recognize emotional expressions on faces, respectively. The sample consisted of 30 participants, divided into two experimental groups: the Imitation Group - GI (18 female participants and 12 male participants) and the Noise Group - GR (18 female participants and 12 male participants). The experiment consisted of presenting pictures of actors facially expressing a basic emotion for 10 seconds; the participants should then observe or intervene facially, imitating or tensing their own face (according to the allocated group, Imitation or Noise). After 10 seconds of executing the instruction (observing, imitating or interfering), the participant should respond - among the options joy, sadness, disgust, anger, surprise and fear - the emotion corresponding to the image. The results showed significant differences when comparing the tasks of tensioning or imitating the target face, suggesting that the alteration of the observer's own face may influence during the performance of a facial emotion recognition task.(AU)

La imitación facial es un comportamiento involuntario capaz de facilitar la transmisión de información no verbal relevante en diferentes contextos sociales. Esto estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la capacidad de reconocer expresiones emocionales mientras el observador tensa su propio rostro o imita el rostro objetivo. Se utilizó la hipótesis de que los individuos que tensan su propio rostro tendrán menor probabilidad de éxito en la realización de tareas de reconocimiento de expresiones emocionales y los individuos que imitan la expresión tendrán una mayor probabilidad de éxito en la realización de las mismas tareas. La muestra estuvo formada por 30 participantes divididos en dos grupos experimentales: el Grupo de Imitación - GI (18 mujeres y 12 hombres) y el Grupo de Ruido - GR (18 mujeres y 12 hombres). El experimento consistió en presentar imágenes de actores expresando facialmente una emoción básica durante 10 segundos; los participantes deberían entonces observar o intervenir facialmente, imitando o tensando su propio rostro (según el grupo asignado, Imitación o Ruido). Después de 10 segundos de ejecutar la instrucción (observar, imitar o interferir), el participante debería responder - entre las opciones de alegría, tristeza, asco, ira, sorpresa y miedo - la emoción correspondiente a la imagen. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas al comparar las tareas de tensar o imitar el rostro objetivo, sugiriendo que la alteración del propio rostro del observador puede influir durante la realización de una tarea de reconocimiento de emociones en rostros.(AU)

Planificación Educacional Individualizado de estudiante con autismo en la universidad / Planejamento educacional individualizado de estudante com autismo na universidade / Individualized educational planning for a university student with autism

Questiona-se sobre o processo inclusivo universitário de estudantes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), visando a permanência e conclusão de curso. O Planejamento Educacional Individualizado (PEI) é uma estratégia de apoio ao estudante com TEA na Educação Básica. O objetivo foi descrever e analisar o desenvolvimento e aplicação do PEI para uma universitária com TEA e comparar desempenho acadêmico antes e depois do PEI. Trata-se de estudo de caso, com avaliações e envolvimento docente. Os resultados descrevem a elaboração e aplicação do PEI com diferenciações na ementa e cronograma das disciplinas cursadas. Anteriormente ao PEI (análise de seis quadrimestres anteriores à pesquisa) a estudante com TEA teve dois trancamentos totais de quadrimestre, quatro reprovações e sete cancelamentos de disciplinas. Após o PEI, análise de três quadrimestres posteriores, a estudante teve um cancelamento de uma disciplina. Os dados evidenciam o PEI enquanto estratégia concreta e eficaz para a permanência da estudante, assim como estratégia viável para formação docente continuada em Educação Especial, no contexto universitário.

Se cuestiona sobre el proceso inclusivo universitario de estudiantes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA), visando la permanencia y conclusión de curso. La Planificación Educacional Individualizada (PEI) es una estrategia de apoyo al estudiante con TEA en la educación básica. El objetivo fue describir y analizar el desarrollo y aplicación del PEI a una universitaria con TEA y comparar desempeño académico antes y después del PEI. Se trata de estudio de caso, con evaluaciones y participación docente. Los resultados describen la elaboración y aplicación del PEI con diferenciales en la propuesta y cronograma de las asignaturas cursadas. Con anterioridad al PEI (análisis de seis cuadrimestres anteriores a la investigación) la estudiante con TEA tuvo dos aplazamientos totales de cuadrimestre, cuatro reprobaciones y sete suspensiones de asignaturas. Tras el PEI, análisis de tres cuadrimestres posteriores, la estudiante tuvo un aplazamiento de una asignatura. Los datos apuntan el PEI como estrategia concreta y eficaz para permanencia de la estudiante, así como una estrategia viable para la formación continua del profesorado de Educación Especial, en el contexto universitario.

Researchers question the inclusive university process of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), aiming at the permanence and completion of the course. Individualized Educational Planning (IEP) is a support strategy for students with ASD in basic education. The objective was to describe and analyze the development and application of the PEI for a university student with ASD and to compare academic performance before and after the PEI. It is a case study, with evaluations and teacher involvement. The results describe the elaboration and application of the PEI with differences in the menu and schedule of the subjects studied. Prior to the PEI (analysis of six four-month periods prior to the survey), the student with ASD had two total withdrawals in the four-month period, four disapprovals and seven cancellations of disciplines. After the PEI, analysis of three subsequent quarters, the student had a discipline canceled. The data evidence the PEI as a concrete and effective strategy for the student's permanence, as well as a viable strategy for continuing teacher training in Special Education, in the university context.

Uma abordagem moebiana dos processos de exclusão e inclusão: diálogos entre psicanálise e educação / Una perspectiva moebiana a los procesos de exclusión e inclusión: diálogos entre pscioanálisis y educación / A Moebian approach to exclusion and inclusion processes: dialogues between psychoanalysis and education / Une approche moebienne des processus d'exclusion et d'inclusion: dialogues entre la psychanalyse et l'éducation

Neste texto, tensionamos analisar os efeitos produzidos pelos discursos das políticas públicas brasileiras direcionadas à "perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva", buscando problematizar os ideais inclusivos a partir do par de significantes inclusão e exclusão. Para tanto, recorremos a argumentos psicanalíticos, em especial, à figura topológica da fita moebiana, considerando que ela permite estabelecer uma relação de continuidade entre exclusão e inclusão, política e psicanálise. Em um segundo movimento, dialogamos com narrativas de duas professoras do Ensino Fundamental que compartilharam conosco impasses e invenções decorrentes dos seus encontros com alunos autistas. Consideramos a importância de uma educação para todos, em uma perspectiva política e, a partir do aporte psicanalítico, problematizamos a inclusão como um processo não-todo que precisa contemplar as singularidades dos sujeitos-alunos e dos sujeitos-professores

En este texto, analizamos los efectos producidos por los discursos de las políticas públicas brasileñas dirigidas a la "Perspectiva de la Educación Inclusiva", buscando problematizar los ideales inclusivos a partir del par de significantes inclusión y exclusión. Para ello, recurrimos a argumentos psicoanalíticos, en particular, a la figura topológica de la cinta moebiana, por considerar que permite establecer una relación de continuidad entre exclusión e inclusión, política y psicoanálisis. En un segundo movimiento, dialogamos con las narrativas de dos profesoras de Enseñanza Primaria que nos compartieron problemas e invenciones producto de sus encuentros con alumnos autistas. Consideramos la importancia de una educación para todos, en una perspectiva política y, a partir del aporte psicoanalítico, problematizamos la inclusión como un proceso de no-todo necesita contemplar las singularidades de los sujetos-alumnos y de los sujetos-profesores

This paper brings about the effects produced by the discourses of Brazilian public policies aimed at the "Perspective of Inclusive Education", seeking to problematize the ideals for inclusion stemming from the significant pair inclusion and exclusion. In doing so, we resorted to psychoanalytical arguments, especially the topological figure of the Moebian ribbon, considering that it allows establishing a relationship of continuity between exclusion and inclusion, politics, and psychoanalysis. In doing so, we firstly resorted to psychoanalytical arguments, especially the topological figure of the Moebian ribbon, considering that it allows establishing a relationship of continuity between exclusion and inclusion, politics, and psychoanalysis. Secondly, we worked with narratives of two elementary school teachers who shared with us impasses and inventions resulting from their encounters with autistic students. From a political perspective, we consider the importance of education for all, and, from the psychoanalytical standpoint, we problematized inclusion as an incomplete process that needs to contemplate the singularities of students and teachers as subjects

Dans ce texte, nous soulignons les effets produits par les discours des politiques publiques brésiliennes dirigées vers la « perspective de l'éducation inclusive ¼, cherchant à problématiser les idéaux inclusifs de la paireformée par les signifiants inclusion et exclusion. Pour ce faire, nous recourons à des arguments psychanalytiques, en particulier à la figure topologique du ruban de Möbius, considérant qu'elle permet d'établir une relation de continuité entre l'exclusion et l'inclusion, la politique et la psychanalyse. Dans un deuxième mouvement, nous avons dialogué avec les récits de deux enseignantes du primaire qui nous ont fait part d'impasses et d'inventions issues de leurs rencontres avec des élèves autistes. Nous considérons l'importance d'une éducation pour tous, d'un point de vue politique et, d'un point de vue psychanalytique, nous problématisons l'inclusion comme un processus non-tout et qui doit prendre en compte les singularités des sujets-élèves et des sujets-enseignants

Fatores relacionados à funcionalidade da comunicação social em crianças com transtorno do espectro do autismo: estudo preliminar / Factors related to social communication functionality in children with autism spectrum disorder: a preliminary study

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a associação entre funcionalidade da comunicação social de crianças com transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) segundo aspectos sociodemográficos, atos comunicativos, gravidade do TEA e percepção da família. Métodos trata-se da etapa piloto de um estudo observacional analítico de recorte transversal. Crianças com TEA foram avaliadas e seus cuidadores foram entrevistados. As variáveis analisadas foram: gravidade do TEA, aspectos socioeconômicos, atos comunicativos, dificuldades comunicativas e a classificação de funcionalidade da comunicação social. Para as análises de associação foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados foram avaliadas 16 crianças com idade entre 3 e 10 anos. Os participantes incluídos no estudo apresentaram níveis medianos de funcionalidade da comunicação social. As crianças com mais dificuldades na comunicação social foram as que os cuidadores afirmaram ter a impressão de que as pessoas zombavam delas. Não houve associação em relação à funcionalidade da comunicação e aspectos socioeconômicos, gravidade do TEA e atos comunicativos por minuto. Conclusão este estudo faz a triangulação entre a funcionalidade da comunicação de crianças com TEA com fatores ambientais e sociais. Crianças com TEA em atendimento ambulatorial em serviço especializado apresentaram níveis intermediários em comunicação social. As dificuldades na aceitação e inclusão social são mais observadas em crianças com TEA com maiores déficits de comunicação.

ABSTRACT Purpose to analyze the association between social communication functionality in children with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to sociodemographic aspects, communicative acts, severity of ASD and family perception. Methods this is the pilot stage of a cross-sectional analytical observational study. Children with ASD were evaluated and their caregivers were interviewed. The variables analyzed were ASD severity, socioeconomic aspects, communicative acts, communicative difficulties and the classification of functionality of social communication. For association analyses, the Pearson and Kruskal-Wallis chi-square tests were used. Results Sixteen children aged between 3 and 10 years were evaluated. The participants included in the study presented median levels of social communication functionality. The children with the greatest social communication difficulties were the ones caregivers had the impression other people made fun of . There was no association regarding communication functionality and socioeconomic aspects, ASD severity and communicative acts per minute. Conclusion This study triangulates the communication functionality of children with ASD with environmental and social factors. Children with ASD in outpatient care at a specialized service showed intermediate levels of social communication. Difficulties in acceptance and social inclusion are more commonly observed in children with ASD with greater communication deficits.

Psicólogas(os) no sistema educacional de Boa Vista/Roraima: concepções, práticas e desafios / Psychologists in the educational system of Boa Vista/Roraima: conceptions, practices and challenges / Psicólogas(os) en el sistema educativo de Boa Vista/Roraima: concepciones, prácticas y retos

O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a atuação de psicólogas(os) no campo da educação básica. Tivemos como objetivo investigar as práticas de atuação e os desafios enfrentados pelas(os) psicólogas(os) que trabalham na educação em Boa Vista (RR), com intuito de conhecer a inserção desses profissionais no sistema educacional. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, orientada pelo referencial teórico-metodológico da Psicologia Escolar Crítica. Realizamos o processo de levantamento dos dados entre os meses de março e abril de 2018, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, audiogravadas e transcritas. Encontramos 21 psicólogas e um psicólogo trabalhando em instituições educacionais e de ensino na cidade; a maioria atuava na educação básica; metade dos entrevistados ingressou por concurso público e a outra metade era contratada e comissionada; poucos(as) foram contratados(as) como psicólogos(as) escolares. Para a análise, selecionamos dez psicólogas(os) com mais tempo no cargo. Quanto às práticas de atuação, identificamos que 60% atuavam na modalidade clínica e 40% na modalidade clínica e institucional. Como desafios, encontramos melhoria das condições de trabalho; estabelecimento de relações hierárquicas e a dificuldade de fazer compreender as especificidades desse campo de trabalho; necessidade na melhoria das condições para formação continuada; atuação da(o) psicóloga(o) escolar enquanto ação institucional. Diante do exposto, compreendemos ser necessária uma mudança de paradigma na atuação das(os) psicólogas(os) que trabalham na educação na região, e a apropriação das discussões da área, principalmente, aquelas apresentadas pela Psicologia Escolar Crítica, vez que esta contribui para uma atuação que leve em conta os determinantes sociais, políticos, culturais e pedagógicos que constituem o processo de escolarização.(AU)

This work has as object of study the role of psychologists in the field of Basic Education. We aimed to investigate practices and challenges faced by psychologists who work in education in Boa Vista/RR, to know the insertion of these professionals in the educational system. This is a qualitative research, guided by the theoretical-methodological framework of Critical School Psychology. The data collection process was carried out between March and April 2018, with semi-structured, audio-recorded, and transcribed interviews. We found 21 female psychologists and one male psychologist working in educational institutions in the municipality; most worked in Basic Education; half of the interviewees had applied to work as government employee and the other half were hired and commissioned; few were hired as school psychologists. To carry out the analysis, we selected ten psychologists with more time in the position. Regarding the practices, we have identified that 60% worked in the clinical modality and 40% in the clinical and institutional modality. As challenges, we find the improvement in working conditions; the establishment of hierarchical relationships and the difficulty of making the specificities of this field of work understood; the need to improve conditions for continuing education; the practice of the school psychologist as institutional action. In view of the above, we understand that a paradigm shift in the performance of psychologists working in education in that region is necessary, and the appropriation of discussions in the area, especially those presented by Critical School Psychology, contributes to an action that considers social, political, cultural, and pedagogical determinants that constitute the schooling process.(AU)

Este trabajo tiene como objeto de estudio la actuación profesional de las(os) psicólogas(os) en la educación básica. Su objetivo es investigar las prácticas y retos que enfrentan las(os) psicólogas(os) que trabajan en la educación en Boa Vista, en Roraima (Brasil), con la intención de conocer la inserción de estos profesionales en el sistema educativo. Esta es una investigación cualitativa que se guía por el marco teórico-metodológico de la Psicología Escolar Crítica. Se recopilaron los datos entre los meses de marzo y abril de 2018, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, grabadas en audio y después transcritas. Las 21 psicólogas y un psicólogo trabajan en instituciones educativas de la ciudad; la mayoría trabajaba en la educación básica; la mitad de los entrevistados ingresaron mediante concurso público y la otra mitad era contratada y de puesto comisionado; pocos fueron contratados como psicólogos escolares. Para el análisis, se seleccionaron diez psicólogas(os) con más tiempo en el cargo. Con respecto a las prácticas, el 60% trabajaba en la modalidad clínica; y el 40%, en la modalidad clínica e institucional. Los retos son mejora de las condiciones laborales; establecimiento de relaciones jerárquicas y dificultad para comprender las especificidades de este campo de trabajo; necesidad de mejorar las condiciones para la educación continua; y actuación dela (del) psicóloga(o) escolar como acción institucional. En vista de lo anterior, es necesario el cambio de paradigma en la práctica profesional de las(os) psicólogas(os) que trabajan en la educación de la región y la apropiación de las discusiones del área, especialmente las presentadas por la Psicología Escolar Crítica, que contribuye a una acción que tiene en cuenta los determinantes sociales, políticos, culturales y pedagógicos que constituyen el proceso de escolarización.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo de caracterização epidemiológica de queixa, diagnóstico e população pouco explorados num serviço de urgência de psiquiatria da infância e adolescência / Retrospective study of the epidemiological characterization of little explored complaints, diagnoses and population in a child and adolescent psychiatry emergency service

Introdução: A prevalência de transtornos mentais na população pediátrica é presumida em 13,4%. Porém, apenas um em cada seis recebe tratamento apropriado, evidenciando a lacuna entre necessidade e acesso à assistência. Isso resulta em maior risco para situações de crise psicossocial, especialmente entre aqueles em situações de vulnerabilidade com acesso limitado a recursos de tratamento. Diante da diversidade de temas no cenário de urgência em psiquiatria da infância e adolescência (PIA), nosso estudo escolhe tópicos menos explorados, visando compreender fatores sociodemográficos que levam essa população ao serviço de urgência de PIA. Objetivos: Caracterização epidemiológica de queixa (irritabilidade e uso de substâncias), diagnóstico (Autismo) e população (adolescentes em medidas socioeducativas) pouco explorados num serviço de urgência de PIA. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado pela análise de prontuários dos pacientes, de até 18 anos, atendidos no período de 01 de junho de 2017 a 31 de maio de 2018 na urgência de PIA de um serviço de Belo Horizonte. Resultados: Agressividade, agitação e irritabilidade foram as queixas mais comuns no atendimento de urgência. A irritabilidade esteve associada ao diagnóstico de transtorno de humor sem especificação no atendimento de urgência. Transtorno do Espectro Autista foi o único diagnóstico associado à busca de atendimento por irritabilidade, com taxa de primodiagnóstico de 23% e em idade tardia. O uso de maconha, cocaína e álcool foi comum entre os pacientes atendidos na urgência, e a depressão foi o diagnóstico mais relacionado ao uso de substâncias (SPA). 24,8% dos atendimentos com relato de uso de SPA envolviam adolescentes em medidas socioeducativas (SE). Estes, frequentemente relataram vivências traumáticas e maior chance de quadros de transtornos relacionados ao estresse, de conduta e por uso de SPA. Conclusões: Os achados reforçam a hipótese de que as unidades de urgência podem servir como ponto inicial de diagnóstico e acesso de crianças e adolescentes com transtornos mentais, destacando possíveis lacunas na atenção básica. As unidades de SE parecem precisar aprimorar a abordagem de questões ligadas ao uso de SPA. Compreender as características da população que frequenta a urgência de PIA permite debater estratégias para prevenção e tratamento de transtornos com impacto na rede de cuidados da infância e adolescência.

Introduction: The prevalence of mental disorders in the pediatric population is estimated at 13.4%. However, only one in every six individuals receives adequate treatment, highlighting the gap between necessity and access to care. This disparity results in an elevated risk for psychosocial crisis situations, particularly among those in vulnerable circumstances with limited access to treatment resources. Given the diversity of issues in the context of child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) emergencies, our study focuses on less explored topics, aiming to comprehend the sociodemographic factors that lead this population to seek urgent care in CAP settings. Objectives: Epidemiological characterization of underexplored complaints (Irritability and Substance Use), diagnosis (Autism) and population (Adolescents imprisoned) in a CAP emergency service. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study conducted through the analysis of medical records of patients, up to 18 years, attended at the CAP emergency department of a facility in Belo Horizonte, during the period from June 1, 2017, to May 31, 2018. Results: Aggressiveness, agitation and irritability were the most frequent complaints in emergency care. Irritability was associated with the diagnosis of unspecified mood disorder in the clinical setting. Autism Spectrum Disorder was the only pre-existing diagnosis associated with seeking care due to irritability, with a first-diagnosis rate of 23%, occurring later in age. The use of marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol was prevalent among patients attending the emergency department, with depression being the diagnosis most closely linked to the substance use (SU). Among cases involving reported of SU, 24.8% involved adolescents within socio-educational measures (SE), who often reported traumatic experiences. This group also exhibited higher likelihood of stress-related disorders, conduct disorders, and SU-related conditions. Conclusions: The findings reinforce the hypothesis that emergency units can serve as an initial point of contact for children and adolescents with mental disorders, highlighting potential gaps in primary care. SE units demonstrated a need for improvement in addressing issues related to SU. By comprehending the population frequenting the CAP emergency department, it becomes possible to discuss strategies for the prevention and treatment of disorders with impacts on the childhood and adolescence care network.

Orientação a pais por chamadas de áudio durante a pandemia de covid-19 / Support for parents via audio calls during the covid-19 pandemic / Orientación de los padres mediante llamadas de audio durante la pandemia de covid-19

O distanciamento social ocasionado pela pandemia de Covid-19 levou a profundas mudanças na rotina das famílias com crianças pequenas, aumentando o estresse no ambiente doméstico. Este estudo analisou a experiência de planejamento e implementação de um projeto de extensão universitária que ofereceu orientação a pais com filhos de 0 a 11 anos por meio de chamadas de áudio durante a pandemia. O protocolo de atendimento foi desenvolvido para atender às necessidades de famílias de baixa renda e listava problemas específicos relacionados ao confinamento em casa e ao fechamento das escolas seguidos por uma variedade de estratégias de enfrentamento. A análise de 223 queixas relatadas pelos usuários em 130 ligações revelou que 94% dos problemas referidos pelos pais foram contemplados pelo protocolo de atendimento e estavam relacionados aos problemas externalizantes (39%) ou internalizantes (26%) das crianças ou ao declínio do bem-estar subjetivo dos pais (29%). Serviços de apoio devem orientar os pais quanto ao uso de práticas responsivas e assertivas que promovam o bem-estar emocional da criança e estabeleçam expectativas comportamentais em contextos estressantes. A diminuição dos conflitos entre pais e filhos resultante do uso dessas estratégias tende a reduzir o sofrimento dos pais, aumentando sua sensação de bem-estar subjetivo. Recomenda-se ampla divulgação dessas iniciativas e seguimento dos casos.(AU)

The social distancing the COVID-19 pandemic entailed has led to profound changes in the routine of families with young children, increasing stress in the home environment. This study analyzed the experience of planning and implementing a university extension program that offered support to parents with children from 0 to 11 years old via audio calls during the COVID-19 pandemic. The service protocol was developed to meet the needs of low-income families and listed specific problems related to home confinement and school closure followed by a variety of coping strategies. The analysis of 223 complaints reported by users in 130 calls revealed that 94% of the problems reported by parents were addressed by the protocol and were related to children's externalizing (39%) or internalizing (26%) problems or to the decline in parents' subjective well-being (29%). Support services should guide parents on the use of responsive and assertive practices that promote the child's emotional well-being and set behavioral expectations in stressful contexts. The reduction in conflicts between parents and children resulting from the use of these strategies tends to reduce parents' suffering, increasing their sense of subjective well-being. Wide dissemination of these initiatives and case follow-up are recommended.(AU)

La distancia social causada por la pandemia de COVID-19 condujo a cambios profundos en la rutina de las familias con niños pequeños, aumentando el estrés en el entorno del hogar. Este estudio analizó la experiencia de planificar e implementar un proyecto de extensión universitaria que ofreció orientación a los padres con niños de cero a 11 años a través de llamadas de audio durante la pandemia COVID-19. El protocolo de atención se desarrolló para satisfacer las necesidades de las familias de bajos ingresos y enumeró problemas específicos relacionados con el confinamiento en el hogar y el cierre de la escuela, seguido de una variedad de estrategias de afrontamiento. El análisis de 223 quejas informadas por los usuarios en 130 llamadas reveló que el 94% de los problemas informados por los padres fueron abordados por el protocolo de atención y estaban relacionados con los problemas de externalización (39%) o internalización (26%) de los niños o la disminución del bienestar subjetivo de los padres (29%). Los servicios de apoyo deberían aconsejar a los padres sobre el uso de prácticas receptivas y asertivas que promuevan el bienestar emocional del niño y establezcan expectativas de comportamiento en contextos estresantes. La reducción de los conflictos entre padres e hijos como resultado del uso de estas estrategias tiende a reducir el sufrimiento de los padres, aumentando su sensación de bienestar subjetivo. Se recomienda una amplia difusión de estas iniciativas y seguimiento de casos.(AU)

Clinical characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study of cases attended at three centers specializing in neurodevelopmental disorders in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Context and objective. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are poorly studied. The aim of the present study was to describe the socio demographic and clinical characteristics of children with autism and to identify associated factors. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of children with ASD attended at three specialized centers in Kinshasa. We confirmed a ASD diagnosis through clinical observation using Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders four Text Revision (DSM-VI-TR) criteria and standardized autism diagnostic tools. We analyzed socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and main comorbidities of ASD. The comparison of proportions was done using Pearson's chi-square test. One-way ANOVAs were calculated to test differences in averages. Results. A total of 120 children (72.5 % male) were examined. Their mean age at diagnosis was 7.83 ± 3.4 years, while parents were alerted at 1.8 ±0.78 years. Language delays were the main alert sign (54%) and the main symptom (62%). Social interaction disorders (11.7 %) were underreported by parents. The core signs of ASD were disorders of social interaction (90.5%), behavior (80%) and language (62.5%). The main ASD symptoms were associated with epilepsy(p=0.027), cerebral palsy (p=0.026) and hearing impairment (p=0.045). Conclusion. The diagnostic and language delay co-occurring with epilepsy and hearing impairment are the main clinical features of autism in the DRC. This study suggests that screening children for autism and its main comorbidities using a multidisciplinary approach should be a priority in Kinshasa.

"Amanhã você estará aqui?" O trabalho com objetos em uma instituição para crianças com dificuldades no laço social / « Est-ce que demain tu seras là? ¼ Le travail à partir des objets dans une institution pour enfants en difficulté au niveau du ien social / "Will you be here tomorrow?" The work with objects in an institution for children with social bond difficulties / "¿Estarás aquí mañana?"El trabajo con los objetos en una institución para niños con dificultades en el lazo social

Este artigo trata de uma experiência institucional de estágio no Institut Médico Pédagogique Notre Dame de la Sagesse, também conhecido como Le Courtil. O Courtil é uma instituição belga que acolhe crianças e jovens com impasses no laço social. A partir do caso clínico de uma garota de oito anos, discute-se a importância dos objetos para a invenção e o tratamento que o sujeito dá ao real. Demonstra-se que o tratamento é um trabalho singular realizado pelo sujeito em parceria com os interventores. A prática entre vários e a transferência são colocadas em evidência como dispositivos que favorecem esse trabalho

Cet article est à propos d'une expérience institutionnel de stage à l'Institut Médico Pédagogique Notre Dame de la Sagesse, connu comme Le Courtil. Le Courtil est une institution belge qui accueille des enfants et des jeunes en difficultéau niveau du lien social. À partir d'un cas clinique d'une fille de huit ans, on discute l'importance des objets pour l'invention et pour le traitement du réel donné par le sujet. On démontre que le traitement est un travail singulier réalisé par le sujet en partenariat avec des intervenants. La pratique à plusieurs et le transfert sont mis en avant comme dispositifs qui favorisent ce travail

This article is about an internship experience that took place at the Institut Médico Pédagogique Notre Dame de la Sagesse, known as Le Courtil. Le Courtil is a Belgian institution dedicated to the reception and treatment ofchildren and young people with social bond difficulties. Based on a clinical case of an eight-year-old girl, the importance of objects for the invention and treatment of the real given by the subject is discussed. It is shown that the treatment is a singular work carried out by the subject in partnership with intervening parties. The multi-person practice and the transfer are put forward as devices that favour this work

Este artículo trata de una experiencia de pasantía institucional en el Institut Médico Pédagogique Notre Dame de la Sagesse, también conocido como Le Courtil. Le Courtil es una institución belga que acoge a niños y jóvenes con impasses en el lazo social. A partir del caso clínico de una niña de ocho años, se discute la importancia de los objetos para la invención y el tratamiento que el sujeto hace de lo real. Se demuestra que el tratamiento es un trabajo único realizado por el sujeto en compañía de los interventores. La práctica entre varios y la transferencia se destacan como dispositivos que favorecen este trabajo

Características socioeconômicas, demográficas e nutricionais de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista / Socioeconomic, demographic and nutritional characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder

Introdução: O transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) é um grupo de desordens neurocomportamentais de grande complexidade. Ao longo dos anos, um número crescente de pessoas vem apresentando o diagnóstico. No Brasil, ainda há poucos estudos sobre o perfil nutricional desse grupo populacional. Objetivo: Traçar o perfil socioeconômico, demográfico, antropométrico e consumo alimentar de crianças com TEA de um movimento social de Macaé, Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo do tipo exploratório, descritivo, quantitativo, de base primária, no período entre março e junho de 2020, com 92 crianças entre 2 e 9 anos e suas respectivas mães vinculadas ao movimento social de Macaé. Utilizaram-se dois questionários, o primeiro semiestruturado contendo variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, clínicas e antropométricas; e o segundo estruturado sobre consumo alimentar. As variáveis contínuas foram descritas por média, desvio-padrão, e as variáveis categóricas como proporção (%). Para verificar a significância das diferenças encontradas nas respostas por grupos e categorias, foi utilizado o teste estatístico qui-quadrado. Utilizou-se o pvalor <0,05 para significância estatística. Resultados: A maioria das crianças era do sexo masculino (81,5%) e não estava alfabetizada (75,0%). Detectaram-se 53,5% crianças com excesso de peso para a idade, segundo IMC por idade, e 91,1% com estatura adequada, segundo estatura por idade. Das 59 crianças avaliadas quanto ao consumo alimentar, 78,0% consumiram feijão no dia anterior; 57,6% frutas frescas e 54,2% vegetais e/ou legumes; 59,3% bebidas adoçadas e 37,3% doces. Conclusão: O excesso de peso e o consumo de marcadores de alimentos não saudáveis foram elevados no grupo avaliado.

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ADS) is a group of highly complex disorders. Over the years, there has been a growing number of ADS-diagnosed persons. In Brazil, there are few studies on the nutritional profile of this population. Objective: To describe the socioeconomic, demographic, anthropometric characteristics and food consumption of children with ADS from a social movement in Macaé, Rio de Janeiro. Methods: An exploratory, descriptive, quantitative, primary research was carried out between March and June 2020, with 92 children aged 2 to 9 years and their respective mothers, members of the social movement in Macaé. Two questionnaires were used: the first was semi-structured containing socioeconomic, demographic clinical and anthropometric variables; the second, a structured questionnaire about foods consumption. The continuous variables were described as means, standard deviation, and the categorical variables as proportion (%). To determine the significance of the differences found in the responses by groups and categories, the chi-square test was used. P-value <0.05 was used for statistical significance. Results: Most children were male (81.5%) and illiterate (75.0%). It was found that 53.5% of the children were overweight, according to the BMI for age, and 91.1% had adequate height for age. Out of 59 children assessed for foods intake, 78.0% ate beans the day before the interview; 57.6% ate fresh fruits, and 54.2% vegetables; 59.3% consumed sweetened drinks and 37.3%, sweets. Conclusion: Overweight and markers of unhealthy eating habits were high for he assessed group.

A nutrição no transtorno do espectro autista: benefícios de intervenções dietéticas na infância / Nutrition in autism spectrum disorder benefits of dietary interventions in childhood / Nutrición en el trastorno del espectro autista: beneficios de las intervenciones dietéticas en la infância

Objetivo: Conduzir uma revisão de literatura com foco na busca de intervenções nutricionais em pacientes pediátricos que apresentam transtorno do espectro autista (TEA). Método: Tratase de uma revisão narrativa realizada entre dezembro de 2022 a janeiro de 2023 nas bases de dados eletrônicas: nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS e Google Acadêmico por meio dos descritores de assunto: transtorno do espectro autista, TEA, autismo, nutrição, terapia nutricional, pediatria, criança, adolescente. Resultados: O uso de dietas contendo nutrientes específicos, além da utilização de suplementos nutricionais, como vitaminas, minerais, ácidos graxos ômega-3 são abordados de forma fornecer evidências atualizadas sobre sua utilização. Conclusão: o uso de intervenções nutricionais pode melhorar algumas questões observadas em pacientes pediátricos com TEA e propiciar uma vida com maior qualidade, garantindo que as necessidades nutricionais da criança sejam atingidas para a promoção do crescimento e desenvolvimento.

Objective: To conduct a literature review focusing on the search for nutritional interventions in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method: This is a narrative review conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 in the electronic databases: in the databases MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS and Google Scholar through the subject descriptors: autism spectrum disorder, ASD, autism, nutrition, nutritional therapy, pediatrics, child, adolescent. Results: The use of diets containing specific nutrients, in addition to the use of nutritional supplements such as vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids are addressed in order to provide updated evidence on their use. Conclusion: the use of nutritional interventions can improve some issues observed in pediatric patients with ASD and provide a higher quality of life, ensuring that the nutritional needs of the child are met to promote growth and development.

Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica centrada en la búsqueda de intervenciones nutricionales en pacientes pediátricos con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Método: Se trata de una revisión narrativa realizada entre diciembre de 2022 y enero de 2023 en las bases de datos electrónicas: en las bases de datos MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS y Google Scholar a través de los descriptores temáticos: trastorno del espectro autista, TEA, autismo, nutrición, terapia nutricional, pediatría, niño, adolescente. Resultados: Se aborda el uso de dietas que contienen nutrientes específicos, además del uso de suplementos nutricionales como vitaminas, minerales, ácidos grasos omega-3 con el fin de proporcionar evidencia actualizada sobre su uso. Conclusión: el uso de intervenciones nutricionales puede mejorar algunos problemas observados en pacientes pediátricos con TEA y proporcionar una mayor calidad de vida, asegurando que se satisfagan las necesidades nutricionales del niño para promover el crecimiento y el desarrollo.

Early death and causes of death of patients with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review / 北京大学学报(医学版)

To study of premature/early death of autistic patients from the perspective of life course can help families, medical institutions and policy makers better deal with the adverse effects of autism. Several studies have shown that autistic patients have a high risk of death, however, the results are still inconsistent. To assess the risk of mortality among the autistic patients, we undertook a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE databases. This paper reviewed the studies on the negative disease outcomes of autism spectrum disorders, including the risk of death, causes of death and several research hotspots in this field. Strict inclusion/exclusion criteria were used. Information was extracted from selected papers, tabulated and synthesized. In the study, 15 studies were included, with a total of 216 045 individuals. The main outcome was all-cause mortality in association with autism and the secondary outcome was cause-specific mortality. The results showed that all-cause mortality was higher for the autistic patients (RR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.98-2.72, I2=87.1%, P < 0.001). Risk ratio showed a greater inequality for female than male (male: RR=2.00, 95%CI: 1.57-2.55, I2=93.2%, P < 0.001; female: RR=4.66, 95%CI: 3.30-6.58, I2=92.0%, P < 0.001). Compared with the unnatural death, the risk of natural death was higher (RR=3.44, 95%CI: 1.27-9.26, I2=80.2%, P=0.025). As autism had many comorbidities, which would bring more health risks and natural deaths possibilities. There were some structural differences in unnatural death. Accidental injury death and suicide were two kinds of causes. Lacking social skills would weaken the ability to ask for help when encountering injuries. This paper put forward some suggestions for futures. First, to well study the comorbidity can reduce the risk of death from a medical point of view. Second, the scientists and policymakers should pay attention to the social environment and provide a safer environment for the autistic patients. Third, for women and for adolescents without cognitive impairment, due to their high risk of suicide, the society should provide them with more supportive social networks and improve their life satisfaction. Fourth, it is necessary to balance the rehabilitation resources in various regions in China and provide more high-quality lifelong rehabilitation monitoring and care services.

Analysis of NOVA2 gene variant in a child with Neurodevelopmental disorder with or without autistic features and/or structural brain abnormalities / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis for a child with Neurodevelopmental disorder with or without autistic features and/or structural brain abnormalities (NEDASB).@*METHODS@#A child with NEDASB who presented at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in July 2021 was selected as the subject. Peripheral blood samples of the child and her parents were collected and subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.@*RESULTS@#The child was found to harbor a heterozygous c.820_828delinsCTTCA (p.Thr274Leufs*121) variant of the NOVA2 gene, for which both of her parents were of wild type. The variant was predicted as pathogenic based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics.@*CONCLUSION@#The heterozygous c.820_828delinsCTTCA (p.Thr274Leufs*121) variant of the NOVA2 gene probably underlay the disease in this child. Above finding has enriched the spectrum of NOVA2 gene variants and provided a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for this family.

Re-evaluation of systematic reviews of acupuncture and moxibustion for childhood autism / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To re-evaluate the systematic review/Meta-analysis of acupuncture and moxibustion for childhood autism (CA), aiming to provide decision-making basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.@*METHODS@#The systematic review and/or Meta-analysis of acupuncture and moxibustion for CA were searched in PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases. The retrieval time was from the database establishment to May 5th, 2022. PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-analyses) was used to evaluate the report quality, and AMSTAR 2 (a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews 2) was used to evaluate the methodological quality, bubble map was used to construct the evidence map and GRADE was used to evaluate the quality of evidence.@*RESULTS@#A total of 9 systematic reviews were included. The PRISMA scores ranged from 13 to 26. The report quality was low, and there was a serious lack in the aspects of program and registration, search, other analysis and funding. The main problems in methodology included not making prespecified protocol, incomplete retrieval strategy, not providing a list of excluded literatures, and incomplete explanation on heterogeneity analysis and bias risk. The evidence map showed that 6 conclusions were valid, 2 conclusions were possible valid and 1 conclusion was uncertain valid. The overall quality of evidence was low, and the main factors leading to the downgrade were limitations, followed by inconsistency, imprecision and publication bias.@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture and moxibustion has a certain effect for CA, but the quality of reporting, methodology and evidence in included literature need to be improved. It is suggested to perform high-quality and standardized research in the future to provide evidence-based basis.

Leaky Gut Plays a Critical Role in the Pathophysiology of Autism in Mice by Activating the Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Toll-Like Receptor 4-Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Pathway / 神经科学通报·英文版

Increased intestinal barrier permeability, leaky gut, has been reported in patients with autism. However, its contribution to the development of autism has not been determined. We selected dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to disrupt and metformin to repair the intestinal barrier in BTBR T+tf/J autistic mice to test this hypothesis. DSS treatment resulted in a decreased affinity for social proximity; however, autistic behaviors in mice were improved after the administration of metformin. We found an increased affinity for social proximity/social memory and decreased repetitive and anxiety-related behaviors. The concentration of lipopolysaccharides in blood decreased after the administration of metformin. The expression levels of the key molecules in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and their downstream inflammatory cytokines in the cerebral cortex were both repressed. Thus, "leaky gut" could be a trigger for the development of autism via activation of the lipopolysaccharide-mediated TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway.

Alteraciones del sueño en niños con trastorno del espectro autista y su afectación individual y familiar. Un estudio observacional de centro único en México / Sleep disturbances in children with autism spectrum disorder and their individual and family affectation. A single-center observational study in Mexico

Introducción: Los trastornos del sueño en niños, tienen un impacto en el desarrollo, afecta el comportamiento, el estado de ánimo, las funciones cognitivas, disminuyendo la atención selectiva y la memoria. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las alteraciones del sueño en niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), su afectación individual y familiar en el Centro Regional de Autismo Delicias Chihuahua. Métodos: El presente estudio transversal, incluye niños con TEA en quienes se determinó alguna alteración del sueño y se buscó su relación con la afectación individual y familiar, además se evaluaron, edad, sexo, grado escolar, nivel funcional de TEA, afectaciones familiares. Se aplicó el cuestionario de cribado del sueño en niños con TEA, el cuestionario adaptado para niños con TEA -BRUNI y el cuestionario de satisfacción sobre las actividades de los padres, cuidadores primarios y familiares de primera línea. Se usa estadística descriptiva y en un segundo análisis se usa Razón de Momios de Prevalencia (RMP). Resultados: Se analizan 57 pacientes, 43 (75.4%) hombres, 28 (49.1%) en grado 1 de nivel funcional TEA, 16 (28.1%) tenían mal desempeño individual, 56 (98.2%) sus familiares referían mal desempeño, 43 (75.4%) tenían alteraciones del sueño. Los niños preescolares tienen 2.5 veces riesgo de tener afec-tación individual. Los pacientes en nivel funcional TEA grado 3 tienen 2.15 veces riesgo de tener afectación individual. Los que despiertan cansados tienen 5.93 veces riesgo de tener afectación individual. Conclusión: La afectación familiar del desempeño es mucho mayor a la afectación individual de los niños con TEA, lo cual genera alteraciones en la dinámica familiar.

Introduction: Sleep disorders in children impact development, affecting behavior, mood, and cognitive functions and decreasing selective attention and memory. This study aimed to determine sleep disturbances in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their individual and family involvement at the Delicias Chihuahua Regional Autism Center. Methods: This cross-sectional study included children with ASD in whom some sleep disturbance was determined, and its relationship with individual and family affectation was sought; in addition, age, sex, school grade, functional level of ASD, and family affectations were evaluated. The sleep screening questionnaire for children with ASD, the adapted questionnaire for children with ASD -BRUNI, and the satisfaction questionnaire on the activities of parents, primary caregivers, and first-line family members were applied. Descriptive statistics were used, and the prevalence odds ratio (MPR) was used in a second analysis. Results: A total of 57 patients were analyzed; 43 (75.4%) were men, 28 (49.1%) were at the grade 1 ASD functional lev-el, 16 (28.1%) had poor individual performance, 56 (98.2%) their relatives reported poor performance, and 43 (75.4%) had sleep disturbances. Preschool children have a 2.5 times higher risk of having individual involvement. Patients in functional level ASD grade 3 have a 2.15 times higher risk of having individual involvement. Those who wake up tired have a 5.93 times higher risk of having individual involvement. Conclusion: The family affectation of performance is much greater than the personal affectation of children with ASD, which generates changes in family dynamics.