Síndrome de la costilla deslizante en la edad pediátrica. Serie de casos / Slipping rib syndrome in childhood. A case series

Entre las causas de dolor torácico, la costilla deslizante presenta baja prevalencia, antecedentes traumáticos y manejo controvertido. Este síndrome merece ser incluido en el diagnóstico diferencial de causas de dolor torácico en niños. Al no asociarse a traumatismos previos y la deformidad de cartílagos, nos induce a pensar en una alteración en el desarrollo costal, al margen de la etiología traumática típica en adultos. Se presenta una serie de pacientes pediátricos intervenidos por costilla deslizante en un centro de referencia entre 2001 y 2022. Se incluyeron nueve pacientes, con un rango de edades de 11 a 16 años. Solo dos casos describen traumatismo previo. Todos presentan un inicio súbito de dolor toracoabdominal intenso. Los pacientes fueron intervenidos mediante resección abierta de cartílagos costales afectos, con resolución del dolor.

Among the causes of chest pain, slipping rib has a low prevalence, usually with a history of trauma, and its management is controversial. Slipping rib syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of causes of chest pain in children. When not associated with previous trauma and cartilage deformity, it is necessary to consider an alteration in rib development, regardless of the typical traumatic etiology in adults. Here we describe a series of pediatric patients with slipping rib seen at a referral hospital between 2001 and 2022. Nine patients aged 11 to 16 years were included. Only 2 had a history of trauma. All patients described a sudden onset of severe thoracic abdominal pain. The patients underwent open resection of the affected costal cartilages, with resolution of pain.

Achados tomográficos incidentais de calcificações coronarianas: um estudo de prevalência na região sul do Brasil / Incidental tomographic findings of coronary artery calcifications: a prevalence study in southern Brazil

Fundamento: As calcificações de artérias coronárias (CAC) mostram-se como fator preditivo de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). A tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax com protocolo de aquisição de baixa dose apresenta acurácia na identificação de CAC e propicia achados incidentais dessas calcificações, que são comumente negligenciados. Este estudo analisará a prevalência de achados incidentais de calcificação em artérias coronárias em indivíduos não cardiopatas submetidos à TC de tórax. Métodos: Estudo transversal consecutivo de caráter analítico e descritivo. Foram incluídos indivíduos de ambos os sexos que realizaram TC de tórax por encaminhamento, acima de 18 anos e não cardiopatas. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de prontuários e ficha de anamnese auto aplicada. As variáveis referentes às CAC e à extensão do comprometimento foram obtidas a partir da reavaliação das imagens de TC de tórax disponíveis no sistema da instituição. Os exames foram anonimizados e avaliados por dois médicos radiologistas experientes. Considerou-se como estatisticamente significativo p≤0,05. Resultados: Foram analisados 397 exames. Encontrou-se prevalência de calcificações em 176 (44%) dos casos. A existência dessas calcificações coronárias está relacionada à idade (p<0,001). As calcificações possuem relação com o sexo (p = 0,03) com maior razão de chance de desenvolvimento em homens (odds ratio [OR] = 1,55). O tabagismo (p<0,001), o sedentarismo (p<0,001), a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (p<0,001), o diabetes mellitus (p = 0,04) e as dislipidemias (p<0,001) mostraram associação positiva. Conclusão: A prevalência de achados incidentais de CAC foi de 44%; variam em maior número entre leve e grave; maior razão de chance no sexo masculino e aumento da prevalência com a idade. Portanto, a TC de tórax mostra-se um efetivo método para avaliar as CAC, e juntamente com a história clínica do paciente pode ser utilizada para medir os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e intervir no desfecho do quadro.(AU)

Introduction: Coronary artery calcifications (CAC) are shown to be a predictive factor of cardiovascular diseases. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest with a low-dose acquisition protocol is accurate in identifying CAC and provides incidental findings of these calcifications, which are commonly overlooked. This study will analyze the prevalence of incidental findings of calcification in coronary arteries in non-cardiac individuals undergoing chest CT. Methods: Consecutive cross-sectional study of an analytical and descriptive nature. Individuals of both genders who underwent chest CT by referral, over 18 years of age and without heart disease were included. Data collection was carried out using medical records and a self-applied anamnesis form. The variables referring to the CAC and the extension of the impairment were obtained from the reassessment of the chest CT images available in the institution's system. The exams were anonymized and evaluated by two experienced radiologists. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 397 exams were analyzed. A prevalence of calcifications was found in 176 (44%) of the cases. The existence of these coronary calcifications is related to age (p<0.001). Calcifications are related to gender (p = 0.03) with a higher odds ratio of development in men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55). Smoking (p<0.001), sedentary lifestyle (p<0.001), systemic arterial hypertension (p<0.001), Diabetes Mellitus (p = 0.04), and dyslipidemia (p<0.001) showed a positive association. Conclusion: The prevalence of incidental CAC findings was 44%; vary in greater numbers between mild and severe; higher odds ratio in males and increased prevalence with age. Therefore, chest CT proves to be an effective method to assess CAC, and together with the patient's clinical history, it can be used to measure risk factors for CVD and intervene in the outcome of the condition.(AU)

Exploring the Feasibility of Machine Learning to Predict Risk Stratification Within 3 Months in Chest Pain Patients with Suspected NSTE-ACS / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#We aimed to assess the feasibility and superiority of machine learning (ML) methods to predict the risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACEs) in chest pain patients with NSTE-ACS.@*METHODS@#Enrolled chest pain patients were from two centers, Beijing Anzhen Emergency Chest Pain Center Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center. Five classifiers were used to develop ML models. Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F-Measure and AUC were used to assess the model performance and prediction effect compared with HEART risk scoring system. Ultimately, ML model constructed by Naïve Bayes was employed to predict the occurrence of MACEs.@*RESULTS@#According to learning metrics, ML models constructed by different classifiers were superior over HEART (History, ECG, Age, Risk factors, & Troponin) scoring system when predicting acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and all-cause death. However, according to ROC curves and AUC, ML model constructed by different classifiers performed better than HEART scoring system only in prediction for AMI. Among the five ML algorithms, Linear support vector machine (SVC), Naïve Bayes and Logistic regression classifiers stood out with all Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F-Measure from 0.8 to 1.0 for predicting any event, AMI, revascularization and all-cause death ( vs. HEART ≤ 0.78), with AUC from 0.88 to 0.98 for predicting any event, AMI and revascularization ( vs. HEART ≤ 0.85). ML model developed by Naïve Bayes predicted that suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS), abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), elevated hs-cTn I, sex and smoking were risk factors of MACEs.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with HEART risk scoring system, the superiority of ML method was demonstrated when employing Linear SVC classifier, Naïve Bayes and Logistic. ML method could be a promising method to predict MACEs in chest pain patients with NSTE-ACS.

Comportamiento clínico y secuelas de la COVID-19 en niños / Clinical behavior and sequels of COVID-19 in children

La COVID 19 es una enfermedad que, habitualmente, no resulta grave en la edad pediátrica, excepto en niños con comorbilidades significativas subyacentes. Es muy importante reconocer los cuadros post COVID, como el síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (SIM-C) y la COVID-19 prolongada o long COVID que pueden afectar de manera significativa a la población de niños y adolescentes. La pandemia COVID-19 también ha tenido un fuerte impacto en los aspectos sociales, emocionales y nutricionales. El aislamiento prolongado impactó en los controles de salud de niños y adolescentes con enfermedades crónicas y las coberturas de las vacunas de calendario disminuyeron significativamente. Es claro que la vacunación contra el SARSCov-2 en niños, niñas y adolescentes no sólo busca cuidar de su salud; también busca preservar la vida social y presencialidad escolar, reducir el riesgo de los cuadros post COVID-19 y mejorar la inmunidad de rebaño de la población general.

COVID-19 is a disease that is not usually serious in children, except in children with significant underlying comorbidities. Is very important to recognize post-COVID conditions such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome (SIM-C) and prolonged COVID ­ 19 or long COVID, which can significantly affect the population of children and adolescents. The COVID -19 pandemic has also had a strong impact on social, emotional, and nutritional aspects. Prolonged isolation had an impact on health checkups for children and adolescents with chronic diseases, and coverage of scheduled vaccinations decreased significantly. It is clear that vaccination against SARSCov-2 in children and adolescents not only seeks to take care of their health , it also seeks to preserve social life and school presence, reduce the risk of post-COVID-19 conditions and improve herd immunity in the general population.

Secuestro pulmonar intralobar / Intralobar Pulmonary Sequestration

Introducción: El secuestro pulmonar está representado por masas de tejido pulmonar displásico, no funcionante, sin comunicación con el árbol bronquial. Objetivo: Presentar tres casos de secuestro pulmonar intralobar tratados por el autor. Caso clínico: Se presentan tres pacientes tratados entre 2013 y 2018 con diagnóstico de secuestro pulmonar. Dos fueron del sexo masculino (44 y 60 años de edad) y una del femenino (20 años de edad). Los síntomas fueron dolor torácico (1) y cuadro de infección pulmonar grave (2). En dos enfermos el secuestro se localizó en el lóbulo inferior derecho y en uno en el inferior izquierdo. Las operaciones fueron lobectomías inferiores derecha (1) e izquierda (1) y bilobectomía inferior y media derechas por afectación del lóbulo medio. Dos tuvieron una evolución satisfactoria y uno presentó un empiema pleural que resolvió con tratamiento antibiótico. Conclusiones: Los secuestros pulmonares son raros y los síntomas suelen asociarse con infección pulmonar. En la mayoría de los casos es necesario realizar una lobectomía. La evolución postoperatoria suele ser buena(AU)

Introduction: Pulmonary sequestration is characterized by masses of dysplastic, nonfunctioning lung tissue, without any communication with the bronchial tree. Objective: To present three cases of intralobar pulmonary sequestration treated by the author. Clinical case: The respective cases are presented of three patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration treated between 2013 and 2018. Two were male (44 and 60 years old, respectively) and one was female (20 years old). Their symptoms were chest pain (1) and severe lung infection (2). In two patients, the sequestration was located in the lower right lobe, while, in one, it was in the lower left lobe. The operations were right (1) and left (1) lower lobectomies and right lower and middle bilobectomy due to middle lobe involvement. Two had a satisfactory evolution, while one presented a pleural empyema healed with antibiotic treatment. Conclusions: Pulmonary sequestration is rare and their symptoms are usually associated with pulmonary infection. In most cases, a lobectomy is necessary. The postoperative evolution is usually good(AU)

Risk Stratification in Chest Pain: Impact on the Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background The implementation of institutional protocols in the emergency department (ED) for risk stratification in patients with chest pain has been recommended. Objective To assess the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of an institutional risk stratification protocol for chest pain suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Method Cross-sectional study conducted based on the computerized records of patients treated with the use of a chest pain protocol adapted from the Manchester protocol. The level of risk was stratified by applying five colors representing the respective levels. Each color represents a level of severity and a maximum waiting time for receiving medical care. Red and orange were considered to be high priority, while patients with yellow, green or blue indications were considered to represent a low priority. To compare the type of diagnosis and the classification of priority for receiving care, the Pearson's chi-square test was used, considering a significance level of p< 0.05 for all tests. Results The records of 1,074 patients admitted to the cardiology ED were analyzed. Men (54%), with a mean age of 60 ± 15 years, with complaints of chest pain (44%) of moderate intensity (80%) were predominant the study. Of these patients, 19% were classified as high priority, while 81% were considered to represent a low priority. ACS was confirmed in 23% of the patients, with 34% of them being classified as high priority and 66% as low priority. The sensitivity of the risk stratification protocol for chest pain was 33.7% and the specificity was 86.0%, with a positive and negative predictive value of 41.7% and 81.3%, respectively. Conclusion The Institutional risk stratification protocol for chest pain suggestive of ACS presented satisfactory specificity and a low degree of sensitivity. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Clinical risk profile associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and complications in the emergency area of a pediatric COVID-19 center / Perfil clínico de riesgo asociado a infección y complicaciones por SARS-CoV-2 en el área de urgencias de un centro pediátrico COVID-19

Abstract Background: In February 2020, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), was classified as a pandemic. In the pediatric population, coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 has a reported mortality of less than 6% in complicated cases; however, the clinical characteristics and severity are not the same as those presented in the adult population. This study aimed to describe the clinical manifestations of patients younger than 18 years old and their association with the confirmation of the test and outcomes. Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study of symptoms suggestive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. All subjects with a confirmatory test for SARS-CoV-2 were included. Initial symptoms, history of influenza vaccination, and previous contact were documented, and mortality and the requirement for assisted mechanical ventilation were identified. The proportions of the variables were compared with the χ2 test. The odds ratio for a positive test and the requirement of intubation was calculated. Results: Of a total of 510 subjects, 76 (15%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The associated symptoms were chest pain, sudden onset of symptoms, and general malaise. The variable most associated with contagion was the exposure to a relative with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Infants and subjects without the influenza vaccine showed an increased risk for respiratory complications. Conclusions: The frequency of positivity in the test was 15% (infants and adolescents represented 64% of the confirmed cases), and the associated factors identified were contact with a confirmed case, sudden onset of symptoms, and chest pain.

Resumen Introducción: En 2019 se reportaron los primeros casos de SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave), causante de la COVID-19, que alcanzó el grado de pandemia en febrero de 2020. La presentación en la etapa pediátrica reporta una mortalidad menor del 6% en los casos complicados; sin embargo, las características clínicas y su gravedad no son iguales que en la población adulta. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las manifestaciones clínicas de los pacientes menores de 18 años y su asociación con la confirmación de la prueba, la intubación endotraqueal y la muerte. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico por cuadro sugestivo de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Se incluyeron sujetos positivos para SARS-CoV-2. Se documentaron los síntomas iniciales, los antecedentes de vacunación contra la influenza y los contactos previos, y se identificaron los desenlaces de mortalidad y requerimiento de ventilación mecánica asistida. Se compararon las proporciones de las variables con la prueba χ2 y se calculó la razón de momios para la presencia de una prueba positiva y requerir intubación. Resultados: De un total de 510 sujetos, 76 (15%) fueron positivos para SARS-CoV-2. Los síntomas asociados fueron dolor precordial, inicio súbito y malestar general. La variable asociada con mayor frecuencia el contagio fue la exposición a un familiar con COVID-19 confirmada. Los sujetos sin vacuna de la influenza presentaron un riesgo mayor de complicaciones respiratorias. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de positividad en la prueba fue del 15%. Se identificaron como factores asociados a prueba positiva el contacto con un caso confirmado de COVID-19, el inicio súbito de los síntomas y el dolor precordial.