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Abstract Introduction: The Aedes vittatus mosquito is an important vector of yellow fever in Africa, with vectorial competence for dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Its presence has been reported in some places in Africa, Asia, Europe, and -recently- America. However, information on its distribution is fragmented, with limited descriptions of the specific characteristics of its habitats. Objective: To compile records of its occurrence, describe the ecological characteristics of its habitat and estimate its current and future global potential invasion. Methods: We employed both first-record data and global occurrence records to describe its habitat. Additionally, we used an ecological niche model, specifically the MaxEnt algorithm, with bioclimatic variable layers to estimate potential invasion areas. Since the native range of A. vittatus is unknown, we calibrated accessible areas using two hypotheses, Africa and Asia, based on available genetic information. Results: Regardless of its native area, A. vittatus appears to be distributed in tropical and subtropical areas in all continents with potential to reach even currently colder climates as global climate change. It is found mainly in tropical and urban areas, likely through transcontinental and terrestrial passive transport. Conclusions: The mosquito can be found on all continents, ranging from sea level to 2 500 m.a.s.l., at temperatures between 15 and 30 °C, and has the potential for further expansion.

Resumen Introducción: El mosquito Aedes vittatus es un importante vector de la fiebre amarilla en África, con competencia vectorial para el dengue, la chikungunya y el Zika. Se ha informado de su presencia en algunas áreas de África, Asia, Europa y, recientemente, América. Sin embargo, la información sobre su distribución es fragmentada, con descripciones limitadas de las características específicas de sus hábitats. Objetivo: Recopilar registros de su presencia, describir las características ecológicas de su hábitat y estimar su potencial de invasión actual y futuro a nivel mundial. Métodos: Utilizamos datos de primeros registros y registros de presencia a nivel global para describir su hábitat. Además, empleamos un modelo de nicho ecológico, específicamente el algoritmo MaxEnt, con capas de variables bioclimáticas para estimar las áreas de potencial invasión. Dado que se desconoce el área nativa de A. vittatus, calibramos áreas accesibles bajo dos hipótesis, África y Asia, basadas en la información genética disponible. Resultados: Independientemente de su área nativa, A. vittatus parece distribuirse en regiones tropicales y subtropicales en todos los continentes, con el potencial de expandirse incluso hacia climas actualmente más fríos debido al cambio climático global. Se encuentra principalmente en áreas tropicales y urbanas, posiblemente a través del transporte pasivo transcontinental y terrestre. Conclusiones: El mosquito se puede encontrar en todos los continentes, desde el nivel del mar hasta altitudes de 2 500 m.s.n.m., a temperaturas que oscilan entre 15 y 30 °C, y presenta el potencial para una mayor expansión geográfica.

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ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: Las enfermedades vectoriales y zoonóticas se transmiten por mosquitos u otros animales. A raíz del cambio climático se ha visto una modificación en su dinámica. En este contexto el Departamento de Gestión Territorial ha solicitado una síntesis con el objetivo de conocer el efecto del calentamiento global en la incidencia de casos para Chile. METODOLOGIA: Se realizó la búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE y EBM utilizando conceptos "global warming", "rodent-borne", "pathologies transmitted", "climate-sensitive diseases"; el 5 de agosto del 2024, dos revisores independientes seleccionaron los estudios que respondieron a la pregunta basándose en criterios de inclusión y exclusión acordados. La extracción de cada artículo la realizó una persona. Para resumir los resultados y valorar la certeza de la evidencia se utilizó la metodología GRADE. RESULTADOS: Con alta certeza de la evidencia, el aumento de 1°C de temperatura aumenta la incidencia de dengue en un 13 %, lo cual puede aumentar a 20% si es que se analiza exclusivamente áreas de clima subtropical húmedo Con alta certeza de la evidencia, se observa que el aumento de 1°C de temperatura en regiones templadas aumenta un 52% la razón de tasa de incidencia del virus del nilo occidental Si bien, el aumento de casos de dengue y VNO podría ser trivial, el impacto para el sistema de salud chileno podría ser relevante por su infrecuencia. Para el resto de las asociaciones entre eventos climáticos y enfermedades vectoriales, se observo que el aumento de la temperatura o de precipitaciones y el calentamiento global, podría aumentar la incidencia de Malaria, Zika y Chikungunya, mentiras que las sequías podrían relacionarse con el dengue . De todos modos, la evidencia es limitada y existe alta incertidumbre respecto a estas asociaciones No está clara la asociación entre Puumala Hantavirus y el calentamiento global. Es necesario fortalecer los sistemas de vigilancia de estas patologías, adaptando métodos sensibles a los diferentes hábitats de Chile, considerando factores climáticos y sociales de cada región

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Objetivo: Correlacionar o índice de infestação por Aedes aegypti com casos de dengue no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de 2009 a 2018. Verificar a relação dos valores de índice de Breteau (IB) e os indicadores variáveis climáticas (temperatura, pluviosidade e umidade relativa do ar). Material e Métodos: Estudo descritivo-analítico retrospectivo, no qual os dados da infestação por Aedes aegypti foram demonstrados através do índice de Breteau (IB) e obtidos do banco de dados do sistema de informação entomológico SISAWEB. O número dos casos de dengue foi obtido do SINAN-NET. Informações sobre os elementos climáticos foram obtidos na página eletrônica do INMET. Foram calculadas as médias aritméticas dos indicadores para o Estado e macro regiões de saúde, por mês e ano, e aplicado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r). Resultados: O estado de São Paulo registrou valores médios de IB=1,89 ± 0,11 e valor de incidência de casos prováveis de dengue igual a 34,67 ± 7,47 para cada 100 mil habitantes, no período de estudo. O valor de correlação entre IB e casos prováveis de dengue foi r=0,35, intensidade de uma correlação fraca-moderada. Já a correlação do IB com as variáveis climáticas apresentou: rt=0,53, rp=0,67 e ru=0,69, mostrando uma correlação moderada com a temperatura e moderada-forte com a pluviosidade e umidade relativa do ar, respectivamente. Quando analisadas as correlações por macrorregiões de saúde, foram encontrados valores de intensidade fraco-moderada entre indicadores de IB e incidência de casos prováveis de dengue: macroregião Central r=0,26; Oeste r=0,28; Norte r=0,38; e Sudeste r=0,48. A correlação do IB com as variáveis climáticas, segundo macroregiõs de saúde, apresentou: macroregião Central rt=0,46, rp=0,58 e...(AU)

Objective: To correlate the Aedes aegypti infestation index with dengue cases in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2009 to 2018. To verify the relationship between the Breteau index (BI) values and the climate variable indicators (temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity). Material and Methods: Retrospective descriptive-analytical study, in which the data on the infestation by Aedes aegypti were demonstrated through the Breteau index (BI) and obtained from the database of the entomological information system SISAWEB. The number of dengue cases was obtained from SINAN-NET. Information on the climate elements was obtained from the INMET website. The arithmetic means of the indicators for the state and macro health regions were calculated by month and year, and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was applied. Results: The state of São Paulo recorded mean values of BI = 1.89 ± 0.11 and incidence value of probable cases of dengue equal to 34.67 ± 7.47 for every 100 thousand inhabitants, during the study period. The correlation value between BI and probable cases of dengue was r = 0.35, intensity of a weak-moderate correlation. The correlation of BI with the climatic variables presented: rt = 0.53, rp = 0.67 and ru = 0.69, showing a moderate correlation with temperature and moderate-strong correlation with rainfall and relative humidity, respectively. When analyzing the correlations by health macroregions, values of weak-moderate intensity were found between BI indicators and incidence of probable cases of dengue: Central macroregion r = 0.26; West r = 0.28; North r = 0.38; and Southeast r=0.48. The correlation of the IB with the climate variables, according...(AU)

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Introdução: A leishmaniose pode ocorrer na forma tegumentar (LT) ou visceral (LV). É endêmica em 102 países, e cerca de 350 milhões de pessoas vivem em áreas de risco da infecção. Anualmente, ocorrem 1,3 milhões de novos casos e provocam 20.000 a 30.000 mortes, com impacto na saúde pública. Os flebotomíneos são os vetores dos agentes da leishmaniose, várias espécies do gênero Leishmania (Trypanosomatidae), transmitidos ao homem e animais. No estado de São Paulo (SP), a LV ocorre mais associada ao ambiente urbano e a LT, ao rural. Objetivos: Atualizar os dados da distribuição geográfica das espécies de flebotomíneos em SP e avaliar a frequência dos vetores implicados na transmissão da LT, segundo Divisões Regionais de Saúde (DRS), para detecção de áreas com riscos de infecção, bem como de áreas carentes de informação da presença desses insetos. Método: Pesquisas bibliográficas foram realizadas em artigos científicos, teses, dissertações e em banco de dados sobre flebotomíneos no site da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN). Os dados foram lançados em planilhas com as informações sobre autores, locais de coleta, espécies coletadas e número de espécimes. Os mapas com a distribuição das espécies por município e DRS foram construídos por meio do software de geoprocessamento QGIS 3.16. Também foram levantadas a incidências da LT por DRS de 2018 a 2021. Resultados: São 78 espécies de flebotomíneos com registros em SP; Psathyromyia ribeirensis e Psathyromyia baratai foram descritas após a última revisão (em 2011), e sete outras (Evandromyia costalimai, Evandromyia teratodes, Lutzomyia alencari, Nyssomyia fraihai, Psathyromyia barrettoi barrettoi, Psathyromyia campograndensis e Pintomyia serrana) representam novos registros. A distribuição em mapas por município e DRS foi feita para todas as espécies. Nas 17 DRSs de SP, constatou-se a presença de vetores, de LT com diversidade e frequências variáveis. As espécies do gênero Nyssomyia predominam, isoladamente ou em simpatria, na maioria das regionais. Nas situadas mais a leste do estado, e que incluem a costa, Ny. intermedia domina; em regionais que incluem áreas mais para o interior, em algumas delas, como a de Registro, no Vale do Ribeira, Ny. intermedia e Ny. neivai ocorrem em simpatria. Na DRS da Grande São Paulo, Pi. fischeri prevalesce. Nas DRSs de Campinas e Sorocaba, Ny. neivai, Ny. whitmani, Mg. migonei e Pi. fischeri predominam. Nas mais centrais e a oeste do estado, Ny. neivai prevalesce, em algumas delas, em simpatria com Ny. whitmani. A DRS de Registro se destaca, quanto à incidência de casos de LT. Lutzomyia longipalpis, vetor principal do agente da LV, teve sua distribuição plotada, mas não a frequência. A visualização espacial em mapas da distribuição das espécies pode auxiliar em atividades de vigilância entomológica. Conclusão: A fauna flebotomínea foi acrescida de nove espécies em relação à última revisão. Constatou-se a presença de vetores em todas as regionais, e com exceção da DRS da Grande São Paulo, onde Pi. fischeri, notadamente, predomina, em todas as demais DRSs, as espécies de Nyssomyia, isoladamente, ou em simpatria, predominam. As duas outras vetoras Mg. migonei e Pi. pessoai, não predominaram em qualquer das DRSs. A DRS de Registro se destaca marcadamente em relação à incidência de casos de LT e nela estão presente Ny. intermedia nas áreas litorâneas e em simpatria com Ny. neivai, nas áreas mais afastadas da costa.

Introduction: Leishmaniasis can occur in tegumentary (TL)) or visceral (VL) forms. It is endemic in 102 countries, and about 350 million people live in areas at risk of infection. Annually, 1.3 million new cases occur and cause 20,000 to 30,000 deaths, with an impact on public health. Sand flies are the vectors of the agents of leishmaniasis, several species of the genus Leishmania (Trypanosomatidae), transmitted to humans and animals. In the state of São Paulo (SP), VL is more associated with the urban and TL with the rural environments. Objectives: To update data on the geographic distribution of sand fly species in SP and to assess the frequency of vectors involved in LT transmission, according to Regional Health Divisions (DRS), to detect areas at risk of infection, as well as areas lacking information on the presence of these insects. Method: Bibliographic searches were carried out in scientific articles, theses, dissertations and in a database on sandflies, on the website of the Superintendence of Endemic Diseases Control (SUCEN). Data were entered into spreadsheets with information about authors, collection sites, collected species and number of specimens. Maps with the distribution of species by municipality and DRS were constructed using the geoprocessing software QGIS 3.16. The incidence of LT by DRS from 2018 to 2021 was also surveyed. Results: There are 78 species of sand flies with records in SP; Psathyromyia ribeirensis and Psathyromyia baratai were described after the last revision (in 2011), and seven others (Evandromyia costalimai, Evandromyia teratodes, Lutzomyia alencari, Nyssomyia fraihai, Psathyromyia barrettoi barrettoi, Psathyromyia campograndensis and Pintomyia serrana) represent new records. The distribution on maps by municipality and DRS was made for all species. In the 17 DRS's of SP, the presence of vectors of LT agents was verified with variable diversity and frequencies. Species of the genus Nyssomyia predominate, alone or in sympatry, in most regions. In the easternmost parts of the state, which include the coast, Ny. intermedia dominates; in regions that include areas further inland, in some of them, such as Registro, in Ribeira Valley, Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai occur in sympatry. In the Greater São Paulo DRS, Pi. fischeri prevails. In the DRSs of Campinas and Sorocaba, Ny. neivai, Ny. whitmani, Mg. migonei and Pi. fischeri predominate. In the most central and western parts of the state, Ny. neivai prevails, in some of them, in sympatry with Ny. whitmani. The DRS of Registro stands out in terms of the incidence of TL cases. Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of the VL agent, had its distribution plotted, but not its frequency. Spatial visualization on species distribution maps can help in entomological surveillance activities. Conclusion: The sand fly fauna was increased by nine species compared to the last review. The presence of vectors was found in all regions, with the exception of the Greater São Paulo DRS, where Pi. fischeri, notably, predominates, in all other DRSs, Nyssomyia species, alone or in sympatry, predominate. The two other vectors Mg. migonei and Pi. pessoai, did not predominate in any of the DRSs. TheDRS of Registro stands out markedly in relation to the incidence of TL cases and Ny intermedia is present in coastal areas and in sympatry with Ny. neivai, in the areas furthest from the coast.

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Entre finales de 2019 y mediados de 2022, la pandemia de COVID-19 ha causado más de 600 millones de casos confirmados y al menos 6,5 millones de muertes, constituyendo la emergencia de salud pública más importante de las últimas décadas. En paralelo con el transcurso de la pandemia, ha tenido lugar una carrera sin precedentes por la obtención de vacunas eficaces para el control de la rápida dispersión del virus. Cuatro meses después del anuncio de la emergencia del SARS-CoV-2, agente de la pandemia, ya habían 115 "vacunas candidatas", cinco de ellas en fase de ensayos clínicos [1]. Al mismo tiempo, una gran revolución en la producción de vacunas estaba ocurriendo; nuevas tecnologías de producción de biológicos, más eficaces y más rápidas, llevaron al desarrollo de vacunas útiles en un tiempo increíblemente corto. Antes de la pandemia, el desarrollo de una nueva vacuna típicamente solía tomar entre cinco y diez años, pero en 2020, a menos de un año de haberse declarado la pandemia, ya se habían publicado ensayos clínicos que demostraban la eficacia de varias vacunas producidas mediante tecnologías novedosas [2]. Son numerosas las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2 que han sido autorizadas para su uso. A la fecha, más de 12 mil millones de dosis de vacunas han sido administradas en el mundo [3]. Se estima que tres dosis de vacunas pueden evitar hasta en un 94 % el riesgo de uso de ventilación mecánica y muerte [4], así mismo, estudios demuestran que el riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 en los no vacunados es 25 veces mayor que en los vacunados

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Las comunidades vegetales en la zona de Tingo María, Perú, se encuentran sometidas a los efectos del cambio climático, generando modificaciones en su biodiversidad, impactando su ecosistema. Por otra parte, se ha referido que actividades que ocasionan perturbación de bosques tropicales pueden favorecer la persistencia de vectores de enfermedades metaxénicas como la malaria, la cual representa un problema de salud pública por la alta tasa de morbimortalidad en la región. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para evaluar los rasgos funcionales del bosque perturbado de Tingo María, observando que la especie vegetal Parkia panurensis presentó mayor promedio en altura total; 47% de las especies presentaron una densidad básica alta de árboles en pie; la familia Euphorbiaceae y la especie Senefeldera inclinata presentaron el valor más alto de biomasa, mientras que Micropholis guyanensis y Pierre Subsp. Guyanensis mostraron el mayor porcentaje y cobertura de copa, respectivamente; Asimismo, Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens presentó la mayor longitud de copa, Eugenia egensis mostró mayor diámetro y Senefeldera inclinata tuvo mejor índice de valor de importancia. Además, se demostró alta circulación de vectores de malaria en la zona, siendo An. Pseudopunctipennis, An. Benarrochi, An. Darling y An. Evansae los más frecuentes, mientras que los géneros de insectos más comunes resultaron ser Anófeles, Aedes, Coqueletilia y Cúlex. Los rasgos funcionales de las especies vegetales les han permitido adaptarse a las condiciones adversas, no obstante, la presencia de abundantes vectores de malaria, hace necesario implementar estrategias de impacto ambiental, que reduzcan el riesgo de malaria en la región(AU)

Plant communities in the area of Tingo María, Peru, are subject to the effects of climate change, generating modifications in their biodiversity, impacting their ecosystem. On the other hand, it has been reported that activities that cause disturbance of tropical forests can favor the persistence of vectors of metaxenic diseases such as malaria, which represents a public health problem due to the high rate of morbidity and mortality in the region. A descriptive study was carried out to evaluate the functional traits of the disturbed forest of Tingo María, observing that the plant species Parkia panurensis presented a higher average total height; 47% of the species presented a high basic density of standing trees; the Euphorbiaceae family and the species Senefeldera inclinata presented the highest biomass value, while Micropholis guyanensis and Pierre Subsp. Guyanensis showed the highest percentage and crown cover, respectively; Likewise, Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens had the longest crown length, Eugenia egensis had the largest diameter and Senefeldera inclinata had the best importance value index. In addition, high circulation of malaria vectors was demonstrated in the area, being An. pseudopunctipennis, An. benarrochi, An. darling and An. evansae the most frequent, while the most common insect genera were Anopheles, Aedes, Coqueletilia and Culex. The functional traits of plant species have allowed them to adapt themselves to adverse conditions, however, the presence of abundant malaria vectors makes it necessary to implement environmental impact strategies that reduce the risk of malaria in the region(AU)

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The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has defined Chagas Disease hotspots in Central America associated with the vector Triatoma spp. Triatoma dimidiata is a native vector adapted to multiple environments, including intra-domestic and peri-domestic habitats. A multi-institutional project named "Alliances for the elimination of Chagas in Central America" was created to help reduce the incidence of the disease in the region. Activities performed in the field as part of the project included aspects of vector surveillance and control, improvement of houses, diagnosis and treatment of individuals, health promotion, training of human resources and identification of access barriers to diagnosis and treatment. As a base line study, eleven villages, comprised of 1,572 households, were entomologically evaluated (83.4% overall participation); five were found to have very high infestation rates (>20%), three had high infestation rates (8-20%) and three had low-infestation rates (<8%), coinciding with the category of infestation-risk of the houses within each village. Serological tests were carried out in 812 people (>80% participation) in two of the 11 villages and none of the 128 children tested, less than 5 years of age, were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Community participation in all the activities was high (>70%). The collaboration between several subnational, national, and international institutions, each with specific roles, promoted community participation in the activities of vector control and patient care, thus, establishing a baseline to continue implementing and monitoring project progress.

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A leishmaniose visceral (LV) continua sendo um grave problema de Saúde Pública principalmente pela expansão a localidades urbanas do Brasil nas últimas décadas. Esta zoonose é causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum, transmitida principalmente pelo flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis e tem o cão doméstico como principal reservatório vertebrado. As formas de controle preconizadas no Brasil têm mostrado baixa efetividade na redução de casos e de óbitos, com dificuldades tanto no controle de reservatórios (dificuldades para execução da eutanásia) bem como no controle de vetores. Estes fatos trazem à tona a necessidade de estudos de formas alternativas que possam contribuir em um contexto de manejo integrado. O objetivo foi comparar a suscetibilidade e a sobrevida de formas imaturas de Lutzomyia longipalpis aos larvicidas biológicos Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) e Espinosade. Foram realizados experimentos com doses de 10 mg/g e 20 mg/g dos compostos Bti e Espinosade aplicados no alimento oferecido aos frascos contendo larvas de Lu. longipalpis de terceiro estádio larval. Para cada concentração/composto, foram expostas 30 larvas em 3 réplicas. Como controle, foram utilizadas 30 larvas com aplicação de água. Nos tratamento com Bti foi observada mortalidade de 18,8% na concentração de 10 mg/g e de 50,4% na concentração de 20 mg/g. Quanto ao tempo de desenvolvimento larval e de pupas, observou-se que o tempo mediano de emergência dos alados foi 2,35 vezes maior na concentração de 20 mg/g e 1,9 vezes maior na concentração 10 mg/g, comparados ao grupo controle. Para o composto Espinosade nestas concentrações iniciais, a mortalidade foi de 100%. O ensaio foi repetido com o Espinosade em 4 diluições da menor dose testada anteriormente (10 mg/g), na proporção de 1:10, 1:20. 1:50 e 1:100, com resultados de mortalidade de 71%, 66,5%, 2,1% e 1,4% respectivamente. A DL90 foi estimada em 6,3 mg/g. Os resultados sugerem potencial uso dos dois compostos para o controle de imaturos de Lu. longipalpis, aplicado de forma diluída diretamente nos potenciais criadouros destes insetos, como forma complementar às ações de controle integrados em áreas de transmissão de LV.

Visceral leishmaniasis (LV) is a serious issue in public health in Brazil mainly by the spread in urban areas in the last decades. This zoonosis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, transmitted mainly by Lutzomyia longipalpis. The control measures recommended in Brazil showed low effectiveness in the reduction of cases, with difficulties in the control of domestic reservoirs as well as the vector control. These facts highlight the necessity of studies evaluating alternative methods that can contribute in an integrated management approach. The objective was to compare the susceptibility and the survival of Lutzomyia longipalpis immature forms to the biological compounds Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Spinosade. Experiments with doses of 10 mg/g and 20 mg/g of each compound, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Spinosade were realized applying in Petri dishes containing larvae third instar. For each stage 30 larvae were exposed to each concentration compound and the observation was realized in triplicate. As control 30 larvae of each instar in which was applied water. The treatments with Bti resulted in mortality of 18.78% at a concentration of 10 mg/g and of 50.42% at a concentration of 20 mg/g and delay in the development of immature forms, with a median time for emergence of adults forms 2.35 times higher in the first group and 1.9 times higher in the second compared to the control group. For the Spinosad compound at these initial concentrations, the mortality was 100%. The assay was repeated with Espinosade in 4 dilutions of the lowest dose tested previously (10 mg/g), in the proportion of 1:10, 1:20. 1:50 and 1:100, with mortality results of 71%, 66.5%, 2.1% and 1.4% respectively. LC90 was estimated at 6.3 mg/g. The results suggest potential use of the two compounds for the control of Lu. Longipalpis immatures, applied in a diluted form directly to the potential breeding sites of these insects, as a complement to integrated control actions in areas of VL transmission.

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Aedes aegypti is a culicide that has gained relevance over the years due to its ability to transmit various viruses that cause diseases in humans that all the years cause high mortality rates in the world population. The main problem is that Ae. aegypti has managed to establish and maintain a close relationship with humans and their habitat, which is why the search for alternatives to control vector populations becomes imperative. The objective of the present work was to study the effects of two Beauveria bassiana strains on Aedes aegypti. Third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti in 250 mL plastic containers were inoculated with the GHA and NB3 strains at different concentrations (1.5 × 104 , 1.5× 105 , 1.5 × 106 and 1.5 × 107 conidia/mL). The NB3 strain presented highest mortality values with 63% in the highest concentration i.e., 1.5 × 107 , while for the GHA strain the highest mortality value was 30.7% at the same concentration. The results showed significant difference in mortality with respect to the strain and days post treatment (P = 0.0001), but not with respect to the conidial concentration (P = 0.634). The average mortality of larvae per day for the NB3 for different concentrations ranged from 20 to 25 larvae per day, while for the GHA daily mortality ranged from 5 to 12 larvae. In post-treatment mortality, the highest mortality was recorded in the third stage larvae for the NB3, while for GHA the highest percentage mortality was observed in individuals who managed to reach the adult state. The findings of the current research depicted the noteworthy role of B. bassiana for the management of an important vector of human disease.

O Aedes aegypti é um culicida que vem ganhando relevância ao longo dos anos devido à sua capacidade de transmitir diversos vírus causadores de doenças em humanos que ao longo dos anos ocasionam altas taxas de mortalidade na população mundial. O principal problema é que Ae. aegypti tem conseguido estabelecer e manter uma relação próxima com o homem e seu habitat, por isso a busca por alternativas para o controle das populações de vetores torna-se imperativa. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de duas cepas de Beauveria bassiana sobre Ae. aegypti. Larvas de terceiro instar de Ae. aegypti em recipientes plásticos de 250 mL foram inoculados com as cepas GHA e NB3 em diferentes concentrações (1.5 × 104, 1.5 × 105, 1.5 × 106 e 1.5 × 107 conídios/mL). A cepa NB3 apresentou os maiores valores de mortalidade com 63% na concentração mais alta, ou seja, 1.5 × 107, enquanto para a cepa GHA o maior valor de mortalidade foi 30.7% na mesma concentração. Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa na mortalidade com relação à cepa e dias pós-tratamento (P = 0.0001), mas não com relação à concentração de conídios (P = 0.634). A mortalidade média de larvas por dia para o NB3 para diferentes concentrações variou de 20 a 25 larvas por dia, enquanto para o GHA a mortalidade diária variou de 5 a 12 larvas. Na mortalidade pós-tratamento, a maior mortalidade foi registrada nas larvas de terceiro estágio para o NB3, enquanto para o GHA o maior percentual de mortalidade foi observado em indivíduos que conseguiram atingir o estado adulto. Os resultados da pesquisa atual retratam o papel notável de B. bassiana no manejo de um importante vetor de doenças humanas.

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Control of Chagas disease in endemic countries is primarily accomplished through insecticide spraying for triatomine vectors. In this context, pyrethroids are the first-choice insecticide, and the evolution of insect resistance to these insecticides may represent an important barrier to triatomine control. In insects, cytochrome P450s are enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals that are encoded by genes divided into different families. In this work, we evaluated the role of three Rhodnius prolixus CYP4EM subfamily genes during blood meal and after deltamethrin exposure. CYP4 gene members were expressed in different insect organs (integument, salivary glands (SGs), midgut, fat body and malpighian tubules) at distinct transcriptional levels. CYP4EM1 gene was highly expressed in the SG and was clearly modulated after insect blood meal. Injection of CYP4EM1dsRNA promoted significant reduction in mRNA levels of both CYP4EM1 and CYP4EM2 genes and induced deleterious effects in R. prolixus nymphs subsequently exposed to sublethal doses of deltamethrin (3.4 or 3.8 ng/nymph treated). The higher dose reduced the survival over time and increased susceptibility of R. prolixus nymphs to deltamethrin. A better understanding of this mechanism can help in developing of more efficient strategies to reduce Trypanosoma cruzi vector transmission in Americas.

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Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as medidas preventivas e responsabilidades no controle de pragas e vetores de doenças em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação.

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Resumen Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (ETVs) continúan siendo un desafío para los esfuerzos de agencias de salud pública, ya que mantienen o están aumentando su impacto sobre la salud de las comunidades afectadas. La característica común de las ETVs es que la única manera de prevenir exito samente nuevas infecciones es evitar el contacto entre vectores y humanos. No existen vacunas y no existirán en un futuro previsible para las principales ETVs que afectan la salud pública en Argentina. Aunque las epide mias de dengue desde 2009 atrajeron la atención mediática, otras ETVs, tales como Chagas o leishmaniasis, afectan la salud pública en Argentina desde hace décadas. Sobre ellas, y otras que potencialmente podrían instalarse en el territorio nacional (West Nile, Lyme, etc) hay repetidas referencias mediáticas que explican su recrudecimiento por el cambio climático. El argumento se basa en que la "tropicalización" del clima en regiones templadas promueve la instalación de ETVs en áreas previamente no favorables para ellas. Aunque existen muchas evidencias de que el clima está cambiando, son pocas las evidencias de que sea el clima el principal factor que promueve el recrudecimiento de las ETVs en Argentina. En este artículo, se discute la situación de los vectores de enfermedades en Argentina (con énfasis en triatominos), su vinculación con el llamado cambio climático y las actividades de control de vectores implementados por agencias gubernamentales de salud pública.

Abstract Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) continue to pose a challenge to the efforts of public health agencies by increasing their impact on the health of the affected communities. The common feature of VBDs is that the only way of preventing them is by avoid ing the contact between vectors and humans. There are no vaccines, and they will not be available shortly as tools for prevention and control in Argentina. Although dengue outbreaks attracted the attention of mass media from 2009, other VBDs have been affecting public health in Argentina for many decades, as Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Over these, and others that could potentially settle in the national territory (West Nile, Lyme, etc.), there are repeated mass media claims and political declarations justifying their increase because of climate changes. The argument asserts that the "tropicalization" of the climate in temperate regions promotes the instal lation of VBDs in areas previously unfavorable for them. Although much evidence exists showing that the climate is changing, there is very little evidence that the climate is the main factor promoting the increase of VBDs. In this article, the influence of the so-called climate change on the situation of disease vectors in Argentina (with emphasis on triatomines) and vector control activities implemented by governmental public health agencies are discussed.

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Abstract | Introduction: Ixodes tropicalis is a little-known tick species reported parasitizing wild rodents only in Colombia and Perú. Objective: To report a case of I. tropicalis infesting a human in the south of the metropolitan area of the Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia, and to report the molecular detection of Rickettsia bellii in this species. Materials and methods: The tick was identified using a morphological key and sequencing of tick mitochondrial 16S rRNA. Additionally, bacterial and protozoa pathogens were evaluated using PCR for the detection of Rickettsia spp., family Anaplasmataceae, Borrelia spp., and piroplasmid. Results: We identified the tick as an I. tropicalis female according to Kohls, 1956, description and to partial 16S rRNA sequences showing a minimum of 5% divergencies compAred to Ixodes sequences. We also detected the gltA gene of R. bellii in the tick with 99.87% of identity. Conclusion: This is the first report in Colombia of a species of the Ixodes genus parasitizing a human and the first report of the detection of R. bellii in this tick species.

Resumen | Introducción. Ixodes tropicalis es una especie de garrapata poco conocida que se había reportado parasitando únicamente roedores silvestres en Colombia y Perú. Objetivo. Reportar un caso de infestación por I. tropicalis en un ser humano del sur del área metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá (Antioquia) y reportar la detección molecular de Rickettsia bellii en esta especie. Materiales y métodos. La garrapata se identificó usando claves morfológicas y mediante la secuenciación de su gen 16S ARNr mitocondrial. Además, se evaluó la presencia de agentes patógenos bacterianos y protozoos usando PCR para la detección de Rickettsia spp., la familia Anaplasmataceae, Borrelia spp. y piroplásmidos. Resultados. La garrapata se identificó como una hembra de I. tropicalis, según la descripción de Kohls, 1956, y la secuencia parcial del gen 16S ARNr, la cual mostró una divergencia de mínimo 5 % en la compAración con las secuencias de Ixodes. Además, se detectó el gen gltA de R. bellii en esta garrapata con una similitud del 99,87 %. Conclusión. Este es el primer reporte en Colombia de una especie del género Ixodes parasitando a un humano y el primer reporte de la detección de R. bellii en esta especie de garrapata.

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Climate changes evidenced by an increase in our planet's mean temperature, changes in rainfall, increased sea level and extreme weather conditions, favor air and soil contamination, ocean acidification, droughts, floods, heat waves and forest fires, which affect the health and wellbeing of exposed populations. These changes will exert negative effects on respiratory and cardiovascular systems, nutritional status, burden of infectious diseases, especially vector-borne infections, and human mental health. Moreover, environmental damages, such as loss of biodiversity, ecological collapse and deterioration of socioeconomic factors such as agricultural and fishery production, and the loss of habitable land, will impulse massive migrations. This article summarizes the impact that climate change is expected to have on respiratory, cardiovascular and infectious diseases and its repercussions on people of extreme ages. It is imperative to achieve the immediate commitment of worldwide national governments to control green-house gas emissions. The appropriate technology does exist, but political will is urgently needed to accomplish this goal.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Ourinhos is a municipality located between the Pardo and Paranapanema rivers, and it has been characterized by the endemic transmission of schistosomiasis since 1952. We used geospatial analysis to identify areas prone to human schistosomiasis infections in Ourinhos. We studied the association between the sewage network, co-occurrence of Biomphalaria snails (identified as intermediate hosts [IHs] of Schistosoma mansoni), and autochthonous cases. METHODS: Gi spatial statistics, Ripley's K12-function, and kernel density estimation were used to evaluate the association between schistosomiasis data reported during 2007-2016 and the occurrence of IHs during 2015-2017. These data were superimposed on the municipality sewage network data. RESULTS: We used 20 points with reported IH; they were colonized predominantly by Biomphalaria glabrata, followed by B. tenagophila and B. straminea. Based on Gi statistics, a significant cluster of autochthonous cases was superimposed on the Christoni and Água da Veada water bodies, with distances of approximately 300 m and 2200 m from the points where B. glabrata and B. straminea were present, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The residence geographical location of autochthonous cases allied with the spatial analysis of IHs and the coverage of the sewage network provide important information for the detection of human-infection areas. Our results demonstrated that the tools used for direct surveillance, control, and elimination of schistosomiasis are appropriate.

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Objetivo: Descrever os casos de raiva humana no estado do Ceará, Brasil, no período 1970-2019. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, sobre dados secundários da Secretaria da Saúde e do hospital de referência do Ceará. Resultados: Dos 171 casos, 75,7% ocorreram em homens, 60,0% nas idades até 19 anos e 56,0% em áreas urbanas. O cão foi agente transmissor em 74,0% dos casos; sagui em, 16,7%; e morcego, em 7,3%. Entre 1970 e 1978, houve crescimento do número de casos (pelo Joinpoint Regression Program, percentual da mudança anual [APC] = 13,7 - IC95% 4,6;41,5); e entre 1978 e 2019, redução (APC = -6,7 - IC95% -8,8;-5,9). Houve redução da transmissão por cães (71 casos; último caso em 2010) e aumento relativo por mamíferos silvestres (5 casos a partir de 2005). Conclusão: O estudo evidencia mudança na dinâmica da transmissão da raiva no período observado, com redução da transmissão por cão e incremento de casos por animais silvestres.

Objetivo: Describir los casos de la rabia humana en Ceará, Brasil, 1970-2019. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con datos secundarios de la Secretaría de Salud y del hospital de referencia de Ceará. Resultados: De los 171 casos, 75,7% ocurrió en hombres, el 60,0% en los 19 años y el 56,0% en áreas urbanas. El perro fue transmisor en 74,0%, el mono tití en 16,7% y el murciélago el 7,3%. Entre 1970 y 1978, hubo un aumento de casos (por el Joinpoint Regression Program, cambio porcentual anual [APC] = 13,7 - IC95% 4,6; 41,5), entre 1978 y 2019 una disminución (APC= -6,7 - IC95% -8,8; -5,9). Hubo una reducción de la transmisión por perros (71 casos, el último en 2010) y un aumento por mamíferos salvajes (5 casos, desde 2005). Conclusión: El estudio muestra un cambio en la dinámica de la transmisión de la rabia en los últimos años, con reducción de la transmisión por perros y aumento de casos por animales salvajes.

Objective: To describe cases of human rabies in Ceará State, Brazil between 1970 and 2019. Methods: This was a descriptive study using secondary data from the Ceará State Department of Health and the state reference hospital. Results: Of 171 cases, 75.7% occurred in males, 60.0% in <19-year-olds, and 56.0% in urban areas. Rabies was transmitted by dogs in 74.0% of cases, marmosets in 16.7% and bats in 7.3%. Between 1970 and 1978, there was an increase of cases (using the Joinpoint Regression Program, annual percentage change [APC] = 13.7 - 95%CI 4.6;41.5), while between 1978 and 2019 there was a decrease (APC = -6.7 - 95%CI -8.8;-5.9). There was a reduction in transmission by dogs (71 cases, last case in 2010) and an increase by sylvatic animals (5 cases since 2005). Conclusion: This study demonstrates changes in rabies transmission dynamics during the period studied, with a reduction in transmission by dogs and an increase of transmission by sylvatic animals.

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Objetivo: Comparar o mapeamento oficial com um mapeamento probabilístico da infestação por Aedes spp. nos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com dados de amostras de criadouros em 2016-2017; obteve-se a classificação oficial em boletins epidemiológicos e estimou-se a probabilidade de infestação por município e semana, ajustando-se um modelo dinâmico de ocupação de sítios aos dados da vigilância epidemiológica municipal. Resultados: 187.245 amostras coletadas em 473 municípios originaram 10.648 detecções de Aedes aegypti e 8.414 de Aedes albopictus; o mapeamento oficial concorda com o probabilístico em municípios da região noroeste e oeste do RS; os mapeamentos discordam nas regiões leste, centro, nordeste e sul, revelando municípios oficialmente não infestados com alta probabilidade de infestação e notificação de arboviroses. Conclusão: A classificação oficial identificou infestação nos municípios infestados do noroeste e oeste, e não identificou infestação em municípios com possíveis falsos zeros e onde ela varia temporalmente.

Objetivo: Comparar el mapeo oficial con un mapeo probabilístico de infestación por Aedes spp. en los municipios de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio ecológico analizando muestras colectadas en criaderos en 2016-2017; se obtuvo la clasificación oficial en boletines epidemiológicos, y la probabilidad de infestación por municipio y semana ajustando un modelo dinámico de ocupación de sitios a los datos de la vigilancia epidemiológica municipal. Resultados: 187.245 muestras de 473 municipios generaron 10.648 detecciones de Aedes aegypti y 8.414 detecciones de Aedes albopictus. El mapeo oficial está de acuerdo con el probabilístico en municipios del noroeste y oeste de RS; los mapeos no concuerdan en el este, centro, nordeste y sur, revelando municipios oficialmente no infestados con alta probabilidad de infestación y notificación de arbovirus. Conclusión: Mientras la clasificación oficial identifica municipios del noroeste y oeste infestados críticamente, no identifica infestación en municipios con posiblemente falsos ceros y en donde la infestación varía temporalmente.

Objective: To compare official mapping with probabilistic mapping of infestation by Aedes spp. in the municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Methods: This was an ecological study using data from samples of mosquito breeding sites collected in 2016-2017; official classification was obtained from epidemiological reports, and infestation per municipality and week was estimated by fitting a dynamic site-occupancy model to data from municipal epidemiological surveillance. Results: 187,245 samples collected in 473 municipalities returned 10,648 detections of Aedes aegypti, and 8,414 detections of Aedes albopictus; official mapping agrees with probabilistic mapping in municipalities in the northwestern and western regions of the state. The mappings are not in agreement in the eastern, central, northeastern and southern regions, revealing municipalities officially not infested but with high probability of infestation and notification of arbovirus infection. Conclusion: While official classification identified critically infested municipalities in the state's northwestern and western regions, it did not identify infestation in municipalities with possible false zero errors and where infestation varies over time.

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Background: Triatomine control campaigns have traditionally consisted of spraying the inside of houses with pyrethroid insecticides. However, exposure to sublethal insecticide doses after the initial application is a common occurrence and may have phenotypic consequences for survivors. Here, using Triatoma infestans (the main vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone of South America) as a model species, we quantifed the efects of exposure to a sublethal dose of pyrethroid insecticide on wing morphology. We tested if the treatment (i) induced a plastic efect (change in the character mean); (ii) altered environmental canalisation (higher individual variation within genotypes); (iii) altered genetic canalisation (higher variation among genotypes); and (iv) altered developmental stability (higher fuctuating asymmetry [FA]). Methods: Each of 25 fullsib families known to be susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides were split in two groups: one to be treated with a sublethal dose of deltamethrin (insecticidetreated group) and the other to be treated with pure acetone (control group). Wings of the emerging adults were used in a landmarkbased geometric morphometry analysis to extract size and shape measurements. Average diferences among treatments were measured. Levels of variation among families, among individuals within families and among sides within individuals were computed and compared among treatments. Results: Wing size and shape were afected by a sublethal dose of deltamethrin. The treated insects had larger wings and a more variable wing size and shape than control insects. For both wing size and shape, genetic variation was higher in treated individuals. Individual variations and variations in FA were also greater in deltamethrintreated insects than in control ones for all fullsib families; however, the patterns of shape variation associated with genetic variation, individual variation and FA were diferent. Conclusions: Insects exposed to a sublethal dose of deltamethrin presented larger, less symmetrical and less canalised wings. The insecticide treatment jointly impaired developmental stability and genetic and environmental canalisation. The divergent patterns of shape variation suggest that the related developmental bufering processes difered at least partially. The morphological modifcations induced by a single sublethal exposure to pyrethroids early in life may impinge on subsequent fight performance and consequently afect the dynamics of house invasion and reinfestation, and the efectiveness of triatomine control operations.

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Resumen Las enfermedades de transmisión vectorial (ETV), como dengue, zika y chikungunya, representan un problema de salud pública en Colombia. Autoridades e instituciones de salud municipales promovieron campañas de prevención y manejo de los factores asociados a estas enfermedades. No obstante, el municipio de Ocaña registró una alta prevalencia. Se realizó un análisis de contenido a 14 mensajes comunicativos impresos orientados a la prevención de enfermedades de transmisión vectorial durante el período de 2014 a junio de 2016. Las unidades de análisis comprendieron términos referidos a la enfermedad, términos generales, partes del texto (frases y oraciones) y función y objetivo de la imagen, bajo los constructos control y prevención de ETV con los códigos de vector, enfermedad y público. Se emplearon como instrumentos de recolección y análisis de datos los siguientes: instrumento de evaluación de material educativo de la OPS, instrumento específico ad-hoc para evaluación de contenido y la prueba objetiva INFLESZ. Si bien, el grado de legibilidad de las unidades comunicativas fue de 'normal' hasta 'muy fácil', se identificaron oportunidades de mejora para la comprensión e identificación del público meta, necesarios para la educación en salud, que no genere interpretaciones contrapuestas desde los aspectos semióticos y semánticos sobre conductas y comportamientos, y sobre todo, que se perciba como un mensaje que va dirigido a un público específico, con la exigencia de contextualización frente a los lineamientos generales y la participación de la comunidad.

Abstract Vector-borne diseases (VTD), such as dengue, zika and chikungunya, represent a public health problem in Colombia. Municipal authorities and health institutions promoted campaigns to prevent and manage the factors associated with these diseases. However, the municipality of Ocaña registered a high prevalence. A content analysis was carried out on 14 printed communicative messages aimed at preventing vector-borne diseases during the period from 2014 to June 2016. The analysis units included terms referring to the disease, general terms, parts of the text (phrases and sentences) and function and objective of the image, under the control and prevention constructs of VTD with the vector, disease and public codes. The following instruments were used as data collection and analysis instruments: PAHO educational material evaluation instrument, ad-hoc specific instrument for content evaluation and the INFLESZ objective test. Although the legibility of the communicative units was from 'normal' to 'very easy', opportunities for improvement were identified for the understanding and identification of the target audience, necessary for health education, which does not generate conflicting interpretations from the semiotic and semantic aspects about behaviors and behaviors, and above all, that it is perceived as a message that is addressed to a specific audience, with the requirement of contextualization in front of the general guidelines and community participation.