ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: A comparative study of the morphology of suboccipital cavernous sinus (SCS) using MRI and cast specimens was performed. The present retrospective study analysed the craniocervical magnetic resonance venography (MRV) imaging data of 61 patients. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed using Mimics 19.0. The SCS left-right diameter(d1), distance from the midline (d2), supero-inferior diameter(d3), anteroposterior diameter (d4), distance from posterior diameter to skin (d5), and diameter of the SCS at different parts (d6-d8) were measured. Comparison between MRV images and cast specimens, the SCS, marginal sinus, anterior condylar vein, and vertebral artery venous plexus were symmetrical and could be bilaterally displayed, whereas the presence of extra condylar vein and posterior condylar vein exhibited different types. The adjacency between the SCS and its communicating vessels and changes in its communicating vessels corresponded well with the MRV images and cast specimens. Many types of the presence of left and right lateral condylar and posterior condylar veins were found in the cast specimens, which could be divided into the bilateral presence of posterior condylar and lateral condylar veins, unilateral presence of posterior condylar veins, and unilateral presence of lateral condylar vein. A total of 61 cases analysed using MRV images revealed the bilateral presence of posterior condylar and lateral condylar veins (77.1 %), the unilateral presence of posterior condylar vein (18.0 %), and the unilateral presence of lateral condylar vein (9.8 %), of which the bilateral presence of posterior condylar and lateral condylar veins accounted for the largest proportion. MRV images and cast specimens of the SCS showed its normal morphological structure and adjacency, thus providing accurate and complete Three-dimensional imaging anatomical data of the SCS and its communicating vascular structures. This study enriches the Chinese SCS imaging anatomy data and may be valuable in clinical practice.
RESUMEN: Se realizó un estudio comparativo de la morfología del seno cavernoso suboccipital (SCS) mediante resonancia magnética y muestras de yeso. El presente estudio retrospectivo analizó los datos de imágenes de venografía por resonancia magnética (RNM) craneocervical de 61 pacientes. La reconstrucción tridimensional se realizó con Mimics 19.0. Se midió: el diámetro izquierdo-derecho del SCS (d1), la distancia desde la línea mediana (d2), el diámetro superoinferior (d3), el diámetro anteroposterior (d4), la distancia desde el diámetro posterior hasta la piel (d5) y el diámetro del SCS en diferentes partes (d6-d8). En la comparación entre las imágenes RNM y las muestras de yeso, el SCS, el seno marginal, la vena condilar anterior y el plexo venoso de la arteria vertebral eran simétricos y se observaron bilateralmente, mientras que la presencia de la vena extracondilar y la vena condilar posterior presentaba tipos diferentes. La proximidad del SCS y sus vasos comunicantes y los cambios en sus vasos comunicantes se correspondieron bien con las imágenes de RNM y los especímenes moldeados. Se encontraron muchos tipos de venas condilares laterales y condilares posteriores izquierda y derecha en las muestras de yeso, que podrían dividirse en presencia bilateral de venas condilares posteriores y condilares laterales, presencia unilateral de venas condilares posteriores y presencia unilateral de venas condilares laterales. Un total de 61 casos analizados mediante imágenes MRV revelaron la presencia bilateral de venas condilares posteriores y condilares laterales (77,1 %), la presencia unilateral de venas condilares posteriores (18,0 %) y la presencia unilateral de venas condilares laterales (9,8 %) de los cuales la presencia bilateral de las venas condilar posterior y condilar lateral representó la mayor proporción. Las imágenes de RNM y las muestras de yeso del SCS mostraron su estructura morfológica y adyacencia normales, lo que proporcionó datos anatómicos de imágenes tridimensionales precisos y completos del SCS y sus estructuras vasculares comunicantes. Este estudio enriquece los datos de anatomía de imágenes de SCS chino y puede ser valioso en la práctica clínica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Cavernous Sinus/diagnostic imaging , Calcium Sulfate , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Printing, Three-DimensionalABSTRACT
Objective To describe the endoscopic and microsurgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus (CS) with focus on the surgical landmarks in microsurgical anatomy. Materials and methods Ten formalin-fixed central skull base specimens (20 CSs) with silicone-injected carotid arteries were examined through an extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Fifteen formalin-fixed heads were dissected to simulate the surgical position in CS approaches. Results Endoscopic access enables identification of the anterior and posterior surgical corridors. Structures within the CS and on its lateral wall could be visualized and studied, but none of the triangular areas relevant to the transcranial microsurgical anatomy were fully visible through the endoscopic approach. Conclusion The endoscopic approach to the CS is an important surgical technique for the treatment of pathological conditions that affect this region. Correlating endoscopic findings with the conventional (transcranial)microsurgical anatomy is a useful way of applying the established knowledge into a more recent operative technique. Endoscope can provide access to the CS and to the structures it harbors.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Cavernous Sinus/surgery , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/methods , Endoscopy/methods , Neuroendoscopy/methods , Microsurgery/methodsABSTRACT
El foramen de Warwick o foramen venoso órbito cavernoso, es un foramen inconstante del ala mayor del esfenoides, situado entre la fisura orbitaria superior y el foramen rotundo. Comunica la órbita con la fosa craneal media y/o con la fosa pterigopalatina y permitiría el paso de la vena oftálmica inferior. La presencia del foramen venoso órbito cavernoso varía entre el 0,38 % y el 0,74 %. Se describe con forma redondeada o crescéntica (semilunar), unilateral o bilateral. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evidenciar la presencia y las características de foramen venoso órbito cavernoso en cráneos secos de individuos adultos chilenos de ambos sexos. Se analizaron 138 cráneos de individuos adultos y de ambos sexos, en búsqueda del foramen venoso órbito cavernoso para determinar la frecuencia, localización, forma, tamaño, orientación y distancias con respecto a la fisura orbitaria superior y el foramen rotundo. Los forámenes encontrados fueron fotografiados, explorados y medidos. La presencia del foramen venoso órbito cavernoso fue del 2,17 % de la muestra, encontrándose en forma unilateral (1,45 %) y bilateral (0,17 %). Con forma redondeada en 3 casos y semilunar en 1 caso. Con orientación hacia la órbita (2 casos) y hacia la fosa pterigopalatina (2 casos). También se evidenció que cuando está presente el foramen venoso órbito cavernoso, la separación entre la fisura orbitaria superior y el foramen rotundo es mayor que en su ausencia. Nuestro estudio demuestra la presencia del foramen venoso órbito cavernoso en la población chilena, con una frecuencia más alta que la observada en otras poblaciones. La localización, orientación y formas coinciden con la literatura, pero difiere en el tamaño (en forámenes redondeados). También pudimos determinar que la fisura orbitaria superior y el foramen rotundo tienden a encontrarse más cercanos en ausencia del foramen venoso órbito cavernoso y por lo tanto más distante cuando esta estructura está presente. Este hecho no está descrito en la literatura. Los resultados de este estudio son importantes para la anatomía, oftalmología, traumatología, imagenología, cirugía e identificación humana. Finalmente y en virtud de la TAI, proponemos llamar a este foramen, foramen venoso órbito cavernoso.
The Warwick's foramen or cavernous orbital venous foramen, is an inconstant foramen from the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, located between the superior orbital fissure and the rotundum foramen. It connects the orbit with the middle cranial fossa and/or with the pterygopalatine fossa and allows for the passage of the inferior ophthalmic vein. The presence of the cavernous orbital venous foramen varies between 0.38 % and 0.74 % in human skulls. It is described as having a rounded or crescentic (semilunar), unilateral or bilateral shape. The objective of the present work was to demonstrate the presence and characteristics of the cavernous orbital venous foramen in dry skulls of Chilean adult individuals of both sexes. One hundred and thirty-eight adult skulls of both sexes were analyzed in search of the cavernous orbital venous foramen to determine the frequency, location, shape, size, orientation and distances with respect to the superior orbital fissure and the rotund foramen. Found foramina were photographed, explored and measured. The cavernous orbital venous foramen was present in 2.17 % of the sample, and was both unilateral (1.45 %) and bilateral (0.17 %). It had a rounded and lunate shape in 3 and 1 cases, respectively. Moreover, it was orientated towards the orbit (2 cases) and towards the pterygopalatine fossa (2 cases). It was also evidenced that when the cavernous orbital venous foramen is present, the separation between the superior orbital fissure and the rotund foramen is greater than in its absence. Our study demonstrates the presence of the cavernous orbital venous foramen in the Chilean population, with a higher frequency than described previously. The location, orientation and observed forms agree with the literature, but differ in size (in rounded shape foramen). We could also determine that the superior orbital fissure and the rotundum foramen tend to be closer in the absence of the cavernous orbital venous foramen and, therefore, are more distant when this structure is present. This fact is not described in the literature. The results of this study are important for anatomy, ophthalmology, traumatology, imaging, surgery and human identification. Finally, and by virtue of the International Anatomical Terminology (IAT), we propose to call this structure the cavernous orbital venous foramen.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Orbit/anatomy & histology , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Cranial Fossa, Middle/anatomy & histology , ChileABSTRACT
Fístulas carotídeo-cavernosas são raras. São classificadas nos tipos direto e indireto. Fístulas diretas têm uma comunicação anormal entre a artéria carótida interna e o seio cavernoso. Nas formas indiretas a conexão se faz entre os ramos meningeos da carótida interna e/ou externa e o mesmo seio. O propósito deste artigo é o de atualizar os conceitos anatômicos, clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos desta situação.
Carotid cavernous fistulae are an uncommon disease. They are classified as direct or indirect. In direct fistulas there is an abnormal communication between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. Indirect forms have an abnormal bypass between the meningeal branches of the internal and/or external carotid arteries and the same sinus. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the anatomy of the envolved area and the clinical findings, diagnostic evaluation and treatment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Carotid Artery, Internal , Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula/diagnosis , Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula/therapy , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Diagnosis, DifferentialABSTRACT
El síndrome de tolosa-Hunt es una oftalmoplejia dolorosa, recurrente provocada por una inflamación granulomatosa inespecífica que afecta al seno cavernoso, la hendidura esfenoidal y el apex orbitario. Se caracteriza por dolor retrocular agudo recurrente con parálisis extraocular, que generalmente afecta los nervios craneanos tercero, cuarto, quinto y sexto. Se le atribuye a una infiltración granulomatosa del apex orbitrario o en el seno cavernoso, que responde a la corticoideoterapia. Nuestro paciente consulta por enfermedad de 3 meses de evolución presenta de forma súbita cefalea de fuerte intensidad; y pulsátil acompañado de dolor de fuerte intensidad en globo ocular derecho de carácter pulsátil y progresivamente ptosis palpebral derecha. Se le instaura tratamiento con corticoides, AINES y antiglaucomatosos con poca mejoría sin recuperar amaurosis del ojo derecho. Se obtienen estudios por TAC y RNM de órbita donde se evidencia engrosamiento a nivel del seno cavernoso. Evaluado por equipo multidisciplinario de oftalmología, neurocirugía, Medicina Interna, Imagenología. Considerando que existe un predominio por el seno cavernoso. No se disponen de estudios de prevalencia o incidencia. Se ubica el síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt como la tercera causa de síndrome del seno cavernoso, superado por el trauma y los tumores.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged, 80 and over , Blepharoptosis/diagnosis , Headache/diagnosis , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Pain/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Granuloma, Plasma Cell/pathology , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Sphenoid Sinus/physiopathology , Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome/pathology , Cerebral Angiography/methods , Blindness/etiology , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/pharmacology , Inflammation/etiology , Cranial Nerves/anatomy & histology , Ophthalmology , Eye Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
This study presents the incidence of carotico-clinoid foramen, dimensions of the anterior clinoid process and optic strut in dry skulls to provide a guide to neurosurgeons in surgical approach especially to anterior part of cavernous sinus. Thirty-five dry skulls were used. Basal width, length, thickness of anterior clinoid process and thickness of optic strut was measured. Morphology of carotico-clinoid foramen was also studied. The average length, basal width and thickness of the anterior clinoid process on right side were 10.74 +/- 2.37 mm, 10.83 +/- 1.20 mm, 5.13 +/- 1.03 mm and left side were 9.91 +/- 1.50 mm, 11.0 +/- 1.12, 5.33 +/- 0.96 mm. Average thickness of optic strut was 3.79 +/- 0.88 mm on right side and 3.61 +/- 0.78 mm on left side. Out of 70 sides in thirty five skulls examined, carotico-clinoid foramen was observed in 14 (20.0%) cases. Out of which complete foramen was in 3 (right side, 4.3%), partial in 8 (6 right, 2 left, 11.4%) and contact in 3 (left side, 4.3%) respectively. Comparison with other races and differences between right and left sides were also discussed. The present study was done to obtain dimensions of anterior clinoid, optic strut, their anatomical variants and incidence of caroticoclinoid foramen in location population. This study will help the surgeons to plan their approach to this area and thus will make the surgical procedure safer
Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Cadaver , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Foramen Magnum/anatomy & histology , Humans , Incidence , Neurosurgery , Orbit/anatomy & histology , Sphenoid Bone/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Objetivo: o seio cavernoso tem uma das mais complexas relações anatômicas da base do crânio e, pela diversidade do seu conteúdo, está envolvido em muitos processos patológicos. Sua natomia, ainda controversa, motivou esta revisão sistemática, com o propósito de avaliar a microanatomia da parede medial do seio cavernosos e sua importância clínica nas patologias selares. Material e método: foram analisados estudos experimentais na língua inglesa, publicados em revistas indexadas nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e centro Cochrane do Brasil, nos últimos dez anos. Elaborou-se uma tabulação com as características de cada trabalho. Resultado: a análise incluiu 11 estudos experimentais, dos quais três apresentaram, como resultado, uma estrutura fibrosa frouxa formando aparede medial do seio cavernoso e oito identificaram uma parede medial formada por dura-máter. Conclusão: é importante ressaltar o portencial de contribuição dos estudos experimentais para o esclarecimento da anatomia do seio cavernoso e sugerir que a padronização de definições e de critérios metodológicos poderia torná-los mais úteis para este objetivo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
O seio cavernoso é estrutura complexa localizada de cada lado da sela túrcica, sendo seu conhecimento microanatômico indispensável quando se considera abordar cirurgicamente esta região. Estudaramos em laboratório de microcirurgia a microanatomia dos componentes arteriais deste espaço em 24 seios cavernosos, sendo que em todos a artéria carótida interna estava preenchida com látex colorido. O tronco meningo-hipofisário esteve presente em 18 casos (75%). Quando ausente, as artérias constituintes deste tronco se originaram diretamente das artérias carótidas internas (ACIs) intracavernosas. Quando presente, em 14 casos (77,7%), estavam trifurcados e em 4 casos (23,3%) bifurcados. A artéria tentorial foi identificada em todos os casos, porém sua origem foi variada, ocorrendo no tronco meningo-hipofisário em 17 casos (70,8%) e na artéria carótida interna intracavernosa em 7 casos (29,1%). Em 1 caso verificou-se a presença de uma artéria tentorial acessória. A artéria meningéia dorsal estava presente em 22 casos (91,6%) e ausente em 2 casos (8,4%). Nos seios cavernosos onde a mesma foi identificada, a sua origem ocorreu no tronco meningo-hipofisário em 17 casos (77,2%), da ACI intracavernosa em 4 casos (18,1%) e da artéria hipofisária inferior em 1 caso (4,1%). A artéria hipofisária inferior foi identificada em todos os casos, tendo sua origem no tronco meningo-hipofisário em 16 (66,6%) e na ACI intracavernosa em 8 (33,3%) casos. A artéria inferior do seio cavernoso ou tronco ínfero-lateral foi isolada em 100% dos casos e em todos se originou da ACI intracavernosa. A artéria de McConnell não foi identificada em nenhum seio cavernoso.
Subject(s)
Humans , Carotid Artery, Internal/anatomy & histology , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Cerebral Arteries/anatomy & histology , Microdissection/methods , CadaverABSTRACT
Este estudo foi realizado para detalhar a anatomia microcirúrgica do seio cavernoso e esclarecer os limites, relações e componentes da parede medial do seio cavernoso. Métodos: Setenta e quatro seios cavernosos foram dissecados, sendo quarenta e quatro para estudar e identificar a parede medial do seio cavernoso e trinta para estudar a anatomia microcirúrgica do seio cavernoso. Exemplos cirúrgicos foram mostrados para ilustrar os diferentes tipos de acessos cirúrgicos à região do seio cavernoso. Utilizou-se aumento de 4 a 24 vezes, mediante uso de microscópio cirúrgico, para realizações das dissecções. / This study was conducted to detail microsurgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus and clarify the boundaries, relationships and components of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus (CS). Methods: Seventy four CS were dissected. Forty four CS were dissected to identify and clarify the medial wall of the CS and thirty CS were dissected to describe microsurgical anatomy of the CS. Illustrative clinical cases were exposed to show different accesses to the CS region. Dissections were performed under surgical microscope and 4X to 24X of magnification were used...
Subject(s)
Humans , Pituitary Gland, Anterior/surgery , Microsurgery , Cavernous Sinus/surgery , Cadaver , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Cavernous Sinus/pathologyABSTRACT
This paper describes an extradural approach to the lateral sellar compartment (LSC, cavernous sinus), which represents a refinement of the original work performed on this topic by Parkinson, Dolenc, and Hakuba, and other enthusiastic neurosurgeons. This detailed description of the extradural approach is based on the dissection of 30 cadaver specimens and surgical experience of 110 LSC lesions. The extradural approach is based on the developmental anatomy of the LSC, and provides: (1) complete exposure of the entire LSC; (2) excellent control of the intracavernous carotid artery; (3) easier identification and less injury of the cranial nerves; (4) reduced brain damage with limited extradural retraction; (5) preserving the Sylvian vein and the sphenoparietal sinus; (6) minimal intradural blood spillage; (7) shorter operative time; (8) physiological reconstruction of the lateral wall to prevent CSF leakage; and (9) access to the contralateral LSC. As the LSC is an extradural space, the extradural approach may be safely employed to access lesions involving the LSC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cavernous Sinus/surgery , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Craniotomy , Dissection , MicrosurgeryABSTRACT
The morphology of the dura mater and its relatioship with the structures of the cavenous sinus were analyzed in five tuftel capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) using histological sections, showing that the walls of the cavenous sinus of this species are similar to those of other primates, including man. Except for the medial wall of the cavernous sinus, the remaining walls consist of two distinct dura mater layers. The deep layer of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is contiguous to the sheath of the oculomotor, trochlear and ophtalmic nerves. Arterioles, venous spaces, neuronal bodies and nervous fiber bundles are found on this lateral wall.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Cavernous Sinus/innervation , Cebus , Dura Mater/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
The anterior clinoid process and the optic strut are often removed during operation on the anterior part of the cavernous sinus. Therefore it is important for neurosurgeons to verify their dimensions and variations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dimension and the variation of the anterior clinoid process and to describe the locational variation of the optic strut. Seventy-three skulls of Korean adults were used. The average length, basal width and thickness of the anterior clinoid process were 9.18 +/- 1.55, 9.63 +/- 1.49 and 5.32 +/- 1.07 mm, respectively. The average thickness of the optic strut was 2.9 +/- 1.15 mm and it was commonly attached to anterior two-fifths of the anterior clinoid process. The complete caroticoclinoid canal was observed in 4.1%, however it was incomplete in 11.6%. The incidence of a caroticoclinoid canal in Koreans was relatively low compared with other races.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Cadaver , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Korea/ethnology , Asian People , Sphenoid Bone/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Os autores estudam as estruturas contidas no seio cavernoso humano, tanto em seu interior como na sua parede lateral, através de cortes frontais seriados espessos. Mostram a importância desta parede que é frequentemente usada como via de acesso cirúrgico às afecçoes presentes nesta estrutura venosa da dura-máter.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Abducens Nerve/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Cavernous Sinus/innervation , Oculomotor Nerve/anatomy & histology , Trochlear Nerve/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
O seio cavernoso é uma estrutura par situada na base do crânio, na regiao parasselar. Devido ao seu conteúdo neurovascular complexo, este seio dural era tido como uma regiao inoperável. Em 1965, Parkinson descreveu uma abordagem cirúrgica à regiao, o que levou ao interesse na anatomia da regiao parasselar. No presente trabalho, realizou-se dissecçao de 20 seios cavernosos de cadáveres adultos formolizados, com o auxílio de microscópio cirúrgico e injeçao arterial de látex vermelho. Realizou-se a descriçao anatômica e mensuraçoes diametrais das estruturas neurovasculares intracavernosas, com posterior análise pelo programa EPI-INFO de computador. Observou-se uma duplicaçao do nervo abducente em um espécime. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho foram compatíveis com os de outros autores.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Carotid Artery, Internal/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Cranial Nerves/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Apresentamos um estudo anatômico sobre o joelho da porçäo intravenosa da artéria carótida interna (ACI). Foram dissecados vinte seios cavernosos de cadáveres utilizando técnicas microcirúrgicas. Um anel fibroso em volta da ACI na parte superior do seio cavernoso foi encontrado em todos os casos. Esta fixaçäo fibrosa pode ser dissecada da dura mater e um tecido conectivo frouxo pode ser visualizado em volta da ACI. Este achado anatômico possibilita o acesso microcirúrgico às lesöes vasculares desta porçäo da ACI, sem abrir o seio cavernoso
Subject(s)
Humans , Carotid Artery, Internal/anatomy & histology , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Dura Mater/anatomy & histology , MicrosurgeryABSTRACT
Twelve rabbits were sacrificed in this research and the cavernous sinuses were taken and processed for ordinary histological stains. Nerve cells were found in the cavernous sinus of all cases alongside the internal carotid artery. These cells were exactly similar to those found in the sympathetic ganglia. These nerve cells may send sympathetic nerve fibres, like the satellite ganglion, around the internal carotid artery
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Rabbits , NeuronsABSTRACT
Las vías de drenaje venoso paraselar son un tema de controversia en lo que se refiere a la morfología y la imagenología. En este trabajo se presenta un método de examen con técnicas de scan dinámico de alta resolución y colimación fina y se sacan conclusiones referentes a los conceptos anatomorradiológicos que definen la región anatómica
Subject(s)
Humans , Cavernous Sinus , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histology , Cavernous Sinus/pathology , Sella TurcicaABSTRACT
As the internal carotid artery [ICA] traverses the skull base and the cavernous sinus to become an intradural structure, its course can be altered by lesions originating from or extending to these regions. The identification of this altered course as visualized on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] help in preoperative recognition of these lesions and consequent surgical planning. The internal carotid artery was encased and narrowed in three intracavernous meningiomas, one hemangiopericytoma, and nine sphenoid wing and petrodival meningiomas invading the cavernous sinus. Tumors of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, [seven trigeminal neurinomas, two epidermoids, and one melanoma] displaced the internal carotid artery medially without encasement or narrowing. Chondrosarcoma invading the cavernous sinus [five cases], petrous apex cholesteatoma [three cases], and petrous apex cholesterol granuloma [two cases] displaced the ICA laterally and anteriorly. Pituitary tumors invading the cavernous sinus [seven cases] displaced the ICA laterally in medial compartment invasion with encasement and narrowing in advanced invasion. Displacement of the ICA on MRI is a useful diagnostic sign
Subject(s)
Cavernous Sinus/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Foram realizadas disseccöes na parede lateral do seio cavernoso em 30 cadáveres. Na maioria, a parede lateral apresentou-se constituída por duas camadas: uma dural, superficial, e outra profunda, formada pela bainha dos nervos cranianos III, IV, V1 e V2, mais a membrana reticular que se estende entre eles. A segunda estava incompleta em muitos casos, principalmente entre os nervos III e IV