Risk factors and outcomes of occurrence of anastomotic leakage and reoperations for its management after colorectal surgery

Background: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is still the most annoying postsurgery complication after colorectal resection due to its serious complications up to death. Limited data were available regarding differences in AL incidence, management, and consequences for different types of colorectal resection. The aim of the present work was to evaluate differences in incidence of AL, incidence of postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay in a large number of patients who underwent elective colorectal resection for management of colorectal lesions. In addition to detect when and what type of reoperation for management of AL occur after colorectal resection. Patients: All 250 included patients underwent elective surgeries for colorectal resection with performance of primary anastomosis for management of colorectal neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases in the period between May 2016 and July 31, 2021. We followed the patients for 90 days; we registered the follow-up findings. Results: the rates of AL occurrence were variable after the different procedures. The lowest rate of AL occurrence was found in patients who underwent right hemicolectomy, then in patients who underwent sigmoidectomy, left hemicolectomy, transversectomy and anterior resection (p= 0.004). A stoma was frequently performed during reoperation (79.5%) which was significantly different between different procedures: 65.5% in right hemicolectomy, 75.0% in transversectomy, 85.7% in left hemicolectomy, and 93.0% in sigmoid resection (p< 0.001). Conclusion Rates, types, time of occurrence and severity of AL vary according to the type of colectomy performed and selective construction of stoma during AL reoperation is currently safely applied with comparable mortality rates for patients who did and who did not have a stoma after reoperation. (AU)

Short-term outcomes of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy versus open colectomy in patients with colonic carcinoma: a prospective randomized study

Introduction: The second most common cause of cancer-related mortality is colorectal cancer, and laparoscopic-assisted colectomy (LAC) has gained popularity among surgeons as an alternative to the conventional approach, which is open colecrtomy (OC). The differences between LAC and OC in terms of short-term outcomes have not been well documented, and the aim of the present work is to compare the short-term outcomes of both procedures. Materials and Methods: The present prospective study comprised 164 participants submitted to LAC (n = 82) and OC (n = 82) at the Helwan and Zagazig University hospitals between January 2018 and January 2022. We collected and analyzed demographic data, surgical data, and the short-term outcomes. Results: The LAC group had a significantly lower estimated amount of blood loss, shorter hospital stay, lower rates of incisional surgical site infection, and fewer cases of burst abdomen postoperatively, but with a considerably longer operative time (30.3 minutes) than the OC group. Conclusions: Our findings show that LAC is favorable option to OC, with superior outcomes. (AU)

Linfadenectomía D3 por vía laparoscópica para cáncer de colon derecho / Laparoscopic D3 lymphadenectomy for right colon cancer / Linfadenectomia D3 laparoscópica para câncer de cólon direito

El cáncer de colon es frecuente en nuestro medio. Aquellos situados sobre el colon derecho tienen peor pronóstico. La linfadenectomía D3 implica la resección de los ganglios centrales, por delante del eje mesentérico superior. Complementariamente, la escisión mesocolónica completa ha demostrado mejorar los resultados oncológicos.

Absceso del psoas ilíaco secundario a un tumor de colon izquierdo fistulizado al retroperitoneo: caso clínico y análisis de la literatura / Iliopsoas abscess resulting from penetrating left colon cancer to the retroperitoneum: case report and literature review / Abscesso do iliopsoas secundário a tumor de cólon esquerdo fistulizado para o retroperitônio: caso clínico e análise da literatura

Los abscesos del psoas ilíaco secundarios a un tumor de colon fistulizado son excepcionales y potencialmente graves. La mayoría son adenocarcinomas de tipo mucinoso. Su tratamiento es complejo ya que, para lograr una resección oncológica pretendidamente curativa, es necesario realizar una resección ampliada con mayor morbimortalidad. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con un adenocarcinoma mucinoso de colon izquierdo fistulizado al músculo ilíaco y la pared anterolateral del abdomen en la que se realizó una resección multivisceral que incluyó el colon izquierdo, el músculo y la cresta ilíaca y parte de la pared anterolateral del abdomen.

Iliopsoas abscess secondary to perforation of colon cancer is an extremely rare and potentially life-threatening condition. Most tumors are mucinous adenocarcinomas. Its treatment its complex, as most patients need radical extended resections to achieve good oncological results, which are in turn, graved with higher morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a patient with a left colon mucinous adenocarcinoma penetrating to the iliopsoas muscle and the anterolateral abdominal wall that required a multivisceral resection including left colon, iliac muscle and crest and part of the anterolateral abdominal wall.

Abscessos do iliopsoas secundários a um tumor de cólon fistulizado são raros e potencialmente graves. A maioria são adenocarcinomas do tipo mucinoso. Seu tratamento é complexo, pois, para se obter uma ressecção oncológica supostamente curativa, é necessário realizar uma ressecção ampliada com maior morbimortalidade. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com adenocarcinoma mucinoso de cólon esquerdo fistulizado para o músculo ilíaco e parede ântero-lateral do abdome no qual foi realizada ressecção multivisceral que incluiu cólon esquerdo, músculo e crista ilíaca e parte do a parede anterolateral do abdome.

Fístula gastrocólica secundaria a cáncer de colon / Gastrocolic fistula secondary to colon cáncer / Fístula gastrocólica secundária a câncer de cólon

La fístula gastrocólica descrita en 1755 por Albrecht von Haller, se define como la comunicación anormal entre el colon generalmente transverso y estómago en su curvatura mayor. Se conocen distintas etiologías, siendo un hallazgo poco frecuente con escasos reportes en la literatura. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 85 años con historia de anemia y adelgazamiento que consulta por cuadro de vómitos fecaloideos, sin alteraciones de tránsito digestivo bajo, sin dolor ni distensión abdominal con ruidos hidroaéreos normales y sonda nasogástrica con contenido fecaloideo. La Tomografía (fig. 1) confirma una lesión de probable etiología maligna del ángulo esplénico del colon fistulizado a estómago por lo que se decide la realización de una colectomía sectorial con anastomosis primaria y gastrectomía subtotal, evolucionando favorablemente con un alta a los 6 días. La anatomía patológica informa adenocarcinoma de colon moderadamente diferenciado con compromiso gástrico.

Perforación colónica y sepsis fulminante asociada a Clostridium septicum como presentación de un cáncer de colon / Colonic perforation and sepsis associated with Clostridium septicum as clinical presentation of colon cancer

Resumen La asociación entre algunas infecciones bacterianas y cáncer de colon está bien documentada. La más descrita es la infección por Streptococcus bovis. Otra bacteria relacionada a neoplasias intestinales es Clostridium septicum. Presentamos el caso clínico de un varón de 62 años que consultó por dolor abdominal, diarrea y fiebre. Se realizó una tomografía computada de abdomen y pelvis que evidenció un engrosamiento de las paredes del ciego con una aparente solución de continuidad en su borde libre. En una laparotomía exploradora se confirmó la presencia de peritonitis y perforación cecal, siendo sometido a una hemicolectomía derecha e ileostomía terminal. El estudio histopatológico reveló la presencia de un adenocarcinoma de tipo células en anillo de sello asociado a isquemia. Los hemocultivos fueron positivos a C. septicum. El paciente falleció por una sepsis fulminante.

Abstract The association between some bacterial infections and colon cancer is well documented. The most described is Streptococcus bovis infection. Another bacteria related to intestinal neoplasms is Clostridium septicum. We present the case of a 62-year-old man who consulted for abdominal pain associated with diarrhea and fever. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis was performed, which revealed thickening of the cecum walls with an apparent break in continuity at its free edge. An exploratory laparotomy was performed which confirmed the presence of peritonitis and cecal perforation. A right hemicolectomy and terminal ileostomy were performed. The histopathological study revealed the presence of signet ring cell type adenocarcinoma associated with ischemia. The blood cultures results demonstrated the presence of C. septicum. The patient died due to fulminant sepsis.

Resultados de la cirugía de urgencia en pacientes con cáncer de colon perforado / Results of emergency surgery in patients with perforated colon cancer

RESUMEN: Gran parte de los pacientes con cáncer de colon (CC), son diagnosticados y tratados de forma electiva. Sin embargo, aproximadamente un 20 % de ellos debutará como una emergencia (obstrucción o perforación). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO) y supervivencia global (SVG) en pacientes resecados por CC perforado (CCP). Serie de casos retrospectiva de pacientes con CCP, sometidos a colectomía y linfadenectomía, de forma consecutiva, en Clínica RedSalud Mayor y Hospital de Temuco, Chile, entre 2010 y 2019. Las variables resultados fueron SVG y MPO. Otras variables de interés fueron: tiempo quirúrgico, resecabilidad, número de linfonodos resecados, estancia hospitalaria, mortalidad operatoria, recurrencia y supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE). Los pacientes fueron seguidos de forma clínica. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión; y análisis de SV con curvas de Kaplan Meier. Se intervinieron 15 pacientes (60 % mujeres), con una mediana de edad de 62 años. La localización más frecuente fue sigmoides (6 casos; 40,0 %). La resecabilidad de la serie fue 100 %. La medianas del tiempo quirúrgico, número de linfonodos resecados y estancia hospitalaria; fueron 80 min, 20 y 5 días respectivamente. La MPO fue 26,7 % (4 casos). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 36 meses, se verificó una recurrencia de 40,0 %. Por otra parte, la SVG y SLE a 5 años fue 46,7 % y 33,3 % respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos, en términos de MPO y SVG, fueron similares a series internacionales.

SUMMARY: Most patients with colon cancer (CC) are diagnosed and treated electively. However, a fifth of them will debut as an emergency (obstruction or perforation). The aim of this study was to determine postoperative morbidity (POM) and overall survival (OS) in patients resected by perforated CC (PCC). Retrospective case series of patients with PCC undergoing colectomy and lymphadenectomy, consecutively, at RedSalud Mayor Clinic and Temuco hospital, Chile, between 2010 and 2019. The outcome variable were POM and OS. Other variables of interest were surgical time, resectability, number of resected lymph nodes, hospital stay, mortality, recurrence, and disease-free survival (DFS). Patients were followed clinically. Descriptive statistics was used (measures of central tendency and dispersion), and OS analysis was applying Kaplan Meier curves.15 patients (60 % women) were intervened, with a median age of 62 years. The most frequent location was the sigmoid colon (6 cases, 40.0 %). Resectability of the series was 100 %. Median surgical time, number of lymph nodes resected, and hospital stay; they were 80 min, 20 and 5 days respectively. POM was 26.7 % (4 cases). With a median follow-up of 36 months, recurrence was 40.0 %. On the other hand, OS and DFS at 5 years were 46.7 % and 33.3 %, respectively. The observed results, in terms of POM and OS, were like international series.

Beneficios del preoperatorio con recuperación acelerada en pacientes operados de colon por cirugía electiva / Preoperative Benefits with Accelerated Recovery on Patients Operated on for Colon Cancer by Elective Surgery

Introducción: Con la introducción del programa de recuperación acelerada en el servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Militar de Ejército "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy" han ocurrido cambios en la atención perioperatoria del paciente con cirugía electiva para el cáncer de colon. Es de vital importancia conocer sus beneficios en relación al procedimiento tradicional desde que se decide la intervención quirúrgica. Objetivo: Evaluar los beneficios de la recuperación acelerada en pacientes operados de colon por cirugía electiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de caso y control durante el período de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. El grupo de casos cumplió con 12 acciones perioperatorias definidas por el programa de recuperación acelerada y el de control siguió el procedimiento tradicional. Se realizó análisis bivariable de Chi cuadrado y Odds Ratio con intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Con la implementación del programa de recuperación acelerada desde el preoperatorio, los pacientes llegaron a la cirugía con adecuada capacidad funcional y compensación de sus comorbilidades. Esta conducta favoreció la evolución posoperatoria, redujo las complicaciones en un 33 por ciento Odds Ratio de 0,05 y la estadía hospitalaria en 5,67 días con Odds Ratio de 2[10,4-5,1]. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con el procedimiento de recuperación acelerada en su preoperatorio recibieron beneficios en relación a reducir el estrés quirúrgico, mayores reservas fisiológicas y mejor recuperación posoperatoria. La estadía hospitalaria está asociada significativamente a la edad de los pacientes, las comorbilidades y número de estas(AU)

Introduction: With the introduction of the accelerated recovery program in the general surgery service of Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy Military Hospital of the Army (Matanzas, Cuba), changes have occurred in the perioperative care of the patient with elective surgery for colon cancer. It is of vital importance to know its benefits with respect to the traditional procedure from the moment the surgical intervention is decided. Objective: To assess the benefits of accelerated recovery in patients undergoing elective colon surgery. Methods: An analytical case-control study was carried out during the period from January 2015 to December 2019. The case group completed 12 perioperative actions defined by the accelerated recovery program, while the control group followed the traditional procedure. A bivariate analysis of chi-square and odds ratio (OR) with 95 percent confidence interval was performed. Results: With the implementation of the accelerated recovery program from the preoperative period, patients arrived at surgery with adequate functional capacity and compensation of their comorbidities. This behavior favored postoperative evolution, reduced complications by 33 percent (OR: 0.05) and hospital stay by 5.67 days (OR: 2) [10.4-5.1]. Conclusions: With the accelerated recovery procedure in their preoperative period, patients received benefits associated with reduced surgical stress, greater physiological reserves and better postoperative recovery. Hospital stay is significantly associated with patient age, comorbidities and number of comorbidities(AU)

A comparison between different management surgical approaches in the treatment of splenic flexure colon cancer

Background: There are many surgical approaches which described extent of resection of the colon for adequate surgicalmanagement of splenic flexure cancer, but up till now there is no established surgical procedure, this is because the presence of double lymphatic drainage of themesenteric vessels. Segmental resection of the colon for the management of splenic flexure cancer was a recently accepted surgical procedure. Objective: In the present study, we aimed to compare three surgical management techniques to clarify the best management approach of Egyptian patients with splenic flexure cancer regarding operative, clinical, and oncological outcomes: segmental resection, and extended left or right hemicolectomy,. Materials and Methods In the present study, we included 90 patients with splenic flexure cancer. Cases were divided into 3 groups. Each group included 30 patients in order to compare three surgical techniques: segmental resection, extended left hemicolectomy, and extended right hemicolectomy. Results: We have found no statistically significant differences between the three included groups regarding operative findings, postoperative complications, local recurrence, distant recurrence, disease progression, recurrence-free survival rate, progression-free survival rate, and overall survival rate. The operative time was longer, and the number of lymph nodes was higher in the extended right hemicolectomy group (p<0.001). Conclusion: We have shown that segmental resection of the splenic flexure is surgically and clinically suitable for the adequate management of operable cases of carcinoma of the splenic flexure. (AU)

Progress in diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis after colon cancer surgery / 中华胃肠外科杂志

At present, comprehensive treatment dominated by surgical procedures is an important measure for colon cancer to obtain the chance of cure. Surgical intervention, while removing the tumor, carries the risk of postoperative gastroparesis (PG) . Because of the low incidence rate and insignificant early clinical symptoms, early stage PG is often overlooked clinically. However, PG can increase the risk of malnutrition, delay postoperative antitumor treatment, and increase the risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis. This review focuses on the mechanisms, clinical risk factors, preventive measures, and advances in treatment of PG due to colon cancer. Aim to increase the clinician's adequate attention to PG in colon cancer and from a surgical point to reduce the risk of gastroparesis in colon cancer by optimizing the surgical strategy.

Application of three-dimensional visualization technique in laparoscopic D3 radical resection of right colon cancer / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical value of three-dimensional (3D) visualization technique in laparoscopic D3 radical resection of right colon cancer.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 73 patients with right colon cancer undergoing laparoscopic D3 radical operation in our hospital between May, 2019 and March, 2021. Among these patients, 41 underwent enhanced CT examination with 3D visualization reconstruction to guide the actual operation, and 32 underwent enhanced CT examination only before the operation (control group). In 3D visualization group, we examined the coincidence rate between the 3D visualization model and the findings in surgical exploration of the anatomy and variations of the main blood vessels, supplying vessels of the tumor, and the tumor location, and the coincidence rate between the actual surgical plan for D3 radical resection of right colon cancer and the plan formulated based on the 3D model. The operative time, estimated blood loss, unexpected injury of blood vessels, number of harvested lymph nodes, mean time of the first flatus, complications, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative drainage volume were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The operative time was significantly shorter in 3D visualization group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The volume of blood loss, proportion of unexpected injury of blood vessel, the number of harvested lymph nodes, time of the first flatus, proportion of complications, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative drainage volume did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the 3D visualization group, the 3D visualization model clearly displayed the shape and direction of the colon, the location of the tumor, the anatomy and variation of the main blood vessels and the blood vessels supplying the cancer, and showed a coincidence rate of 100% with the findings by surgical exploration. The surgical plan for D3 radical resection of right colon cancer was formulated based on the 3D model also showed a coincidence rate of 100% with the actual surgical plan.@*CONCLUSION@#The 3D visualization reconstruction technique allows clear visualization the supplying arteries of the tumor and their variations to improve the efficiency, safety and accuracy of laparoscopic D3 radical resection of right colon cancer.

Medial border of D3 lymphadenectomy for right colon cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

The extent of D3 lymphadenectomy for right colon cancer, especially the medial border of central lymph node dissection remains controversial. D3 lymphadenectomy and complete mesocolon excision (CME) are two standard procedures for locally advanced right colon carcinoma. D3 lymphadenectomy determines the medial border according to the distribution of the lymph nodes. The mainstream medial border should be the left side of superior mesenteric vein (SMV) according to the definition of D3, but there are also some reports that regards the left side of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) as the medial border. In contrast, the CME procedure emphasizes the beginning of the colonic mesentery and the left side of SMA should be considered as the medial border. Combined with the anatomical basis, oncological efficacy and technical feasibility of D3 lymph node dissection, we think that it is safe and feasible to take the left side of SMA as the medial boundary of D3 lymph node dissection. This procedure not only takes into account the integrity of mesangial and regional lymph node dissection, but also dissects more distant lymph nodes at risk of metastasis. It has its anatomical basis and potential oncological advantages. However, at present, this technical concept is still in the exploratory stage in practice, and the related clinical evidence is not sufficient.

Splenic flexure cancer: surgical procedures and extent of lymphadenectomy / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Splenic flexure colon cancer occurs at a relatively lower rate than colon cancer of other sites. It is also associated with more advanced disease and higher rate of acute obstruction. The splenic flexure receives blood supply from both superior and inferior mesenteric arteries (SMA and IMA), and therefore has lymphatic drainage to both areas. The blood supply is also highly variable, causing difficulties in determining the main feeding vessels and the main direction of lymph drainage. Few studies with limited cases focused on this specific tumor site with respect to the patterns of lymph node spread, especially the main lymph node status and the value of its dissection. The lack of information limits the development of a consensus on the extent of surgical resection and lymphadenectomy. Adequate mobilization of the colon facilitates a sufficient length of bowel resection and the high ligation of feeding arteries from both SMA and IMA. Further evidence on the chnoice of procedures and the extent of lymph node dissection need multicenter collaboration, with the use of modern techniques, including CT 3D reconstruction of the colon and angiography, as well as intraoperative fluorescent real-time imaging of lymph nodes.

Risk factors of postoperative surgical site infection in colon cancer based on a single center database / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To explore the incidence and risk factors of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) after colon cancer surgery. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was performed. Patients diagnosed with colon cancer who underwent radical surgery between January 2016 and May 2021 were included, and demographic characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory tests, surgical data and postoperative complications were extracted from the specialized prospective database at Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Case exclusion criteria: (1) simultaneously multiple primary colon cancer; (2) segmental resection, subtotal colectomy, or total colectomy; (3) patients undergoing colostomy/ileostomy during the operation or in the state of colostomy/ileostomy before the operation; (4) patients receiving natural orifice specimen extraction surgery or transvaginal colon surgery; (5) patients with the history of colectomy; (6) emergency operation due to intestinal obstruction, perforation and acute bleeding; (7) intestinal diversion operation; (8) benign lesions confirmed by postoperative pathology; (9) patients not following the colorectal clinical pathway of our department for intestinal preparation and antibiotic application. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to determine the risk factors of SSI after colon cancer surgery. Results: A total of 1291 patients were enrolled in the study. 94.3% (1217/1291) of cases received laparoscopic surgery. The incidence of overall SSI was 5.3% (69/1291). According to tumor location, the incidence of SSI in the right colon, transverse colon, left colon and sigmoid colon was 8.6% (40/465), 5.2% (11/213), 7.1% (7/98) and 2.1% (11/515) respectively. According to resection range, the incidence of SSI after right hemicolectomy, transverse colectomy, left hemicolectomy and sigmoid colectomy was 8.2% (48/588), 4.5% (2/44), 4.8% (8 /167) and 2.2% (11/492) respectively. Univariate analysis showed that preoperative BUN≥7.14 mmol/L, tumor site, resection range, intestinal anastomotic approach, postoperative diarrhea, anastomotic leakage, postoperative pneumonia, and anastomotic technique were related to SSI (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that anastomotic leakage (OR=22.074, 95%CI: 6.172-78.953, P<0.001), pneumonia (OR=4.100, 95%CI: 1.546-10.869, P=0.005), intracorporeal anastomosis (OR=5.288, 95%CI: 2.919-9.577,P<0.001) were independent risk factors of SSI. Subgroup analysis showed that in right hemicolectomy, the incidence of SSI in intracorporeal anastomosis was 19.8% (32/162), which was significantly higher than that in extracorporeal anastomosis (3.8%, 16/426, χ(2)=40.064, P<0.001). In transverse colectomy [5.0% (2/40) vs. 0, χ(2)=0.210, P=1.000], left hemicolectomy [5.4% (8/148) vs. 0, χ(2)=1.079, P=0.599] and sigmoid colectomy [2.1% (10/482) vs. 10.0% (1/10), χ(2)=2.815, P=0.204], no significant differences of SSI incidence were found between intracorporeal anastomosis and extracorporeal anastomosis (all P>0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of SSI increases with the resection range from sigmoid colectomy to right hemicolectomy. Intracorporeal anastomosis and postoperative anastomotic leakage are independent risk factors of SSI. Attentions should be paid to the possibility of postoperative pneumonia and actively effective treatment measures should be carried out.

The effects of robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic-assisted radical right hemicolectomy on short-term outcome and long-term prognosis based on propensity score matching / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To compare the short-term and long-term outcomes between robotic-assisted and laparoscopic-assisted radical right hemicolectomy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the right colon. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospectively collected database identified 288 right colon cancer patients who underwent either robotic-assisted (n=57) or laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy (n=231) between October 2014 and October 2020 at Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. There were 161 males and 127 females, aging (60.3±12.8) years (range: 17 to 86 years). After propensity score matching as 1∶4 between robotic-assisted and laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy, there were 56 cases in robotic group and 176 cases in laparoscipic group. Perioperative outcomes and overall survival were compared between the two groups using t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, χ2 test, Fisher exact test, Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test, respectively. Results: The total operative time was similar between the robotic and laparoscopic group ((206.9±60.7) minutes vs. (219.9±56.3) minutes, t=-1.477, P=0.141). Intraoperative bleeding was less in the robotic group (50 (20) ml vs. 50 (50) ml, Z=-4.591, P<0.01), while the number of lymph nodes retrieved was significantly higher (36.0±10.0 vs. 29.0±10.1, t=4.491, P<0.01). Patients in robotic group experienced significantly shorter hospital stay, shorter time to first flatus, and defecation (t: -2.888, -2.946, -2.328, all P<0.05). Moreover, the overall peri-operative complication rate was similar between robotic and laparoscopic group (17.9% vs. 22.7%, χ²=0.596,P=0.465). The 3-year overall survival were 92.9% and 87.9% respectively and the 3-year disease-free survival rates were 83.1% and 82.6% with no statistical significance between the robotic and laparoscopic group (P>0.05). Conclusions: Compared to laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy, robot-assisted right hemicolectomy could improve some short-term clinical outcomes. The two procedures are both achieving comparable survival.

Safety and feasibility of overlapped delta-shaped anastomosis technique for digestive tract reconstruction during complete laparoscopic right hemicolectomy / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To explore the clinical safety and feasibility of overlapped delta-shaped anastomosis (ODA) in totally laparoscopic right hemicolectomy (TLRHC). Methods: From May 2017 to October 2019, of the 219 patients who underwent TLRHC at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 104 cases underwent ODA (ODA group) and 115 cases underwent conventional extracorporeal anastomosis (control group) were compared the surgical outcomes, postoperative recovery, pathological outcomes and perioperative complications. Results: The length of the skin incision in the ODA group was significantly shorter than that in the control group [(5.6±0.9) cm vs. (7.1±1.7) cm, P<0.05], and the time to first flatus and first defecation after surgery in the ODA group was significantly earlier than that in the control group [(1.7±0.7) days vs. (2.0±0.7) days; (3.2±0.6) days vs. (3.3±0.7) days, P<0.05]. While the anastomosis time, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, the time of first ground activities, the number of bowel movements within 12 days after surgery, postoperative hospital stay, tumor size, the distal and proximal margins, the number of lymph node harvested and postoperative TNM stage in the ODA group did not differ from that of the control group (P>0.05). The postoperative complication rates of patients in the ODA group and the control group were 3.8% (4/104) and 4.3% (5/115), respectively, and the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: The application of ODA technology in TLRHC can significantly shorten thelength of skin incisionand the recovery time of bowel function, and can obtain satisfactory short-term efficacy.

Clinical guidance on endoscopic management of colonic polyps in Singapore

Colonoscopy with endoscopic resection of detected colonic adenomas interrupts the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer and cancer-related mortality. In the past decade, there have been significant developments in instruments and techniques for endoscopic polypectomy. Guidelines have been formulated by various professional bodies in Europe, Japan and the United States, but some of the recommendations differ between the various bodies. An expert professional workgroup under the auspices of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, was set up to provide guidance on the endoscopic management of colonic polyps in Singapore. A total of 23 recommendations addressed the following issues: accurate description and diagnostic evaluation of detected polyps; techniques to reduce the risk of post-polypectomy bleeding and delayed perforation; the role of specific endoscopic resection techniques; the histopathological criteria for defining endoscopic cure; and the role of surveillance colonoscopy following curative resection.

Delayed gastric emptying after surgery for transverse colon cancer: diagnosis, management and prevention / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Delayed gastric emptying is a syndrome of gastric motility disorder with slow gastric emptying as the main sign, provided that mechanical factors such as intestinal obstruction and anastomotic stricture are excluded. The incidence of delayed gastric emptying after colon cancer surgery is 1.4%, mainly after transverse colon cancer surgery. Most of the studies on delayed gastric emptying are case reports, lacking systematic studies. The diagnoses and treatments can be draw on the experience of delayed gastric emptying after pancreatic surgery. Our retrospective study indicated that the incidence of delayed gastric emptying after surgery for transverse colon cancer was 4.0%, higher than that for other colon cancer. Patients who underwent gastrocolic ligament lymph node dissection were at higher risk than those who did not (3.6% vs. 0.8%). Gastrocolic ligament lymph node dissection and stress are causative factors for delayed gastric emptying after surgery for transverse colon cancer. We add the gastrografin test upon the diagnostic criteria of the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery, which is simple and practical. Nasogastric tube decompression, enteral nutrition combined with parenteral nutrition, glucocorticoids, and prokinetic agents can cure most patients with postoperative delayed gastric emptying. All the patients with postoperative delayed gastric emptying were cured in our studies. Strict indications for gastrocolic ligament lymph node dissection (patients with cT3-4 and cN+) may decrease the occurrence of delayed gastric emptying after surgery for transverse colon cancer.

Simultaneous resection for colon cancer and synchronous liver metastases: case series with follow-up / Resección simultánea por cáncer de colon y metástasis hepáticas sincrónicas: serie de casos con seguimiento

SUMMARY: Treatment of colonic cancer (CC) and synchronic liver metastasis (SLM) is still controversial in relation to how to act. The aim of this study was to analyze initial single center experience in simultaneous surgical approach of patients with CC and SLM, in terms of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Retrospective case series of patients with CC and SLM undergoing simultaneous surgery, consecutively, at Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, between 2007 and 2021. Outcome variables were OS and DFS. Other variables of interest were postoperative morbidity (POM), surgical time, hospital stay and mortality. Descriptive statistics was used (measures of central tendency and dispersion), and survival analysis was estimated applying Kaplan Meier curves. Sixteen patients (10 female and 6 male) were operated, with a median age of 61 years. The most frequent localization was cecum and right colon (37.5 %). In all patients some type of liver resection was added (parenchymal-sparing hepatectomy or anatomical resection). Median surgical time and hospital stay were 150 min and 5 days respectively. POM was 31.2 % (5 cases), mainly Clavien & Dindo I and II (12.5 % of patients required a re-intervention). With a median follow-up of 52 months 1, 3 and 5-year OS were 100 %, 62.5 %, and 50.0 % respectively. On the other hand, DFS rates of 1, 3 and 5-year were 75.0 %, 43.8 %, and 25.0 % respectively. The series had no mortality. OS, DFS, POM and mortality, were like other series. Simultaneous resection of CC and SLM is an aggressive approach, but not compromise oncological outcomes.

RESUMEN: El tratamiento del cáncer de colon (CC) con metástasis hepática sincrónica (MHS), tiene un tratamiento controvertido aún. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la experiencia unicéntrica en el tratamiento de pacientes con CC y MHS simultáneo, en términos de supervivencia global (SG) y supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE). Serie de casos retrospectiva consecutiva, de pacientes con CC y MHS sometidos a cirugía simultánea, en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, entre 2007 y 2021. Las variables de resultado fueron SG y SLE. Otras variables de interés fueron la morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO), tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva (medidas de tendencia central y dispersión) y se estimó supervivencia aplicando curvas de Kaplan Meier. Se operaron 16 pacientes (10 mujeres y 6 hombres), con mediana de edad de 61 años. La localización más frecuente fue ciego-colon derecho (37,5 %). En todos los casos se practicó algún tipo de resección hepática (hepatectomía conservadora o resección anatómica). La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico y la estancia hospitalaria fueron de 150 min y 5 días respectivamente. La MPO fue del 31,2 % (5 casos), principalmente Clavien & Dindo I y II (hubo 12,5 % de reintervenciones). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 52 meses. La SG a 1, 3 y 5 años fue 100 %, 62,5 % y 50,0 %, respectivamente. Por otro lado, la SLE a 1, 3 y 5 años fue 75,0 %, 43,8 % y 25,0 %, respectivamente. La serie no tuvo mortalidad. La SG, SLE, MPO y la mortalidad fueron similares a otras series. La resección simultánea de CC y SLM es agresiva, pero no compromete los resultados oncológicos.

Factores asociados a la supervivencia de pacientes operados de cáncer de colon con metástasis hepáticas sincrónicas / Factors Associated to Survival in Patients Operated on for Colon Cancer with Synchronic Liver Metastases

Introducción: La metástasis hepática del cáncer de colon es una entidad frecuente. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la supervivencia en pacientes intervenidos de cáncer de colon con metástasis hepática sincrónica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal a 34 pacientes operados con este diagnóstico, en el servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente "Saturnino Lora" de Santiago de Cuba, desde 2010 hasta 2019. Fue estimada la supervivencia global y por diferentes periodos de tiempo en la cohorte, según el método de Kaplan-Meier. La comparación de las curvas de supervivencia para las covariables seleccionadas se realizó mediante la prueba de igualdad de distribuciones (Log-Rank de Mantel y Cox). Resultados: La supervivencia global a los seis meses y al año del diagnóstico fue de 66,5 por ciento y 66,2 por ciento, respectivamente, con mediana de dos años (IC 95 por ciento: 0,97-3,02). La supervivencia fue superior si el paciente presentó una metástasis versus dos o más, así como la de ambos lóbulos marca la menor probabilidad de supervivencia. Los tumores bien y moderadamente diferenciados mostraron mayor probabilidad de supervivencia al año que los pocos diferenciados, sin diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: La cirugía permite mejorar la sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad, aunque el uso de las distintas opciones terapéuticas para el cáncer colónico con metástasis hepática sincrónica continúa controvertido. La supervivencia de estos enfermos está condicionada por la estadificación, diferenciación histológica del tumor, localización y número de metástasis, entre otros factores(AU)

Introduction: Liver metastasis from colon cancer is a frequent entity. Objective: To identify the factors associated with survival in patients operated on for colon cancer with synchronic liver metastasis. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, from 2010 to 2019, with 34 patients with this diagnosis operated on in the general surgery service of Saturnino Lora Provincial Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba. Overall survival was estimated, as well as by different time periods in the cohort, using the Kaplan-Meier method. The comparison of the survival curves for the selected covariates was carried out using the test of equality of distributions (log-rank or Mantel-Cox test). Results: Overall survival six months and one year after diagnosis was 66.5 percent and 66.2 percent, respectively, with a median of two years (95 percent CI: 0.97-3.02). Survival was higher if the patient had one metastasis versus two or more, while metastasis in both lobules represents the lowest probability of survival. Well and moderately differentiated tumors showed higher probability of survival at one year than the little differentiated ones, without significant differences. Conclusions: Surgery improves overall and disease-free survival, although the use of different therapeutic options for colon cancer with synchronic liver metastases remains controversial. The survival of these patients is conditioned by staging, histological differentiation of the tumor, location and number of metastases, among other factors(AU)