Reconstrucción mamaria inmediata prepectoral / Immediate prepectoral breast reconstruction

Introducción. La reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con implantes prepectorales permite realizar la mastectomía oncológica con un resultado estético en un solo tiempo quirúrgico y con menor morbilidad del área dadora. Las indicaciones son precisas, en directa relación con las condiciones de la mastectomía. Material y métodos. Se presentan 83 pacientes en el período comprendido entre febrero de 2020 a febrero de 2022 con mastectomías uni- y bilaterales, con conservación del complejo areola-pezón los cuales fueron injertados en 7 casos. La incisión en surco submamario se realizó en 60 casos, radiada externa en 8 casos, vertical en 8 casos y 7 casos con patrón de reducción en el Instituto Oncológico Alexander Fleming. Los criterios de exclusión que utilizamos son tumores mamarios a menos de 1 cm del complejo areola pezón y tumores localmente avanzados. Resultados. En total se realizaron 98 mastectomías, de las cuales 86 fueron terapéuticas y 12 profilácticas por mutaciones genéticas. La extracción de ganglios se realizó por una incisión axilar, excepto en el patrón de reducción donde se realizó a través de la incisión de la mastectomía. En 42 pacientes se utilizaron implantes anatómicos y en 56 casos redondos texturizados. El seguimiento de las pacientes fue a 25 meses. Conclusión. La reconstrucción mamaria prepectoral lleva a la reconstrucción de la mama en el mismo espacio con una baja morbilidad y resultado natural. Las indicaciones para esta técnica deben ser muy precisas para lograr obtener los resultados deseados. En nuestra experiencia, la reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con implante directo es una técnica segura y reproducible, con excelentes resultados en pacientes en las que está debidamente indicada la técnica, con una baja tasa de complicaciones y disminución en el tiempo de tratamiento y de recuperación.

Introduction. Immediate breast reconstruction with pre pectoral implants allows to perform oncologic mastectomy with an aesthetic result in a single surgical time and with less morbidity of the donor area. The indications are precise and directly related to the conditions of the mastectomy. Material and methods. We present 83 patients in the period from February 2020 to February 2022 with uni and bilateral mastectomies, with preservation of the nipple-areola complex which was grafted in 7 cases. The incision in the submammary sulcus was performed in 60 cases, external radiated in 8 cases, vertical in 8 cases and 7 with reduction pattern at the Alexander Fleming Oncological Institute. The exclusion criteria we used are breast tumors less than 1 cm from the nipple areola complex and locally advanced tumors. Results. A total of 98 mastectomies were performed, of which 86 were therapeutic and 12 prophylactic for genetic mutations. Node removal was performed through an axillary incision, except in the reduction pattern where it was performed through the mastectomy incision. Anatomical implants were used in 42 patients and textured round implants in 56 cases. The follow-up of the patients was 25 months. Conclusion. Pre pectoral breast reconstruction leads to reconstruction of the breast in the same space with low morbidity and natural results. The indications for this technique must be very precise to achieve the desired results. In our experience, immediate breast reconstruction with direct implant is a safe and reproductible technique, with excellent results in patients in whom the technique is properly indicated, with a low rate of complications and decrease in treatment and recovery time.

Abscesos mamarios múltiples por Mycobacterium abscessus en mastopexia secundaria con implantes mamarios / Multiple breast abscesses due to Mycobacterium abscessus in secondary mastopexy with breast implant

Las infecciones periprotésicas son una complicación poco frecuente en cirugía de implantes mamarios, pero de difícil resolución si son causadas por gérmenes como las micobacterias. Mycobacterium abscessus es una micobacteria no tuberculosa de rápido crecimiento, que se presenta de manera atípica, generando abscesos y fístulas cutáneas. En este reporte presentamos el caso de una paciente que fue intervenida por recambio de implantes mamarios y mastopexia secundaria. La paciente presentó un seroma temprano como manifestación inicial y posteriormente desarrolló múltiples abscesos en todo el parénquima mamario. El tratamiento instaurado en la paciente fue la extracción del implante mamario,curaciones diarias de la herida, antibioticoterapia prolongada y punciones periódicas guiadas por ecografía, con cultivo del material obtenido. El objetivo de nuestro reporte fue presentar esta complicación generada por un germen poco frecuente, su forma de presentación, diagnóstico y el tratamiento establecido

Although periprosthetic infections are a rare complication in breast implant surgery, they are difficult to resolve if they entail germs like mycobacteria. Mycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing, nontuberculous mycobacterium that occurs atypically and generates abscesses and cutaneous fistulas. In this report, we present the case of a patient that underwent surgery for a breast implant replacement and a secondary mastopexy. The initial manifestation the patient evinced was an early seroma. Later, she developed multiple abscesses in all the breast parenchyma. The treatment established for the patient involved extracting the breast implant, daily cleaning and dressing of the wound, prolonged antibiotic therapy, and periodical punctures guided by ultrasound, accompanied by culture sampling. The aim of this report is to present this infrequent germ-generated complication, its form of manifestation, its diagnosis, and the established treatment.

Application of acellular bovine pericardium patch in implant based immediate breast reconstruction / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To examine the clinical effect of acellular bovine pericardium patch in implant based immediate breast reconstruction. Methods: The clinicopathological information of 141 breast cancer patients, who admitted to Department of Breast Reconstruction and Oncoplastic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, underwent immediate mammoplasty with implants combined with acellular bovine pericardium patches were analyzed from June 2016 to October 2019. All patients were female, with the age of (38.8±8.5) years (range: 13 to 60 years). The body mass index was (21.9±2.5) kg/m2 (range: 16.0 to 32.3 kg/m2). There were 39 cases of duct carcinoma in situ, 46 cases of stage Ⅰ, 40 cases of stage Ⅱ and 16 cases of stage Ⅲ. All patients received nipple-areola-sparing mastectomy or skin-sparing mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection, and prosthesis implantation with sub-pectoralis combined with breast patch. The correlation of clinicopathological characters and complications was assessed by t test, χ2 test, Fisher's exact probability method and Logistic regression. Pre-and post-operative aesthetic, quality of life scores were recorded. Results: The operation time (M(IQR)) was 3.6(1.5) hours (range: 3.0 to 6.5 hours). The early postoperative complication rate was 22.0% (31/141), prosthesis removal was the main postoperative complication, accounting for 64.5% (20/31) of the total complications, of which 15 cases occurred in the first 30 patients. The follow-up time was 28(8) months (range: 20 to 53 months), The most frequent long-term complications were capsular contracture and implant displacement, with the incidence of 11.2% (14/125) and 10.4% (13/125), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that prosthesis volume ≥300 ml (OR=8.173, 95%CI: 1.302 to 51.315, P=0.021) and peri-areolar incision (OR=7.809, 95%CI: 2.162 to 28.211, P<0.01) were independent relative factors for the occurrence of short-term postoperative local complications. After 2 years of operation, the score of breast appearance satisfaction was 71.7±15.5, postoperative effect satisfaction was 90.4±9.5, psychological satisfaction was 90.7±17.1, sexual satisfaction was 70.1±25.1. The immediate postoperative satisfaction rate at discharge was 95.4% (134/141), and 17.6% (22/125) of patients had the intention to received revision surgery. Conclusions: Prosthesis volume ≥300 ml and peri-areolar incision were independent realtive factors for short-term local complications after bovine pericardium patch combined with prosthesis implantation in the immediate breast reconstruction. After completing the learning curve, the postoperative complications of the procedure could be decreased.

TGF-ß1 and CD68 immunoexpression in capsules formed by textured implants with and without mesh coverage: a study on female rats

Purpose: To evaluate fibrosis formation and number of macrophages in capsules formed around textured implants without and with mesh coverage. Methods: Fibrosis was analyzed through transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) immunomarker expression and the number of macrophages through CD68 percentage of cells in magnified field. Sixty female Wistar rats were distributed into two groups of 30 rats (unmeshed and meshed). Each group was then subdivided into two subgroups for postoperative evaluation after 30 and 90 days. The p value was adjusted by Bonferroni lower than 0.012. Results: No difference was observed in fibrosis between meshed and unmeshed groups (30 days p = 0.436; 90 days p = 0.079) and from 30 to 90 days in the unmeshed group (p = 0.426). The meshed group showed higher fibrosis on the 90th day (p = 0.001). The number of macrophages was similar between groups without and with mesh coverage (30 days p = 0.218; 90 days p = 0.044), and similar between subgroups 30 and 90 days (unmeshed p = 0.085; meshed p = 0.059). Conclusions: In the meshed group, fibrosis formation was higher at 90 days and the mesh-covered implants produced capsules similar to microtextured ones when analyzing macrophages. Due to these characteristics, mesh coating did not seem to significantly affect the local fibrosis formation.

Incidencia, tratamientos y resolución quirúrgica en fístulas por implantes mamarios / Incidence, treatments and surgical resolve for fistula in breast implants

Las fístulas o dehiscencia de heridas asociadas a implantes mamarios representan una complicación relativamente poco frecuente en la práctica diaria. Se asocia a factores locales y representa un riesgo en cuanto a la posibilidad de extrusión y remoción del implante. El tratamiento de esta complicación se realiza esterilizando y provocando una capsulitis química con TCA 90% en la zona del lecho del implante y la confección del Colgajo en Doble Banderín para el cierre cutáneo. De esta forma, ha permitido resolver dicha complicación, al mismo tiempo que refuerza la herida ofreciendo sostén al área de decúbito generada. Desde el punto de vista anatómico se muestran disecciones cadavéricas para evidenciar detalles de la técnica de cierre.

Fistula or dehiscence of wounds associated with breast implants represent a relatively rare complication in daily practice. It is associated with local factors and represents a risk in terms of the possibility of extrusion and removal of the implant. The treatment of this complication is carried out by sterilizing and causing a chemical capsulitis with TCA 90% in the area of the implant and making a Double Flag Flap for cutaneous closure. In this way, it has made to resolve this complication, at the same time that it reinforces the wound by offering support to the decubitus area generated. From the anatomical point of view, cadaveric dissections show details of the closure technique.

Intraoperative Assessment of Endogenous Microbiota in the Breast / Avaliação intraoperatória da microbiota endógena da mama

Abstract Objective: Breast surgery is considered a clean surgery; however, the rates of infection range between 3 and 15%. The objective of the present study was to intraoperatively investigate the presence of autochthonous microbiota in the breast. Methods: Pieces of breast tissue collected from 49 patients who underwent elective breast surgery (reconstructive, diagnostic, or oncologic) were cultured. The pieces of breast tissue were approximately 1 cm in diameter and were removed from the retroareolar area, medial quadrant, and lateral quadrant. Each piece of tissue was incubated in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth for 7 days at 37°C, and in cases in which the medium became turbid due to microorganism growth, the samples were placed in Petri dishes for culturing and isolating strains and for identifying species using an automated counter. Results: Microorganism growth was observed in the samples of 10 of the 49 patients (20.4%) and in 11 of the 218 pieces of tissue (5%). The detected species were Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Aeromonas salmonicida. No patient with positive samples had clinical infection postoperatively. Conclusion: The presence of these bacteria in breast tissue in approximately 20% of the patients in this series suggests that breast surgery should be considered a potential source of contamination that may have implications for adverse reactions to breast implants and should be studied in the near future for their oncological implications in breast implant-associated large-cell lymphoma etiology.

Resumo Objetivo: A cirurgia de mama é considerada uma cirurgia limpa; entretanto, as taxas de infecção variam entre 3 e 15%. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar no intraoperatório a presença de microbiota autóctone na mama. Métodos: Pedaços de tecido mamário coletados de 49 pacientes submetidas à cirurgia eletiva da mama (reconstrutiva, diagnóstica ou oncológica) foram cultivados. Os pedaços de tecido mamário tinham aproximadamente 1 cm de diâmetro e foram removidos da área retroareolar e dos quadrantes medial e lateral. Cada pedaço de tecido foi incubado em caldo BHI (brain heart infusion) por 7 dias a 37 ° C, e nos casos em que o meio ficou turvo devido ao crescimento de microrganismos, as amostras foram colocadas em placas de Petri para cultivo e isolamento de cepas e para identificação de espécies usando um contador automatizado. Resultados: O crescimento do microrganismo foi observado nas amostras de 10 das 49 pacientes (20,4%) e em 11 dos 218 pedaços de tecido (5%). As espécies detectadas foram Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sphingomonas paucimobilis e Aeromonas salmonicida. Nenhum paciente com amostras positivas apresentou infecção clínica no pós-operatório. Conclusão: A presença dessas bactérias no tecido mamário em aproximadamente 20% das pacientes desta série sugere que a cirurgia mamária deve ser considerada uma fonte potencial de contaminação que pode ter implicações nas reações adversas aos implantes mamários e deve ser estudada em um futuro próximo por suas implicações oncológicas na etiologia do linfoma de células grandes associado ao implante de mama.

Exposed Implant after Immediate Breast Reconstruction - Presentation and Analysis of a Clinical Management Protocol / Exposição de prótese após reconstrução imediata da mama: apresentação e análise de protocolo clínico

Abstract Objective Infection and exposure of the implant are some of the most common and concerning complications after implant-based breast reconstruction. Currently, there is no consensus on the management of these complications. The aim of the present study was to review our cases and to present a clinical protocol. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive patients submitted to implant-based breast reconstruction between 2014 and 2016. All patients were managed according to a specific and structured protocol. Results Implant exposure occurred in 33 out of 277 (11.9%) implant-based reconstructions. Among these, two patients had history of radiotherapy and had their implant removed; Delayed reconstruction with a myocutaneous flap was performed in both cases. Signs of severe local infection were observed in 12 patients, and another 5 presented with extensive tissue necrosis, and they were all submitted to implant removal; of them, 8 underwent reconstruction with a tissue expander, and 2, with a myocutaneous flap. The remaining 14 patients had no signs of severe infection, previous irradiation or extensive tissue necrosis, and were submitted to primary suture as an attempt to salvage the implant. Of these, 8 cases (57.1%) managed to keep the Conclusion Our clinical protocol is based on three key points: history of radiotherapy, severe infection, and extensive tissue necrosis. It is a practical and potentially-reproducible method of managing one of the most common complications of implant-based breast reconstruction.

Resumo Objectivo Infecção e exposição da prótese são algumas das complicações mais comuns e preocupantes após reconstrução da mama com implantes. Atualmente, ainda não há consenso quanto ao manejo destas complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de revisar os casos da nossa instituição e apresentar um protocolo clínico. Métodos Realizou-se uma revisão retrospectiva de todos os casos consecutivos submetidos a reconstrução mamária imediata com prótese entre 2014 e 2016. Todos os casos foram conduzidos de acordo com um protocolo específico e estruturado. Resultados A exposição do implante ocorreu em 33 de 227 reconstruções (11,9%). Dentre estas, duas pacientes tinham histórico de radioterapia, e foram submetidas a remoção da prótese e posterior reconstrução com retalho miocutâneo. Sinais de infecção local grave foram observados em 12 pacientes, e, em 5, necrose extensa de tecido, e todas foram submetidas a remoção dos implantes; destas, 8 foram recons truídas com expansor, e 2, com retalho miocutâneo. As 14 pacientes remanecentes não haviam sido submetidas previamente à radioterapia, não tinham sinais de infecção, nem necrose extensa; portanto, foram submetidas a sutura primária em uma tentativa de salvar a prótese. Dessas, 8 pacientes (57,1%) conseguiram manter os implantes originais. Conclusão Nosso protocolo clínico é baseado em três pontos principais: histórico de radioterapia, infecção grave, e necrose extensa de tecido. Ele constitui um método prático e potencialmente reprodutível de manejo de uma das complicações mais comuns da reconstrução mamária com implantes.

Linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implante mamario. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura. / Breast Implant Associated-Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) - Argentinian case

El linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implantes mamarios LACG-AI o BIA-ALCL, abreviatura en inglés de "Breast Implant Associated-Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma", es una nueva entidad reconocida por la OMS desde el 2016, de rara incidencia y que aún plantea muchos interrogantes. Desde su primera mención en 1997 (J. Keech - B. Creech) su incidencia ha ido en aumento. En julio de 2020, 953 casos en el mundo según el Registro de la Sociedad Americana de Cirujanos Plásticos (PROFILE), y las publicaciones se multiplican exponensialmente año a año demostrando el interés que suscita. Se ha descripto una fuerte asociación con las superficies texturizadas de los implantes mamarios y con el tipo de material (mayor textura "grado 4" y cubierta de poliuretano mayor riesgo) llegando a describirse tasas tan altas omo 1/2830 en Australia/Nueva Zelanda. Su presentación clínica en casi el 75% es bajo la forma de un seroma tardío y el tiempo de exposición promedio ronda entre los 7 a 11 años. El diagnóstico histo-patológico integra el examen morfológico con la caracterización molecular, visualizándose grandes célular anaplásicas CD30 (+), ALK (-). El tratamiento quirúrgico, capsulectomía bilateral en estadios tempranos es el gold standard. Su pronóstico es excelente con exérsis completas. Objetivo: actualizar la información sobre esta novel enfermedad y comentar un caso propio que presenta todas las características descriptas en la literatura, siendo el 14° registrado en Argentina

The anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with breast implants, LACCG-AI o BIA-ALCL abbreviation in English, is an entity recognized by the WHO since 2016 of rare incidence and that still raises many questions. Since its firts mention in 1997 (J. Keech - B. Creech) its incidence has been increasing, In july 2020, 953 cases in the world according to the Registry of the America Society of Plastic Surgeons (PROFILE), and the publications multiply exponentially year after year, demonstrating the interest it arouses, A strong association has been described with the textured surfaces of breast implants and with the type of material (greater texture "grade 4" and higher risk polyurethane cover), reaching rates as high as 1/2830 in Australia / New Zealand. Its clinical presentation in almost 75% is in the form of a late seroma and the average exposure time is between 7 to 11 years. The pathological anatomical diagnosis integrates the morphological examination with the molecular characterization, visualizing large anaplastic CD30 (+), ALK (-) cells. Surgical treatment, bilateral capsulectomy in early stages, is the gold standard. Her prognosis is excellent with complete exeresis. Objetive: to update the information on this novel disease and comment on an own case that presents all the characteristics described in the literature, the 14th being registered in Argentina

Histological evaluation of capsules formed by texturized silicone implants with and without polyester mesh coverage (Parietex®). A study on female rats

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate capsules formed by microtextured silicone implants with and without Parietex® mesh coverage histologically. Methods Sixty Wistar rats were divided in two groups (meshed and unmeshed). Each group was, then, divided into two subgroups for evaluation at 30 and 90 days. Capsules were analyzed based on hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and picrosirius staining. Results The number of fibroblasts, neutrophils and macrophages was similar among all subgroups. There was a higher lymphocyte reaction in the 30-day meshed group (p = 0.003). Giant cell reaction, granulation tissue and neoangiogenesis were similar among the subgroups. Synovial metaplasia was milder at 90-day in the unmeshed (p = 0.002) and meshed group (p < 0.001). Capsular thickness was significantly greater in the meshed samples (30-day p < 0.001 and 90-day p < 0.001). There was a similar amount of collagen types I and III in both groups. Conclusions The mesh-covered implants produced capsules similar to the microtextured ones when analyzing inflammatory variables. Synovial metaplasia was milder at 90 than at 30 days, and the capsular thickness was significantly greater in the meshed group. A similar amount of collagen types I and III was observed. Due to these characteristics, the mesh coverage did not seem to significantly affect the local inflammatory activity.

Mastite puerperal complicada em paciente com implante de silicone: Um relato de caso / Puerperal mastitis complicated in patient with silicone implantation: A case report

A mastite é uma patologia relativamente frequente na mulher que amamenta. Surge maioritariamente nas primeiras seis semanas após o parto (prevalência entre 75-95% antes do bebé completar os três meses de vida), podendo, contudo, ocorrer ao longo de todo o período da amamentação. Apresenta-se clinicamente com mastalgia, eritema e edema mamário, linfonodomegalia axilar, febre, calafrios, mal-estar e prostração. Entretanto, o quadro clínico completo pode não estar presente em todos os casos. A técnica incorreta de amamentação provoca as microlesões mamáriasque são fatores associados à mastite, inicialmente, e esta quando não recebe tratamento adequado pode evoluirpara os abscessos mamários, que são caracterizados clinicamente por nodulação palpável ou não, flutuante, parcialmente circunscrita, geralmente no quadrante superior lateral da mama afetada. O microrganismo mais envolvido é o Staphylococcus aureus. O diagnóstico diferencial envolve principalmente outras causas não infecciosas de mastite, por exemplo a granulomatosa com reação a corpo estranho (piercing, implantes de silicone) e também malignidade. A ultrassonografia é um método bastante útil na investigação inicial daqueles quadros com suspeita de desenvolvimento de tal complicação e possibilita de maneira segura o tratamento minimamente invasivo e a obtenção de amostra para analise laboratorial. Isto permite a escolha de antibioticoterapia direcionada para os microorganismos causadores.

Mastitis is a relatively common condition in breastfeeding women. It appears mostly in the first six weeks after delivery (prevalence between 75-95% before the baby is three months old), however, it can occur throughout the entire period of breastfeeding. It may present clinically with mastalgia, erythema and breast edema, axillary lymph node enlargement, fever, chills, malaise and prostration. However, the complete clinical picture may not be present in all cases. The incorrect breastfeeding technique causes breast microlesions which are factors associated with mastitis, initially, and when it does not receive adequate treatment it can evolve for breast abscesses, which are characterized clinically by palpable or not, floating, partially circumscribed nodulation, usually in the upper lateral quadrant of the affected breast. The most involved microorganism is Staphylococcus aureus. The differential diagnosis mainly involves other non-infectious causes of mastitis, for example granulomatous with a foreign body reaction (piercing, silicone implants) and also malignancy. Ultrasonography is a very useful method in the initial investigation of those conditions suspected of developing such a complication, and it safely allows minimally invasive treatment and obtaining a sample for laboratory analysis. This allows the choice of antibiotic therapy directed at the causative microorganisms.

Linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implantes mamarios diagnosticado mediante punción por aguja fina. Caso clínico

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma, recently defined in the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms. It occurs more commonly when textured implants are used and appears clinically as a late seroma. Cytologically, these lesions are composed of large atypical cells with pleomorphic nucleus and an immunophenotype positive for T cell markers and CD30, and negative for ALK1. We report a 56-years-old woman with breast implants who developed a periprosthetic seroma three years after surgery. A fine needle aspiration of the lesion was carried out. Cytology and the immunocytochemical study revealed cells compatible with BIA-ALCL. The flow cytometric study was negative. Excisional biopsy of the capsule was performed, observing that the neoplastic cells were confined to the inner surface of the capsule. Imaging studies did not find evidence of disseminated disease. The present case demonstrates the importance of the study of any late periprosthetic effusion, which can be performed using fine needle aspiration.

Hallazgos ecográficos normales y complicaciones de implantes mamarios en Colombia / Normal Ultrasound Findings and Complications of Breast Implants in Colombia

La mamoplastia de aumento con implantes y la reconstrucción mamaria posmastectomía son algunos de los procedimientos quirúrgicos más frecuentes en cirugía plástica. Los implantes mamarios se encuentran entre los dispositivos médicos con mayor cantidad de informes por eventos adversos en el país. La extracción del implante es el estándar de oro ante la sospecha de la ruptura del mismo; sin embargo, hay poca claridad respecto a qué estrategias e imágenes son las adecuadas para la evaluación no invasiva de estos. La ecografía de alta resolución ha mostrado ser una alternativa para la evaluación inicial. Debido a la variabilidad de los implantes es necesario reconocer sus características imagenológicas. En este artículo se presentan los hallazgos ecográficos de los implantes, incluyendo aquellos que se pueden generar por marquillas o distintivos propios de la marca, y los propios de las complicaciones más comunes asociadas a ellos.

Implant augmentation mammoplasty and post-mastectomy breast reconstruction are some of the most frequent surgical procedures in plastic surgery. Breast implants are among the medical devices with the highest amount of reports of adverse events in our country. In suspicion of rupture, removal is the gold standard. However, there is little clarity regarding which strategies and images are adequate for non-invasive evaluation. High resolution ultrasound has shown to be an alternative for the initial evaluation. Due to the variability of the implants it is necessary to recognize their imaging characteristics. This article presents the findings of the ultrasound of the implants, including those that can be generated by tags or marks distinctive of the brand and those of the most common complications associated with them

Comparative clinical evaluation of breast augmentation using silicone foam coated implants and textured implants

Abstract Purpose To evaluate whether silicone foam implants have a different evolution pattern compared to conventional texture implants. Methods Fifty-eight female patients underwent surgery. They were divided into two groups (silicone foam - Lifesil® - and microtexturized silicone - Lifesil®). The evolution was analyzed in postoperative consultations, with physical examination, photographic documentation and filling in a satisfaction questionnaire, in the postoperative period of one month, four months, one year and then annually, up to a maximum of 3 years of follow-up. Results There were no statistically significant differences in presence of rippling, stretch marks, breast ptosis, capsular contracture and quality of scars. There was a higher rate of patients who were very satisfied with the outcome 360 days after surgery in the group receiving silicone foam implants (p = 0.036). Conclusion In short time, silicone foam envelope implants proved to be as reliable as textured silicone envelope implants, making them an option for augmentation mammoplasty.

Utilización de mallas de poliglactina 910 en reconstrucción mamaria / Implant-based immediate breast reconstruction assisted with polyglactin 910 mesh

Objetivo El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la evolución de las pacientes sometidas a reconstrucción mamaria inmediata con implantes asistidos con mallas de poliglactina 910. Material y método Se colocaron 135 mallas de poliglactina en 100 pacientes. En 35 pacientes, la reconstrucción mamaria fue bilateral y en 65 casos fue unilateral. En 71 casos (52,6%), se realizó con implante mamario directo y en 64 (47,4%) con expansor tisular transitorio seguido de reemplazo por prótesis definitiva. En 87 casos (64,4%), la herida cutánea no estaba en contacto con la malla, y en 48 (35,6%) la malla estaba en contacto con el tejido celular subcutáneo y la herida quirúrgica. 18 reconstrucciones mamarias fueron realizadas en tejidos previamente irradiados mientras que 7 pacientes fueron irradiadas luego de la mastectomía. Resultados Se registraron 32 complicaciones en 25 pacientes. En 21 pacientes (84%), se requirió corrección quirúrgica. En total, fueron 7 implantes perdidos (5,2%), 5 de los cuales tenían antecedentes de radioterapia previa. Conclusiones Pudimos constatar la buena adaptación de las mallas de poliglactina a la técnica quirúrgica, permitiendo obtener buenos resultados iniciales con una adecuada tasa de complicaciones. Las pacientes con tratamientos radiantes son los más expuestos a complicaciones y pérdidas del implante

Objective To assess the outcomes in patients undergoing implant-based immediate breast reconstruction assisted with polyglactin 910 mesh. Materials and method 135 polyglactin meshes were placed in 100 patients. In 35 patients, breast reconstruction was bilateral and in 65 cases it was unilateral. The reconstruction was performed in 71 cases (52.6%) with a definitive breast implant and in 64 cases (47.4%) with a tissue expander followed later by its replacement for a definitive prosthesis. In 87 cases (64.4%) the wound was not in contact with the mesh, and in 48 (35.6%) the mesh was in contact with the subcutaneous cellular tissue and the surgical wound. 18 breast reconstructions were performed on previously irradiated tissues while 7 patients received postmastectomy radiotherapy. Results There were 32 complications in 25 patients. In 21 cases (84%) there was some surgical procedure required. There were 7 implants lost (5.2%), 5 of which belonged to patients that had previous radiotherapy history. Conclusions We acknowledge the good adaptation of the polyglactin meshes to the surgical technique, allowing to obtain good results with low complications rate. Patients with radiotherapy are the most exposed to complications and implant losses

Recidiva de tumor Phyllodes sarcomatoide en una mujer joven: a propósito de un caso / Recurrence of sarcomatoide phyllodes tumor in a young

Resumen Introducción: El tumor Phyllodes mamario es una entidad muy poco frecuente, con tendencia a la recidiva local y una tasa de malignización de 5-10%. La base de su tratamiento es la resección quirúrgica. Material y Métodos: Mujer de 32 años diagnosticada de un tumor Phyllodes maligno en mama derecha sometida en otro centro a cirugía conservadora con colocación de expansor y a dos tumorectomías posteriores por recidiva local. Fue referida a nuestro Hospital al presentar una nueva recidiva de gran tamaño (9,2 cm) para valoración de intervención quirúrgica. Resultados: Se realizó exéresis del tumor (remanente de tejido mamario y músculo pectoral mayor) y retirada del expansor con reconstrucción mamaria con colgajo de dorsal ancho en el mismo tiempo quirúrgico. En el momento actual la paciente se encuentra pendiente de iniciar tratamiento radioterápico. Conclusiones: El tumor Phyllodes maligno es una entidad poco frecuente y cuyo manejo terapéutico se basa en la resección quirúrgica con márgenes. De forma adyuvante se puede administrar quimiorradioterapia. Es de gran importancia realizar un manejo multidisciplinar e individualizado de cada caso para ofrecer el mejor pronóstico.

Introduction: Phyllodes tumor is a rare entity, with a high tendency to local recurrence and a malignancy rate of 5-10%. The basis of its treatment is the surgical resection. Materials and Method: We report a 32-year-old woman who was diagnosed of a malignant Phyllodes tumor who had previously underwent conservative breast surgery and expander placement in another center. Two subsequent lumpectomies due to local recurrences were necessary. She was referred to our Hospital for she presented a new large-sized recurrence (9.2 cm) at the retroarelor area for assessment of new surgical treatment. Results: Surgical resection of the tumor (remnant of mammary tissue and pectoralis major muscle) and removal of the expander with immediate breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap was performed. At the present time, the patient is pending radiotherapeutic treatment. Conclusions: Malignant Phyllodes tumor is a rare entity whose therapeutic management is based on margin-free surgical excision. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy might be administered. It is very important to carry out a multidisciplinary and individualized management of each case to offer the best possible forecast.

Linfoma anaplásico de grandes células relacionado ao implante mamário: revisão sistemática da literatura / Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a systematic literature review

O linfoma anaplásico de grandes células associado ao implante de mama (Breast Implant Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma - BIA-ALCL) é uma doença maligna recentemente descoberta, rara e possivelmente associada aos implantes mamários texturizados. Essa revisão da literatura teve como objetivo trazer novas atualizações acerca da epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e fatores de risco para desenvolvimento do BIAALCL. Foi realizado o levantamento de dados do período de dezembro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019, através das bases de dados PUBMED, LILACS e Scielo sendo selecionados 10 artigos publicados entre 2016 e 2018. Foi encontrada uma incidência variando entre 2,8:100.000 a 1:3 milhões de pacientes com implantes mamários. Os dados coletados corroboram para a teoria de que não há uma relação direta de causa e efeito entre os implantes mamários, mormente os texturizados, e o desenvolvimento do BIA-ALCL, podendo esses ser considerados somente como fatores de risco e não agentes causadores. A teoria fisiopatológica mais aceita é a de que os implantes mamários com maior área de superfície levariam a formação de maior biofilme por maior adesão bacteriana gerando inflamação crônica mais proeminente, levando ao gatilho para a transformação maligna das células T. As informações explicitadas nessa revisão devem auxiliar na ampliação de estudos acerca da doença e criação de políticas públicas para a prevenção e diagnóstico precoce de tal enfermidade. Pelos dados encontrados há necessidade de que cirurgiões plásticos realizem acompanhamento mais próximo de seus pacientes, assim como orientem os pacientes antes das cirurgias sobre a existência da doença.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a newly discovered and rare cancer possibly associated with textured breast implants. This literature review investigates its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors. PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases were searched from December 2018 to February 2019, and 10 articles published between 2016 and 2018 were selected. The incidence of BIA-ALCL ranged from 2.8:100,000 to 1:3 million breast implants. The obtained data corroborate the hypothesis that there is no direct cause and effect relationship between breast implants, especially textured implants, and BIA-ALCL, and these implants can be considered risk factors but not causative factors. The most accepted hypothesis on disease pathophysiology is that breast implants with larger surface areas may promote bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, leading to severe chronic inflammation, triggering the malignant transformation of T cells. This review provides knowledge on BIA-ALCL and helps develop and implement public policies for disease prevention and timely diagnosis. The data highlight that long-term follow up is necessary and that surgeons should advise patients of the potential risk of developing BIA-ALCL before performing the implant surgery.

Estudo comparativo entre reconstrução imediata com prótese versus abordagem expansor-prótese / Comparative study of immediate implant and expander-implant reconstruction

Introdução: Ao longo dos últimos anos os benefícios das reconstruções imediatas se tornaram cada vez mais documentados na literatura e, hoje, o predomínio é pelas reconstruções imediatas. Nos últimos anos, o número de reconstruções com expansores e próteses tem aumentado. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo entre 2013 e 2014. Foram incluídas as pacientes submetidas à mastectomia, seguida de reconstrução de mama, e assim separadas em dois grupos: 1 - submetida a reconstrução direta com prótese e 2 - expansor. Diversos dados foram avaliados. Resultados: Foram realizadas 138 reconstruções assim divididos: 57 com prótese e 81 com expansor-prótese. As complicações pós-operatórias não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. Radioterapia não teve influência nas complicações. Pacientes que fizeram reconstrução com prótese realizaram menos cirurgias (1,78 vs 2,54) e menos retornos pós-operatórios (8 vs 11,75). Conclusão: As reconstruções imediatas com prótese ou expansor apresentam baixas e semelhantes taxas de complicações pós-operatórias. Pacientes submetidas às reconstruções com prótese tiveram menor taxa de retorno e número de cirurgias para finalizar a reconstrução.

Introduction: The benefits of immediate reconstruction have been increasingly documented in the literature over the past few years. Today, with some exceptions, immediate reconstruction is the preferred surgical choice for breast cancer patients. In the recent years, the number of reconstructions using expanders and implants has increased. Methods: This retrospective study conducted between 2013 and 2014 included patients undergoing mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction, who were divided into direct implant reconstruction and expander treatment groups. Several variables were evaluated. Results: A total of 138 reconstructions (57 implants and 81 expander-implant) were performed. There were no intergroup differences in postoperative complications. Radiotherapy did not influence complications. Implant reconstruction patients underwent fewer surgeries (1.78 vs 2.54) and had fewer postoperative returns (8 vs 11.75). Conclusion: Immediate implant and expander-implant reconstruction approaches present low and similar postoperative complication rates. Patients undergoing implant reconstruction had a lower return rate and underwent fewer surgeries than those undergoing expander-implant reconstruction.

Reconstruções mamárias: estudo retrospectivo de 16 anos / Breast reconstructions: a 16-year retrospective study

Introdução: Câncer de mama é o segundo tipo mais comum de câncer entre mulheres no Brasil. Estimam-se 59.700 casos novos de câncer de mama para o biênio 2018-2019. Reconstrução mamária é um procedimento seguro e vários procedimentos cirúrgicos são descritos para sua realização: técnicas conservadoras, retalhos de vizinhança, materiais aloplásticos, retalhos miocutâneos pediculados e microcirúrgicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os casos de reconstrução mamária pósmastectomia por câncer de mama, realizados em um período de 16 anos. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de prontuários de pacientes submetidas à reconstrução mamária pós-mastectomia por câncer de mama, no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2017. Resultados: No período analisado, 586 pacientes foram submetidas à reconstrução mamária. Em 160 pacientes a reconstrução mamária foi realizada com retalho miocutâneo do músculo retoabdominal (TRAM), 107 com técnicas conservadoras, 156 com retalho miocutâneo do músculo grande dorsal (RGD), 113 com próteses e 50 secundárias. Previamente a outubro de 2007, a porcentagem de pacientes submetidas a cirurgias bilaterais, somando-se TRAM e RGD, era de 30%, e a partir desse período a porcentagem passou para 83,3%. Houve algum tipo de complicação ou intercorrência em 203 (34,64%) pacientes operadas, totalizando de 335 complicações. Grande maioria apresentou intercorrências tratadas ambulatorialmente sem necessidade de reabordagem cirúrgica. Conclusão: Houve aumento da incidência de cirurgias bilaterais, fato atribuído ao aumento das mastectomias profiláticas na mama contralateral e aumento do número de reconstruções utilizando RGD em comparação com o TRAM, bem como o aumento significativo das reconstruções com implante de silicone.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women in Brazil. An estimated 59,700 new cases of breast cancer were reported in the 2018­2019 biennium. Breast reconstruction is a safe procedure, and various surgical procedures have been described, including conservative techniques and use of neighborhood flaps, alloplastic materials, and pedicled and microsurgical myocutaneous flaps. The objective of this study was to analyze cases of breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer performed over a period of 16 years. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer between January 2002 and December 2017. Results: Within the study period, 586 patients underwent breast reconstruction. Breast reconstruction was performed with a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous muscle (TRAM) flap in 160 patients, with conservative techniques in 107 patients, with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap (LDMF) in 156 patients, with prostheses in 113 patients, and secondarily in 50 patients. Before October 2007, the proportion of patients who underwent bilateral surgeries with a TRAM flap and LDMF was 30%, and since then, the percentage has increased to 83.3%. One or more types of complications occurred in 203 patients (34.64%) who underwent surgery, with a total of 335 complications . Most outpatient complications did not require surgical reassessment. Conclusion: The incidence of bilateral surgery increased, which is attributed to the increase in the number of prophylactic mastectomies in the contralateral breast and in the number of reconstructions using a LDMF compared with that using a TRAM flap. A significant increase in the number of reconstructions with silicone implants was also observed.