ABSTRACT
En ese sentido, el estudio de carga de enfermedad en el Perú del 2019 nos presenta las principales enfermedades y lesiones que han aportado mayor número de años de vida saludables perdidos en el país, reconociendo no solo aquellas que producen muerte prematura, sino también discapacidad. De esta manera, podemos disponer de información valiosa para la toma de decisiones en salud pública y dirigir las acciones hacia un mayor beneficio para la población de nuestro país. Los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad -AVISA- estiman la carga de la enfermedad, de acuerdo a las distintas causas o problemas de salud consideradas. Un AVISA corresponde a un año de vida sana perdido y la medición de la carga de enfermedad por este indicador significaría la brecha existente entre la situación actual de salud de una población y la ideal en la que cada miembro de esa población podría alcanzar la vejez libre de enfermedad y discapacidad.
Subject(s)
Disease , Epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Cost of Illness , Disability EvaluationABSTRACT
Objectives: To describe and correlate burden and social support in low-income caregivers of chronic patients. Material and methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 170 low-income family caregivers of people with chronic diseases who answered a survey on sociodemographic and care variables, in addition to the Zarit scale to measure burden and the MOS questionnaire on perceived social support. The analysis was performed using descriptive and differential statistics. Results: Most caregivers were female, and the predominant kinship was father-son. A significant and negative correlation (rs = -.307, p < 0.001) was identified between the caregivers' burden and perceived social support, as well as a significant and positive correlation (rs = 0.278, p < 0.01) between the time devoted to care and the caregivers' burden. Conclusions: Low-income family caregivers require more social support to reduce the burden levels.
Objetivos: describir y correlacionar la sobrecarga y el apoyo social de cuidadores de pacientes crónicos con bajos ingresos económicos. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado a 170 cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica de bajos ingresos económicos a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta sobre variables sociodemográficas y de cuidado, además de la escala Zarit para medir la sobrecarga y el cuestionario MOS sobre apoyo social percibido. El análisis se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y diferencial. Resultados: la mayoría de los cuidadores fueron mujeres y el vínculo filial predominante fue de padre e hijo. Se identificó una correlación significativa y negativa (rs = -0,307, p < 0,001) entre la sobrecarga del cuidador y el apoyo social percibido, como también una correlación significativa y positiva (rs = 0,278, p < 0,001) entre el tiempo dedicado al cuidado y la carga del cuidador. Conclusiones: los cuidadores familiares de bajos ingresos económicos requieren mayor apoyo social para disminuir los niveles de sobrecarga.
Objetivos: Descrever e correlacionar a sobrecarga e o suporte social de cuidadores de baixa renda de pacientes crônicos. Material e métodos: Estudo descritivo e transversal, realizado com 170 cuidadores familiares de baixa renda de pessoas com doenças crônicas, que responderam a um questionário sobre variáveis sociodemográficas e assistenciais, além da escala de Zarit para medir a sobrecarga e do questionário MOS sobre suporte social percebido. A análise foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva e diferencial. Resultados: A maioria dos cuidadores era do sexo feminino e o vínculo filial predominante era entre pai e filho. Foi identificada uma correlação significativa e negativa (rs = -0,307, p < 0,001) entre a sobrecarga do cuidador e o suporte social percebido, assim como uma correlação significativa e positiva (rs = 0,278, p < 0,001) entre o tempo dedicado ao cuidado e a carga do cuidador. Conclusões: Os cuidadores familiares de baixa renda necessitam de maior suporte social para reduzir os níveis de sobrecarga.
Subject(s)
Social Support , Chronic Disease , Caregivers , Cost of IllnessABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the annual medical direct costs per hemophilia A (HA) patient in the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS) and to understand and describe the patients' hospital journey, demographical characteristics, and the procedures in the. Methods: This retrospective analysis of DataSUS databases. Data from individuals with registries of HA treatment were gathered between January 1st, 2018, and June 30th, 2021. Besides the D66 ICD-10th code (HA), were also considered the occurrence of some procedures like factor VIII dosage and by-pass therapy dispensation or administration as inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria were occurrence of factor IX dispensation and female patients were excluded, among others. A record linkage using sociodemographic characteristics was conducted to identify unique patients. Results: Were identified 2,298 individuals underwent ambulatory and 1,018 underwent hospital treatments. The results show that most patients are from the Southeast region of the country, white and middle-aged individuals. The median cost of HA treatment per patient-year was BRL 90.36 for ambulatory care and BRL 1,015.31 for hospital care procedures. The costs were significantly higher for more severe patients and for those between 12 and 18 years old (BRL 1,974.75 and BRL 1,049.09, respectively). Conclusion: The evidence demonstrated encourages the implementation of policies aiming to improve the quality of care provided to patients with HA. Providing referral centers for hemophiliac patients is primordial for the success of the treatment and can result in efficiency.
Objetivo: Descrever os custos médicos diretos anuais por paciente com hemofilia A (HA) no sistema público de saúde brasileiro (SUS) e compreender e descrever a jornada do paciente em âmbito hospitalar, as características demográficas e os procedimentos realizados no SUS. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva das bases de dados do DataSUS. Foram coletados dados de indivíduos com registro de tratamento de HA entre 1º de janeiro de 2018 e 30 de junho de 2021. Além do código D66 CID-10 (HA), foi considerada a ocorrência de procedimentos como dosagem do fator VIII e dispensação ou administração de terapia de by-pass como critérios de inclusão. Dentre os critérios de exclusão, destacam-se a dispensação do fator IX e indivíduos do sexo feminino. Um pareamento de registros usando características sociodemográficas foi realizado para identificar pacientes únicos. Resultados: Foram identificados 2.298 indivíduos em tratamento ambulatorial e 1.018 em tratamento hospitalar. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos pacientes são da região Sudeste do país, brancos e de meia-idade. O custo médio do tratamento da HA por paciente-ano foi de R$ 90,36 para atendimento ambulatorial e de R$ 1.015,31 para atendimento hospitalar. Os custos foram significativamente maiores para pacientes mais graves e entre 12 e 18 anos (R$ 1.974,75 e R$ 1.049,09, respectivamente). Conclusão: As evidências demonstradas incentivam a implementação de políticas que visem melhorar a qualidade da assistência prestada aos pacientes com HA. A disponibilização de centros de referência para pacientes hemofílicos é primordial para o sucesso do tratamento e pode resultar em maior eficiência.
Subject(s)
Epidemiology , Cost of Illness , Hemophilia AABSTRACT
Introducción. Las enfermedades huérfanas se caracterizan por su baja prevalencia, comúnmente son de evolución crónica, debilitantes y potencialmente mortales. Objetivo. Determinar las características y los factores asociados a la mortalidad por enfermedades huérfanas en Chile, entre 2002 y 2017. Materiales y métodos. Es un estudio transversal y analítico a partir de datos secundarios oficiales del Departamento de Estadística e Información en Salud (DEIS) del Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad específica, y las ajustadas por sexo y edad. Se efectuó un análisis de normalidad mediante la prueba de Kolmogórov-Smirnov. Se aplicaron la prueba de ji al cuadrado de independencia para las asociaciones y el análisis de regresión logística multivariada para determinar la probabilidad de muerte. Resultados. Durante el periodo de estudio, 10.718 defunciones se atribuyeron a enfermedades huérfanas; 53,2 % ocurrieron en mujeres. La tasa media anual de mortalidad fue de 3,9 por 100.000 habitantes: 4,1 en mujeres y 3,8 en hombres. Las principales causas de muerte, en mujeres, fueron enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, anencefalia, hepatitis autoinmunitaria y, en hombres, enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, distrofia muscular y anencefalia. Las mujeres tienen 1,75 más veces la posibilidad de fallecer por este grupo de enfermedades en comparación con los hombres (OR ajustado=1,75; IC95% 1,69-1,82). La mayor probabilidad de morir se presentó en los menores de 0 a 4 años (OR ajustado=15,30; IC95% 14,10-19,20). Conclusión. En Chile, las mujeres constituyeron el grupo de población de mayor riesgo de morir por enfermedades huérfanas durante los años 2002 y 2017.
Introduction: Rare diseases are characterized by their low prevalence, chronically debilitating and life-threatening nature. Objective: To determine the characteristics and factors associated with mortality due to rare diseases in Chile from 2002 to 2017. Materials and methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study based on secondary mortality database from the Departamento de Estadística e Información en Salud (DEIS), Ministerio de Salud de Chile (Department of Statistics and Health Information, Chile Ministry of Health) from 2002 to 2017. The specific mortality rates adjusted by age and sex were calculated. A normality analysis was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In addition, a chi-square test of independence for associations and multivariate logistic regression was applied to determine the probability of death. Results: Between 2008 and 2012 there were 10,718 deaths due to rare diseases, 53.2% of them occurred among women. The average annual mortality rate was 3.9 per 100,000 inhabitants: 4.1 in women and 3.8 in men. The main causes of mortality among women were Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, anencephaly and autoinmune hepatitis, and among men, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, muscular dystrophy and anencephaly. Women are 1.75 times more likely to die than men (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.69 - 1.82). The highest probability of dying occurred among children aged 0-4 years (aOR = 15.30; 95% CI: 14.10 - 19.20). Conclusion: Overall, the burden of mortality due to rare disease was higher among women of all ages in Chile between 2002 and 2017.
Subject(s)
Mortality Registries , Rare Diseases , Chile , Public Health , Cost of IllnessABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar la carga de enfermedad por COVID-19 en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia, a partir del indicador años de vida saludables ajustados por discapacidad (AVISA) entre marzo del 2020 a agosto del 2021. Materiales y métodos. Con la información del sistema de vigilancia nacional SIVIGILA se hizo la descripción y caracterización de los casos de COVID-19 reportados entre marzo/2020 a agosto/2021, según grupos de edad, sexo, etnia, municipios de residencia y subregiones de Nariño. Se estimaron tasas crudas y de mortalidad acumulada por COVID-19 para las variables previamente descritas. Se calcularon años perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP) y años vividos por discapacidad (AVD). Se estimaron los AVISA totales mediante la suma de APMP + AVD. Estos se calcularon por sexo, etnia, grupo de edad y subregiones de Nariño. Se estimaron los riesgos relativos a partir de las razones de tasas (RT) e intervalos de confianza del 95% para las variables del estudio. Resultados. Las tasas de morbilidad, mortalidad y AVISA más altas ocurrieron entre febrero y septiembre del 2021, en hombres, en mayores de 70 años, del grupo étnico minoritario afrodescendiente y en las subregiones Centro, Obando y Juanambú. La carga de enfermedad por COVID-19 en Nariño en el periodo de estudio es atribuida a los APMP, los cuales explican más del 97% de la misma. Conclusiones. Este es uno de los primeros estudios de carga de enfermedad a nivel regional, realizados en Colombia, que emplea una metodología estandarizada para COVID-19. Esta medición generaría estimaciones que permitirían focalizar recursos de forma intersectorial, mitigar el daño a poblaciones y áreas geográficas determinadas, especialmente las más vulnerables.
ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate the burden of disease of COVID-19 in the department of Nariño, Colombia, based on the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between March 2020 and August 2021. Materials and methods. The description and characterization of COVID-19 cases reported between March 2020 and August 2021 was made according to age groups, sex, ethnicity, municipalities of residence and subregions of Nariño by using information from the national surveillance system SIVIGILA. Crude and cumulative mortality rates for COVID-19 were estimated for the previously described variables. Years lost due to premature death (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) were calculated. Total DALYs were estimated by adding YLL + YLD. These were calculated by sex, ethnicity, age group and subregions of Nariño. Relative risks were estimated from rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for the study variables. Results. The highest morbidity, mortality and DALY rates occurred between February and September 2021, in men, in those older than 70 years, in the Afro-descendant ethnic minority group and in the Central, Obando and Juanambú subregions. The burden of disease of COVID-19 in Nariño during the study period is attributed to the YLL, which explain more than 97% of it. Conclusions. This is one of the first studies on burden of disease at the regional level, carried out in Colombia, that employs a standardized methodology for COVID-19. This measurement would generate estimates that would allow targeting resources in an intersectoral manner, mitigating the damage to specific populations and geographic areas, especially the most vulnerable ones.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Morbidity , Mortality , COVID-19 , Cost of Illness , Disability-Adjusted Life YearsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Avaliar os custos diretos na perspectiva hospitalar e do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), bem como os custos indiretos de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo observacional com coleta de dados por micro e macrocusteio, realizado com pacientes admitidos por COVID-19 em um hospital paulista (março a setembro de 2020). Custos indiretos foram obtidos pelos métodos de capital humano e de anos de vida ajustados pela incapacidade (DALY). Análises de Mann-Whitney e regressão linear foram realizadas. Resultados: Foram incluídos 158 indivíduos com mediana de idade de 57 anos (IIQ 42-68 anos). A mediana de custo da internação na perspectiva do SUS e hospitalar foi de, respectivamente, R$ 2.009,46 (IIQ: R$ 1.649,11; R$ 4.847,36), principalmente devido à unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), e R$ 19.055,91 (IIQ: R$ 8.399,47; R$ 38.438,00), principalmente devido a recursos humanos. Tempo total de internação (p < 0,001), óbito (p < 0,001) e ventilação invasiva (p < 0,001) foram preditores de aumento de custo. Foi identificada perda de 381,5 DALY e perda de produtividade de 128 anos, equivalente a US$ 855.307. Conclusão: Os principais direcionadores de custo foram recursos humanos e UTI. Entretanto, na perspectiva da sociedade, foi identificado o maior impacto devido à perda de produtividade e DALY. Tempo de hospitalização foi um dos grandes contribuidores do custo, e esse fator pode estar atrelado a gravidade da doença e protocolos de cuidado ao paciente.
Objective: To evaluate the direct costs from the hospital and Unified Health System (SUS) perspective, as well as the indirect costs of patients hospitalized by COVID-19. Methods: Observational study with data collection by micro- and macro-costing, carried out with patients hospitalized in a hospital in São Paulo (March-September 2020). Indirect costs were obtained using human capital and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) methods. Mann-Whitney and linear regression analyzes were performed. Results: 158 individuals were included, with a median age of 57 years (IQR 42-68 years). The median cost of admission in the SUS and hospital perspective was, respectively, R$ 2,009.46 (IQR: R$ 1,649.11; R$ 4,847.36), mainly due to the intensive care unit (ICU) and R$ 19,055.91 (IQR: R$ 8,399.47; R$ 38,438.00), mainly due to human resources. The total length of stay in hospital (p < 0.001), death (p < 0.001) and invasive ventilation (p < 0.001) were predictors of cost increase.
Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , Absenteeism , COVID-19 , Disability-Adjusted Life Years , HospitalizationABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a evolução temporal pela tripla carga de doenças no Brasil, comparando a mortalidade do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) e do estudo de Carga Global de Doenças (GBD). Método: estudo descritivo e exploratório sobre a evolução temporal das taxas e a distribuição proporcional de óbitos para doenças infecciosas, crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e causas externas, usando duas fontes de dados de 1990 a 2021. As taxas no SIM foram ajustadas pelo método direto por idade e suavizadas por média móvel. As estimativas do GBD corrigem sub registro e causas garbage. Resultados: o Brasil registrou 817.284 óbitos (1990) e 1.349.801 (2019) no SIM, corrigidos em 17,7% e 1,9% no GBD para os respectivos anos. Nesse período, as taxas de mortalidade diminuíram nas duas fontes, respectivamente: DCNT -16,8% (433,7 a 360,7) e -34% (720,5 a 474,6); infeciosas -20,2% (86 para 68,6) e -57,2% (198,5 para 84,9); causas externas -17,3% (77,4 para 64) e -27% (100,9 para 73,7). O SIM mostrou redução -79,2% (138,6 para 28,8) para as taxas de causas mal definidas (CMD). Os fatores de correção do GBD foram maiores nos anos anteriores a 2005. Após 2019, as taxas infeciosas e CMD no SIM aumentaram respectivamente 207% (68,6 para 210,7) e 30,2% (28,8 para 37,5). Conclusão: o avanço da transição epidemiológica da carga de doenças e a melhoria da qualidade do dado de óbito no Brasil foram interrompidos pela covid-19, aumentando a carga das doenças infecciosas.
RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la evolución temporal de la triple carga de las enfermedades en Brasil, comparando la mortalidad del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y del estudio de la Carga Global de las Enfermedades (GBD). Método: estudio descriptivo y exploratorio sobre la evolución temporal de las tasas y la distribución proporcional de las defunciones por enfermedades infecciosas, enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) y causas externas, utilizando dos fuentes de datos, de 1990 a 2021. Las tasas en SIM se ajustaron por el método directo por edad y se suavizaron por media móvil. Las estimaciones de la GBD corregían el subregistro y las causas de la basura. Resultados: Brasil registró 817.284 muertes (1990) y 1.349.801 (2019) en el SIM, corregidas en 17,7% y 1,9% en el GBD para los respectivos años. En este periodo, las tasas de mortalidad disminuyeron en las dos fuentes, respectivamente: ECNT -16,8% (433,7 a 360,7) y -34% (720,5 a 474,6); infecciosas -20,2% (86 a 68,6) y -57,2% (198,5 a 84,9); causas externas -17,3% (77,4 a 64) y -27% (100,9 a 73,7). El SIM mostró una reducción del 79,2% (de 138,6 a 28,8) en las tasas de causas mal definidas (CMD). Los factores de corrección de la GBD fueron mayores en los años anteriores a 2005. Después de 2019, las tasas de infecciosas y de CMD en el SIM aumentaron respectivamente un 207% (68,6 a 210,7) y un 30,2% (28,8 a 37,5). Conclusión: el progreso de la transición epidemiológica de la carga de la enfermedad y la mejora de la calidad de los datos de mortalidad en Brasil fueron interrumpidos por COVID-19, aumentando la carga de las enfermedades infecciosas.
ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the time evolution by the triple burden of diseases in Brazil, comparing the mortality data from the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade, SIM) and from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Method: a descriptive and exploratory study on the time evolution of the rates and the proportional distribution of deaths for infectious diseases, chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) and external causes, using two data sources and encompassing the period from 1990 to 2021. The SIM rates were adjusted by means of the direct method by age and smoothed by the mobile mean. The GBD estimates correct under-recording and garbage causes. Results: Brazil recorded 817,284 (1990) and 1,349,801 (2019) deaths in the SIM, corrected by 17.7% and 1.9% in the GBD for each year. During this period, the mortality rates decreased in both sources, respectively: CNCDs -16.8% (from 433.7 to 360.7) and -34% (from 720.5 to 474.6); infectious diseases -20.2% (from 86 to 68.6) and -57.2% (from 198.5 to 84.9); external causes -17.3% (from 77.4 to 64) and -27% (from 100.9 to 73.7). The SIM showed a 79.2% reduction (from 138.6 to 28.8) for the ill-defined causes (IDCs). The GBD correction factors were higher in the years before 2015. After 2019, the rates corresponding to infectious diseases and IDCs in the SIM were increased by 207% (from 68.6 to 210.7) and by 30.2% (from 28.8 to 37.5), respectively. Conclusion: the advances in the epidemiological transition of the burden of disease and improvement in the death data in Brazil were interrupted by COVID-19, thus increasing the burden of infectious diseases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mortality Registries , Cost of Illness , Global Burden of Disease , COVID-19 , Information Systems , Public Health Surveillance , Data AccuracyABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: explorar os fatores socioculturais que contribuem para a qualidade de vida de cuidadores familiares de adultos dependentes de cuidados crônicos no Brasil. Método: estudo qualitativo realizado de outubro de 2016 a março de 2017 em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Vinte e cinco cuidadores familiares de adultos dependentes de cuidados crônicos foram entrevistados por dois pesquisadores por meio de visitas domiciliares. Foi utilizado um roteiro com sete questões abertas relacionadas ao processo de cuidar. As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e, posteriormente, analisadas por meio da análise de conteúdo. O COREQ foi utilizado para adequação da qualidade estrutural do manuscrito. Resultados: os participantes do estudo relataram diferentes fatores socioculturais que contribuem para sua qualidade de vida. Esses fatores foram categorizados em três categorias principais: O impacto dos construtos socioculturais no processo de cuidar; O autocuidado e suas nuances: velhos desafios para os cuidadores; e Estado e cuidadores: desafios e possibilidades. Conclusões: a qualidade de vida do cuidador é influenciada por suas características e condições socioculturais, apresentando relação com seu modo de viver e de se expressar, sendo, portanto, passível de mudanças. O desenvolvimento de políticas sociais e de saúde para famílias cuidadoras é urgente para a prevenção da sobrecarga familiar e para a promoção de famílias sustentáveis que convivem com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.
RESUMEN Objetivo: explorar los factores socioculturales que contribuyen a la calidad de vida de los cuidadores familiares de adultos dependientes de cuidados crónicos en Brasil. Métodos: este estudio cualitativo se llevó a cabo de octubre de 2016 a marzo de 2017 en Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Veinticinco cuidadores familiares de adultos crónicos dependientes de cuidados fueron entrevistados por dos investigadores a través de visitas domiciliarias. Se utilizó un guión con siete preguntas abiertas relacionadas con el proceso de cuidado. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas y luego analizadas mediante análisis de contenido convencional. Se utilizó el COREQ para la adecuación de la calidad estructural del manuscrito. Resultados: los participantes en el estudio describieron diferentes factores socioculturales que contribuyen a su calidad de vida. Estos factores se clasificaron en tres categorías principales: El impacto de los constructos socioculturales en el proceso de cuidado; El autocuidado y sus matices: antiguos retos para los cuidadores; y El apoyo desde fuera: retos y posibilidades. Conclusiones: la calidad de vida del cuidador está influenciada por sus características y condiciones socioculturales, presentando una relación con su forma de vivir y expresarse y, por tanto, sujeta a cambios. El desarrollo de políticas sociales y sanitarias para las familias cuidadoras es urgente para la prevención de la carga familiar y la promoción de familias sostenibles que viven con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.
ABSTRACT Objective: to explore sociocultural factors contributing to the quality of life of family caregivers of chronic care-dependent adults in Brazil. Methods: this qualitative study was conducted from October 2016 to March 2017 in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Twenty-five family caregivers of care-dependent chronic adults were interviewed by two researchers through home visits. A script with seven open questions related to the care process was used. The interviews were recorded in audio, transcribed and then analyzed through conventional content analysis. COREQ was used for adequacy of the manuscript structural quality. Results: the study participants described different sociocultural factors contributing to their quality of life. These factors were categorized into three main categories: The impact of sociocultural constructs on the caregiving process; Self-care and its nuances: old challenges for caregivers; and Support from outsides: challenges and possibilities. Conclusions: the caregiver's quality of life is influenced by their sociocultural characteristics and conditions, presenting a relation with their way of living and expressing themselves and, therefore, subject to change. The development of social and healthcare policies for caring families is urgent for prevention of family burden and promotion of sustainable families living with chronic non-communicable diseases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Quality of Life , Caregivers , Family , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cost of Illness , Noncommunicable Diseases/nursing , Social FactorsABSTRACT
Introducción: el costo económico del tratamiento de cáncer de mama (CM) y el aumento en su incidencia y prevalencia desafía la estabilidad financiera de cualquier sistema de salud. Objetivo: determinar los costos médicos directos (CMD) del tratamiento de CM y los factores asociados a estos costos. Material y métodos: evaluación económica parcial en una cohorte retrospectiva de 160 pacientes con diagnóstico conf irmado de CM. Se consideraron CMD desde la perspectiva del IMSS. Se utilizó análisis de bootstrapping para tratar incertidumbre y el modelo lineal generalizado para identificar factores asociados a costos. Resultados: el costo promedio anual (CPA) del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. En estadio 1, $ 116,123; estadio II, $ 242,132; estadio III, $ 287,946, y estadio IV, $ 358,792 pesos. El CPA fue mayor en progresión del CM ($ 380,117 frente a no progresión $ 172,897), y en pacientes que fallecieron durante el seguimiento ($ 357,579) frente a aquellas que sobrevivieron ($ 218,699). Conclusiones: el CPA del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. Los CMD aumentan significativamente conforme las pacientes presentan estadios más avanzados de la enfermedad. Los factores asociados al CMD fueron edad, estadios II, III y la progresión del CM.
Background: The economic cost of breast cancer (BC) treatment and the increase in incidence and prevalence challenges the financial stability of any healthcare system. Objective: To determine direct medical costs (DMC) of BC treatment and factors associated with DMC. Material and methods: Partial economic evaluation in a retrospective cohort of 160 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BC. DMC was considered from the IMSS perspective. Bootstrapping analysis was used to deal with uncertainty and generalized linear model to identify factors associated with DCM Results: The total average annual cost of BC treatment was $251,018 mexican pesos. In clinical stage I was $116,123, stage II $242,132, stage III $287,946, and stage IV $358,792 pesos. In progression disease, DMC were more elevate ($380,117) vs. without progression ($172,897), (p < 0.0001). In patients who died, DMC were $357,579 mexican pesos compared to those who survived ($218,699) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The average annual cost of CM treatment was $251,018 pesos. DMCs increase significantly as patients present more advanced stages of the disease. Factors associated with costs were age, stages II, III and the progression of BC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Tertiary Healthcare/economics , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Costs and Cost Analysis , Social Security/economics , Breast Neoplasms/economics , Retrospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Cost of Illness , Mexico , Neoplasm Staging/economicsABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: A pandemia de Covid-19 impactou drasticamente a sociedade em geral, trazendo a todos, de modo desigual, sofrimentos psicossociais e exigindo dos estagiários dos serviços de psicologia a adoção de novas posturas e práticas psicológicas frente ao adoecimento mental. OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência de duas estagiárias acerca do estágio obrigatório em psicologia, vivenciado no único Serviço-Escola do contexto interiorano do Sertão do Pajeú, no sentido de tecer breves considerações a partir das suas vivências e afetações. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um relato de experiência vivido entre os meses de março a junho de 2021, na Clínica Escola de Psicologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde de Serra Talhada (FACISST), pelas estagiárias-autoras deste artigo, o qual encontra-se pautado na apresentação de uma narrativa científica que levou em consideração os passos propostos por Daltro & Faria (2019), durante a construção do Relato de Experiência. RESULTADOS: O estágio possibilitou a aquisição de novos conhecimentos psicológicos através da prestação de serviços psicossociais por TICs, assim como o aprendizado sobre as formas de lidar com as incertezas e angústias relativas ao como continuar o curso de psicologia num período de paralisação/interrupção das aulas presenciais, em decorrência das medidas de combate iniciais a pandemia. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: As experiências vividas durante o estágio contribuíram significativamente para formação profissional das estagiarias e para mitigar os impactos ocasionados pela Covid-19 na saúde mental das pessoas usuárias do referido serviço escola de Psicologia.
INTRODUCTION: The Covid-19 pandemic has drastically impacted society in general, bringing psychosocial suffering to everyone unequally and requiring interns from psychology services to adopt new psychological postures and practices in the face of mental illness. OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of two interns about the mandatory internship in psychology lived in the only Service-School of the interior context of Sertão do Pajeú, in the sense of making brief considerations from their experiences and affects. METHOD: This is an experience report lived between March and June 2021, at the Clinical School of Psychology of the Faculty of Health Sciences of Serra Talhada (FACISST), by the interns-authors of this article, which is guided by the presentation of a scientific narrative that took into account the steps proposed by Daltro & Faria (2019), during the construction of the Experience Report. RESULTS: the internship enabled the acquisition of new psychological knowledge through the provision of psychosocial services through ICTs; as well as learning to deal with uncertainties and anxieties regarding how to continue the psychology course in a period of stoppage/interruption of face-to-face classes, as a result of the initial measures to combat the pandemic. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The experiences lived during the internship contributed significantly to the professional training of the interns and to mitigate the impacts of Covid-19 on the mental health of the users of the aforementioned School of Psychology service.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia del Covid-19 ha impactado drásticamente a la sociedad en general, trayendo sufrimiento psicosocial a todos de manera desigual y requiriendo que los internos de los servicios de psicología adopten nuevas posturas y prácticas psicológicas frente a la enfermedad mental. OBJETIVO: relatar la experiencia de dos pasantes sobre la pasantía obligatoria en psicología vivida en la única Escuela-Servicio del interior del Sertão do Pajeú, en el sentido de hacer breves consideraciones a partir de sus vivencias y afectos. MÉTODO: Se trata de un relato de experiencia vivido entre marzo y junio de 2021, en la Clínica Escola de Psicologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde de Serra Talhada - FACISST (Escuela Clínica de Psicología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de Serra Talhada), por los pasantes-autores de este artículo, que se orienta en la presentación de una narrativa científica que tuvo en cuenta los pasos propuestos por Daltro & Faria (2019), durante la construcción del Informe de Experiencia. RESULTADOS: la pasantía permitió la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos psicológicos a través de la prestación de servicios psicosociales a través de las TIC; así como el aprendizaje sobre las formas de lidiar con las incertidumbres y angustias respecto a cómo continuar la carrera de psicología en un período de paralización/interrupción de las clases presenciales, producto de las medidas iniciales de combate a la pandemia. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: Las experiencias vividas durante la pasantía contribuyeron significativamente a la formación profesional de los pasantes y a mitigar los impactos del Covid-19 en la salud mental de los usuarios del servicio de la Facultad de Psicología antes mencionado.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Psychology , Cost of IllnessABSTRACT
Abstract: Mental disorders are the main cause of the young and economically active population worldwide and in Brazil to live with disabilities, being an important public health problem nowadays. The objective was to estimate the burden of mental disorders among professionals working to combat endemic diseases in a state in northeastern Brazil. Medical records of workers linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Health in Ceará State and fighting endemic diseases were surveyed and, from this, a historical cohort was made. The individual quantification of absenteeism by mental disorders (ICD F-chapter referring to mental disorders) was conducted considering a period of about 35 years, from admission (the 1980s) to December 2017. The global burden of disease was measured by the YLD indicator (years lost to disability). Considering that no deaths due to mental disorders were observed, the YLL indicator (years of life lost) was composed. The high mental disorders burden in this group of workers stands out, whose mood disorders, including depression, conferred a YLD equal to 18.6. This represents just over 18 years of work lived with a disability. Our findings reinforce the need to implement surveillance and health promotion actions in workers to promote effective interventions capable of contributing to the reduction of morbidity in workers and economically active people.
Resumo: Os transtornos mentais são a principal causa de anos vividos com incapacidade entre a população jovem e economicamente ativa no mundo e no Brasil. Os impactos representam um problema importante para a saúde pública hoje. O objetivo do estudo foi de estimar a carga de transtornos mentais entre profissionais que trabalham no combate às doenças endêmicas em um estado do Nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizada uma coorte histórica com base na revisão de prontuários médicos dos profissionais que trabalham no combate às doenças endêmicas e vinculados ao Ministério da Saúde no Ceará. Procedemos à quantificação individual do absenteísmo por transtorno mental (CID, capítulo F, sobre transtornos mentais) ao longo de um período de cerca de 35 anos, desde a admissão (anos 1980) até dezembro de 2017. A carga global de doença foi medida pelo indicador anos vividos com incapacidade, considerando que não foram observados óbitos por transtorno mental, que constitui o indicador de anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura. Destaca-se a alta carga de transtorno mental nesse grupo de trabalhadores, cujos transtornos de humor, inclusive depressão, conferiam 18,6 anos vividos com incapacidade, ou seja, mais de 18 anos de trabalho vividos com incapacidade. Nossos achados reforçam a necessidade de implementar medidas de vigilância e promoção da saúde nos trabalhadores para promover intervenções efetivas capazes de contribuir para a redução da morbidade entre trabalhadores e pessoas economicamente ativas.
Resumen: Los desórdenes mentales son la principal causa de años de vida vividos con discapacidad en la población joven y económicamente activa en el mundo y en Brasil. Sus impactos representan un problema importante para la salud pública hoy en día. El objetivo fue estimar la carga de los desórdenes mentales entre profesionales, que trabajan para combatir enfermedades endémicas en un estado del noreste brasileño. Se llevó a cabo con una cohorte histórica procedente de una investigación con registros médicos de trabajadores que luchaban contra enfermedades endémicas, relacionados con el Ministerio de Salud en Ceará. Se procedió a realizar una cuantificación individual del absentismo mediante desórdenes mentales (capítulo ICD F que se refiere a los desórdenes mentales) durante un período de aproximadamente 35 años, desde la admisión (en los años de 1980) hasta diciembre de 2017. Se midió la carga global de la enfermedad mediante el indicador YLD (años perdidos por la discapacidad). Considerando que no se observaron muertes debido a las desórdenes mentales, que conforman el indicador YLL (años de vida perdidos). Destaca la alta carga de desórdenes mentales en este grupo de trabajadores, cuyos trastornos del comportamiento, incluyendo la depresión, confirió un YLD igual a 18,6. Esto representa algo más de 18 años de trabajo vividos con una discapacidad. Nuestros resultados refuerzan la necesidad de implementar acciones de vigilancia y promoción de la salud en los trabajadores, con el fin de promover intervenciones efectivas capaces de contribuir a la reducción de la morbilidad en trabajadores y gente activa económicamente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Disabled Persons , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Public Health , Global Health , Morbidity , Cost of Illness , Quality-Adjusted Life YearsABSTRACT
O HC IV é uma das unidades do Instituto que possui foco principal na prestação de serviços médico-assistenciais, além de ser palco para realização de atividades de ensino e pesquisa em cuidados paliativos. Nesse âmbito, com o objetivo de "promover e prover cuidados paliativos oncológicos da mais alta qualidade, com habilidade técnica e humanitária"a, o Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa e ao Ensino (Nape) do HC IV propôs ao corpo clínico da unidade a elaboração dessa série bibliográfica intitulada Cuidados Paliativos na Prática Clínica. A série, com previsão de periodicidade anual, tem a proposta de oferecer subsídios, a partir da experiência prática de profissionais atuantes na unidade, para o desenvolvimento dos cuidados paliativos em distintos centros de saúde, em âmbito nacional. Este primeiro volume, A avaliação do paciente em cuidados paliativos, abrange a etapa inicial da abordagem ao paciente em cuidados paliativos. É necessário compreender quem é o paciente e quais as suas principais demandas, sua relação com o profissional, a importância da abordagem interdisciplinar, as especificidades próprias das categorias profissionais e, por fim, a elaboração do plano de cuidados em saúde. Este volume perpassa todas essas etapas. Foi elaborado por 70 profissionais atuantes direta ou indiretamente na assistência a pacientes atendidos na unidade com intuito de multiplicar sua expertise para diversos cantos do país
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Palliative Care , Patient Care Planning , Cost of Illness , NeoplasmsABSTRACT
La presencia de una enfermedad crónica se constituye en una vulnerabilidad para la persona enferma, y para su cuidador sensación de descontrol e impacto emocional y físico, resultando en sobrecarga. Objetivo: Identificar los hallazgos relacionados con el apoyo social percibido y la carga de cuidado del cuidador familiar del paciente con cáncer en estudios publicados durante el período 2015 a 2021. Métodos: revisión sistemática de literatura, a través de la ecuación: (Social Support) AND (family caregivers) AND (burden of disease) OR (Caregiver Burden) AND (neoplasm), en español, inglés y portugués, en las bases de datos MedLine, Sciencedirect, Sage Journal y Academic Search Complete. Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 29396 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 23 artículos luego de aplicar los filtros y los criterios de elegibilidad establecidos por los investigadores. Conclusiones: La angustia que percibe el cuidador refleja un moderado apoyo social y una mayor carga. El acompañamiento de los grupos de apoyo para el cuidador y sujeto de cuidado, les permiten compartir, sentirse aceptado, fortalecer la salud física, mental y disminuir la angustia y el desgaste emocional.
A presença de uma doença crônica representa vulnerabilidade para o doente e o seu cuidador. É uma sensação de perda do controle emocional e físico, que muitas vezes gera como resultado a sobrecarga. Objetivo: identificar os achados relacionados com o apoio social percebido e a carga do cuidador familiar do paciente com câncer em estudos publicados entre 2015 e 2021. Materiais e métodos: revisão sistemática da literatura a traves da equação (social support) AND (Family caregivers) AND (burden of disease) OR ( caregiver burden) AND (neoplasm); em espanhol, inglês e português; em MedLine, ScienceDirect, Sage Journal e Academic Search Complete. Resultados: obtiveram-se 29.396artigos, dos quais foram selecionados 23 após aplicar os filtros e critérios de elegibilidade estabelecidos pelos pesquisadores. Conclusões: a angustia que percebe o cuidador é reflexo do moderado apoio social e maior carga. O acompanhamento dos grupos de apoio para o cuidador e o sujeito de cuidado, lhes permite compartilhar, sentir maior aceitação, fortalecer a sua saúde física e mental, assim como reduzir a angustia e desgaste emocional.
Subject(s)
Social Support , Caregivers , Cost of Illness , NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Background: Obstetric fistula (OF) continues to be a major health problem in developing countries such as Nigeria. It is a communication between the vagina and bladder/rectum following prolonged obstructed labor that leads to urine/and fecal leakage per vaginam. There is a paucity of information on cost of accessing care by women with OF. Objective: The study was to evaluate the cost implications of accessing care and treatment among women with OF in the National Obstetric Fistula Centre, Ningi Bauchi, state. Materials and Methods: A prevalence-based cost-of-illness approach was employed in this study to estimate the cost of fistula treatment from the patients' perspective. Data on costs of health-care utilization of services rendered to the patients in the facility and indirect costs were estimated. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS V21). Results: A total of 75 women participated in the study. The total costs incurred by all the 75 patients amounted to Nigerian Naira (NGN) 8211640.00 (USD 26923.41). The average cost of accessing care for fistula per patient was NGN109488.50 (USD 358.98). Direct cost accounted for 5751740.00 (USD 18858.16), whereas the indirect cost was 2785600.00 (USD9133.11). There was a significant difference in cost of care between patients that were teenagers compared to those who were not (P = 0.04) and the type of treatment (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The cost of illness of OF is high in the studied area, and the patients are from the low socioeconomic background. Both the direct and indirect costs were high relative to the national minimum wage in Nigeria. The age of the patients and the type of treatment received by the patient accounted for the differences in cost of illness between the patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Vaginal Fistula , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Therapeutics , Cost of Illness , Fistula , Facilities and Services UtilizationABSTRACT
Severe theophylline toxicity requiring haemodialysis accounts for approximately one-third of drug toxicity cases admitted to the Livingstone Tertiary Hospital (LTH) intensive care unit (ICU) in Gqeberha, South Africa, imposing a significant resource burden.Objectives. To investigate the characteristics and burden of severe theophylline toxicity in an Eastern Cape Province tertiary hospital adult ICU.Methods. A retrospective review of all severe theophylline toxicity admissions to the ICU from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2018 was conducted. Demographic and clinical data were captured and analysed. The National Department of Health 2019 fees schedule was used to calculate costs based on duration of ICU stay and number of haemodialysis sessions received.Results. Of the 57 patients included in the study, 84% were cases of deliberate self-harm. The majority were aged <40 years (77%) and female (79%). The mean (standard deviation (SD)) initial serum theophylline level was 612 (269) µmol/L. Complications included convulsions (n=12; 21%), arrhythmias (n=9; 16%), need for mechanical ventilation (n=7; 12%) and death (n=4; 7%). The main risk factors for these complications were age ≥30 years, an inappropriately normal or elevated initial serum potassium level, an elevated serum creatinine kinase level and an elevated initial serum theophylline level. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis assessing the initial serum theophylline level as a discriminator for life-threatening complications produced an area under the curve of 0.71 for serum theophylline >400 µmol/L (sensitivity 88%, specificity 12%). All the 4 patients who died had an initial serum theophylline level >1 000 µmol/L. The mean (SD) cost per admission amounted to ZAR16 897 (10 718), with a mean of one 4-hour dialysis session per admission.Conclusion. Severe theophylline toxicity, usually in the context of deliberate self-harm, is a preventable yet life-threatening toxicity encountered at LTH. Demographic risk factors include young females from certain areas in and around Gqeberha. Risk factors for complications include older age, paradoxically normal or elevated serum potassium levels, elevated serum creatinine kinase levels and an initial serum theophylline level >400 µmol/L. Patients with these clinical features should be closely monitored and treated timeously at an appropriate level of care. The need for ICU admission and dialysis, both limited resources, makes the treatment of severe theophylline toxicity costly. Further studies of the underlying psychosocial drivers, local prescribing practices and preventive interventions related to severe theophylline toxicity are required.
Subject(s)
Humans , Theophylline , Cost of Illness , Population Characteristics , Costs and Cost Analysis , Critical CareABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the survival status and its influencing factors of occupational pneumoconiosis patients in Shizuishan City, and to analyze the disease burden of occupational pneumoconiosis and its trend, so as to provide scientific basis for formulating comprehensive prevention and treatment measures of occupational pneumoconiosis. Methods: A retrospective survey was conducted during July to December 2020 to explore the survival status of occupational pneumoconiosis patients who had been reported from 1963 to 2020 in Shizuishan City. The Kaplan-Meier method and Life-table method were used for survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of survival time. The disability adjusted life years (DALY) was applied to analyze the disease burden of occupational pneumoconiosis and its temporal trend. Results: From 1963 to 2020, a total of 3263 cases of occupational pneumoconiosis were reported in Shizuishan City, of which 1467 died, so that the fatality rate was 44.96%. The median survival time was 26.71 years, average age of death was (70.55±10.92) years old. There were significant differences in the survival rates of occupational pneumoconiosis patients among different types, diagnosis age, exposure time, industry, initial diagnosis stage and whether upgraded (P<0.05) . As the survival time increased, the survival rate of patients decreased gradually. When the survival time was ≥50 years, the cumulative survival rate of patients was 4.20%. Cox regression analysis suggested that the type of pneumoconiosis, industry, diagnosis age, exposure time, initial diagnosis stage and whether upgraded were the influencing factors for the survival time of patients with occupational pneumoconiosis (P<0.05) . The total DALY attributable to occupational pneumoconiosis from 1963 to 2020 in Shizuishan City was 48026.65 person years, of which the years of life lost (YLL) was 15155.39 person years, and the average YLL was 10.33 years/person, and the years lost due to disability (YLD) was 32871.26 person years, and the average YLD was 10.07 years/person. The DALY attributed to coal worker's pneumoconiosis and silicosis were 39408.51 person years and 6565.02 person years, respectively, and they accounted for 82.06% and 13.67% of the total disease burden in Shizuishan City, respectively. The DALY caused by occupational pneumoconiosis in the age group of 40-49 years old and the first diagnosis of stage I occupational pneumoconiosis were higher, which were 20899.71 and 36231.97 person years, respectively. The average YLL and average YLD showed a volatility downtrend over time. Conclusion: The disease burden of occupational pneumoconiosis cannot be ignored in Shizuishan City, and timely targeted measures should be taken for key populations and key industries. It is recommended that life-cycle health management and hierarchical medical should be taken to improve the life quality of patients and prolong their lifes.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Middle Aged , Adult , Anthracosis , China/epidemiology , Coal Mining , Cost of Illness , Pneumoconiosis/epidemiology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objective: To forecast the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China by 2030 and evaluate the effectiveness of controlling risk factors based on the predictive model. Methods: Based on the relationship between the death of COPD and exposure to risk factors and the theory of comparative risk assessment, we used the estimates of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD2015) for China, targets for controlling risk factors, and proportion change model to project the number of deaths, standardized mortality rate, and probability of premature mortality from chronic respiratory diseases by 2030 in different scenarios and to evaluate the impact of controlling the included risk factors to the disease burden of COPD in 2030. Results: If the trends in exposure to risk factors from 1990 to 2015 continued, the number of deaths and the mortality for COPD would be 1.06 million and 73.85 per 100 000 population in China by 2030, respectively, with an increase of 15.81% and 10.69% compared to those in 2015. Compared to 2015, the age-standardized mortality rate would decrease by 38.88%, and the premature mortality would reduce by 52.73% by 2030. If the smoking rate and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration separately achieve their control targets by 2030, there would be 0.34 and 0.27 million deaths that could be avoided compared to the predicted numbers based on the natural trends in exposure to risk factors and the probability of premature death would reduce to 0.59% and 0.52%, respectively. If the control targets of all included risk factors were achieved by 2030, a total of 0.53 million deaths would be averted, and the probability of premature death would decrease to 0.44%. Conclusions: If the exposures to risk factors continued as showed from 1990 to 2015, the number of deaths and mortality for COPD would increase by 2030 compared to 2015, and the standardized mortality and the probability of premature death would decrease significantly, which would achieve the targets of preventing and controlling COPD. If the exposure to the included risk factors all achieved the targets by 2030, the burden of COPD would be reduced, suggesting that the control of tobacco use and air pollution should be enhanced to prevent and control COPD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/prevention & control , China/epidemiology , Cost of Illness , Environmental Exposure , Particulate Matter/analysis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/prevention & control , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: To predict the number of deaths, standardized mortality and probability of premature mortality caused by malignant cancer in the context of risk factor control at different levels in China in 2030, and assess the possibility of achieving the target of reducing the probability of premature mortality of malignant cancer. Methods: According to the risk factor control standard for malignant cancer used both at home and abroad, the results of China from Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 were used to calculate the population attributable fraction of the risk factors. Based on the comparative risk assessment theory, the deaths of malignant cancer were classified as attributable deaths and un-attributable deaths. Proportional change model was used to predict risk factor exposure and un-attributable deaths of malignant cancer in the future, then the number of deaths, standardized mortality rate and probability of premature mortality of malignant cancer in 2030 was estimated. Data analyses were performed by using software R 3.6.1. Results: If the risk factor exposure level during 1990-2015 remains, the number of deaths, standardized mortality rate, and probability of premature mortality of malignant cancer would increase to 3.62 million, 153.96/100 000 and 8.92% by 2030, respectively. If the risk factor exposure control level meets the requirement, the probability of premature mortality from cancer in people aged 30-70 years would drop to 7.57% by 2030. Conclusions: The control of risk factor exposure will play an important role in reducing deaths, standardized mortality rate and probability of premature mortality of malignant cancer. But more efforts are needed to achieve the goals of Health China Action.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Middle Aged , Adult , China/epidemiology , Cost of Illness , Mortality, Premature , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, the standardized mortality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate of children under 5 years old were selected as evaluation indicators to compare and analyze the current situation and differences of disease burden of children under 5 years old between China and other regions from 1990 to 2019. The change trend and difference of disease burden of children under 5 years old in China were analyzed by sexes. From 1990 to 2019, the all-cause standardized mortality rate of children under 5 years old in China decreased from 1 153.81/100 000 to 160.39/100 000, and the all-cause standardized DALY rate decreased from 104 426.40/100 000 to 16 479.01/100 000. In 2019, neonatal preterm birth, congenital heart anomalies and lower respiratory infections ranked the top three disease burden of children under 5 years old in China. Except that the disease burden of neonatal preterm birth was lower than that in North America, they were much higher than that in Western Europe and North America in the same period. The burden of unintentional injury diseases, including pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway and drowning, was higher than that in Western Europe and North America. The standardized mortality and DALY rate of the top ten diseases and injuries in boys and girls under 5 years old in China showed a downward trend (P<0.05), and most of them were higher in boys than girls (P<0.05). From 1990 to 2019, the disease burden of children under 5 years old in China decreased significantly. However, compared other regions, it is still necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of neonatal premature birth, birth defects and unintentional injuries, and take different sex-specific interventions to improve the overall health of children.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Accidental Injuries , China/epidemiology , Cost of Illness , Premature Birth/epidemiology , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the economic burden of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) lymphadenitis in Shandong Province. Methods: From May 2011 to December 2019, 304 patients applying for the province-level compensation of BCG lymphadenitis was selected from Shandong Province in this study. The basic situation, vaccination, outpatient (inpatient) records, cost and relevant information of those patients were collected to calculate the direct economic burden (including direct medical costs and direct non-medical costs), indirect economic burden and total economic burden. Comparison of the difference of economic burden of cases with different characteristics was taken. Results: The M(Q1,Q3) of age of BCG lymphadenitis patients was 3 (2, 4) months, among which 239 cases (78.6%) were male, 71 cases (23.4%) had lymphadenopathy, and 227 cases (74.7%) underwent surgery.The number of outpatient only, inpatient only and outpatient then inpatient was 25.7% (78 cases), 7.2% (22 cases) and 67.1% (204 cases), respectively. The M(Q1,Q3) of direct, indirect and total economic burden of single case after discount was 9 910 (5 713, 16 074), 2 081 (1 547, 3 122) and 12 262 (7 694, 18 571) yuan, respectively.The direct medical expenses accounted for 89.4% of the direct economic burden, the direct economic burden accounted for 84.9% of the total economic burden, the total economic burden of 80.0% cases accounted for only about 20.0% of the compensation amount, and the total economic burden of only 2.3% cases accounted for more than 60.0% of the compensation amount.The direct, indirect and total economic burden of patients with inpatient only and outpatient then inpatient was higher than that of patients with outpatient only; the direct, indirect and total economic burden of patients with operation was higher than that of patients with non-operation; the direct and total economic burden of patients with unulcerated lymph node was higher than that of patients with ulcerated lymph node(all P values<0.05). Conclusion: The economic burden of BCG lymphadenitis cases in Shandong Province is influenced by the mode of diagnosis and treatment, with direct medical expenses as the predominant component.