Efeitos clínicos da fotobiomodulação como terapia adjuvante não-cirúrgica na periodontite crônica: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Clinical effects of photobiomodulation as non-surgical adjuvant therapy for chronic periodontitis: an integrative literature review

Introdução: A doença periodontal, de origem infecciosa, constitui diferentes quadros clínicos de caráter multifatorial e inflamatório. A fotobiomodulação é uma técnica não invasiva que tem demonstrado ser capaz de diminuir a inflamação e proporcionar alívio da dor. Estudos também demonstraram que a adoção da fotobiomodulação adjuvante à raspagem e alisamento radicular tem sido capaz de reduzir a carga bacteriana proveniente da periodontite crônica. Objetivos: Analisar os efeitos da fotobiomodulação como terapia adjuvante à raspagem e ao alisamento radicular no tratamento da periodontite crônica publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada no período de setembro a novembro de 2021, mediante a utilização dos seguintes descritores: "Periodontitis", "Photobiomodulation" e "Therapy, selecionando artigos publicados em inglês durante o período entre 2016 a 2021. Resultados: Foram identificados 47 trabalhos. Destes, foram excluídos 39 estudos que se dispersaram do tema e 2 que se encontravam indisponíveis para o acesso, resultando em 6 artigos que foram consultados integralmente. Foi consenso entre os artigos consultados que a prática da fotobiomodulação tornou-se um potencial agente terapêutico no tratamento da periodontite crônica contribuindo para a redução da contagem de periodontopatógenos e que atua de maneira coadjuvante às raspagens radiculares. Conclusão: A fotobiomodulação mostrou-se uma ferramenta promissora na área odontológica. Entretanto, a grande variedade nos parâmetros de tratamentos e protocolos utilizados na fotobiomodulação impossibilita uma comparação e uma análise mais crítica e rigorosa dos resultados obtidos nos trabalhos analisados.

Introduction: Periodontal disease, which has an infectious origin, constitutes a multifactorial and inflammatory different clinical condition of multifactorial, inflammatory, and infectious origin. Photobiomodulation is a non-invasive technique that has been shown to decrease inflammation and provide pain relief. Studies also have shown that the choosing of photobiomodulation as adjuvant therapy to scaling and root planing has been able to reduce the bacterial load from chronic periodontitis. Objectives: To analyze the effects of photobiomodulation as an adjuvant therapy to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in the studies published in the last five years. Methods: This is an integrative literature review, carried out from September to November 2021, using the following descriptors: "Periodontitis", "Photobiomodulation" and "Therapy, from selected articles published in English during the period between 2016 to 2021. Results: From the research and selection of studies to compose this integrative literature review, 47 studies were initially identified based on the descriptors. From those, 39 papers that were outside from the topic and 2 papers that were unavailable for access were excluded from the present review. Then remained, 6 articles that were fully consulted. The practice of photobiomodulation has become a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of chronic periodontitis reducing the count of periodontopathogens and as an adjunct therapy to root scaling. Conclusion: Photobiomodulation therapy has become a promising tool in the dental field, however, the great variety in the treatment parameters and protocols used for photobiomodulation makes impossible to compare and perform a more critical and rigorous analysis of the results collected in the present work.

Associação entre doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e a má condição de saúde periodontal: um estudo transversal / Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and poor periodontal health: a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: estudos sugerem uma associação entre a doença periodontal e a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a condição periodontal em pacientes com DPOC. Metodologia: Este estudo transversal incluiu 33 pacientes com DPOC e 30 pacientes sem DPOC (grupo controle). Todos os pacientes realizaram espirometria e foram examinados por um dentista. A condição periodontal foi avaliada através dos seguintes índices: número de dentes, índice de placa (IP), índice de sangramento gengival (IG), profundidade de sondagem (PS), PS dos sítios doentes (PSD), nível de inserção clínica (NIC), NIC dos sítios doentes (NICD) e percentual de sítios doentes (NICDP). Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson, o testet de Student, análise de regressão logística e cálculo do odds ratio. Resultados: O grupo DPOC apresentou maiores IP (p=0,01), NIC (p=0,001) e NICDP (p<0,001), com odds ratio de 1,2 (95%IC: 1,023­1,408). Conclusões: Os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram pior condição periodontal. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer o papel da terapia periodontal no protocolo de acompanhamento dos pacientes com DPOC

Objective: evidence suggests an association between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status in patients with COPD. Methods: this cross-sectional study included 33 patients with COPD and 30 patients without COPD (control group). All patients underwent spirometry and were examined by a dentist. Periodontal status was evaluated by the following indexes: number of teeth, plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing depth (PD), PD of diseased sites (PDD), clinical attachment level (CAL), CAL of diseased sites (CALD) and percentage of diseased sites (CALDP). The findings were analyzed under Pearson's chi-square test, independent samples t test and logistic regression with odds ratio. Results: the COPD group had higher PI (p = 0,01), CAL (p = 0,001) and CALDP (p <0,001), and the odds ratio for patients with COPD was 1.2 (95% CI: 1,023-1,408). Conclusions: patients with COPD present worse periodontal status. More studies are needed in order to clarify the role of periodontal therapy in the management of COPD.

Comparison of gingival inflammatory parameters and pain perception on periodontal probing - a cross sectional study, part II / Comparación de parámetros inflamatorios gingivales y percepción del dolor en el sondaje periodontal - un estudio transversal, parte II

Background: Probing of the periodontal pocket is an essential part of the diagnosis of periodontal disease and 15-77% of untreated periodontal patients experience pain during probing. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the pain perceived by patients with dental plaque-induced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis during periodontal probing and the main objective includes the evaluation of the relationship between pain perceived during periodontal probing and gingival inflammatory parameters. Material and Methods: A total of 475 participants were recruited into the study. The patients were divided into two groups: Group-A (Gingivitis Group - 275 patients) and Group-B (Chronic Periodontitis Group - 200 patients). Clinical parameters included analysis of bleeding on probing, simplified gingival index, pocket depth on probing, and clinical attachment level. Pain score was recorded using the HP VAS scale and all patients participated in the study after a detailed explanation of the study protocol. Results: A significant difference in pain perception was noted between groups, highlighting the role of the degree of inflammation in the examination of periodontal parameters. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, we can conclude that pain perception is directly correlated with the degree of inflammation in periodontitis rather than plaque-induced gingivitis during periodontal probing. Therefore, some form of adjuvant topical anesthesia may be considered in order to reduce pain levels in severely inflamed patients, to encourage continued acceptance of supportive periodontal therapy.

Antecedentes: El sondaje de la bolsa periodontal es una parte esencial en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad periodontal. 15-77% de los pacientes periodontales no tratados experimentan dolor durante el sondaje. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el dolor percibido por pacientes con gingivitis inducida por placa dental y periodontitis crónica durante el sondaje periodontal y el objetivo principal incluye la evaluación de la relación entre el dolor percibido durante el sondaje periodontal con parámetros inflamatorios gingivales. Material y Métodos: Un total de 475 sujetos fueron reclutados en el estudio. Los sujetos se dividieron en 2 grupos: Grupo - A (Grupo de gingivitis - 275 pacientes) y Grupo - B (Grupo de periodontitis crónica - 200 pacientes). Los parámetros clínicos incluyeron el análisis del sangrado al sondaje, el índice gingival simplificado, la profundidad de la bolsa al sondaje y el nivel de inserción clínica. La puntuación del dolor se registró utilizando la escala HP VAS y todos los pacientes participaron en el estudio después de una explicación detallada del protocolo del estudio. Resultados: Se notó una diferencia significativa en la percepción del dolor en el grupo B que en el grupo A, lo que significa el papel del grado de inflamación en el examen de los parámetros periodontales. Conclusión: Dentro de las limitaciones del presente estudio, podemos concluir que la percepción del dolor se correlaciona directamente con el grado de inflamación que se observa en la periodontitis más que con la gingivitis inducida por la placa dental durante el sondaje periodontal. Por lo tanto, se puede considerar alguna forma de anestesia tópica adyuvante para reducir los niveles de dolor en pacientes gravemente inflamados para fomentar la aceptación continua de la terapia periodontal de apoyo.

Caracterización del tipo de sensibilidad dental de pacientes con periodontitis y su respuesta a los dentífricos / Characterization of the type of dental sensitivity of patients with periodontitis and their response to dentifrices

La hipersensibilidad de la dentina surge ante la exposición de esta y en respuesta a estímulos de diverso tipo, fundamentalmente de origen térmico, evaporativo, táctil, osmótico o químico. Se realizó una investigación abocada a caracterizar la hipersensibilidad dental de pacientes atendidos en consulta de odontología y la respuesta a determinado dentífrico utilizado. En el análisis de estimulación dental se tomaron 308 mediciones de la sensibilidad dental para todos los participantes (n=22), con 7 factores de tiempo (T0 antes del uso del producto, T3 días, T5 días, T8 días, T22 días y T29 días después del uso del dentífrico). Se realizó la prueba paramétrica regresión lineal simple para identificar la tendencia y el ajuste de los datos, al considerar dichas variables como una serie temporal. Se utilizaron 22 tratamientos. Casi el 91,0% expreso que el dentífrico había cumplido sus expectativas, fundamentalmente por la reducción de la hipersensibilidad a corto plazo, mientras que aproximadamente 91,0% de los casos afirmó que compraría el dentífrico (20 casos, IC 95%: 72,2% y 97,5%), respectivamente(AU)

Dentin hypersensitivity arises when exposed to it and in response to various types of stimuli, mainly of thermal, tactile evaporative, osmotic or chemical origin. An investigation was carried out aimed at characterizing the dental hypersensitivity of patients seen in the dental office and the response to a certain toothpaste used. In the dental stimulation analysis, 308 measurements of tooth sensitivity were taken for all participants (n = 22), with 7 time factors (T0 before use of the product, T3 days, T5 days, T8 days, T22 days and T29 days after using the toothpaste). The simple linear regression parametric test was performed to identify the trend and the fit of the data, considering these variables as a time series. 22 treatments were used. Almost 91.0% believed that the toothpaste had met their expectations, mainly due to the reduction in hypersensitivity in the short term, while approximately 91.0% of the cases stated that they would buy the toothpaste (20 cases, 95% CI: 72 , 2% and 97.5%), respectively(AU)

Use and effectiveness of propolis on chronic periodontitis: a systematic review / Uso y efectividad del propóleo en periodontitis crónica: una revisión sistemática

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of propolis on non- surgical periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) as it appears in the recent literature. Propolis is a natural and biocompatible resinous substance that has shown, by means of several scientific studies, to possess medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, healing, anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, among others. There are several studies that have reported the use of propolis as a non- surgical treatment of CP, its comparison with other antimicrobials, and the improvement of clinical and microbiological parameters with scaling and root planing (SRP). A bibliographic search was conducted in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases up to 2021. The results showed that there are very few reports focused on clinical studies; however, according to the analyzed data, propolis could be a good adjuvant for the treatment of patients with chronic periodontitis compared to the conventional treatment (SRP).

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto del propóleo sobre la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica en pacientes con periodontitis crónica (PC) en la literatura reciente. El propóleo es una sustancia resinosa natural y biocompatible que ha sido demostrado a través de varios estudios científicos que posee propiedades medicinales como antimicrobianas, cicatrizantes, anestésicas, antiinflamatorias, analgésicas, entre otras. Existen varios estudios que han reportado el uso del propóleo como tratamiento no quirúrgico de la PC y su comparación con otros antimicrobianos y la mejora de los parámetros clínicos y microbiológicos con el raspado y alisado radicular (SRP). Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos directas de PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science y Science hasta el 2021. Los resultados muestran que existen muy pocos reportes enfocados a estudios clínicos, sin embargo, según los datos analizados, el propóleo podría ser un buen adyuvante para el tratamiento de pacientes con periodontitis crónica en comparación con el tratamiento convencional (SRP).

Gingival crevicular fluid as Biomarker's source for alzheimer's disease / Fluido crevicular gingival como biomarcador de enfermedad de Alzheimer

Abstract Periodontitis is a low-grade inflammatory disease caused by a subgingival dysbiotic microbiota. Multiple studies have determined the higher prevalence of tooth loss and poor oral hygiene in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the periodontal diagnosis, periodontal bacteria or mediators has not been measured to date. Aim: To determine the periodontal status, the pro-inflammatory mediators, Porphyromonas gingivalis load, and Apoliporpotein E (ApoE) in patients with AD. A complete dental examination was performed on 30 patients, and cognitive status was determined by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Subgingival microbiota and GCF samples were then taken from all patients from the deepest sites. Total DNA was isolated from the microbiota samples for the quantification of the 16S ribosomal subunit. Pro-inflammatory mediators and ApoE were quantified from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Patients with AD had periodontitis stage III-IV in 80%, a higher concentration of pro-inflammatory and ApoE mediators, and a higher P. gingivalis load compared to healthy subjects. The pro-inflammatory mediators, P. gingivalis load had a negative correlation with the MoCA test scores. Finally, a ROC curve was performed to assess the specificity and sensitivity of ApoE levels, detecting an area of 84.9%. In AD patients, we found a more severe periodontitis, a higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, and higher bacterial load. In addition, there is an increase in ApoE that allows to clearly determine patients with health, periodontitis and periodontitis and AD.

Resumen La periodontitis es una enfermedad crónica no transmisible que se caracteriza por generar una inflamación sistémica de bajo grado causada por una microbiota disbiótica subgingival. Múltiples estudios han determinado la mayor prevalencia de pérdida de dientes y mala higiene bucal en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Sin embargo, el diagnóstico periodontal, bacterias periodontales o mediadores pro-inflamatorio no se ha medido hasta la fecha. Determinar el estado periodontal, los mediadores pro-inflamatorios, la carga de Porphyromonas gingivalis y la apoliporpoteína E (ApoE) en pacientes con EA. Se realizó un examen odontológico completo en 30 pacientes y el estado cognitivo se determinó mediante la Evaluación Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA). Luego, se tomaron muestras de microbiota subgingival y FCG de todos los pacientes de los sitios más profundos. Se aisló el DNA total de las muestras de microbiota para la cuantificación de la subunidad ribosómica 16S. Los mediadores pro-inflamatorios y la ApoE se cuantificaron a partir del líquido crevicular gingival (GCF). Los pacientes con EA tenían periodontitis en estadio III-IV en 80%, una mayor concentración de mediadores pro-inflamatorios y ApoE, y una mayor carga de P. gingivalis en comparación con los sujetos sanos. Los mediadores pro-inflamatorios y la carga de P. gingivalis tuvieron una correlación negativa con las puntuaciones de la prueba MoCA. Finalmente, se realizó una curva ROC para evaluar la especificidad y sensibilidad de los niveles de ApoE, detectando un área del 84,9%. En los pacientes con EA encontramos una periodontitis más severa, mayores niveles de mediadores pro-inflamatorios y mayor carga bacteriana. Además, un aumento de ApoE que permite determinar claramente a los pacientes con salud, periodontitis y periodontitis y EA.

Prevalence of Periodontitis in Erectile Dysfunction Patients

ABSTRACT@#Erectile dysfunction (ED) and periodontitis have common risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus and tobacco smoking. Multiple reports are available in regard to the association between ED and chronic periodontitis (CP). The study aimed to determine the association of ED and CP in selected Malaysian population. In this study, 74 patients (mean age = 52.4 ± 10.9 years old) diagnosed with ED, from scores via the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire, were included. ED severity was classified as mild, mild to moderate, moderate, and severe. Periodontal condition was recorded using basic periodontal examination (BPE) method, of which scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 were associated with having no periodontitis while a score of 4 was considered to have periodontitis. There are 40 (54.1%) subjects found to have periodontitis and the association of ED and periodontitis showed a moderate positive degree of correlation, ρ = 0.487 (p < 0.001). The percentage of subjects having periodontitis indicated an increasing trend with the severity of ED; from 19.0% (mild ED), 54.2% (mild to moderate ED), 75.0% (moderate ED), to 84.6% (severe ED). A greater degree of correlation was noted between dental scaling experience and ED, ρ = 0.635 (p < 0.001). Binomial logistic regression had shown no other co-morbidities and factors were affecting this relation. There seemed to be an association between ED and periodontitis existing in these selected Malaysian populations.

Comparison of initial periodontal therapy and its correlation with white blood cell level in periodontitis patients with or without diabetes mellitus / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy of initial periodontal therapy in periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with white blood cell counts.@*METHODS@#In this study, 32 chronic periodontitis patients without systemic disease (CP group) and 27 chronic periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (CP+DM group) were enrolled. At admission, all the patients went through periodontal examination and fasting blood examination(baseline). Probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), bleeding index (BI), plaque index (PLI), white blood cells (WBC) counts and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were recorded respectively, while hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was recorded only in CP+DM group. After that, initial periodontal therapy was performed. All the tests were repeated 3 and 6 months after treatment. The changes of periodontal clinical indexes and WBC levels were compared between the two groups before and after treatment, and the correlation between WBC and periodontal clinical indexes and glucose metabolism indexes were analyzed by generalized linear mixed model.@*RESULTS@#At baseline, the periodontal inflammation and destruction were similar in CP and CP+DM group, but the WBC level was significantly higher in CP+DM groups [(6.01±1.26)×109/L vs. (7.14±1.99)×109/L, P=0.01]. After 3 and 6 months of initial periodontal therapy, the mean PD, AL, BI, and PLI in CP+DM and CP groups were significantly lower than the baseline, and the PD in CP+DM group was further decreased by 6 months compared with 3 months [(3.33±0.62) mm vs. (3.61±0.60) mm, P < 0.05]. However, none of these periodontal indexes showed significant difference between the two groups by 3 or 6 months. In CP+DM group, HbA1c at 3 months and 6 months were significantly lower than the baseline [(7.09±0.79)% vs. (7.64±1.16)%, P < 0.05; (7.06±0.78)% vs. (7.64±1.16)%, P < 0.05], and FBG was significantly lower than the baseline by 6 months [(7.35±1.14) mmol/L vs. (8.40±1.43) mmol/L, P < 0.05]. The WBC level in CP group was significantly lower than the baseline level by 3 months [(5.35±1.37)×109/L vs. (6.01±1.26)×109/L, P < 0.05], while that in CP+DM group was significantly lower than the baseline level by 6 months [(6.00±1.37)×109/L vs. (7.14±1.99)×109/L, P < 0.05]. The analysis of genera-lized linear mixed model showed that WBC level was significantly positively correlated with PD and FBG (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Initial periodontal therapy can effectively improve the periodontal clinical status of patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus, and have benefits on glycemic control in diabetic patients. However, the response of periodontal indexes and WBC level to initial therapy were relatively delayed in diabetic patients. WBC plays an important role in the correlation between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis.

Comparison of Oncostatin M in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis with and without Diabetes

Abstract Objective: To compare the Oncostatin M (OSM) concentrations in tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis with and without diabetes. Material and Methods: Sixty-four subjects visiting the dental outpatient department were categorized as "healthy" (Group 1), "periodontitis" (Group 2), and "diabetes with periodontitis" (Group 3) groups. The clinical oral examination included assessment of plaque, gingivitis, probing depth, clinical attachment level. Blood glucose was assessed for group 3 patients. OSM concentration in the tissues was assessed using ELISA in all groups. Results: The mean OSM was 0.02 ± 0.04 pg/mg in the healthy group, 0.12 ± 0.09 pg/mg in the chronic periodontitis group and 0.13 ± 0.10 pg/mg in the diabetes-periodontitis group. A significantly higher mean OSM was seen in Group 2 and Group 3 than Group 1. The amount of OSM positively correlated with probing depth and clinical attachment level. Conclusion: Periodontal disease causes a rise in Oncostatin M, independent of the diabetic status. Expression of OSM in the gingival tissues can serve as an inflammatory marker.

Salivary lactoferrin levels, disease severity and correlates in patients with chronic periodontitis presenting to a tertiary health facility in Nigeria

Objective: This study compared the concentration of salivary lactoferrin in patients with and without chronic periodontitis and investigated correlations with clinical variables of the disease. Methods: The study included 102 participants (51 cases and 51 controls) who presented at the Periodontology Clinic of University of Benin Teaching Hospital and met the selection criteria of '4mm and above' periodontal probing depths (PPD) and positive bleeding on probing (BOP) using community periodontal index (CPI) probe. Healthy participants (controls) were patients that had PPD less than or equal to 3mm, absence of BOP and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) not more than 1.2. Baseline OHI-S and CPI scores were recorded. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the mean (SD) lactoferrin concentration of control participants 5.27(0.59) mg/l and case participants 6.74(0.61) mg/l (p<0.001). Participants with probing pocket depths (PPD) of 6mm or more had a significantly higher mean concentration [6.85(0.06) mg/l] than that of those with PPD 4-5mm [6.71(0.67) mg/l] (p< 0.001)Lactoferrin levels were highest in participants with 'poor' oral hygiene [6.85(0.60) mg/l] and lowest in those with 'good' oral hygiene [6.65(0.83) mg/l]. Conclusion: Salivary lactoferrin levels were higher among participants with chronic periodontitis than those without chronic periodontitis and correlates positively with the main clinical characteristics of the disease

Estimation of salivary malondialdehyde Levels in smokeless tobacco chewers with chronic periodontitis-A cross sectional clinico biochemical study / Estimación de los niveles de malondialdehído salival en masticadores de tabaco sin humo con periodontitis crónica: un estudio bioquímico clínico transversal

ABSTRACT: Despite the reported effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) on the periodontium and high prevalence of ST use in rural populations and in males studies on this specific topic are limited. The purpose of this cross-sectional investigation was to measure lipid peroxidation (as an end product of oxidative stress) end product i.e. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in saliva of patients with gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and to assess the influence of smokeless tobacco on Salivary Malondialdehyde (S-MDA). Total 30 patients with gingivitis, 30 with chronic periodontitis and 30 Smokeless Tobacco Chewers with Chronic Periodontitis and 30 periodontally healthy subjects were included in the study. Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PD), and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) were recorded followed by stimulated Saliva sample collection. Salivary MDA Levels were assessed by UV Spectrophotometry. There was a statistically significant increase in the salivary MDA levels in gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and in smokeless tobacco chewers with chronic periodontitis when compared with healthy group. Higher salivary MDA levels in gingivitis group, chronic periodontitis, and smokeless tobacco chewers with chronic periodontitis reflects increasedoxygen radical activity during periodontal inflammation.

RESUMEN: A pesar de los efectos reportados del tabaco sin humo (TS) sobre el periodonto y la alta prevalencia del uso de TS en poblaciones rurales y en hombres, los estudios sobre este tema específico son limitados. El propósito de esta investigación transversal fue medir el producto final de la peroxidación lipídica (como producto final del estrés oxidativo), es decir, malondialdehído (MDA) en la saliva de pacientes con gingivitis, periodontitis crónica y evaluar la influencia del tabaco sin humo en el malondialdehído salival (S-MDA). Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 30 pacientes con gingivitis, 30 con periodontitis crónica y 30 masticadores de tabaco sin humo con periodontitis crónica y 30 sujetos periodontalmente sanos. Se registraron el índice de placa (PI), el índice gingival (GI), la profundidad de la bolsa de sondeo (PD) y la pérdida de adherencia clínica (CAL), seguidos de la recogida de muestras de saliva estimuladas. Los niveles de MDA en saliva se evaluaron mediante espectrofotometría UV. Hubo un aumento estadísticamente significativo en los niveles de MDA en saliva en gingivitis, periodontitis crónica y en masticadores de tabaco sin humo con periodontitis crónica en comparación con el grupo sano. Los niveles más altos de MDA en saliva en el grupo de gingivitis, periodontitis crónica y masticadores de tabaco sin humo con periodontitis crónica reflejan un aumento de la actividad de los radicales de oxígeno durante la inflamación periodontal.

Periodontitis, dislipidemia y obesidad. Su relación / Relationship between periodontitis and dyslipidemia and obesity

Introducción: Desde hace algunos años, se reporta en la literatura médica una posible asociación entre la periodontitis con otras enfermedades y condiciones sistémicas. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la periodontitis con las dislipidemia, obesidad o ambas. Material y Método: Estudio analítico transversal. Del universo de 9 350 individuos residentes en el municipio Plaza de la Revolución en edades entre 35 y 70 años, ambos sexos; se seleccionó una muestra probabilística utilizando el esquema muestreo aleatorio simple de 1 200 individuos que otorgaron su consentimiento para participar. Debían presentar, en su historia clínica médica, resultados de análisis complementarios para detectar dislipidemia en los últimos seis meses y como mínimo seis dientes en boca. Las variables estudiadas fueron: periodontitis, dislipidemia, obesidad y presencia de dislipidemia y obesidad en el mismo individuo. Los sujetos se clasificaron en tres grupos: con presencia de dislipidemia, obesos y ambas entidades (dislipidemia+obesidad). Resultados: La variable más encontrada fue dislipidemia (73,0 por ciento), seguida de periodontitis (62,2 por ciento). La periodontitis se encontró con mayor frecuencia en individuos que presentaban dislipidemia (48,1 por ciento), los obesos presentaron en su mayoría periodontitis, en los sujetos que presentaron dislipidemia + obesidad, la periodontitis fue más frecuente que en los que no presentaban ambas entidades unidas. Conclusiones: La periodontitis se relacionó con la dislipidemia, obesidad y ambas unidas, no así con la obesidad, aunque fue más frecuente en estos últimos que en los no obesos(AU)

Introduction: A possible association between periodontitis and other diseases and systemic conditions has been reported by the medical literature for many years. Objective: To determine the relationship between periodontitis and dyslipidemia and obesity or both of them. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. The universe consisted of 9 350 individuals between the ages of 35 and 70 years, of both sexes who live in Plaza de la Revolución Municipality. From this universe, a sample composed of 1 200 individuals who gave their consent to participate in the study was selected by simple random sampling method. Their clinical records should include the results of complementary tests to determine dyslipidemia in the last six months; also, they should have at least six teeth in the mouth. The variables studies included: periodontitis, dyslipidemia, obesity and the presence of dyslipidemia and obesity in the same individual. The subjects were divided into three groups: with dyslipidemia, obese and with both entities (dyslipidemia+obesity). Results: The most common variable found was dyslipidemia (73,0 percent), followed by periodontitis (62,2 percent). Periodontitis was more frequently found in individuals with dyslipidemia (48,1 percent), and the majority of obese subjects had periodontitis. Periodontitis was more frequent in individuals with dyslipidemia + obesity than in the ones that did not present both entities at the same time. Conclusions: Periodontitis was associated with dyslipidemia, obesity and with both entities at the same time, but it was not associated with obesity only. However, it was more frequent in obese subjects than in non-obese ones(AU)

¿Es la proteína C reactiva un indicador de riesgo periodontal? / Is C Reactive Protein a Risk Indicator for Periodontal Disease?

RESUMEN: La periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, multifactorial, causada por microorganismos y caracterizada por la destrucción progresiva del tejido de soporte dental. En los últimos años se han realizado estudios que señalan cierta similitud y asociación entre la periodontitis y la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Esta relación se ha establecido por tener ciertos factores de riesgo en común y por producir incremento plasmático de la proteína C reactiva (P-CR). A esta proteína se le atribuyen características favorables como marcador inflamatorio. Este estudio busca establecer si existe algún tipo de relación, entre la periodontitis y los valores de la P-CR antes de iniciar el tratamiento periodontal, en un grupo de pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se hicieron exámenes periodontales a 30 pacientes y se obtuvo una muestra de sangre de cada uno para determinar la concentración de P-CR. Con respecto al valor de la P-CR, se encontró que el promedio fue de 3.72mg/L (IC95%: 2.06-5.38), lo que constituye un marcador de riesgo de moderado a severo. El 54% de los pacientes presentó enfermedad periodontal crónica generalizada, sin que se encontrara diferencia estadísticamente significativa por sexo (p=0.416), ni edad (p=0.477). El 43% de los pacientes padecía de enfermedad periodontal crónica localizada y el 3% de los pacientes presentaron gingivitis. Se observó que el género femenino mostró relativamente, un mayor riesgo cardiovascular respecto al género opuesto (p=0.640). No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el valor de P-CR por sexo, edad o la presencia de otras enfermedades, aunque esta cifra fue mayor en los que presentaron enfermedades metabólicas (5.5mg/L) con respecto a quienes no las padecían (2.7mg/L).

ABSTRACT: Periodontitis is an inflammatory multifactorial chronic disease, caused by microorganisms that destroys periodontal tissues. In the last years, several studies have described an association between periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This relationship has been made since both diseases share the same risk factors and they both increase C reactive proteins levels. C-reactive protein (C-RP) is a well-known inflammatory marker. This study was designed to try to stablish the relationship between C-RP levels and periodontitis in a group of patients that need periodontal treatment at Odontology Faculty in Universidad de Costa Rica. Periodontal examinations were done to 30 patients and blood samples were taken. The mean value of C-RP found was 3.72mg/L (IC95%: 2.06-5.38) which represents a medium- high risk level. 54% of the patients had generalized chronic periodontitis, without statistical difference when compared gender (p=0.416) or age (p=0.477). 43% had chronic localized periodontitis and 3% gingivitis. Females showed a higher risk for cardiovascular disease (p=0.640). No statistical differences were found between C-RP values relating gender, age or other comorbilities, even though mean values were always higher in those suffering metabolic diseases (5.5mg/L) compared to those values from patients not suffering the same diseases (2.7mg/L).

Prevalencia de periodontitis crónica moderada y avanzada generalizada como factor de riesgo cardiovascular / Prevalence of chronic periodontitis moderate and advanced generalized as a cardiovascular risk factor

Introducción: La periodontitis es una enfermedad infecciosa que afecta a los tejidos de sostén de los dientes, su prevalencia se estima entre el 35 y 45% de la población adulta. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares tienen relación directa con la periodontitis crónica, las bacterias periodontales pueden pasar la barrera epitelial de los tejidos periodontales y lograr la propagación sistémica a través de los vasos sanguíneos, causando la inflamación del endocardio. Objetivo: Determinar prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal como factor de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos de 25 a 60 años en Nacajuca, Tabasco. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudió observacional, prospectivo, transversal y analítico, con muestra de 40 participantes entre 25 y 60 años, el 52% (21) son hombres y el 49% (19) mujeres, se empleó el sistema no probabilístico por conveniencia. Las variables fueron edad, género, grado de conocimiento sobre enfermedad periodontal, nivel de alimentación, grado de tabaquismo, grado de higiene bucal y grado de periodontitis. Resultado: La prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal como factor de riesgo cardiovascular es 48% (19 personas) con periodontitis crónica moderada y avanzada generalizada. Conclusión: Con base en la revisión bibliográfica, las personas con el grado de periodontitis crónica moderada y avanzada generalizada son propensas a desencadenar una enfermedad cardiovascular (infarto agudo de miocardio). Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios de experimentación longitudinal, con base en el vínculo que tiene la enfermedad periodontal y cardiovascular (AU)

Introduction: Periodontitis is an infectious disease that affects the tissue of the teeth, its prevalence is estimated between 35 and 45% of the adult population. Cardiovascular diseases are directly related to chronic periodontitis, periodontal bacteria can pass the epithelial barrier of periodontal tissues and achieve systemic propagation through the blood vessels causing Inflammation of the endocardio. Objective: To determine the prevalence of periodontal disease as a cardiovascular risk factor in adults from 25 to 60 years Nacajuca, Tabasco. Material and methods: An observational, prospective, transverse and analytical study was carried out, with a sample of 40 participants between 25 and 60 years, 52% (21) corresponds to the masculine genus and 49% (19) represents the female genus, the non-probabilistic system was employed by Convenience. The variables were age, gender, degree of knowledge on periodontal disease, feeding level, degree of smoking, degree of oral hygiene and degree of periodontitis. Result: the prevalence of periodontal disease as a cardiovascular risk factor is 48% (19 people) with chronically moderate and advanced generalized periodontitis. Conclusion: Based on the bibliographical review people with the degree of chronic periodontitis moderate and advanced generalized are prone to trigger a cardiovascular disease (acute myocardial infarction). However, more studies of longitudinal experimentation are necessary, based on the link which has the periodontal and cardiovascular disease (AU)

Endocan (ESM-1) levels in gingival crevicular fluid correlate with ICAM-1 and LFA-1 in periodontitis

Abstract: Endocan, a 50 kDa soluble proteoglycan, also called endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1), is involved in many major cellular activities and has been reported to be overexpressed in inflammatory conditions. This study aims to determine ESM-1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from individuals with periodontitis to determine the correlation between the levels of lymphocyte-function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and clinical findings of periodontitis. This study enrolled 27 individuals diagnosed with Stage III-Grade C generalized periodontitis and 16 individuals as healthy controls. Bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were calculated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used for detecting the levels of ESM-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-1 in GCF samples. PPD, BOP, CAL, and GCF volumes were significantly increased in patients with periodontitis in comparison to the control group (p < 0.001). The total amount of ESM-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-1 levels in GCF were increased in the periodontitis group (p < 0.001). ESM-1 level correlated with PPD, BOP, and CAL (p < 0.05). ICAM-1 level correlated with BOP and CAL (p < 0.05). LFA-1 level correlated with PPD and CAL (p < 0.05). Our data indicate that ESM-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-1 levels are increased in GCF of patients with periodontitis. These molecules could be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease.

Prevalencia de Prevotella spp y Porphyromona spp en periodontitis crónica / Prevalence of Prevotella spp and Porphyromona spp in chronic periodontitis

Las enfermedades del periodonto tienen una etiopatogenia compleja y puede considerarse multifactorial. El factor etiológico esencial en la patología inflamatoria periodontal es la biopelícula dental y cuando el desequilibrio entre el huésped y los microorganismos cambia la complejidad de la flora. Ciertas bacterias como Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella loescheii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerrella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens y Treponema spp., han sido comúnmente relacionadas con la periodontitis crónica y son consideradas como indicadores de riesgo para la progresión de dicha enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la prevalencia de Prevotella spp y Porphyromona spp en los distintos estadios de periodontitis crónicas. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 48 pacientes sistémicamente saludables con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica. Se completó el consentimiento informado, se realizó historia clínica y examen periodontal. El estado periodontal se clasificó en distintos grados de severidad: leve, moderada y severa. Se tomaron muestras de dos sitios con mayor profundidad de sondaje con conos de papel absorbente estériles y se transportaron en un medio prerreducido. Para el aislamiento de Prevotella spp se utilizó agar Brucella más sangre ovina al 5%, hemina, vitamina K al que se agregaron vancomicina y kanamicina; Porphyromonas sp se aisló en el mismo medio con el agregado de bacitracina y colistina. Se sembraron 10 µl de muestra entera y las placas fueron incubadas en jarras de anaerobiosis por 5 a 7 días a 37ºC. Resultados: los distintos grados de periodontitis correspondieron a un 17% periodontits leve, 57% moderada y 26% severa. En el total de pacientes se determinó la presencia de Prevotella spp en el 54% de los casos y un 12,5% de Porphyromona spp. Conclusión: De los pacientes estudiados con periodontits crónica, un 52% correspondió al sexo masculino, un 57% de los casos correspondieron a periodontitis moderada. Se aisló Prevotella sp en todos los estadios de periodontitis crónica y Porphyromonas sp sólo en periodontitis severas (AU)

Periodontal diseases have a complex etiopathogenesis and can be considered multifactorial. The essential etiological factor in periodontal inflammatory pathology is the dental biofilm and when the imbalance between the host and the microorganisms changes the complexity of the flora. Certain bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella loescheii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerrella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens and Treponema spp., Have been commonly related to chronic periodontitis and are considered as risk indicators for the progression of said disease. The objective of this work was to establish the prevalence of Prevotella spp and Porphyromonas spp in the different stages of chronic periodontitis. Forty eight systemically healthy patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were studied. Informed consent was completed, a medical history and periodontal examination was carried out. The periodontal state was classified into different degrees of severity: mild, moderate and severe. Samples were taken from two sites with greater depth of probing with sterile absorbent paper cones and transported in a prereduced medium. For the isolation of Prevotella spp, Brucella agar plus 5% sheep blood, hemin, vitamin K to which vancomycin and kanamycin were added. For Porphyromonas spp, the same medium was used and bacitracin and colistin were added. 10 µl of the whole sample was seeded and the plates were incubated in anaerobic jars for 5 to 7 days at 37 ° C. Different degrees of periodontitis corresponded to 17% mild periodontitis, 57% moderate and 26% severe. In the total number of patients, the presence of Prevotella spp was determined in 54% of the cases and 12.5% of Porphyromona spp. Of the patients studied with chronic periodontitis, 52% corresponded to the male sex, 57% of the cases corresponded to moderate periodontitis. Prevotella spp was isolated in all stages of chronic periodontitis and Porphyromonas sp only in severe periodontitis (AU)

Frecuencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa en bolsas periodontales de pacientes con Periodontitis Crónica / Frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in periodontal pockets of patients with Chronic Periodontitis

La periodontitis crónica es una patología caracterizada por la destrucción de los tejidos de soporte del diente. Existe evidencia científica de la presencia en bolsas periodontales de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteria que altera la microbiota subgingival. Ha sido asociada al fracaso en el tratamiento de la periodontitis y podría constituir un riesgo para la salud general de los pacientes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia de P. aeruginosa en bolsas periodontales de pacientes con periodontitis crónica que acudieron a la cátedra de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción. El estudio fue observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, para el mismo fueron seleccionados pacientes con periodontitis crónica que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Las piezas dentariasseleccionadas para la toma de muestras fueron aisladas con rollos de algodón estéril, y una vez removida la placa bacteriana supragingival, se retiró la placa subgingival de las bolsas periodontales por medio de curetas de Gracey y se introdujeron en tubos de ensayo que contenían medio de Stuart, para luego llevar las muestras hasta el laboratorio de microbiología para su análisis. Del total de 14 muestras, solo una dio positivo a P. aeruginosa representando el 7,14%. El microrganismo aislado resultó resistente a los antibióticos utilizados como coadyuvantes en el tratamiento de la periodontitis crónica,al igual que en otros trabajos encontrados en la literatura internacional. La presencia de estas bacterias dificulta el control de la enfermedad periodontal y podría significar un riesgo para desarrollar infecciones oportunistas, especialmente en los pacientes inmunodeprimidos

Chronic periodontitis is a pathology characterized by the destruction of tooth supporting tissues. There is scientific evidence of the presence in periodontal pockets of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that alters the subgingival microbiota and that has been associated with failure to treat periodontitis and could constitute a risk to patient general health. The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of P. aeruginosa in periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontitis who attend the Chair of Periodontology at the Autonomous University of Asunción. Descriptive, cross-sectional observational study, in which patients with chronic periodontitis who met the inclusion criteria were selected. The pieces selected for sampling were isolated with sterile cotton rolls, and once the supragingival bacterial plaque had been removed, the subgingival plaque was removed from the periodontal pockets by means of Gracey curettes and placed in test tubes containing Stuart medium, then the samples were taken to the microbiology lab for analysis. Of the total of 14 samples, only one was positive for P. aeruginosa, representing 7.14%. The isolated microorganism was resistant to the antibiotics used as adjuvants in the treatment of chronic periodontitis, as in other studies found in the international literature. The presence of these bacteria makes it difficult to control periodontal disease and could pose a risk for developing opportunistic infections, especially in immunosuppressed patients

Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine and Essential Oils Associated with Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis / Efectividad de la clorhexidina y aceites esenciales asociados al raspado y alisado radicular en el tratamiento de periodontitis crónica / Efetividade da clorexidina e aceites essenciais associados à raspagem e alisamento radicular no tratamento de periodontite crónica

Abstract Introduction: Adjunctive treatment for periodontal disease is quite varied and depends on many factors. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine and essential oils associated with scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Material and methods: The sample included 42 patients randomly assigned to three groups. Decrease in periodontal status was measured with the World Health Organization's periodontal probe by analyzing probe depth values and level of clinical insertion at 3, 4, and 5 months. Statistical analysis of the progress of the three therapies was conducted using Student's t, Anova, and Tukey tests with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The obtained values demonstrated that 0.12% chlorhexidine is more effective in all of its follow ups, whereas no significant difference existed between essential oils and the control group. A significant difference was observed over time in each separate treatment. Conclusión: Chlorhexidine at a 0.12% concentration associated with root scaling and planing is better than essential oil therapies for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Resumen Introducción: el tratamiento coadyuvante de la enfermedad periodontal es muy variado y depende de muchos factores. El objetivo del presente artículo fue comparar la efectividad entre clorhexidina al 0.12 % y aceites esenciales asociados al raspado y alisado radicular en el tratamiento de periodontitis crónica. Materiales y métodos: la muestra estuvo conformada por 42 pacientes distribuidos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos. La disminución del estado periodontal se midió con la sonda periodontal de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, analizando los valores profundidad al sondaje y el nivel de inserción clínica a los 3, 4 y 5 meses. Para el análisis estadístico de la evolución de las 3 terapias se empleó la t de Student, análisis de varianza y test de Tukey con un nivel de significancia de p < 0.05. Resultados: los valores obtenidos demostraron que la clorhexidina al 0.12 % es más efectiva en todos sus controles; mientras que no existe diferencia significativa entre aceites esenciales y el grupo control. Existe diferencia significativa a través del tiempo en cada tratamiento por separado. Conclusión: la clorhexidina al 0.12 %> asociada al raspado y alisado radicular es superior a los tratamientos con aceites esenciales en el tratamiento de la periodontitis crónica.

Resumo Introdução: o tratamento coadjuvante da doença periodontal é muito variado e depende de muitos fatores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comprar a efetividade entre clorexidina ao 0.12% e aceites essenciais associados à raspagem e alisamento radicular no tratamento de periodontite crónica. Materiais e métodos: a amostra esteve conformada por 42 pacientes distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos. A diminuição de estado periodontal se mediu com a sonda periodontal as Organização Mundial da Saúde analisando os valores profundidade à sondagem e nível de inserção clínica aos 3, 4 e 5 meses. A análise estatística da evolução das 3 terapias, se realizou empregando t de Student, Anova e teste de Tukey com um nível de significancia de p < 0.05. Resultados: os valores obtidos demostraram que a clorexidina ao 0.12% é mais efetiva em todos seus controles, enquanto não existe diferença significativa entre aceites essenciais e o grupo controle. Existe diferença significativa através do tempo em cada tratamento por separado. Conclusão: a clorexidina ao 0.12% associada à raspagem e alisamento radicular é superior aos tratamentos com aceites essenciais no tratamento da periodontite crónica.

Identificación de microorganismos anaerobios reactivos a la prueba de Bana antes y después de la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica en pacientes diabéticos / Identification of anaerobic microorganisms reactive to the Bana test before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy in diabetic patients

RESUMEN La prueba BANA determina la actividad proteolítica de las principales bacterias periodontales del complejo rojo, la facilidad y la versatilidad clínica de la prueba la ha convertido en una opción viable para valorar el tratamiento periodontal. El Objetivo de esta investigación es la identificación de microorganis-mos, anaerobios reactivos a la prueba BANA antes y después de la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica en pacientes diabéticos. Materiales y Métodos: para este estudio se trabajó con pacientes que acuden al Club de Diabéticos del Centro de Salud N.- 4 de Chimbacalle perteneciente al Ministerio de Salud Pública del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia de un total de 30 pacientes diabéticos con edades de 35 a 75 años de edad de ambos sexos, a los cuales se les realizó el análisis microbiológico BANA, antes y después de la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo antes de la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica, y un mes después en pacientes diabéticos con periodontitis crónica en sitios con profundidades de sondaje y nivel de inserción ≥ 5mm. Resultados: los resultados del estudio no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes del estudio antes y después de la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica para la prueba microbiológica BANA. Conclusiones: La terapia periodontal no quirúrgica es un tratamiento eficaz en la eliminación de la enfermedad periodontal siempre y cuando exista la colaboración del paciente. Los resultados de la prueba microbiológica en este estudio no demostraron diferencias significativas

ABSTRACT The BANA test determines the proteolytic activity of the main periodontal red complex bacteria, the ease and clinical versatility of the test has made it a viable option for assessing periodontal treatment. The objective of this research is the identification of anaerobic microorganisms reactive to the BANA test before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: For this study we worked with patients attending the Diabetic Club of the Health Center No. 4 of Chimbacalle belonging to the Ministry of Public Health of the Metropolitan District of Quito. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling of a total of 30 diabetic patients between 35 and 75 years of age of both sexes was carried out, who underwent BANA microbiological analysis before and after non-sur-gical periodontal therapy. A prospective study was performed before non-surgical periodontal therapy, and one month after in diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis in sites with probing depths and insertion level ≥ 5mm. Results: the results of the study showed no significant differences between study patients be-fore and after non-surgical periodontal therapy for the microbiological BANA test.Conclusions: Non-surgical periodontal therapy is an effective treatment in the elimination of periodontal disease as long as there is patient cooperation. The results of the microbiological test in this study showed no significant differences.

Ozonoterapia como adyuvante en el tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico y quirúrgico / Ozonoterapia as adjuvant in the non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment

Introducción: El ozono (O3) presenta múltiples acciones biológicas, entre ellas su efecto antimicrobiano, lo que ha sido beneficioso en odontología, siendo la presentación acuosa la más utilizada (20 µg/ mL), la cual presenta efectos similares a la clorhexidina. Reporte de caso: Paciente masculino de 76 años de edad, diagnosticado con periodontitis crónica moderada localizada, el cual fue tratado mediante ozonoterapia acuosa durante la fase inicial periodontal y la fase quirúrgica en colgajo por debridación. 12 semanas posteriores al acto quirúrgico se obtuvo la eliminación de las bolsas periodontales, encontrándose un surco de 3 y 2 mm y un buen control de placa dentobacteriana. Conclusión: No existen reportes acerca del uso de ozonoterapia acuosa durante un colgajo por debridación. El éxito del tratamiento periodontal consiste en la eliminación del factor causal así como en establecer y mantener un control de placa dentobacteriana adecuado (AU)

Introduction: Ozone (O3) has multiple biological actions, including its antimicrobial effect, which has been beneficial in dentistry, the aqueous presentation being the most used (20 µg/mL), which has similar effects to chlorhexidine. Case report: Male patient of 76 years of age, diagnosed with localized moderate chronic periodontitis, which was treated by aqueous ozone therapy during the initial periodontal phase and surgical phase in debridement flap. Twelve weeks after surgery, the periodontal pockets were eliminated, finding a 3 and 2 mm groove and good control of dentobacterial plaque. Conclusion: There are no reports about the use of aqueous ozone therapy during a debridement flap. The success of the periodontal treatment consists in the elimination of the causal factor, as well as establishing and maintaining an adequate control of plaque (AU)