Asociación de colgajo dorsal ancho pediculado y libre para reconstrucción de grandes defectos de mama y tórax / Association of pedicled and free latissimus dorsi flap for reconstruction of large breast and thoracic defects

Introducción. Los tratamientos del cáncer de mama en estadios avanzados suelen ser tratamientos radicales. Ello implica la resección de grandes cantidades de tejido, a veces asociada a radioterapia o a procedimientos como quimioembolización intraarterial, lo que suele dar como resultado un gran defecto de cobertura cutánea que involucra no solo la mama sino también todo el hemitórax. Esto resulta un desafío para el cirujano plástico reconstructivo, ya que tiene que acudir a técnicas reconstructivas más complejas. En este trabajo proponemos, para estas pacientes, reconstrucción mamaria unilateral con la utilización de dos colgajos para cubrir el defecto completamente y así restaurar el tórax y la mama. Pacientes y métodos. Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo desde enero de 2017 a agosto de 2019. Se analizan 11 (once) pacientes con grandes defectos de cobertura cutánea. Diez pacientes reúnen la característica común de haber presentado cáncer de mama en estadio III, sometiéndose a cirugía radical + radioterapia. Una de las once presenta una necrosis extensa del hemitórax y la mama producto de una complicación de la quimioembolización intraarterial. Se realizó reconstrucción mamaria unilateral en dos tiempos con tejido autólogo mediante dos colgajos: colgajo dorsal ancho pediculado + colgajo dorsal ancho libre (6 casos). Una de ellas acude con el primer colgajo dorsal ancho pediculado realizado en otra institución; colgajo dorsal ancho pediculado + colgajo DIEP (3 casos); colgajo dorsal ancho pediculado + colgajo SGAP (1 caso), colgajo TRAM pediculado y colgajo dorsal ancho pediculado (1 caso). Resultados. Todos los colgajos sobrevivieron. El caso del paciente con colgajo TRAM fue derivado de otra institución con una vitalidad del 50%. Se presentó un caso de seroma en zona dadora de la espalda y una dehiscencia de herida en el mismo. El seguimiento promedio fue de 21,36 meses luego de la segunda instancia quirúrgica. Conclusiones. Los grandes defectos de tejidos blandos en el tórax anterior causados por resecciones extrarradicales de mama dejan defectos demasiado grandes para ser cubiertos por los colgajos de reconstrucción mamaria tradicionales. La reconstrucción mediante la asociación de un colgajo dorsal ancho pediculado y un colgajo dorsal ancho libre demostró ser una buena opción estética y funcional para poder resolver estos casos complejos que involucran no solo a la mama, sino también a la región torácica.

Large soft tissue defects in the anterior thorax cause by extraradical breast resections leave too large defects to be covered by traditional breast reconstruction flaps. Reconstruction by association of a pedicled latissimus dorsi flap and a free latissimus dorsi flap proved to be a good aesthetic and functional option, so much to be able to solve these complex cases that involve not only the breast as well also to the thoracic region.

Costos médicos directos de la atención médica de pacientes con cáncer de mama / Direct medical costs in a cohort of patients with breast cancer

Introducción: el costo económico del tratamiento de cáncer de mama (CM) y el aumento en su incidencia y prevalencia desafía la estabilidad financiera de cualquier sistema de salud. Objetivo: determinar los costos médicos directos (CMD) del tratamiento de CM y los factores asociados a estos costos. Material y métodos: evaluación económica parcial en una cohorte retrospectiva de 160 pacientes con diagnóstico conf irmado de CM. Se consideraron CMD desde la perspectiva del IMSS. Se utilizó análisis de bootstrapping para tratar incertidumbre y el modelo lineal generalizado para identificar factores asociados a costos. Resultados: el costo promedio anual (CPA) del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. En estadio 1, $ 116,123; estadio II, $ 242,132; estadio III, $ 287,946, y estadio IV, $ 358,792 pesos. El CPA fue mayor en progresión del CM ($ 380,117 frente a no progresión $ 172,897), y en pacientes que fallecieron durante el seguimiento ($ 357,579) frente a aquellas que sobrevivieron ($ 218,699). Conclusiones: el CPA del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. Los CMD aumentan significativamente conforme las pacientes presentan estadios más avanzados de la enfermedad. Los factores asociados al CMD fueron edad, estadios II, III y la progresión del CM.

Background: The economic cost of breast cancer (BC) treatment and the increase in incidence and prevalence challenges the financial stability of any healthcare system. Objective: To determine direct medical costs (DMC) of BC treatment and factors associated with DMC. Material and methods: Partial economic evaluation in a retrospective cohort of 160 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BC. DMC was considered from the IMSS perspective. Bootstrapping analysis was used to deal with uncertainty and generalized linear model to identify factors associated with DCM Results: The total average annual cost of BC treatment was $251,018 mexican pesos. In clinical stage I was $116,123, stage II $242,132, stage III $287,946, and stage IV $358,792 pesos. In progression disease, DMC were more elevate ($380,117) vs. without progression ($172,897), (p < 0.0001). In patients who died, DMC were $357,579 mexican pesos compared to those who survived ($218,699) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The average annual cost of CM treatment was $251,018 pesos. DMCs increase significantly as patients present more advanced stages of the disease. Factors associated with costs were age, stages II, III and the progression of BC.

Is paclitaxel less cardiotoxic in the treatment of breast cancer before or after doxorubicin? / Qual estratégia terapêutica é menos cardiotóxica no tratamento do câncer de mama: uso de paclitaxel antes ou depois da doxorrubicina?

Background: The combination of doxorubicin (DOX) with paclitaxel (PTX) effectively treats breast cancer (BC). However, DOX-associated cardiotoxicity (CTX) is aggravated by the use of PTX. Consensus is lacking about which drug sequence involves the most CTX. Objectives: To evaluate whether DOX followed by PXT or the reverse sequence has the greatest cardiotoxic potential in the treatment of BC. Methods: Prospective study of women with primary BC who received four cycles of DOX and 12 infusions of PTX. Participants were divided into Group 1 (G1; PXT before DOX) and Group 2 (G2; DOX before PXT) at the discretion of the oncologist. CTX was defined as an absolute reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 10% to a value <53%. Patients underwentclinical evaluations and echocardiography before treatment (Phase 1) and one year after treatment (Phase 2). Results: Sixty-nine women were evaluated: 19 in G1 and 50 in G2. The groups had similar clinical characteristics. The doses of radiation, DOX, and PTX used were similar. Eight (11.6%) patients developed CTX: two (10.5%) in G1 and six (12.0%) in G2 (p=0.62). The mean LVEF was similar between groups in Phase 1 (G1=65.1±3.5%; G2=65.2±3.9%; p=0.96), with a significant reduction noted after one year in both groups: G1=61.4±8.1% (p=0.021) and G2=60.8±7.6% (p<0,001). Although lower, mean LVEF remained similar between groups after Phase 2 (p=0.79). Conclusions: In women with BC who underwent chemotherapy, the incidence of CTX at the end of the first year of treatment was similar regardless of whether DOX was used before or after PTX. (AU)

Atenção ao câncer de mama a partir da suspeita na atenção primária à saúde nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas, Brasil / Breast cancer care from a suspected case detected in primary health care in São Paulo and Campinas, Brazil

Resumo Buscou-se identificar fatores que interferem na suspeita do câncer de mama (CM) pela atenção primária à saúde (APS) que impulsionam o encaminhamento para a atenção especializada (AE) nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Foram entrevistadas 664 mulheres (353 paulistanas e 311 campineiras) diagnosticadas com CM, encaminhadas para AE pela APS. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística multinível para a identificação das associações entre a suspeita do CM pela APS, variáveis socioeconômicas e atenção ao câncer. Mostraram associação significativa: nível superior de escolaridade (RC = 0,59; IC 95% = 0,35-0,98); pagamento de consulta médica para atendimento relacionado ao câncer (RC = 0,59; IC 95% = 0,36-0,96), continuou atendimento na APS após início do tratamento na AE (RC = 0,62; IC 95% = 0,41-0,95); mama examinada na APS (ECM) antes do encaminhamento para a AE (RC = 1,61; IC 95% = 1,10-2,34) e primeira mamografia solicitada na APS (RC = 2,81; IC 95% = 1,95-4,00). A solicitação da mamografia e o ECM são ações que têm sido incorporadas na APS para a detecção precoce do CM nos municípios. Continuar o atendimento na APS e melhores condições socioeconômicas, como ter nível superior de escolaridade e capacidade de pagar por atendimento, reduzem a chance da suspeita.

Abstract We aimed to identify factors that interfere in breast cancer (BC) suspected cases detected in Primary Health Care (PHC) that drive the referral to Specialized Care (SC) São Paulo and Campinas, Brazil. We interviewed 664 women (353 from São Paulo and 311 from Campinas) diagnosed with BC, referred to SC from PHC. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to the identification of associations between BC suspected cases by PHC and the socioeconomic and cancer care variables. The following showed a significant association: higher schooling level (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.35-0.98); medical visit payment for cancer-related care (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.36-0.96), continued attendance at PHC after beginning treatment at SC (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.41-0.95); breast examined in PHC before referral to SC (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.10-2.34) and first mammography requested in PHC (ECM) (OR = 2.81; 95% CI = 1.95-4.00). The request for mammography and the clinical breast examination is incorporated into the PHC for the early detection of BC in the cities. Continuing the care at the PHC and better socioeconomic conditions, such as having a higher education level and capacity to pay for care, can reduce the likelihood of suspected cases.

Comprehensive management guideline for breast cancer follow-up and healthcare (2022 edition) / 中华肿瘤杂志

In recent years, with the emphasis on breast cancer screening and the improvement of standardized diagnosis and treatment, cure rate and survival time of breast cancer patients have been significantly improved in China. Accompanied by prolonged follow-up period, patients are facing increasing cancer and other related health issues, which calls for a more accurate and long-term follow-up plan and focus on broader health risks. Health issues on cardiovascular system, bone density, blood lipid and psychology caused by anti-cancer treatment, senescence or changes in hormone levels have become new challenges in the management of patients with breast cancer, not only affecting the life quality, but also impacting disease recurrence and death. Therefore, in addition to standardized treatment, scientific and standardized follow-up, comprehensive management of patients' concomitant diseases, interdisciplinary cooperation and holistic rehabilitation are also vital links to treatment. This could improve the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer treatment and the quality of life of patients. Based on the current landscape of treatment and follow-up of breast cancer patients in China, the experts committee updated the "Comprehensive Management Guideline for Breast Cancer Follow-up and Concomitant Diseases (2019 edition)" and revised it as "Guidelines for breast cancer follow-up and health management in China (2022 edition)" according to the latest literature and guidelines and medical advice from interdisciplinary experts. This new guideline is composed of four parts: path diagram, follow-up management, comprehensive healthcare management, and patient reported outcome. It aims to standardize the long-term follow-up of breast cancer patients, guide clinicians to actively provide comprehensive interdisciplinary healthcare management, and further improve the prognosis and life quality of breast cancer patients in China.

Teleoncology Orientation of Low-Income Breast Cancer Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Feasibility and Patient Satisfaction / Orientação teleoncológica de pacientes de baixa renda com câncer de mama durante a pandemia de COVID-19: Viabilidade e satisfação do paciente

Abstract Objective The present study aims to assess the feasibility and patient satisfaction of teleoncology orientation in a vulnerable population of breast cancer patients assessed in a government health system during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. Methods Eligible patients received an invitation to receive remote care to minimize exposure to an environment in which the risk of respiratory infection was present. The means of communication was telephone through an application that allows free conversation with no charge. An anonymous-response questionnaire based on a Likert-type scale was sent through a cell phone application or e-mail directly to each patient or close relative of the patient immediately after teleconsultation. Responses to the questions, which addressed utility, facility, interface quality, interaction quality, reliability, satisfaction, and interest in future evaluation, were compiled and analyzed. Results A total of 176 eligible patients scheduled for consultation were evaluated and 98 were included. Seventy (71.4%) successfully undertook the teleorientation. The questionnaire was submitted by 43 (61.4%) patients. The overall teleoncology orientation was classified as very positive by 41 (95.3%) patients. Specifically, regarding the questionnaire items, 43 (100%) patients scored 4 or 5 (agreed that the teleconsultation was beneficial) concerning the facility, followed by 42 (97.2%) for the interface quality, 41 (95.3%) for both utility and interaction quality, 40 (93%) for satisfaction and interest in future evaluation, and, finally, 39 (90.6%) for reliability. Conclusion Teleoncology orientation of low-income breast cancer patients is most feasible and leads to high patient satisfaction.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade e satisfação em relação à orientação teleoncológica realizada em população vulnerável de pacientes com câncer de mama e provenientes do sistema público de saúde durante a pandemia do coronavírus em 2020. Métodos Pacientes elegíveis foram agendados para atendimento remoto visando minimizar exposição a ambientes com risco de infecção respiratória. O meio de comunicação foi o telefone, pois permite conversa sem custos. Um questionário anônimo com base na escala Likert foi enviado através de aplicativo de telefone celular ou e-mail para paciente ou familiares, logo após a teleconsulta. As respostas, que abordavam utilidade, facilidade, qualidade da interface, qualidade da interação, confiabilidade, satisfação e interesse em avaliações futuras, foram compiladas e analisadas. Resultados Um total de 176 pacientes elegíveis para teleconsulta foram avaliados e 98 foram incluídos. Setenta (71,4%) realizaram a teleorientação com sucesso. O questionário foi respondido por 43 (61,4%) pacientes. De maneira geral, a teleorientação foi classificada como muito positiva por 41 (95,3%) pacientes. Em relação aos itens avaliados, 43 (100%) pacientes pontuaram 4 ou 5 (concordaram que a teleconsulta era benéfica) em relação à facilidade do serviço, seguido por 42 (97,2%) para a qualidade da interface, 41 (95,3%) tanto para a utilidade quanto para a qualidade da interação, 40 (93%) para satisfação e interesse em avaliação futura e 39 (90,6%) para confiabilidade em relação ao método. Conclusão A orientação teleoncológica empacientes de baixa renda e com câncer de mama mostrou ser viável e com altas taxas de satisfação.

The efficiency of a mixed exercise program on quality of life and fatigue levels in patients with breast cancer

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Exercise is a nonpharmacological supportive therapy which has been specifically identified to reduce postoperative complications or adverse events of cancer or treatments. Although there are few studies combining resistance and aerobic exercise in cancer survivors, exercise programs are very rare in different places in the literature. This study aims to investigate the effects of mixed-type exercise in different venues on weight, body mass index, fatigue, and quality of life in cancer survivors. METHODS: This is a descriptive, intervention study. Participants were included in the study, and the exercise process was between January and November 2019. The exercise group consisted of 32 patients who had just completed their breast cancer treatment and did not have distant metastases, and they applied a mixed exercise program including resistance at home and aerobic exercise in the fitness center for 12 weeks. The patients with breast cancer in the control group (30 patients) did not receive any exercise program. RESULTS: Subjective feelings of fatigue and decrease in concentration, motivation, and physical activity significantly decreased after exercise (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.006, p=0.008, and p<0.001, respectively) in the study group. The results also showed that physical health, general health status, and emotional and social health status significantly increased with the exercise program (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.004, and p=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results show that a mixed (fitness center and home) 12-week exercise program provides an improvement in general health and reduces the side effects of the treatments and fatigue in patients with breast cancer. For a good prognostic process after medical treatment, exercise can be recommended in every accessible area.

Impact of home-based aerobic training combined with food orientation on food consumption, daily physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness among breast cancer survivors: six-month clinical trial

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Anticancer treatment gives rise to adverse effects such as increased pain and changes to body weight and menstrual cycles, with negative effects on activities of daily living. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of food orientation combined with supervised (face-to-face, FF) versus home-based (HB) aerobic training on lifestyle (food consumption and daily physical activity (PA) levels), body composition, metabolic profile and cardiorespiratory fitness, among breast cancer survivors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Clinical trial study (six months) conducted at a public university in Presidente Prudente, Brazil. METHODS: Twenty-three female breast cancer survivors (40-75 years old) were allocated to aerobic training groups, either FF or HB. Both groups were trained and received food orientation. They were evaluated through a dietary record, ergometric treadmill test and blood test and the Baecke questionnaire. RESULTS: After six months, both groups had reduced their lipid levels, total energy consumption and polyunsaturated fat intake, and had increased their PA levels and treadmill test durations. However, only the HB showed reduced carbohydrate percentage and increased folic acid; and only the FF showed reduced lipid, saturated fat and sodium levels, along with increased carbohydrate and protein levels. No differences in body composition or metabolic profile were found. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated the feasibility of HB aerobic training. In isolation, HB showed greater regulation of carbohydrate percentage and increased folic acid levels. Moreover, these breast cancer survivors presented improvements in food consumption, PA levels and cardiorespiratory fitness, while also maintaining their body composition and metabolic profile after the intervention, independent of the group.

Caracterización del cáncer de mama de un servicio de salud pública del sur de Chile según edad, período 2005-2015 / Characterization of breast cancer of a public health service in southern Chile according to age, period 2005-2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Chile ha aumentado la morbilidad y mortalidad por el cáncer de mama (CaMa), y el Servicio de Salud de Talcahuano (SST) ha realizado acciones para pesquisarlo precozmente y cumplir con las garantías explícitas en salud (GES) OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los ingresos por CaMa del SST en el período 2005-2015. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal de 1.077 mujeres diagnosticadas con CaMa en la Unidad de Patología Mamaria (UPM) del SST. Variables: edad, tipo histológico, etapificación, tratamiento y cumplimiento de las GES. Análisis univariado y bivariado con suite estadística SPSS v25. RESULTADOS: Los casos aumentaron en todo el período de estudio, excepto en 2011. Concentrando el 35,5% en mujeres de ≥65 años. El carcinoma ductal invasor ascendió al 73,5% de los tipos histológicos, y 41,9% tenía un tamaño tumoral entre 2 y 5 cms. Las mujeres de 65 y más años presentan los porcentajes más altos en frecuencia y tamaño de tumor. El 78,6% ingresó en etapa 0 a IIB. Los tratamientos más frecuentes fueron: hormonoterapia (81,4%), radioterapia (80,1%), mastectomía parcial (69,4%), quimioterapia (56,3%) y disección axilar (55,7%). El cumplimiento de las garantías GES, es mayor en la confirmación diagnóstica (87%) que en el inicio de tratamiento (77,3%). CONCLUSIÓN: Ascendió sostenidamente el CaMa en el SST, excepto en 2011, quizás condicionado por el terremoto del año 2010. La mayoría de los ingresos lo hacen en etapas tempranas, en mujeres ≥50 años (especialmente en ≥65 más) y con tratamientos más conservadores. Existe un alto cumplimiento de las GES del CaMa en el SST.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer morbidity and mortality has increased in Chile, and the Talcahuano Health Service (THS) has taken measures for an early detection and complying with the country's Explicit Health Guarantees program (GES in Spanish). OBJECTIVE: To characterize admissions to the THS for breast cancer between 2005 and 2015. Methods: Cross-sectional study, consisting of 1077 women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer in the Mammary Pathologies Unit of the THS. Variables: age, histological type, staging, treatment, and GES compliance. Univariate and bivariate analysis, using SPSS v25. RESULTS: Cases increased every year but on 2011, with 35.5% of them being women aged 65 or older. Invasive ductal carcinoma accounted for 73.5% of the histological types, while 41.9% presented a tumor size of 2-5 cm. Women aged 65 and older showed the highest percentages in frequency and tumor size. 78.6% of cases were admitted while on stages 0 to IIB. Most frequent treatments were hormone therapy (81.4%), radiotherapy (80.1%), partial mastectomy (69.4%), chemotherapy (56.3%), and axillary dissection (55.7%). GES compliance was higher in the diagnosis stage (87.0%) than at the start of treatment (77.3%). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer rates have steadily increased in the THS but on 2011, which could be due to the 2010 Chile earthquake. Most admissions are women aged 50 or more (especially ≥ 65), on early stages, and under more traditional treatments. There is a high rate of GES compliance in this health service.

Tratuzumab subcutáneo en el tratamiento cáncer de mama HER2 positivo / Subcutaneous Tratuzumab in the Treatment of HER2 Positive Breast Cancer

El presente informe es producto del trabajo colaborativo de la Comisión Nacional de Evaluación de Tecnologías de Salud (CONETEC), dependiente del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación y creada por RM N° 623/2018. La CONETEC realiza evaluaciones y emite recomendaciones a la autoridad sanitaria sobre la incorporación, forma de uso, financiamiento y políticas de cobertura de las tecnologías sanitarias desde una perspectiva global del sistema de salud argentino. En sus evaluaciones y recomendaciones, la CONETEC tiene en cuenta criterios de calidad, seguridad, efectividad, eficiencia y equidad, evaluados bajo dimensiones éticas, médicas, económicas y sociales. Sus resultados son consensuados mediante discusiones públicas y ponderados a través de un marco de valor explícito, con la participación de todos los actores involucrados en el proceso de toma de decisiones en salud. Los informes y recomendaciones de esta comisión surgen de este proceso público, transparente y colaborativo, siendo de libre consulta y acceso para toda la sociedad.

Physical Functionality of the Upper Limb after Breast Cancer Surgery in Southern Brazilian Survivors: Cross-Sectional Study / Funcionalidade do Membro Superior após a Cirurgia do Câncer de Mama em Sobreviventes do Sul do Brasil: Estudo de Corte Transversal / Función Física de la Extremidad Superior Después de una Cirugía de Cáncer de Mama en Sobrevivientes del Sur de Brasil: Estudio Transversal

Introduction: Surgical treatment after the diagnosis of breast cancer can lead to several consequences of the survivor's upper limb. Objective: Analyze the physical function of the upper limb after breast cancer surgery in Southern Brazilian survivors. Method: 82 breast cancer survivors (55±10 years) receiving hormone therapy were included. A questionnaire for general information, pain (Visual Analogue Scale), and upper limb functionality (DASH) were applied, followed by physical tests; the shoulder range of motion (goniometer), strength (dynamometer), proprioception (kinesimeter) and arm volume (perimeter of the arm). Results: No differences were found for any variable of physical function in relation to mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery. However, better scores of strength and the shoulder range of motion were found for the non-surgery arm. Linear regression demonstrated a relation between pain, strength, range of motion, proprioception, and arm volume with the disabilities of the upper limb, and when adjusted by surgery modality, shoulder range of motion, arm volume, and proprioception maintained significantly. Conclusion: Breast cancer survivors presented physical disabilities on the upper limb after surgery, regardless of the modality of surgery. Results elucidate the need for an efficient post-treatment program to prevent poor physical function after breast cancer surgery and provide better daily activities to these women.

Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgicodo câncer de mama pode levar a consequências físicas no membro superior de sobreviventes. Objetivo: Analisar a funcionalidade do membro superior após cirurgia de câncer de mama em sobreviventes do Sul do Brasil. Método: Foram avaliadas82 sobreviventes de câncer de mama (55±10 anos) em tratamento com hormonioterapia. Foi aplicado um questionário para informações gerais, dor (Escala Visual Analógica) e funcionalidade do membro superior (DASH), seguido de testes físicos; amplitude de movimento (goniômetro), força (dinamômetro), propriocepção (cinesiômetro) e volume do braço (perímetro do braço). Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças para nenhuma das variáveis de funcionalidade em relação à mastectomia ou cirurgia conservadora de mama. No entanto, melhores escores de força e amplitude de movimento foram apresentados no membro contralateral à cirurgia. A regressão linear demonstrou uma relação entre dor, força, amplitude de movimento, propriocepção e volume do braço com as disfunções do membro superior e, quando ajustada pela modalidade de cirurgia, apenas a amplitude de movimento, volume do braço e propriocepção mantiveram--se significativamente. Conclusão: A cirurgia do câncer de mama pode levar à pior funcionalidade no membro superior, independentemente da modalidade da cirurgia. Os resultados elucidam a necessidade de um programa eficiente de pós-tratamento para prevenir as consequências na função física do membro superior após cirurgia de câncer de mama e proporcionar melhora nas atividades de vida diária nessa população.

Introducción: El tratamiento quirúrgico después del diagnóstico de cáncer de seno puede conducir a varias consecuencias de la extremidad superior de la sobreviviente. Objetivo: Analizar la función física de la extremidad superior después de una cirugía de cáncer de mama en sobrevivientes del sur de Brasil.Método: Se incluyeron 82 sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama (55±10 años) que recibieron terapia hormonal. Se aplicó un cuestionario para información general, dolor (escala analógica visual) y funcionalidad de la extremidad superior (DASH), seguido de pruebas físicas; el rango de movimiento (goniómetro), fuerza (dinamómetro), propiocepción (kinesímetro) y volumen del brazo (perímetro del brazo). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias para ninguna variable de la función física con respecto a someterse a una mastectomía o cirugía conservadora de seno. Sin embargo, se encontraron mejores puntajes de fuerza y rango de movimiento para el brazo no quirúrgico. La regresión lineal demostró una relación entre el dolor, la fuerza, el rango de movimiento, la propiocepción y el volumen del brazo con las discapacidades de la extremidad superior, y cuando se ajustó por la modalidad quirúrgica, el rango de movimiento, el volumen del brazo y la propiocepción se mantuvieron significativamente. Conclusión: Las sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama presentaron discapacidades físicas en la extremidad superior después de la cirugía, independientemente de la modalidad de la cirugía. Los resultados aclaran la necesidad de un programa de postratamiento eficiente para prevenir la mala función física después de la cirugía de cáncer de mama y proporcionar mejores actividades diarias a estas mujeres.

Alterações Dermatológicas Associadas ao Tratamento Oncológico de Mulheres com Câncer de Mama / Dermatological Alterations Associated with Oncological Treatment of Women with Breast Cancer / Alteraciones Dermatológicas Asociadas con el Tratamiento Oncológico de Mujeres con Cáncer de Mama

Introdução: Diversos efeitos colaterais podem acometer a pele e seus anexos durante o tratamento oncológico de mulheres com câncer de mama, comprometendo a terapia. Objetivo: Identificar a ocorrência de alterações dermatológicas durante o tratamento oncológico de mulheres com câncer de mama. Método: Estudo documental e retrospectivo, de cunho quantitativo, com uso de dados secundários obtidos por meio de 190 prontuários clínicos (n=190) de um serviço privado de oncologia. Resultados: As participantes apresentaram média de idade de 53 anos (±11,2), com diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma ductal invasivo (85,8%). Todas foram submetidas à quimioterapia, 65,3% à mastectomia radical e 34,2% à radioterapia. As alterações dermatológicas identificadas e as ocorrências verificadas na amostra foram alopecia (94,2%), hiperpigmentação (48,4%), prurido (36,3%), eritema (6,8%), descamação (25,8%) e alterações ungueais (77,9%). Ao todo, foram identificadas 550 alterações dermatológicas, resultando em uma média de 2,9 (±1,3) por paciente. A radioterapia esteve associada a uma maior ocorrência de eritema (p<0,001) e mulheres expostas a taxanos apresentaram maior probabilidade de manifestar de alterações dermatológicas do que as não expostas (p<0,001), bem como fatores sociodemográficos não estiveram associados. Conclusão: A ocorrência de alterações dermatológicas identificadas nas participantes foi significativa, reforçando que essas manifestações podem ser frequentes em mulheres com câncer de mama durante o tratamento oncológico, requerendo medidas de prevenção e tratamento.

Introduction: Several side effects can affect the skin and its attachments during cancer treatment of women with breast cancer, compromising the therapy. Objective: To identify the occurrence of dermatological changes during cancer treatment of women with breast cancer. Method:Quantitative approach, documentary and retrospective study, using secondary data obtained from 190 clinical records (n=190) from a private oncology service. Results: The participants had a mean age of 53 years (±11.2), with histopathological diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma (85.8%). All participants were exposed to chemotherapy, 65.3% to radical mastectomy and 34.2% to radiotherapy. The dermatological alterations identified, and the occurrences verified in the sample were alopecia (94.2%), hyperpigmentation (48.4%), pruritus (36.3%), erythema (6.8%), desquamation (25.8%) and nail alterations (77.9%). In all, 550 dermatological alterations were identified, resulting in an average of 2.9 (±1.3) changes per patient. Radiotherapy was associated with a higher occurrence of erythema (p<0.001) and women exposed to taxanes were more likely to manifest dermatological alterations than those unexposed (p<0.001), sociodemographic factors were not associated. Conclusion: The occurrence of dermatological alterations identified in the participants was significant, reinforcing that these manifestations may be frequent in women with breast cancer during oncological treatment, requiring prevention and treatment actions.

Introducción: Varios efectos secundarios pueden afectar la piel y sus uniones durante el tratamiento del cáncer de mujeres con cáncer de mama, comprometiendo la terapia. Objetivo: Identificar la aparición de alteraciones dermatológicas durante el tratamiento del cáncer de mujeres con cáncer de mama. Método: Estudio documental y retrospectivo, de carácter cuantitativo, utilizando datos secundarios obtenidos de 190 registros clínicos (n=190) de un servicio oncológico privado. Resultados: Los participantes tenían una edad media de 53 años (±11,2), con diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma ductal invasivo (85,8%). Todas fueran sometidas a quimioterapia, el 65,3% a mastectomía radical y el 34,2% a radioterapia. Las alteraciones dermatológicas identificadas y las ocurrencias verificadas en la muestra fueron alopecia (94,2%), hiperpigmentación (48,4%), prurito (36,3%), eritema (6,8%), descamación (25,8%) y alteraciones en las uñas (77,9%). En total, se identificaron 550 alteraciones dermatológicas, lo que resultó en un promedio de 2,9 (±1,3) por paciente. En total, se identificaron 550 cambios dermatológicos, lo que resultó en un promedio de 2,9 (±1,3) alteraciones por paciente. La radioterapia se asoció con una mayor incidencia de eritema (p<0,001) y las mujeres expuestas a taxanos tienen más probabilidades de manifestar alteraciones dermatológicas que las no expuestas (p<0,001), además de que no se asociaron factores sociodemográficos. Conclusión: La ocurrencia de alteraciones dermatológicas identificadas en las participantes fue significativa, reforzando que estas manifestaciones pueden ser frecuentes en mujeres con cáncer de mama durante el tratamiento oncológico, requiriendo acciones de prevención y tratamiento.

O Estado da Arte da Imunoterapia no Tratamento do Câncer de Mama Triplo-Negativo: Principais Drogas, Associações, Mecanismos de Ação e Perspectivas Futuras / The State-of-the-Art of Immunotherapy in the Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment: Main Drugs, Combinations, Mechanisms of Action and Future Perspectives / El Estado del Arte de la Inmunoterapia en el Tratamiento del Cáncer de Mama Triple Negativo: Principales Fármacos, Asociaciones, Mecanismos de Acción y Perspectivas de Futuro

Introdução: O câncer de mama é o mais comumente diagnosticado em mulheres e uma das principais causas de morte por câncer em mulheres em todo o mundo. Apesar, ou talvez por causa, de sua natureza agressiva e da falta de tratamentos direcionados atuais, pesquisas clínicas e laboratoriais significativas estão fornecendo opções de tratamento diferenciadas. Historicamente, a quimioterapia tem sido a única opção viável de tratamento sistêmico para doenças precoces e avançadas. No entanto, ensaios clínicos publicados recentemente mostraram que a imunoterapia tem um papel importante no paradigma de tratamento dessa condição devastadora. Objetivo: Demonstrar o estado da arte da imunoterapia no tratamento do câncer de mama triplo-negativo. Método: Revisão integrativa de literatura, entre janeiro/2020 a março/2020, a partir das bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, InternationalClinical Trials Registry Platform e LILACS, por meio dos descritores "Imunoterapia", "Neoplasias da mama" e "Neoplasias de mama triplo negativas" e seus respectivos correspondentes em inglês. Resultados: Foram encontrados 465 artigos; destes, 457 foram excluídos após aplicação dos critérios metodológicos. Assim, restaram oito artigos que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, demonstrando os principais agentes terapêuticos utilizados, mecanismos de ação e combinações terapêuticas. Encontraram-se 25 ensaios clínicos em andamento na plataforma de registro de ensaios clínicos InternationalClinical Trials Registry Platform. Conclusão: Embora a imunoterapia seja algo recente, seus resultados com agentes inibidores da PARP, PD-1 e PD-L1 demonstraram resultados satisfatórios. Novos ensaios com subgrupos estratificados de acordo com biomarcadores tumorais específicos são necessários, a fim de avaliar se algum subgrupo tem maior benefício ao tratamento.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and is one of the leading causes of death from cancer in women worldwide. Despite, or perhaps because of its aggressive nature and current lack of targeted treatments, significant basic research and clinical trials are being conducted to provide new treatment options. Historically, chemotherapy has been the only viable systemic treatment option for early and advanced diseases. However, recently published clinical trials have shown that immunotherapy plays an important role in the treatment paradigm of this devastating clinical condition. Objective: To demonstrate the state-of-the-art results of immunotherapy in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Method:An integrative literature review was carried out between January/2020 and March/2020, in PubMed, SciELO, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and LILACS databases, using the keywords "Immunotherapy", "Breast Cancer", and "Triple Negative Breast Cancer" and its respective correspondents in Portuguese. Results: 465 articles were found; of those, 457 were excluded after applying the methodological criteria. Thus, 8 articles that met the inclusion criteria, showing the main therapeutic agents used, mechanisms of action and therapeutic combinations, remained. 25 clinical trials were found in progress on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Conclusion: Although immunotherapy is somewhat recent, its results with PARP, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors have shown satisfactory results. New trials with subgroups stratified according to specific tumor biomarkers are needed in order to assess if some subgroups have greater benefit to treatment.

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es el más comúnmente diagnosticado en las mujeres y es una de las principales causas de muerte por cáncer en mujeres de todo el mundo. A pesar de, o quizás debido a su naturaleza agresiva y la falta de tratamientos dirigidos actuales, investigaciones clínicas y de laboratorio significativas están proporcionando opciones de tratamiento diferenciadas. Históricamente, la quimioterapia ha sido la única opción viable para el tratamiento sistémico de enfermedades tempranas y avanzadas. Sin embargo, los ensayos clínicos publicados recientemente han demostrado que la inmunoterapia desempeña un papel importante en el paradigma del tratamiento de esta condición devastadora. Objetivo: Demostrar el estado del arte de la inmunoterapia en el cáncer de mama triple negativo. Método: Revisión integradora entre enero/2020 y marzo/2020, utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, InternationalClinical Trials Registry Platform y LILACS, empleando las palabras clave "Inmunoterapia", "Cáncer de mama" y "Cáncer de mama triple negativo" y los respectivos términos en inglés. Resultados: Se encontraron 465 artículos; de estos, 457 fueron excluidos después de aplicar los criterios metodológicos. Así, quedaron 8 artículos que cumplían los criterios, que mostraban los principales agentes terapéuticos utilizados, mecanismos de acción y combinaciones terapéuticas. Se encontraron 25 ensayos clínicos en progreso en la plataforma InternationalClinical Trials Registry Platform. Conclusión: Aunque la inmunoterapia es algo reciente, sus resultados con inhibidores de PARP, PD-1 y PD-L1 han mostrado resultados satisfactorios. Se necesitan nuevos ensayos con subgrupos estratificados según biomarcadores tumorales específicos para evaluar si algún subgrupo tiene un mayor beneficio.

Composition and changes in breast cancer patients' diagnosis and treatment expenses under the influence of medical insurance policy reform-A study on 3 950 patients in Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#To understand the influence of medical insurance policy reforms in Guangxi on the hospitalization expenses of breast cancer patients by analyzing the composition and changing trend in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment expenses in the Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, and to provide the evidence for the improvement of medical insurance policy reform.@*METHODS@#A total of 3 950 breast cancer patients were collected from 2014 to 2017 and analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple linear regression model were used to discuss the breast cancer related epidemiology and analyze the composition of hospitalization expenses and its influential factors.@*RESULTS@#The median hospitalization cost of breast cancer patients in our hospital from 2014 to 2017 was 29 266.94 Chinese Yuan. Single factor analysis showed that the impact of year, hospitalization days, age, payment method, tumor stage, and treatment method on hospitalization cost was significant (all @*CONCLUSIONS@#Reasonably controlling hospitalization days and actively promoting the integration of urban and rural medical insurance can effectively reduce the economic burden for breast cancer patients.

Research progress in decision-making aids for breast cancer patients / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Decision-making aid for cancer patients is of great significance in the diagnosis and treatment for diseases. Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women all over the world, and breast cancer patients have become the main target population for decision-aided research. Application of decision-making assistance for patients in Western countries has developed to a certain extent, while relevant research in China is still at the early stage. There are kinds of intervention forms for patients' decision aids, including traditional brochures and videos, decision aids systems, decision coaching, multidisciplinary breast cancer teams, etc. The tools for decision-making quality evaluation include the patients' awareness for decision-making, participation, decision-making conflict, decision-making satisfaction, decision-making regret, which can provide important guidance for the application of decision-making aid treatment in breast cancer patients in the future.