Calidad de vida posterior a reconstrucción de vía biliar / Quality of life of patients who underwent a bile duct reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Bile duct reconstruction (BDR) secondary to bile duct injury during cholecystectomy (BDIC) is a complex surgery, and an important issue is the quality of life (QL) after the procedure. AIM: To compare the QL of a cohort of patients who underwent BDR due to BDIC with a cohort of patients who underwent a cholecystectomy without incidents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cohort was composed of 32 patients aged 47 ± 18 years (78% women) who underwent BDR due to BDIC. For purposes of comparison, a cohort of patients who underwent a cholecystectomy without incident was chosen. These cohorts were paired 1:1 by age (± 1 year), gender and type of surgery. The SF-36 quality of life survey was applied in person or by telephone. The score was calculated as proposed by the RAND group. RESULTS: The cohort of BDR patients was comprised of 32 patients, with an average age of 47 ± 17.6 years, with a predominance of women (78%). The mean number of hospitalization days among BDR patients was 20 ± 11.8. The average follow-up was 7 ± 5 years. The mean score of patients undergoing RVB or cholecystectomy without complications was evaluated, without finding differences in the score of the different domains of the SF-36 scale. Conclusions: In the present study no significant differences were found in QL between the patients with BDIC who underwent BDR and patients who underwent a cholecystectomy without complications.

Cirugía mayor abdominal electiva sin descompresión nasogástrica y con apertura precoz de vía oral / Major Elective Abdominal Surgery without Nasogastric Decompression and with Early Opening of the Oral Route

Introducción: La descompresión con sonda nasogástrica y la vía oral cerrada por varios días, ha sido práctica común tras procedimientos quirúrgicos electivos del tracto digestivo. Los programas para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery), aconsejan cambiar esta práctica. Objetivo: Evaluar el cumplimiento y repercusión en la evolución posoperatoria de dos acciones del programa en el retiro de la sonda nasogástrica y la apertura de la vía oral el día de la intervención. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" de septiembre 2017 a agosto 2020. La muestra fue de 270 pacientes con intervención quirúrgica mayor electiva del colon, hígado, vía biliar o páncreas, a los que se les aplicó el programa para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria. Resultados: En 79,6 por ciento de pacientes, la sonda nasogástrica se retiró en el quirófano tras la intervención y esto se asoció a más rápida recuperación de la función intestinal, menor estadía, complicaciones, reingresos y reintervenciones. En 60 por ciento se inició la vía oral 6 horas después de la cirugía y 79,6 por ciento toleraban dieta blanda a las 48 horas. Estos pacientes presentaron menos complicaciones y mortalidad. Conclusiones: En el contexto de un programa para mejorar la recuperación posoperatoria, tras cirugía abdominal electiva, el retiro de la sonda nasogástrica el día de la intervención, con apertura precoz de la vía oral y rápida progresión a dieta blanda, son acciones bien toleradas que repercuten positivamente en la evolución posoperatoria(AU)

Introduction: Nasogastric tube decompression, together with the oral route closed for several days, has been a common practice after elective surgical procedures of the digestive tract. Programs to improve postoperative recovery (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) advise changing this practice. Objective: To assess compliance and impact on postoperative evolution of two program actions for nasogastric tube removal and opening of the oral route on the intervention day. Methods: A prospective study was carried out, from September 2017 to August 2020, in the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital. The sample consisted of 270 patients who underwent major elective surgery of the colon, liver, bile duct or pancreas and were applied the program to improve postoperative recovery. Results: In 79.6 percent of patients, the nasogastric tube was removed in the operating room after the intervention, a fact associated with faster recovery of intestinal function, shorter stay, as well as fewer complications, readmissions and reinterventions. In 60 percent of the patients, the oral route was started at six hours after surgery, while 79.6 percent of them tolerated a soft diet at 48 hours. These patients presented fewer complications and mortality. Conclusions: In the context of a program to improve postoperative recovery after elective abdominal surgery, nasogastric tube removal on the intervention day, with early opening of the oral route and rapid progression to a soft diet, are well-tolerated actions that have a positive effect on postoperative evolution(AU)

Tratamiento endoscópico de las estenosis poscolescistectomía de la vía biliar / Endoscopic treatment of postcholecystectomy bile duct stenosis

Introducción: La estenosis de la vía biliar es una afección poco frecuente, pero con serias repercusiones en la morbilidad de los pacientes. La gran mayoría ocurre después de la cirugía hepatobiliar: la colecistectomía es la más común de estas cirugías. El reconocimiento temprano y el enfoque multidisciplinario adecuado es la piedra angular para lograr obtener resultados finales óptimos. Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento endoscópico de los pacientes con estenosis poscolescistectomía atendidos en el Instituto de Gastroenterología (Cuba). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de estenosis biliar poscolescitectomía. Se determinaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y endoscópicas de interés. Resultados: Se estudiaron 16 pacientes. Predominaron las mujeres menores de 50 años. El 75 % de los pacientes tenían antecedente de colecistectomía laparoscópica. Las estenosis biliares tipo I y III, según la clasificación de Bismuth, fueron las más usuales. El tratamiento endoscópico mediante colangiografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) con colocación de múltiples prótesis plásticas fue la conducta terapéutica más empleada. Conclusiones: En las estenosis poscolescitectomía los procedimientos endoscópicos se han convertido en el tratamiento de elección, como un procedimiento menos invasivo, con baja morbilidad y mortalidad, con evidentes resultados comparables a los logrados con procedimientos quirúrgicos no endoscópicos(AU)

Introduction: Bile duct stenosis is an infrequent condition, but it seriously affects patient morbidity. The vast majority of cases occur after hepatobiliary surgery, cholecystectomy being the most common of such surgeries. Early recognition and an appropriate multidisciplinary approach are the cornerstones to achieve optimal final results. Objective: Describe the endoscopic treatment of patients with postcholecystectomy stenosis cared for at the Institute of Gastroenterology in Cuba. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted of the patients diagnosed with postcholecystectomy bile duct stenosis. Determination was made of sociodemographic, clinical and endoscopic variables of interest. Results: A total 16 patients were studied. There was a predominance of women aged under 50 years. 75% of the patients had a history of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The most common bile duct stenoses were types I and III by Bismuth's classification. The most frequent therapeutic management was endoscopic treatment by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) with placement of multiple plastic prostheses. Conclusions: Endoscopic procedures have become the treatment of choice in postcholecystectomy stenosis. They are less invasive, their morbidity and mortality are low, and their results are comparable to those of non-endoscopic surgical procedures(AU)

Há lugar para a avaliação colangioscópica na estenose biliar anastomótica pós-transplante hepático de doador cadáver? / Is there a place for cholangioscopic evaluation of biliary anastomotic stricture after deceased donor liver transplant?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Biliary complications remain one of the most important causes of morbidity and graft loss after liver transplant (LT). Endoscopic therapy of biliary complications has proven to be effective over time, leaving surgical treatment restricted to only very few cases. However, we cannot yet predict which patients will have the greatest potential to benefit from endoscopic treatment. OBJECTIVE On this premise we decide to conduct this study to evaluate the role and safety of single operator cholangioscopy (SOC) in the endoscopic treatment of post-LT biliary anastomotic strictures (AS). METHODS: Between March/2016 and June/2017, 20 consecutive patients referred for endoscopic treatment for biliary anastomotic stricture were included in this prospective observational cohort study. Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years old, and a deceased LT performed within at least 30 days. Exclusion criteria were non-anastomotic biliary stricture, biliary leakage, cast syndrome, any previous endoscopic therapy, pregnancy and inability to provide informed consent. All patients underwent SOC before endoscopic therapy with fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) and after stent removal. RESULTS: At pre-treatment SOC, stricture orifice and fibrotic changes could be visualized in all patients, vascular changes and surgical sutures in 60% and acute inflammatory changes in 30%. SOC was essential for guidewire placement in five cases. FCSEMS was successfully deployed in all patients. Stricture resolution rate was 44.4% (median stent indwelling 372 days). Stricture recurrence was 12.5% (median follow-up of 543 days). Adverse events were distal (66.6%) and proximal (5.5%) stent migration, stent occlusion (16.6%), severe abdominal pain (10%) and mild acute pancreatitis (10%). SOC was repeated after FCSEMS removal. Post-treatment SOC showed fibrotic changes in all but one patient; vascular and acute inflammatory changes were less frequent in comparison to index procedure. The disappearance of suture material was remarkable. None of the cholangioscopic findings were statistically correlated to treatment outcome or stricture recurrence. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with SOC is feasible in post-LT patients with AS. Cholangioscopic findings can be classified into fibrotic, vascular and acute inflammatory changes. Cholangioscopy may be helpful to assist guidewire passage, but Its overall role for changing management is post-LT patients was not demonstrated.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: As complicações biliares continuam sendo uma das principais causas de morbidade e perda do enxerto após o transplante hepático. O tratamento endoscópico das complicações biliares provou ser eficaz ao longo do tempo, deixando o tratamento cirúrgico restrito a casos de exceção. No entanto, ainda não podemos prever quais pacientes terão maior potencial de se beneficiar da terapia endoscópica. OBJETIVO: Nesta premissa, decidimos realizar este estudo para avaliar o papel e a segurança da colangioscopia peroral de operador único (CPO) no tratamento endoscópico das estenoses anastomóticas biliares (EA) pós-transplante hepático. MÉTODOS: Entre março de 2016 e junho de 2017, 20 pacientes consecutivos encaminhados para tratamento endoscópico da EA biliar foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo de coorte observacional. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade superior a 18 anos e um transplante hepático de doador falecido realizado há pelo menos 30 dias. Pacientes com estenose biliar não anastomótica, fístula biliar, "cast" síndrome, qualquer terapia endoscópica prévia, gravidez e incapacidade de fornecer consentimento informado foram excluídos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à CPO antes da terapia endoscópica com prótese metálica autoexpansível totalmente coberta (PMAEC) e após a sua remoção. RESULTADOS: Na CPO realizada antes do tratamento endoscópico, o orifício de estenose e alterações fibróticas foram visualizadas em todos os pacientes, alterações vasculares e a presença de suturas cirúrgicas em 60%, enquanto alterações inflamatórias agudas em 30%. A CPO foi determinante para a transposição do fio-guia através da estenose em cinco casos. Uma PMAEC foi implantada com sucesso em todos os pacientes. A taxa de resolução da estenose foi de 44,4% (tempo médio de permanência de 372 dias). A recorrência da EA foi de 12,5% (acompanhamento médio de 543 dias). Os eventos adversos foram migração distal (66,6%) e proximal (5,5%) da prótese metálica, oclusão da PMAEC (16,6%), dor abdominal intensa (10%) e pancreatite aguda leve (10%). A CPO foi repetida após a remoção da PMAEC. A colangioscopia realizada após o tratamento endoscópico mostrou alterações fibróticas em todos, exceto em um paciente; alterações vasculares e inflamatórias agudas foram menos frequentes em comparação à CPO inicial. O desaparecimento do material de sutura, observado em todos os casos, foi notável. Nenhum dos achados colangioscópicos foram estatisticamente correlacionados ao resultado do tratamento ou à recorrência de estenose. CONCLUSÃO: A colangioscopia peroral é viável nos pacientes pós-transplante hepático com estenose biliar anastomótica. Os achados colangioscópicos podem ser classificados em alterações inflamatórias agudas, fibróticas e vasculares. A colangioscopia pode ser útil para auxiliar na passagem do fio-guia, mas seu papel geral na mudança de tratamento nos pacientes pós-transplante hepático não foi demonstrado.

Ascaridiasis hepatobiliar en una adulta joven / Hepatobiliary ascaridiasis in a young adult woman

Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 27 años de edad, con antecedentes de colecistectomía convencional desde hacía 10 meses por aparente colecistitis, quien acudió al Hospital Luis Vernaza de Guayaquil, Ecuador, por presentar ictericia y dolor abdominal. Teniendo en cuenta los hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio e imagenológicos se le diagnosticó sepsis de foco abdominal, colangitis y coledocolitiasis. Durante la intervención quirúrgica se observó la presencia de 2 Ascaris lumbricoides y cálculo de colesterol en la vía biliar, por lo que se le realizó una derivación bilioentérica. Después de algunas complicaciones como insuficiencia respiratoria y descompensación hemodinámica, la paciente egresó de la institución a los 25 días de operada, con seguimiento por consulta externa durante 2 meses.

The case report of a 27 years patient is presented, with history of conventional cholecystectomy for 10 months due to apparent cholecystitis who went to Luis Vernaza Hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador, presenting jaundice and abdominal pain. Taking into account the clinical, laboratory and imaging findings a sepsis of abdominal focus, cholangitis and choledocolithiasis was diagnosed. During the surgical intervention the presence of 2 Ascaris lumbricoides and cholesterol calculi in the bile duct was observed, reason why a bilioenteric bypass was carried out. After some complications such as breathing failure and hemodynamic upset, the patient was discharged from the institution 25 days after the surgery, with follow up in outpatient clinics during 2 months.

Lesión quirúrgica de la vía biliar: experiencia en el Hospital José Ramón Vidal de Corrientes / Bile duct injury after cholecystectomy: the experience of Hospital José Ramón Vidal de Corrientes

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la lesión quirúrgica de la vía biliar representa un gran problema de salud y puede surgir ante cualquier cirujano que realice una colecistectomía. Objetivos: el objetivo del trabajo fue presentar nuestra experiencia en reparación de la vía biliar, ana lizando la morbimortalidad y la incidencia de dicha patología en nuestro Servicio. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo descriptivo; se tomaron las variables de las historias clínicas de los pacientes en un período de 8 años, de enero de 2011 a julio de 2019 donde fueron admitidos 19 pacientes que presentaron lesión quirúrgica de la vía biliar en el Hospital José Ramón Vidal de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. Resultados: 12 pacientes fueron tratados quirúrgicamente mediante hepático-yeyuno anastomosis, 2 por bihepático-yeyuno anastomosis y dos mediante sutura término-terminal bilio-biliar sobre tubo de Kehr. Tres pacientes fueron tratados mediante colocación de stent y dilatación posterior mediante colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica. Conclusión: los cirujanos deben entrenarse para disminuir al mínimo la posibilidad de una lesión. El objetivo de una colecistectomía debería ser no lesionar la vía biliar.

ABSTRACT Background: Bile duct injury represents a serious health problem and can occur after any cholecystectomy. Objectives: The aim of this study was to report our experience in repairing bile duct injuries analyzing morbidity, mortality and its incidence in our department. Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study. The information was retrieved form the medical records of 19 patients with bile duct injury hospitalized at the Hospital José Ramón Vidal, Corrientes, Argentina, between January 2011 and July 2019. Results: A Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed in 12 patients, double hepaticojejunostomy in two patients, and two patients were treated with end-to-end ductal anastomosis with suture over a T tube. Three patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with stent placement and dilation. Conclusion: Surgeons should be trained to avoid the possibility of bile duct injury. The main goal of cholecystectomy should be to avoid this complication.

Transplante de fígado para tratamento de lesão de via biliar após colecistectomia / Liver transplantation for bile duct injury after cholecystectomy

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Bile duct injury is a life-threatening complication that requires proper management to prevent the onset of negative outcomes. Patients may experience repeated episodes of cholangitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and death. OBJECTIVE: To report a single center experience in iatrogenic secondary liver transplantation after cholecystectomy and review the literature. METHODS: This was a retrospective single center study. Of the 1662 liver transplantation realized, 10 (0.60 %) were secondary to iatrogenic bile ducts injuries due cholecystectomies. Medical records of these patients were reviewed in this study. RESULTS: Nine of 10 patients were women; the median time in waiting list and between cholecystectomy and inclusion in waiting list was of 222 days and of 139.9 months, respectively. Cholecystectomy was performed by open approach in eight (80%) cases and by laparoscopic approach in two (20%) cases. The patients underwent an average of 3.5 surgeries and procedures before liver transplantation. Biliary reconstruction was realized with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in nine (90%) cases. Mean operative time was 447.2 minutes and the median red blood cell transfusion was 3.4 units per patient. Mortality in the first month was of 30%. CONCLUSION: Although the liver transplantation is an extreme treatment for an initially benign disease, it has its well-defined indications in treatment of bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy, either in acute or chronic scenario.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A lesão da via biliar é uma complicação que pode ameaçar a vida e que requer manejo adequado para prevenir o aparecimento de desfechos negativos. Os pacientes podem apresentar episódios repetidos de colangite, cirrose biliar secundária, doença hepática terminal e até mesmo morte. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a experiência de um único centro em transplante hepático secundário a lesão iatrogênica de via biliar pós-colecistectomia e fazer uma revisão de literatura. MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de um único centro. Dos 1662 transplantes de fígado, 10 (0,60%) foram secundários a lesões iatrogênicas das vias biliares devido à colecistectomias. Os prontuários médicos desses pacientes foram revisados neste estudo. RESULTADOS: Nove dos dez pacientes eram mulheres; o tempo médio em lista de espera de transplante e entre colecistectomia e inclusão na lista de espera foi de 222 dias e de 139,9 meses, respectivamente. A colecistectomia foi realizada por abordagem aberta em oito (80%) casos e por abordagem laparoscópica em dois (20%) casos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma média de 3,5 cirurgias e procedimentos antes do transplante de fígado e a reconstrução biliar foi realizada com hepaticojejunostomia em Y-de-Roux em nove (90%) casos. O tempo operatório médio foi de 447,2 minutos e a média de transfusão de concentrados de hemácias foi de 3,4 unidades por paciente. Mortalidade no primeiro mês foi de 30%. CONCLUSÃO: Embora o transplante de fígado seja um tratamento extremo para uma doença inicialmente benigna, ele tem suas indicações bem definidas no tratamento de lesões biliares após colecistectomia, seja em um cenário agudo ou crônico.

Melatonin effects on pulmonary tissue in the experimental model of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Efeitos da melatonina sobre o tecido pulmonar no modelo experimental de Síndrome Hepatopulmonar

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the pulmonary alterations of animals with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) submitted to Biliary Duct Ligature (BDL), as well as the antioxidant effect of Melatonin (MEL). Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats, divided into four Sham groups: BDL group, Sham + MEL group and BDL + MEL. The pulmonary and hepatic histology, lipoperoxidation and antioxidant activity of lung tissue, alveolar-arterial O2 difference and lung / body weight ratio (%) were evaluated. Results: When comparing the groups, could be observed an increase of vasodilation and pulmonary fibrosis in the BDL group and the reduction of this in relation to the BDL + MEL group. It was also observed significant changes in the activity of catalase, ApCO2, ApO2 in the LBD group when compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The use of MEL has been shown to be effective in reducing vasodilation, fibrosis levels and oxidative stress as well as gas exchange in an experimental HPS model.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as alterações pulmonares de animais com Síndrome Hepatopulmonar (SHP), submetidos à ligadura de ducto biliar (LDB), bem como o efeito antioxidante da Melatonina (MEL). Métodos: Dezesseis ratos machos da espécie Wistar, divididos em quatro grupos: Sham, Grupo LDB, Grupo Sham + MEL e LDB + MEL. Foram avaliadas a histologia pulmonar e hepática, a lipoperoxidação e atividade antioxidante do tecido pulmonar, diferença álveolo-arterial de O2 e relação peso pulmonar/peso corporal (%). Resultados: Quando comparados os grupos, observamos um aumento da vasodilatação e fibrose pulmonar no grupo LDB e a redução deste em relação ao grupo LDB+MEL. Observamos ainda alterações significativas na atividade da catalase, PaCO2, PaO2 no grupo LBD quando comparado aos demais grupos. Conclusões: A utilização da MEL demonstrou-se eficaz na redução da vasodilatação, níveis de fibrose e estresse oxidativo assim como na troca gasosa em modelo experimental de SHP.