Biology of Glyphepomis dubia Campos & Souza, 2016 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and the parasitoids Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 and Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) on rice / Biologia de Glyphepomis dubia Campos & Souza, 2016 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) e dos parasitoides Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 e Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) em arroz

Abstract The life cycle of stink bug, Glyphepomis dubia and the development of two egg parasitoids (Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis) were studied at the Federal University of Maranhão, at 26 ± 2oC, relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10% and 12h photophase. Individuals used in the study were collected from seven rice fields located around the municipality of Arari, Maranhão, Brazil, and maintained in greenhouse and laboratory for the life cycle studies. From egg to adult, G. dubia took 35.2 days to complete the life cycle. The oviposition period was 37 days, with egg masses of about 12 eggs each and viability of 93.1%. Longevity was 53 and 65 days for females and males, respectively. The egg parasitoids Te. podisi and Tr. basalis parasitized and developed in G. dubia eggs; however, the biological characteristics of Tr. basalis were affected. Emergence of the parasitoids was higher for Te. podisi (83.5%) compared to the records for Tr. basalis (50.4%). Therefore, G. dubia may potentially achieve a pest status and Te. podisi is a promising biological control agent for G. dubia management in Brazil due to its higher longevity and better reproductive parameters.

Resumo O ciclo de vida do percevejo, Glyphepomis dubia e a biologia de dois parasitoides de ovos (Telenomus podisi e Trissolcus basalis) foram estudados na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, a 26 ± 2oC, umidade relativa (UR) de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Sete indivíduos de G. dubia foram coletados em lavoura de arroz localizada no município de Arari, Maranhão, Brasil e mantidos em casa de vegetação e laboratório para estudos de ciclo de vida. Do ovo ao adulto, G. dubia levou 35.2 dias para completar o ciclo de vida. O período de oviposição foi de 37 dias com massas de ovos com cerca de 12 ovos/massa e viabilidade de 93.1%. A longevidade foi de 53 e 65 dias, respectivamente, para fêmeas e machos. Os parasitoides de ovos, Te. podisi e Tr. basalis parasitaram e se desenvolveram em ovos de G. dubia, no entanto as características biológicas de Tr. basalis foi afetada. A emergência dos parasitoides foi maior para Te. podisi (83.5%) em comparação com o registrado para Tr. basalis (50.4%). Portanto, G. dubia poderá apresentar potencial para atingir o status de praga e Te. podisi é um promissor agente de controle biológico para ser utilizado no manejo de G. dubia no Brasil, pois apresentou maior longevidade e os melhores parâmetros reprodutivos.

Educação sexual: dificuldades dos pais de jovens com síndrome de down / Sex education: difficulties for parents of young people with down syndrome / Educación sexual: dificultades para los padres de jóvenes con síndrome de down

Com este estudo buscou-se conhecer as dificuldades e barreiras de pais na educação sexual de jovens com Síndrome de Down, a partir de uma pesquisa descritiva e de natureza qualitativa, utilizando-se o conceito das representações sociais como referencial teórico-metodológico. O estudo foi conduzido em uma Organização Não Governamental (ONG), localizada em Recife (PE), após aprovação do Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa, sob parecer consubstanciado 3.558.587. A amostra do estudo envolveu 11 pais de jovens com Síndrome de Down com idades entre 15 e 24 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A abordagem escolhida para a interpretação desses dados foi a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Pode-se elencar como principais dificuldades enfrentadas pelos pais ao conversarem com seus filhos sobre sexualidade: a infantilização do jovem com Síndrome de Down, julgando-o incapaz de experienciar tais fenômenos e compreender a orientação que pudesse ser repassada; o medo em ultrapassar etapas e, de repente, "estimular" o filho a viver sua sexualidade de maneira "precoce"; e o fato de os pais também terem recebido pouca ou nenhuma orientação sexual por parte de suas famílias. Diante das narrativas dos pais, é possível perceber que ainda são muitos os mitos, tabus e preconceitos que permeiam a sexualidade dos jovens com Síndrome de Down, demonstrando que os responsáveis estão despreparados para dar as devidas orientações.(AU)

This study sought to know the difficulties and barriers of parents in the sexual education of young people with Down Syndrome, from a descriptive, qualitative study, using the concept of social representations as a theoretical-methodological framework. The study was conducted in a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), located in Recife (PE) after approval by the Ethics and Research Committee, under substantiated opinion 3,558,587. The study sample involved 11 parents of young people with Down Syndrome aged between 15 and 24 years. The data collection was carried out by using semi-structured interviews. The approach chosen for interpretation of these data was the content analysis proposed by Bardin. The main difficulties faced by parents in talking with their children about sexuality can be listed as: the infantilization of young persons with Down Syndrome, deeming them incapable of experiencing such phenomena and understanding the guidance that could be given; the fear of overshooting the stages and, suddenly, "stimulating" the child to live their sexuality in an "early" way; and the facts of the parents also having received little or no sexual guidance from their families. Given the parents' narratives, it is possible to realize that there are still many myths, taboos, and prejudices that permeate the sexuality of young people with Down Syndrome, demonstrating that parents were unprepared to provide the right guidance.(AU)

Este estudio buscó conocer las dificultades y barreras de los padres en la educación sexual de los jóvenes con síndrome de Down a partir de un estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, que utilizó el concepto de representaciones sociales como marco teórico-metodológico. La investigación se llevó a cabo en una Organización No Gubernamental (ONG), ubicada en la ciudad de Recife (Pernambuco, Brasil), después de la aprobación del Comité de Ética e Investigación, bajo la opinión fundamentada 3.558.587. La muestra del estudio incluyó a 11 padres de jóvenes con síndrome de Down con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 24 años. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante entrevista semiestructurada. El enfoque elegido para la interpretación de los datos fue el análisis de contenido propuesto por Bardin. Pueden enumerarse como las principales dificultades que enfrentan los padres para hablar sobre la sexualidad con sus hijos: la infantilización del joven con síndrome de Down, considerándolo incapaz de experimentar tales fenómenos y comprender la orientación que se le puede dar; el miedo de ir más allá de las etapas y, de repente, "estimular" al niño a vivir su sexualidad de una manera "temprana"; y el hecho de que los padres también habían recibido poca o ninguna orientación sexual de sus familias. Dadas las narraciones de los padres, es posible darse cuenta de que todavía hay muchos mitos, tabúes y prejuicios sobre la sexualidad de los jóvenes con síndrome de Down, lo que muestra que los padres no estaban preparados para brindarles este tipo de orientación.(AU)

Feno-morfología de dos especies de páramo de Miconia (Melastomataceae): optimización de la floración y fructificación para mejorar la dispersión / Pheno-morphology of two paramo species of Miconia (Melastomataceae): optimization of flowering and fructification to enhance dispersal

Introducción: El Páramo es uno de los ecosistemas más afectados por actividades humanas, lo que aumenta la necesidad de estudios fenológicos como base para el manejo y la conservación. Objetivo: Describir la feno-morfología de Miconia ligustrina y Miconia elaeoides. Métodos: De septiembre 2019 a febrero 2020, y de abril 2021 hasta agosto del mismo año, se monitoreó la fenología de 12 individuos de cada especie. Adicionalmente, se vincularon datos fenológicos de ejemplares de herbario, para corroborar los resultados obtenidos. En los dos conjuntos de datos, se describió su distribución usando estadística circular, además, se obtuvieron registros de precipitación y temperatura del área. Adicionalmente, se describió la morfometría de cada especie. Resultados: El pico de floración de M. lingustrina es en abril, y la fructificación se concentra entre junio y julio; M. elaoides, florece de forma masiva en enero, con la máxima producción de frutos en mayo. Hubo correlación entre fenología y lluvias: la floración se da en época seca y la fructificación en la época lluviosa. Las especies difieren en morfología, pero, como en otras especies de Miconia, las flores y frutos son pequeños (aprox. 5 mm). Conclusión: La floración se presenta en la época seca y la fructificación en la época lluviosa, cuando las tasas de fotosíntesis son bajas y la frugivoría incrementa. Este patrón fenológico favorece la dispersión óptima de semillas.

Introduction: Paramos are among the ecosystems that are most affected by anthropic activities, increasing the need for phenological studies as a basis for management and conservation. Objective: To describe the pheno-morphology of Miconia ligustrina and Miconia elaeoides. Methods: From September 2019 to February 2020, and from April 2021 to August of the same year, the phenology of 12 individuals of each species was monitored. Additionally, phenological data of herbariums were linked to corroborate obtained results. In the two data sets, distribution of data was described using circular statistics; in addition, we recorded the precipitation and temperature in the area. Additionally, we described the morphometry of each species. Results: The flowering peak of M. ligustrina is in April, and fruiting concentrates between June and July; in M. elaeoides, flowering is massive in January, and the highest fruit production in May. The phenology was correlated with rainfall: flowering takes place in the dry season and fruiting in the rainy season. The species differ morphologically, but, as in other Miconia species, the flowers and fruits are small (approx. 5 mm). Conclusions: Flowering occurs in the dry season and fructification in the rainy season, when the photosynthetic rate is low and frugivory increases. This phenological pattern favors optimal seed dispersal.

Population structuration and chromosomal features homogeneity in Parodon nasus (Characiformes: Parodontidae): A comparison between Lower and Upper Paraná River representatives

The ichthyofauna of the La Plata hydrographic basin is divided into Upper and Lower Paraná River systems due to the geographic isolation of the Sete Quedas waterfalls, currently flooded by the lake of the Itaipu dam. In Parodontidae, pairs of species, or groups of cryptic species were described between these systems. Although genetic isolation and speciation have already been proposed in other species in the group, Parodon nasus has been maintained as a valid species and distributed throughout the La Plata river basin. In this perspective, specimens of P. nasus from four different sampling sites in the Upper and Lower Paraná River systems were compared regarding the karyotypes, molecular analyzes of population biology and species delimitation to investigate their genetic and population isolation in the La Plata river basin. Despite a geographic barrier and the immense geographic distance separating the specimens sampled from the Lower Paraná River system compared to those from the Upper Paraná River, the data obtained showed P. nasus as a unique taxon. Thus, unlike other species of Parodontidae that showed diversification when comparing the groups residing in the Lower versus Upper Paraná River, P. nasus showed a population structure and a karyotypic homogeneity.(AU)

A ictiofauna do sistema hidrográfico La Plata é dividida em alto e baixo rio Paraná devido ao isolamento geográfico dos Saltos das Sete Quedas há 22 milhões de anos, atualmente inundado pelo lago da represa da Usina de Itaipu. Em Parodontidae, espécies pares ou grupos de espécies crípticas foram descritos entre esses sistemas. Contudo, embora o isolamento genético e especiação já tenham sido propostos em outras espécies do grupo, Parodon nasus tem sido mantido como espécie válida e distribuída em toda a bacia do rio La Plata. Nessa perspectiva, exemplares de P. nasus de quatro diferentes pontos de amostragem nos sistemas do alto e baixo rio Paraná foram comparados quanto ao arranjo dos cariótipos, análises moleculares de biologia populacional e delimitação de espécies, afim de investigar seu isolamento genético e populacional na bacia do rio La Plata. Apesar da barreira geográfica e imensa distância geográfica separando os exemplares amostrados no sistema baixo rio Paraná em comparação àqueles do alto rio Paraná, os dados obtidos demonstraram P. nasus como único táxon válido. Dessa forma, diferentemente de outras espécies de Parodontidae que demonstraram diversificação quando comparados grupos pares residentes no baixo e alto rio Paraná, P. nasus demonstrou estruturação populacional e homogeneidade cariotípica.(AU)

Analysis of articles on dental pulp biology research in China published in international journals from 2011 to 2020 / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the articles on research of dental pulp biology in China and to understand the situation of China in the entire field of dental pulp biology around the world in order to provide references for further in-depth research in dental pulp biology in China. Methods: Based on Web of Science core collection database, the articles published in the international journals in the field of dental pulp biology from 2011 to 2020 were retrieved and identified. Six indicators including research scale, academic influence, high-ranking and the high-influence journals, research areas, international partnership and project funding were statistically analyzed. Results: Totally 1 215 articles were published by Chinese researchers, which is the most in the research field of dental pulp biology. The total number of citations was 18 328, however the average number of citations of above mentioned articles was slightly lower than that of the world average. The number of articles published in Natural Index Journals and Journal of Dental Research is lower than that of the United States. The research areas of dental pulp biology in China were not only in dentistry, oral surgery and medicine, but also in cell biology, experimental medicine, materials science, engineering, molecular biology and applied microbiology. Articles of internationally cooperated researches were scarce. Most of the researches of dental pulp biology field conducted in China were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Conclusions: Although there were fruitful research outcomes in the field of dental pulp biology from 2011 to 2020, the academic influence of these researches still needed to be improved. It was recommended that great efforts should be made in developing interdisciplinary, inter-unit and international cooperation, focusing on hotspot and major projects, actively applying for and using of project fundings in order to produce more high-quality research outcomes.

Old fusidane-type antibiotics for new challenges: Chemistry and biology / 中国天然药物

The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and exhausted drug leads render some infections untreatable now and in the future. To deal with these "new challenges", scientists tend to re-pick up "old antibiotics". Fusidane-type antibiotics have been known for nearly 80 years as potent antibacterial agents against gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococci, and represent the only triterpene-derived antibiotic class in clinical setting. These attractive characteristics have drawn renewed attention on fusidane-type antibiotics in recent decades. Isolation, characterization, biological evaluation, as well as chemical modifications of fusidane-type antibiotics are increasingly being reported. Combinatorial biosynthesis of this type of antibiotics has been successfully utilized not only for elucidating the biosynthetic pathways, but also for expanding their structural diversity. Some isolated and synthetic compounds exhibit comparable or even more potent biological activity than fusidic acid. This review provides an overview of progress on the studies of structure and biology of fusidane-type antibiotics from 1943 to April 2021. The informative structure-activity relationship is also highlighted.

Exploration of multi-faceted model in plant biology teaching / 生物工程学报

Plant biology is a basic course for students majoring in biological science. Under the guidance of developmental biology, we have constructed a comprehensive, systematic and dynamic new curriculum system for plant biology. There are still some problems existing in the current curriculum teaching mode, e.g. the students do not listen carefully to the lecture due to single classroom teaching mode, the mismatch between theoretical and experimental courses in terms of content and timing, the incomplete understanding on plants and the difficulty of integrating learning and practicing due to insufficient field practices. In view of these problems, a series of new teaching strategies for bioscience major of Harbin Institute of Technology were proposed and implemented. The combination of lectures and high quality massive open online courses (MOOC) were used for theoretical study, to which the flipped classroom was added. In addition, the theoretical study and the experiment work were combined. Moreover, the plant cognitive practices were carried out in the campus and the botanical garden in early spring, late spring and summer, respectively. Satisfactory results were achieved after two rounds of teaching practice, which fulfilled the education requirements and laid foundations for students to continue follow-up basic and professional courses.

Reform in the course on General Biology in application-oriented universities / 生物工程学报

General Biology is basic discipline in Environmental Science and Engineering, which lays a basis for the specialized courses in this major. As the course involves a wide range of knowledge, traditional "cramming education" cannot attract the interest of students. To meet the needs of talents against the backdrop of "double world-class project", our teaching team applied the "double-cycle teaching mode" of blended teaching in the first class along with ideological education, professional education, innovation and entrepreneurship education in the second class of this course. With this method, major headway has been made in this course. This study is expected to serve as a reference for reform in other relevant courses.

Aspectos reproductivos de la raya látigo Hypanus longus (Garman, 1880) de los desembarques de la pesca artesanal en el Pacífico de Guatemala / Reproductive aspects of the longtail stingray Hypanus longus (Garman, 1880) from the landings of the artisanal fishery in the Pacific of Guatemala

La raya látigo Hypanus longus, ha pasado de ser una especie de captura incidental a una especie objetivo en la pesca artesanal del Pacífico de Guatemala. Esta actividad es realizada sin considerar criterios biológicos esenciales para su aprovechamiento sostenible. Aunado a ello, H. longus es una especie sensible, presentando características biológicas como: madurez sexual tardía, ciclos reproductivos largos y baja fecundidad. El presente estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de la raya látigo. Durante mayo de 2019 a marzo de 2020 se realizaron 11 muestreos de los desembarques de la pesca artesanal en la comunidad de Sipacate, Escuintla, en cada muestreo se registró el ancho de disco (AD), el peso, sexo y estado de maduración sexual de H. longus. En total se registraron 336 organismos, que presentaron una proporción sexual de 1:1, un AD para hembras de M = 82.33 cm, DS = 22.24 y de M = 76.91 cm, DS = 11.86 para machos. A partir de las evaluaciones externas e internas de los aparatos reproductores se determinó la talla de madurez sexual (L50), siendo de 88.2 y 79.3 cm AD para hembras y machos respectivamente. Finalmente, este estudio evidencio que el 65.68% de hembras y el 52.10% de machos son capturados por debajo de la L50, por lo cual se recomienda elaborar e implementar estra-tegias o medidas tendientes a la regulación de las prácticas pesqueras o artes de pesca que permitan la captura de organismos mayores a 95 cm de AD.

The whip ray Hypanus longushas gone from being a bycatch species to a target species in artisanal fisheries in the Pacific of Guatemala. This activity is carried out without considering essential biological criteria for its sustainable use. In addition, H. longusis a sensitive species, presenting biological characteristics such as late sexual maturity, long reproductive cycles and low fecundity. The present study contributes to the knowledge of the reproductive biology of the whip ray. During May 2019 to March 2020, 11 samplings were conducted from artisanal fishery landings in the community of Sipacate, Escuintla, in each sampling the disc width (AD), weight, sex and sexual maturation stage of H. longus were recorded. A total of 336 organisms were recorded, which pre-sented a sex ratio of 1:1, with a female AD of M = 82.33 cm, SD = 22.24 and M = 76.91 cm, SD = 11.86 for males. From the external and internal evaluations of the reproductive apparatus, the size at sexual maturity (L50) was determined to be 88.2 and 79.3 cm AD for females and males, respectively. Finally, this study showed that 65.68% of females and 52.10% of males are caught below L50, so it is recommended to develop and implement strategies or measures to regulate fishing practices or fishing gear that allow the capture of organisms larger than 95 cm AD.

Retos actuales a la enseñanza de la virología para enfrentar enfermedades emergentes / Current challenges to the teaching of virology to face emerging diseases

En los últimos años los microorganismos han generado múltiples evoluciones, provocando enfermedades y problemas agudos de salud pública. Para poder controlar las virosis es necesario conocer su biología y epidemiología, establecer tratamiento y profilaxis adecuada para su control. Para ello, es indispensable comenzar con la formación de los profesionales de la salud, en particular, los estudiantes de medicina, es necesario potenciar el desarrollo de sus habilidades y competencias, no solo dominio del conocimiento científico, si no también pueda promoverlo, transferirlo y aplicarlo con impacto en la salud colectiva y que vaya a la par de los avances tecno-científicos. Es por ello, que surge la inquietud del fórum, discusión acerca del análisis de la enseñanza de la virología para enfrentar enfermedades emergentes en función de perfil del egresado. Se realizó encuesta a los estudiantes de los últimos diez años de la carrera de medicina de UNIANDES, sobre la biología, epidemiologia, respuesta inmunológica y diagnóstico, para mencionadas áreas de conocimiento se obtuvo, tanto en la evaluación objetiva estructurada y evaluación práctica, un nivel altamente satisfactorio. En la pirámide de Miller, se alcanzó nivel tres con conocimiento y desarrollo de habilidades, destrezas y actitudes del egresado satisfactorias. Sin embargo, los profesores de Virología están de acuerdo con innovar en la docencia integrando los contenidos transversalmente a las áreas de conocimiento: enfermedades infecciosas, clínicas, patologías, epidemiología y salud pública, lo que permitirá un aprendizaje integral para realizar abordaje adecuado de caso positivos de las virosis, además de tener capacidades para establecer vigilancia epidemiológica(AU)

In recent years, microorganisms have generated multiple evolutions, causing diseases and acute public health problems. In order to control virosis, it is necessary to know their biology and epidemiology, establish adequate treatment and prophylaxis for their control. For this, it is essential to start with the training of health professionals, in particular, medical students, it is necessary to promote the development of their skills and competencies, not only mastery of scientific knowledge, but also be able to promote it, transfer it and apply it with an impact on collective health and that goes hand in hand with techno-scientific advances. That is why the concern of the forum arises, a discussion about the analysis of the teaching of virology to face emerging diseases based on the profile of the graduate. A survey was conducted to the students of the last ten years of the UNIANDES medical career, on biology, epidemiology, immunological response and diagnosis, for mentioned areas of knowledge it was obtained, both in the objective structured evaluation and practical evaluation, a level highly satisfactory. In the Miller pyramid, level three was reached with satisfactory knowledge and development of abilities, skills and attitudes of the graduate. However, Virology professors agree with innovating in teaching by integrating the content transversally to the areas of knowledge: infectious diseases, clinics, pathologies, epidemiology and public health, which will allow comprehensive learning to carry out an adequate approach to positive cases of virosis, in addition to having the capacity to establish epidemiological surveillance(AU)

Estaciones de aprendizaje para abordar concepciones de fisiología y morfología sobre el concepto de célula / Learning stations to analyze physiology and morphology perceptions of the cell concept

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la influencia de la implementación y aplicación de la metodología de enseñanza estaciones de aprendizaje, sobre un aprendizaje activo de la fisiología y morfología de la célula. Se trabajó con 90 estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria, distribuidos en un grupo control y otro experimental, los cuales recibieron clases tradicionales y la aplicación de la metodología estaciones de aprendizaje, respectivamente. Los datos fueron recolectados en base a test de concepciones y conocimientos, más encuesta de valoración. El análisis de los datos reveló que las estaciones de aprendizaje son una metodología de enseñanza efectiva en el aprendizaje de la célula, ya que permiten mejorar significativamente las concepciones previas de los estudiantes, los cuales valoran de manera positiva y significativa la metodología de la que fueron partícipes.

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the implementation and application of the learning stations teaching methodology on active learning of the physiology and morphology of the cell. We worked with 90 high school students, distributed in a control group and an experimental group, who received traditional classes and the application of the learning stations methodology, respectively. The data were collected based on a conception and knowledge test, plus an evaluation survey. The analysis of the data revealed that the learning stations are an effective teaching methodology in learning of the cell, since they allow to improve prior perceptions of the students, who significantly and positively value the methodology in which they participated.

Leucemia linfoide crónica: aspectos citogenéticos y moleculares / Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia: cytogenetic and molecular aspects

Introducción: La leucemia linfoide crónica es un trastorno linfoproliferativo caracterizado por la acumulación de linfocitos pequeños de aspecto maduro en sangre periférica, médula ósea y tejidos linfoides con un período de vida prolongado. Presenta una gran variabilidad clínica y genética. Objetivo: Describir los aspectos citogenéticos y moleculares de la leucemia linfoide crónica. Métodos: Se realizó revisión de la literatura en inglés y español, a través del sitio web PubMed y el motor de búsqueda Google académico, de artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años. Se hizo un análisis y resumen de la bibliografía revisada. Desarrollo: En la leucemia linfoide crónica están presentes alteraciones citogenéticas frecuentes como la deleción de los cromosomas 13q, 11q y 17p, así como la trisomía 12, que unido al conocimiento del estado mutacional del gen de la región variable de la cadena pesada de la inmunoglobulina, y otras mutaciones somáticas en diferentes genes, así como a variables clínicas y de laboratorio permiten la estratificación pronóstica de los pacientes. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico a través de los estudios citogenéticos convencionales estimulados con mitógenos, la hibridación in situ por fluorescencia y la secuenciación génica permite una mayor comprensión de la biología de la enfermedad, así como tomar decisiones terapéuticas más personalizadas(AU)

Introduction: Chronic B lymphoid leukemia is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the accumulation of small, mature-looking lymphocytes in peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues with a long life span. It has great clinical and genetic variability. Objective: To describe the cytogenetic and molecular aspects of the disease. Methods: A review of the literature in English and in Spanish was carried out, in the PubMed website and using the search engine of Google Scholar, for articles published in the last five years. We performed analysis and summary of the reviewed bibliography. Development: In chronic lymphoid leukemia, frequent cytogenetic alterations are present such as deletion of chromosomes 13q, 11q and 17p, as well as trisomy 12, which together with the knowledge of the mutational status of the gene for the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain and other somatic mutations in different genes, as well as clinical and laboratory variables allows prognostic stratification of patients. Conclusions: Diagnosis through conventional mitogen-stimulated cytogenetic studies, fluorescence in situ hybridization and gene sequencing allow a better understanding of the biology of the disease, as well as making more personalized therapeutic decisions(AU)

Pluralismo evolutivo e o ideal de unificação da biologia / Evolutionary pluralism and the ideal of a unified biology

Resumo A evolução biológica é frequentemente considerada um eixo central e unificador da biologia. O artigo discute aspectos históricos desse ideal de unificação, bem como os seus sinais de desintegração entre os anos 1960 e 1980. Argumentamos que apesar das novas propostas de síntese do conhecimento biológico, a biologia evolutiva contemporânea é caracterizada por um pluralismo. Os principais pontos a favor do pluralismo evolutivo são discutidos, e algumas consequências dessa perspectiva são apresentadas, particularmente em relação ao ideal de unificação da biologia. Por fim, defendemos um pluralismo evolutivo crítico do ideal de unificação como um objetivo da ciência, mas ainda favorável a integrações locais.

Abstract Biological evolution is often regarded as a central and unifying axis of biology. This article discusses historical aspects of this ideal of unification, as well as signs of its disintegration from the 1960s to 1980s. We argue that despite new proposals for the synthesis of biological knowledge, contemporary evolutionary biology is characterized by pluralism. The main points in favor of evolutionary pluralism are discussed and some consequences of this perspective are presented, particularly in terms of the ideal of a unified biology. Finally, we defend an evolutionary pluralism that critiques the ideal of unification as a scientific objective, but still favors local integrations.

La educación alimentaria y nutricional: un estudio descriptivo en la formación del docente de Biología / Food and nutritional education: descriptive study in the training of Biology teachers

RESUMEN Introducción: el docente de Biología debe contribuir a la educación para la salud, y dentro de ella a la educación alimentaria y nutricional de los estudiantes, mediante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los contenidos relacionados con la Biología. Objetivo: describir los conocimientos y comportamientos sobre educación alimentaria y nutricional que poseen los estudiantes de la carrera de Licenciatura en Educación, especialidad Biología, en la Universidad de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los conocimientos y comportamientos sobre educación alimentaria y nutricional en 21 estudiantes de la carrera de Licenciatura en Educación, especialidad Biología, de la Universidad de Matanzas, en enero de 2020. Los métodos teóricos empleados fueron el histórico-lógico, el analítico-sintético y el inductivo-deductivo. Como método empírico se utilizó la encuesta. Resultados: los estudiantes presentan insuficientes conocimientos sobre los nutrientes que aportan diversos alimentos, y desconocimiento sobre las biomoléculas y su importancia para el correcto funcionamiento del organismo. Muestran interés por el consumo de la comida denominada chatarra, y obvian la necesidad del consumo de vegetales, frutas y viandas hervidas. Conclusiones: los estudiantes encuestados presentaron limitados conocimientos sobre alimentación y nutrición como procesos inherentes a la vida humana, que determinan la educación alimentaria y nutricional como un factor básico para evitar enfermedades que repercuten en su salud, e impiden que puedan realizar su labor educativa como docentes de Biología, líderes de la promoción de salud en la escuela y la comunidad (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the teacher who teaches Biology must make good use of the different curricular contents to contribute to health education and within it to food and nutritional education of students. Objective: to describe the knowledge and behaviors on food and nutrition education that students of the degree course of Education in Biology of the University of Matanzas have. Materials and methods: a descriptive study of the knowledge and behavior on food and nutritional education in 21 students of the degree course of Education in Biology of the University of Matanzas, in January 2020. The theoretical methods used were the historic-logical, the analytical-synthetic, and the inductive-deductive one. The survey was used as empiric method. Results: the students showed not enough knowledge on the nutrients provided by different foods, not knowing about biomolecules and their importance for the proper functioning of the body. They evidenced their preference for the consumption of the so called junk food, obviating the need of green vegetables, fruits and boiled vegetables. Conclusions: the surveyed students presented limited knowledge on food and nutrition as processes inherent to human life, which determine food and nutritional education as a basic factor to avoid diseases that affect their health. It is a constraint for carrying out an adequate educative work as Biology teachers and future leaders of health promotion at school and in the community (AU).

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Recent advances in myeloid-derived suppressor cell biology / 医学前沿

In recent years, studying the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in many pathological inflammatory conditions has become a very active research area. Although the role of MDSCs in cancer is relatively well established, their role in non-cancerous pathological conditions remains in its infancy resulting in much confusion. Our objectives in this review are to address some recent advances in MDSC research in order to minimize such confusion and to provide an insight into their function in the context of other diseases. The following topics will be specifically focused upon: (1) definition and characterization of MDSCs; (2) whether all MDSC populations consist of immature cells; (3) technical issues in MDSC isolation, estimation and characterization; (4) the origin of MDSCs and their anatomical distribution in health and disease; (5) mediators of MDSC expansion and accumulation; (6) factors that determine the expansion of one MDSC population over the other; (7) the Yin and Yang roles of MDSCs. Moreover, the functions of MDSCs will be addressed throughout the text.

Perspectivas neurocientíficas para uma teoria do trauma: revisão crítica dos modelos integrativos entre a biologia e a cultura / Perspectivas neurocientíficas para una teoría del trauma: revisión crítica de los modelos integradores entre la biología y la cultura / Neuroscientific perspectives for a theory of trauma: a critical review of integrative models of biology and culture

Durante o último quarto do século XX, a psicopatologia codificou um arco diversificado de fenômenos sociais sob a rubrica do traumatismo, notabilizando o estudo do trauma psicológico como área autônoma e progressivamente informada pelas pesquisas culturais e neurobiológicas. Nesse cenário, presenciamos a emergência do paradigma biocultural, perspectiva epistemológica que procura elucidar as trajetórias interativas pelas quais cultura e biologia consolidam, entre si, os seus efeitos recíprocos. Este artigo abordará as interseções entre o campo dos psicotraumatismo e as neurociências, tomando, como eixos de análise, a expansão da categoria do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), os pressupostos epistemológicos das pesquisas neurocomportamentais do estresse e do medo, e as limitações da tese da bidirecionalidade, preconizada pelas neurodisciplinas culturais contemporâneas. A elaboração de abordagens definitivamente integrativas pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de modelos compreensivos capazes de conceber os saberes e as práticas ao nível da experiência humana, evitando interpretações reducionistas que submetem vivências culturais e subjetivas complexas ora aos imperativos do cérebro, ora aos códigos semiológicos do raciocínio patogênico.

Durante el último cuarto del siglo XX, la psicopatología codificó un arco diversificado de fenómenos sociales, bajo la rúbrica del traumatismo, poniendo en relevancia el estudio del trauma psicológico, como área autónoma, y progresivamente informada por las investigaciones culturales y neurobiológicas. En este escenario, presenciamos el surgimiento del paradigma biocultural, perspectiva epistemológica que procura elucidar las trayectorias interactivas por las cuales cultura y biología consolidan, entre sí, sus efectos recíprocos. Este artículo abordará las intersecciones entre el campo de los psicotraumatismos y las neurociencias, tomando, como ejes de análisis, la expansión de la categoría del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), los presupuestos epistemológicos de las investigaciones neurocomportamentales del estrés y del miedo, y las limitaciones de la tesis de la bidireccionalidad, preconizada por las neurodisciplinas culturales contemporáneas. La elaboración de abordajes definitivamente integradores pueden apoyar el desarrollo de modelos comprensivos, capaces de concebir los saberes y prácticas en el nivel de la experiencia humana, evitando interpretaciones reduccionistas que someten vivencias culturales y subjetivas complejas, bien sea a los imperativos del cerebro, bien sea a los códigos semiológicos del raciocinio patogénico.

In the last 25 years of the 20th century, psychopathology coded a diverse range of social phenomena under the heading of trauma, featuring the study of psychological trauma as an autonomous area progressively informed by cultural and neurobiological research. In this scenario, we witnessed the emergence of the biocultural paradigm, an epistemological perspective that seeks to elucidate the interactive trajectories by which culture and biology consolidate each other´s effects. This article will address the intersections between the field of psychological trauma and neurosciences, based on the analytical dimensions of expansion of the category of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the epistemological premises of neurobehavioral studies of stress and fear, and the limitations of the bidirectionality hypothesis advanced by contemporary cultural neurosciences. The elaboration of definitively integrative approaches can assist the development of comprehensive models capable of conceiving knowledges and practices at the level of human experience, avoiding reductionist interpretations that submit complex cultural and subjective experiences alternatingly to the imperatives of the brain and to semiologic codes of pathogenic reasoning.