Cytotoxic effects of crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake in canine mammary tumor cell lines

Background: Mammary gland tumors are the most prevalent neoplasm in intact female dogs, and they are good natural models to study comparative oncology. Most canine mammary malignancies, as in women, are commonly refractory to conventional therapies and demand continuous new therapeutic approaches. Crotalus durissus terrificus, also called rattlesnake, has more than 60 different proteins in its venom with multiple pharmaceutical uses, such as antitumor, antiviral, and antimicrobial action. Crotoxin, a potent β-neurotoxin formed by the junction of two subunits, a basic subunit (CB-PLA2) and an acidic subunit (crotapotin), has already been reported to have anticancer properties in different types of cancers. Methods: In this work, we describe the cytotoxic potential of crotoxin and its subunits compared to doxorubicin (drug of choice) in two canine mammary carcinoma cell lines. Results: Crotoxin, CB-PLA2, crotalic venom, and doxorubicin decreased cell viability and the ability to migrate in a dose-dependent manner, and crotapotin did not present an antitumoral effect. For all compounds, the predominant cell death mechanism was apoptosis. In addition, crotoxin did not show toxicity in normal canine mammary gland cells. Conclusion: Therefore, this work showed that crotoxin and CB-PLA2 had cytotoxic activity, migration inhibition, and pro-apoptotic potential in canine mammary gland carcinoma cell lines, making their possible use in cancer research.

Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: scenarios and challenges for the surveillance and control

Adaptation of the vector and displacement of infected dogs to previously disease-free areas challenges visceral leishmaniasis (VL) control, and leads to geographic dispersion and occurrence in urban and peri-urban areas. Continuous VL control measures over time must be applied with a wide geographic reach, along with better diagnosis practices and timely treatment. The high case-fatality of human VL in areas of recent introduction and its growing association with HIV impose the need for an early diagnosis, treatment and the adoption of active search for human and canine cases incorporated into the routine of periodic home visits by health professionals. The increasing on public rejection of canine euthanasia as a control measure, the limitations of canine therapy with the current available drugs, and the controversies regarding available vaccines for canine protection are discussed. Good prospects on the insecticide-impregnated collars as an effective control measure are emphasized.

The path of canine visceral leishmaniasis versus the path of Center for Zoonoses Control: contributions of spatial analysis to health / O caminho da leishmaniose visceral canina versus o caminho do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses: contribuições da análise espacial para a saúde / La trayectoria de la leishmaniasis visceral canina versus la trayectoria del Centro para el Control de Zoonoses: contribuciones del análisis espacial a la salud

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a public health problem in Brazilian municipalities. As much as there is a planning of public policies regards VL in São Paulo State, new cases have been reported and spread. This paper aims to discuss how the Center for Zoonoses Control conducts its actions spatially in endemic city of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo State. Data are from the Municipal Health Department of Presidente Prudente, Adolfo Lutz Institute, and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. We spatially estimated the dog population per census tract and used geoprocessing tools to perform choropleth maps, spatial trends, and spatial autocorrelation. We found a spatial pattern of higher prevalence in the city's outskirt and a positive statistically significant spatial autocorrelation (I = 0.2, p-value < 0.000) with clusters of high-high relationships in the Northwest part of the city. Moreover, we identified a different direction in the path of the conducted serosurveys versus the canine VL trend, which stresses the fragility of the Center for Zoonoses Control actions to control the disease. The Center for Zoonoses Control always seems to chase the disease. The spatial analysis may be useful for rethinking how the service works and helps in public policies.

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é um problema de saúde pública nas cidades brasileiras. Por mais que haja um planejamento de políticas públicas para LV no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, novos casos têm sido notificados e se disseminado. O artigo objetiva discutir como o Centro de Controle de Zoonoses realiza suas atividades espacialmente em uma cidade endêmica, Presidente Prudente, no Estado de São Paulo. Os dados são da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Presidente Prudente, Instituto Adolfo Lutz e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Estimamos espacialmente a população canina por setor censitário e utilizamos ferramentas de geoprocessamento para produzir mapas coropléticos, tendências espaciais e autocorrelação espacial. Encontramos um padrão espacial de maior prevalência na periferia da cidade e uma autocorrelação espacial positiva estatisticamente significativa (I = 0,2; p < 0,000) com clusters de relação alta-alta no noroeste da cidade. Além disso, identificamos uma direção diferente no caminho dos inquéritos sorológicos realizados versus a tendência na LV canina, o que enfatiza a fragilidade das medidas de controle do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses para controlar casos da doença. O Centro de Controle de Zoonoses parece estar sempre correndo atrás da doença. A análise espacial pode ser útil para repensar o funcionamento do serviço e auxiliar as políticas públicas.

La leishmaniasis visceral (LV) es un problema de salud pública en las ciudades brasileñas. Aunque hay políticas públicas de planificación relacionadas con la LV en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, se han informado de nuevos casos, además de su propagación. El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir cómo el Centro de Control de Zoonosis dirige sus acciones espacialmente en una ciudad endémica del estado de São Paulo, Presidente Prudente. Los datos proceden de la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Presidente Prudente, del Instituto Adolfo Lutz, y del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. Estimamos espacialmente la población de perros por sector censal y utilizamos herramientas de geoprocesamiento para elaborar mapas de coropletas, tendencias espaciales, y autocorrelación espacial. Encontramos un patrón espacial de más alta prevalencia en la periferia de la ciudad, además de una autocorrelación espacial positiva y estadísticamente significativa (I = 0,2; valor de p < 0,000) con clústeres de relaciones alto-alto en la parte noroccidental de la ciudad. Además, identificamos una dirección diferente en la trayectoria de las encuestas serológicas llevadas a cabo, frente a la tendencia de LV canina, que enfatiza la debilidad de acciones del Centro de Control de Zoonosis para controlar casos de la enfermedad. El Centro de Control de Zoonosis parece siempre estar tras la enfermedad. El análisis espacial podría ser útil para repensar cómo está funcionando el servicio, además de ayudar a políticas públicas.

Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs in a coastal region of the state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil / Ocorrência de patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos em cães em uma região litorânea do estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens (Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, Hepatozoon spp. and Rickettsia spp.) in dogs in Vila de Jericoacoara, coastal region of Ceará, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 153 animals and analyzed using molecular and serological methods. Sixty animals were found to be infected or exposed to at least one of the pathogens studied. Babesia vogeli was the most prevalent pathogen (15%), followed by E. canis (13.7%) and Hepatozoon spp. (11.8%), which was identified as Hepatozoon canis through sequencing. Twenty dogs (13%) were seroreactive to Rickettsia spp. Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato was observed on 11.8% of the animals. There were associations between age (< 3 years old) and positivity for B. vogeli, and between habitation (stray dogs) and positivity for H. canis. There were also associations between anemia and infection with H. canis, and between leukopenia and exposure to Rickettsia spp. No association was detected between clinical alterations and infection with or exposure to the pathogens studied. The results confirmed that pathogens of veterinary importance are circulating in northeastern Brazil and showed that dogs are exposed to Rickettsia species with zoonotic potential, thus indicating a need for vector control measures.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos (Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, Hepatozoon spp. e Rickettsia spp.) em cães na Vila de Jericoacoara, região costeira do Ceará, Brasil. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 153 animais e analisadas por métodos moleculares e sorológicos. Sessenta animais foram encontrados infectados ou expostos a pelo menos a um dos patógenos estudados. Babesia vogeli foi o patógeno mais prevalente (15%), seguido por E. canis (13,7%) e Hepatozoon spp. (11,8%), que foi identificado como Hepatozoon canis por sequenciamento. Vinte cães (13%) foram sororreativos à Rickettsia spp. Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato foi observado em 11,8% dos animais. Houve associações entre idade (<3 anos) e positividade para B. vogeli, e entre habitação (cães de rua) e positividade para H. canis. Também houve associações entre anemia e infecção por H. canis, e entre leucopenia e exposição a Rickettsia spp. Não foi detectada associação entre alterações clínicas e infecção ou exposição aos patógenos estudados. Os resultados confirmaram que patógenos de importância veterinária estão circulando no nordeste do Brasil e mostraram que cães estão expostos a espécies de Rickettsia com potencial zoonótico, indicando a necessidade de medidas de controle do vetor.

Dioctophyme renale in wandering dogs in Pelotas, South of Brasil / Dioctophyme renale em cães errantes no município de Pelotas, Sul do Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to verify the occurrence of Dioctophyme renale in stray dogs in the city of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas received 146 wandering dogs for necropsy, sent by the City Hall of Pelotas from March 2012 to January 2020. Among the necropsied animals, seventeen dogs (11.64%) were diagnosed with dioctophymosis. Among these dogs, 11 were parasitized with one specimen in the right kidney, two dogs presented two specimens in the right kidney, and in other two dogs, the parasites were in the abdominal cavity. In one dog, two parasites were found in the left kidney; in another dog, both kidneys were parasitized, with two parasites in the right kidney and one in the left kidney. The data obtained in this study showed that the occurrence of D. renale in stray dogs in the city of Pelotas is high, and D. renale mainly parasitizes the right kidney.

Resumo Este trabalho possui como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de D. renale em cães errantes do município de Pelotas, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Universidade Federal de Pelotas recebeu 146 cães errantes para necropsia, encaminhados pela Prefeitura Municipal de Pelotas, no período de março de 2012 a janeiro de 2020. Dentre os cães necropsiados, 17 animais foram diagnosticados com dioctofimose, determinando uma ocorrência de 11,64%. Desses animais, onze estavam parasitados com um exemplar no rim direito, dois animais possuíam dois exemplares no rim direito. Em dois animais, os parasitas estavam na cavidade abdominal; em um animal havia, dois parasitas no rim esquerdo e noutro animal os dois rins estavam parasitados, tendo dois exemplares no rim direito e um exemplar no rim esquerdo. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho permitem concluir que é elevada a ocorrência de D. renale nos cães errantes do município de Pelotas, parasitando principalmente o rim direito.

Otimização de novos candidatos a fármacos para leishmaniose visceral canina / Optimization of new drug candidates for canine visceral leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose visceral canina se trata de enfermidade infecciosa, zoonótica, de caráter insidioso e multissistêmica. Fatores como a ineficácia dos métodos de controle aplicados sobre os reservatórios caninos (incluindo eutanásia) e a toxicidade dos fármacos atualmente disponíveis para o tratamento humano, justificam urgência na busca de novos candidatos a fármacos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial anti-Leishmania de 25 compostos sintéticos derivados do gibilimbol. Destes, quatro apresentaram atividade em amastigotas sem citotoxicidade a células de mamíferos, com o CE50 em amastigotas variando entre 5,1 e 13,5 µM, e dois (LPM-21 e LPM-22) foram submetidos à predição drug-likeness in silico e ensaios de mecanismo de ação em promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) infantum. Ambos demonstraram alta absorção gastrointestinal, permeabilidade à barreira hematoencefálica, solubilidade moderada e alta (respectivamente), ausência de moléculas de interferência, e perfil drug-likeness favorável para futuros candidatos a fármacos. Nos ensaios de mecanismo de ação, LPM-21 induziu tardiamente a permeabilização plasmática parasitária (220 minutos), além de ter ocasionado a despolarização da membrana mitocondrial, redução nos níveis de ROS, alcalinização dos acidocalcissomos e importante elevação do Ca2+ intracelular, fatos que sugerem um mecanismo de ação tendo como principal alvo de atuação os acidocalcissomos, resultando no extravasamento do Ca2+ e subsequente despolarização da membrana mitocondrial. O composto LPM-22 não alterou a permeabilidade da membrana plasmática, não atuou sobre o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, induziu a acidificação dos acidocalcissomos, elevação do Ca2+ e redução nos níveis de ROS, podendo sugerir danos à membrana mitocondrial e consequente elevação deste íon. A espectrometria de massas por MALDI-TOF revelou aumento na intensidade dos picos em promastigotas incubadas com LPM-21 e LPM-22. Logo, este trabalho concretiza o potencial anti-Leishmania dos derivados sintéticos do gibilimbol, em especial os compostos LPM-21 e LPM-22, os colocando como futuros candidatos para estudos in vivo. (AU)

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an infectious, zoonotic, insidious and multisystemic disease. Factors such as the ineffectiveness of the control methods applied to canine reservoirs (including euthanasia) and the toxicity of the drugs currently available for human treatment, brings the urgency in search for new drug candidates. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-Leishmania potential of 25 synthetic compounds derived from gibilimbol, a phenolic isolate extracted from the leaves of Piper malacophyllum. Four compounds showed activity in amastigotes without cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, with EC50 in amastigotes ranging between 5.1 and 13.5 µM, and two (LPM-21 and LPM-22) were submitted to the in silico drug-likeness prediction, and mechanism of action assays in Leishmania (L.) infantum promastigotes. Both demonstrated high gastrointestinal absorption, permeability to the blood-brain barrier, moderate and high solubility (respectively), and favorable drug-likeness profile for future drug candidates, without revealing PAINS molecules. In the mechanism of action assays, LPM-21 induced parasitic plasmatic permeabilization only at later times (220 minutes), in addition to depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, reduction in ROS levels, acidocalcisomes alkalinization and significant increase in intracellular Ca2+, suggesting a mechanism of action targetting acidocalcisomes, resulting in extravasation of Ca2+ and subsequent depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. In contrast, LPM-22 did not alter the permeability of the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in acidification of acidocalcisomes, elevation of Ca2+ and reduction in ROS levels, which may suggest damage to the mitochondrial membrane and consequent calcium elevation. Mass spectrometry by MALDI-TOF revealed an increase in peak intensity in promastigotes incubated with LPM-21 and LPM-22. Finally, this work realizes the anti-Leishmania potential of synthetic gibilimbol derivatives, especially the compounds LPM-21 and LPM-22, placing them as future candidates for in vivo studies. (AU)

First case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the midwestern of Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Primeiros casos de leishmaniose visceral canina no Meio-oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and a major zoonotic disease in Brazil. Due to the southward expansion of the disease within the country and the central role of dogs as urban reservoirs of the parasite, we have investigated the occurrence of CVL in two municipalities Erval Velho and Herval d'Oeste in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina state. Peripheral blood samples from 126 dogs were collected in both cities and tested for anti-L. infantum antibodies by indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF) and for the presence of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood. From examined dogs, 35.71% (45/126) were positive for at least one of the three tests and two (1.6%) were positive in all performed tests. Twelve dogs (9.5%) were positive for both ELISA and IIF, while 21 dogs were exclusively positive for ELISA (16.7%), and 15 (11.9%) for IIF. L. infantum k-DNA was detected by PCR in 9 out of 126 dogs (7.1%) and clinical symptoms compatible with CVL were observed for 6 dogs. Taken together, these results indicate the transmission of CVL in this region, highlighting the needs for epidemiological surveillance and implementation of control measures for CVL transmission in this region.

A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum e transmitida por flebotomíneos e é uma das principais zoonoses do Brasil que se encontra em expansão em estados da região sul do país, sendo os cães o principal reservatório urbano do parasito. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de LVC em dois municípios, Erval Velho e Herval d'Oeste localizados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. Para tanto, amostras de sangue periférico de 126 cães foram coletadas em ambas as cidades e submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-L. infantum por meio de testes de ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), bem com a detecção de k-DNA pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Além disso, também foram observados os sintomas clínicos e as condições ambientais associadas a esses animais. Dos cães examinados, 35,7% (45/126) foram positivos para pelo menos um dos três testes, dois cães (1,6%) foram positivos em todos os três testes, 12 cães (9,5%) foram positivos tanto no ELISA quanto na IFI, enquanto 21 cães (16,7%) foram positivos para ELISA e 15 (11,9%) para o IFI. A amplificação do k-DNA de L. infantum foi positiva em 9 dos 126 cães (7,1%). Entre os cães positivos seis apresentaram um ou mais sintomas clínicos correlacionados com a LVC. Esses resultados confirmaram a ocorrência de LVC na região e destacaram a importância do monitoramento e implementação de medidas de controle para a LVC nessa região.

Regla de predicción para determinar infestación canina por Echinococcus granulosus / Prediction rule to determine canine infestation by Echinococcus granulosus

Nuestro objetivo fue determinar un score que ayude a predecir la probabilidad de infestación canina por Echinococcus en una zona endémica en hidatidosis. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en 3 anexos de la provincia de Concepción ubicado en los andes centrales de Perú. La infección canina por Echinococcus granulosus fue definido por la presencia de antígeno identificado en la muestra de heces. El modelo predictivo se obtuvo mediante un análisis de regresión logística basado en los parámetros sociodemográficos, esta regla fue internamente validada por remuestreo de tipo bootstrap. Resultados: De 152 canes que se sometieron al estudio de heces, 76 tuvieron infección por Echinococcus confirmada por antígeno reactivo. Se identificaron 4 factores ponderados dentro de la regla de predicción que, en suma, dieron el puntaje: El can que duerme fuera de casa (3 puntos), alimentar con vísceras crudas al can (3 puntos) y sacrificar al ganado dentro de la casa (2 puntos) y el can se alimenta con croquetas (-2 puntos). Se encontró que esta regla de predicción tuvo valor del área bajo la curva ROC 0,78; (IC 95%: 0,70 ­ 0,86). Estos parámetros de predicción con un puntaje ≥ 3 tenía una sensibilidad del 75% y especificidad del 65,8%, con un valor predictivo positivo del 85,3%. Esta regla ayudará al personal de la salud a identificar a los canes infestados por Echinococcus granulosus, para su intervención anti parasitaria y preventiva en sus dueños(AU)

Cystic hydatidosis is an endemic disease in Andean regions, our objective was to determine a score that helps to predict canine Echinococcus infestation in an endemic area with hydatidosis. A longitudinal study was carried out in 3 annexes of the province of Concepción located in the central Andes of Peru. Canine echinococcosis infection was defined by the presence of E. granulosus antigen identified in the stool sample. The predictive model was obtained through a logistic regression analysis based on the sociodemographic parameters, this rule was internally validated by bootstrap type resampling. Results: Of 152 dogs that underwent the stool study, 76 had an Echinococcus infection confirmed by reactive antigen. Four weighted factors were identified within the prediction rule that, in sum, gave the score: The dog that sleeps outside the home (3 points), feeding raw viscera to the dog (3 points), slaughtering the cattle inside the house (2 points) and the dog is fed with croquettes (-2 points). This prediction rule was found to have a value of the area under the ROC curve 0.78 (95% CI: 0.70 - 0.86). At a cutoff point of ≥ 3 points, the prediction rule was found to have a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 65.8%, with a positive predictive value of 85.3%. This rule will help health personnel to identify canes infested by Echinococcus granulosus, for their anti-parasitic and preventive intervention in their owners(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo dos achados cardiorrespiratórios e laboratoriais de cães atendidos para avaliação pré-operatória em um serviço de cardiologia e doenças respiratórias (2017-2021) / Retrospective study of cardiorespiratory and laboratory findings in dogs treated for preoperative evaluation in a cardiology and respiratory disease service (2017-2021)

Os cães idosos são acometidos com frequência por enfermidades no sistema cardiovascular e respiratório, estando muita das vezes assintomáticos até terem indicação para algum procedimento cirúrgico que requer a avaliação pré-operatória, momento este que muitos achados clínicos poderão ser detectados, ao ponto da necessidade de tratamento prévio à intervenção cirúrgica. Diante disso, o trabalho tem por objetivo detectar as principais manifestações cardiorrespiratórias e sua correlação aos dados encontrados nos exames complementares e informações epidemiológicas de 138 cães atendidos em um serviço especializado em cardiologia e doenças respiratórias, no período de 2017 a 2021, para fins de risco cirúrgico. Foi possível observar maior predominância de animais idosos, de pequeno porte e do sexo feminino. Dentre as doenças cardíacas, a doença degenerativa crônica de mitral foi a mais prevalente, seguida da dirofilariose. Em relação as afecções respiratórias, a bronquite crônica e o colapso de traqueia foram mais diagnosticadas, seguidas da broncopneumonia e da síndrome braquicefálica. Quando da observação do ritmo cardíaco por meio do eletrocardiograma, a arritmia sinusal, ritmo sinusal e sinus arrest foram os principais achados. Quanto aos achados laboratoriais, foi possível observar aumento da média de hematimetria, redução da média do hematócrito e das plaquetas. Entretanto, alguns animais apresentaram azotemia, leucocitose e eosinofilia. Observou-se que pacientes com doenças cardíacas em estágios de congestão possuem redução da pressão arterial, aumento da hematimetria e taquiarritmias, como taquicardia sinusal e/ou complexos atriais prematuros. Pacientes com idade mais avançada tendem a ter redução dos valores de leucometria global e maior probabilidade de manifestação de aumento da pressão arterial. Portadores de dirofilariose cursam com aumento de eosinófilos.

Elderly dogs are frequently affected by diseases in the cardiovascular and respiratory system, being often asymptomatic until they are indicated for a surgical procedure that requires preoperative evaluation, at which point many clinical findings can be detected, to the point of need for treatment prior to surgical intervention. Therefore, the work aims to detect the main cardiorespiratory manifestations and their correlation to data found in complementary exams and demographic information of 138 animals treated at a service specialized in cardiology and respiratory diseases, from 2017 to 2021, for risk purposes surgical. It was possible to observe a greater predominance of elderly, small and female animals. Among heart diseases, chronic degenerative mitral disease was the most prevalent, followed by heartworm disease. Regarding respiratory affections, chronic bronchitis and tracheal collapse were more commonly diagnosed, followed by bronchopneumonia and brachycephalic syndrome. When observing the cardiac rhythm through the electrocardiogram, sinus arrhythmia, sinus rhythm and sinus arrest were the main findings. As for laboratory findings, it was possible to observe an increase in mean hematimetry, a reduction in mean hematocrit and platelets. However, some animals showed azotemia, leukocytosis and eosinophilia. It was observed that patients with cardiac diseases in stages of congestion have reduced blood pressure, increased hematimetry and tachyarrhythmias, such as sinus tachycardia and/or premature atrial complexes. Older patients tend to have reduced global white blood cell values and more likely to manifest increased blood pressure. Heartworm patients have an increase in eosinophils.

Detección de " Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae" en Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto (Acari: Ixodidae) en Rapa Nui-Isla de Pascua / Detection of " Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae" in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto (Acari: Ixodidae) from Rapa Nui-Easter Island

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las rickettsiosis son enfermedades emergentes transmitidas por vectores artrópodos cuyos agentes etiológicos corresponden a bacterias patógenas del género Rickettsia y Orientia . Bacterias de este género han sido descritas en el norte y sur de Chile. OBJETIVO: Determinar presencia de Rickettsia spp. en garrapatas colectadas a partir de perros domésticos en Rapa Nui-Isla de Pascua, Región de Valparaíso. MÉTODOS: Fueron muestreados 20 perros callejeros durante octubre del año 2018. Se colectaron ocho garrapatas adultas desde siete animales (prevalencia: 35%); luego de su identificación taxonómica fueron sometidas a amplificación y secuenciación del gen ADNm 16S para garrapata y gltA (citrato sintetasa) para Rickettsia . RESULTADOS: Todos los ejemplares de garrapatas adultas correspondieron genéticamente a Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto lo cual fue confirmado mediante un análisis filogenético. En dos garrapatas (25%) se encontraron secuencias idénticas de gltA compatibles con " Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae", que formaron un clado monofilético con aislados obtenidos en Brasil, Chile y Perú. CONCLUSIÓN: Se documenta la presencia de " Ca. R. andeanae" s. s. en Rapa Nui-Isla de Pascua, asociado por primera vez a garrapatas del complejo R. sanguineus en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Rickettsioses are vector-borne emerging diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Orientia . Bacteria of these genera have been described in northern and southern Chile, respectively. AIM: To determine the presence of Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected from domestic dog in Rapa Nui-Easter Island, Valparaíso Region. METHODS: 20 stray dogs were sampled during October 2018. Overall, eight adult ticks were collected from seven animals (prevalence: 35%); after morphological identification, were submitted to DNA extraction and amplification and sequencing of the tick mitochondrial 16S DNA gene. The screening for Rickettsia was performed targeting the gltA (citrate synthetase) gene. RESULTS: A phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identity of the ticks as Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto. In two ticks (25%), we retrieved identical sequences of gltA compatible with " Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae", which formed a monophyletic group with conspecific isolates obtained in Brazil, Chile and Peru. CONCLUSION: This study proves the presence of " Ca . R. andeanae" in R. sanguineus s. s. at Rapa Nui-Easter Island, which also corresponds to the first report of this Rickettsia spp. in R. sanguineus complex for Chile.

Canine pyometra: interferences of age and type in blood count and serum biochemistry / Piometra canina: interferências da idade e tipo sobre o hemograma e a bioquímica sérica

Hematological and serum biochemical characteristics and prevalence of microorganisms in the uterine content of bitches with pyometra were described, according to type and age. This study was carried out at the Veterinary Medicine Hospital Renato Rodenburg de Medeiros Netto of the UFBA with 132 patients diagnosed with pyometra through imaging and laboratory tests, divided into two groups: Group 1 - less than eight years (n=72) and Group 2 - more than eight years (n=60). Both groups were submitted to Ovariohysterectomy (OH), in which blood and uterine lumen secretion samples were collected. The highest incidence of pyometra was found in bitches under 8 years (54.5%), Poodle breed (31.8%) and mixed-breed (27.3%). Open pyometra represented 80.3% of all cases. The death rate (6.0%) did not show significant difference between the types. Anemia (73.0%), thrombocytopenia (41.2%) and leukocytosis (77.0%) were observed. Urea and ALP were above the reference values in 41.8% and 52.2% of each group, respectively, while ALT (94.0%) and creatine (82%) remained normal in most animals. Serum biochemistry did not show significant differences (P<0.05). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. grew in 33.3% and 16.7% of the samples, respectively. Therefore, no significant hematological and serum biochemical differences were observed in bitches with pyometra in both age categories.

Descreveu-se características hematológicas, bioquímicas séricas e prevalência de microrganismos no conteúdo uterino de cadelas com piometra, de acordo com o tipo e idade. Realizou-se este estudo no Hospital de Medicina Veterinária Renato Rodenburg de Medeiros Netto da UFBA com 132 pacientes diagnosticadas com piometra, por exames de imagem e laboratoriais, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo 1 ­ menos de oito anos (n=72) e Grupo 2 ­ mais de oito anos (n=60), submetidas a Ovariectomia (OH), quando se coletou amostras de sangue e secreção do lúmen uterino. A incidência maior deu-se em cadelas abaixo de 8 anos (54,5%), da raça Poodle (31,8%) e sem raça definida (SRD) (27,3%), sendo 80,3% de piometra aberta. A taxa de óbito (6,0%) não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tipos. Observou-se a ocorrência de anemia (73,0%), trombocitopenia (41,2%) e leucocitose (77,0%). Os valores de ureia e FA estiveram acima dos valores de referência em 41,8% e 52,2% das cadelas respectivamente, enquanto a ALT (94,0%) e a creatina (82%) mantiveram-se dentro dos valores de referência na maioria dos animais. A bioquímica sérica não apresentou diferenças significativas (P<0,05). Observou-se crescimento de Escherichia coli e Klebsiella sp. em 33,3% e 16,7% das amostras, respectivamente. Sendo assim, não se observou diferenças significativas hematológicas e na bioquímica sérica de cadelas com piometra nas categorias de idade.

Circulación del parásito Echinococcus granulosus en Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz / Circulation of Echinococcus granulosus in Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz

Resumen La hidatidosis, causada por el parásito Echinococcus granulosus, es una zoonosis endémica en la provincia de Santa Cruz asociada a áreas de producción ganadera. El hombre puede permanecer asintomático durante un largo período luego de la infección. Una vez desarrollada, la enfermedad representa un importante problema de salud pública debido a la complejidad y el costo de su tratamiento. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron determinar la prevalencia de contaminación ambiental por E. granulosus en zona rural y periurbana de la localidad de Los Antiguos, mediante la detección de antígenos específicos en heces caninas, e identificar factores de riesgo de transmisión. Entre mayo-2016 y abril-2017, se visitaron 38 chacras periurbanas y estancias rurales, definidas como "unidades epidemiológicas". Se analizaron 144 muestras de heces de caninos con téc nica copro-ELISA. Se realizó una encuesta epidemiológica de los pobladores rurales sobre patrones culturales relacionados a la hidatidosis. Se encontró un índice de contaminación ambiental del 17.3% y el 44.7% de las unidades epidemiológicas fueron positivas. Se identificaron prácticas de riesgo como faena domiciliaria (34.2%), alimentación de caninos con vísceras crudas (52.6%), y ausencia de desparasitación de perros (86.8%). Alrededor de la mitad de la población encuestada desconocía las formas de contagio y las medidas de prevención de la enfermedad. Este trabajo muestra un índice alto de contaminación y establece una línea de base para realizar comparaciones a futuro. También refuerza la necesidad de implementar medidas de educación, prevención y control de hidatidosis a nivel local de acuerdo a los programas nacionales.

Abstract Hydatidosis − caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus − is a zoonosis endemic to the province of Santa Cruz, associated with areas of livestock production. Once infected, man may remain asymptomatic for a prolonged pe riod but the disease has an important impact on public health owing to the complexity and costs of its treatment. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of environmental E. granulosus infection in rural and peri-urban areas of the town of Los Antiguos, through the detection of antigens in scattered canine feces, and to identify risk factors for transmission. From May-2016 to April-2017, 38 peri-urban and rural farms, defined as "epidemio logical units", were visited; 144 samples of canine feces were analyzed with the copro-ELISA technique. Rural settlers were enrolled in an epidemiological survey on cultural patterns related to hydatidosis. An environmental contamination index of 17.3% was found and 44.7% of the epidemiological units were positive. Risk practices were found, such as domiciliary slaughter (34.2%), canine feeding with raw viscera (52.6%), and lack of dog de worming (86.8%). In turn, about half of the surveyed population ignored the modes of transmission of the infection and the measures to prevent it. This work shows a high infection index in the area and establishes a baseline for future comparisons. It also reinforces the need to implement education, prevention, and control activities at the local level − according to national program guidelines − in order to reduce the prevalence of environmental contamination of the disease.

Microbiología de las infecciones causadas por mordeduras de perros y gatos en personas: una revisión / Microbiology of infections caused by dog and cat bites: a review

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las mordeduras causadas por animales de compañía constituyen el 5% de las heridas traumáticas registradas en los servicios de urgencias. OBJETIVO: Conocer los principales agentes infecciosos presentes en las mordeduras provocadas por perros y gatos, tanto de forma individual como conjunta; así como los factores que favorecen la infección. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pub-Med con la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: (("Bites, Human"[Mesh]) OR "Bites and Stings"[Mesh]) AND "Infection"[Mesh]. Se incluyeron 24 trabajos en la síntesis cualitativa escritos en lengua inglesa o española, casos clínicos o descriptivos y publicados entre los años 2000 y 2019. RESULTADOS: Las especies más frecuentemente aisladas fueron Capnocytophaga canimorsus en perros y Pasteurella multocida en gatos. La existencia de comorbilidades en el individuo, la mordedura en la mano, o la presencia de signos de alteración del estado general del individuo mordido fueron considerados como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de la infección tras la mordedura. CONCLUSIONES: Todos los afectados por mordeduras animales deben recibir asistencia médica y considerar la administración de una pauta de profilaxis antimicrobiana con el fin de reducir el riesgo de shock séptico. Por otro lado, es importante advertir al laboratorio de microbiología de la naturaleza de las muestras clínicas obtenidas para alcanzar el mejor diagnóstico etiológico.

BACKGROUND: Bites caused by pets constitute 5% of the traumatic injuries registered in the emergency services. AIM: To know the main infectious agents present in dog and cat bites, both individually and jointly, in humans, as well as the predisposing factors that favor infection and its spread. METHODS: A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed with the following search strategy: (("Bites, Human" [Mesh]) OR "Bites and Stings" [Mesh]) AND "Infection" [Mesh]. Twenty-four papers were included in the qualitative synthesis written in English or Spanish, clinical or descriptive cases and published between 2000 and 2019. Results: Most frequently isolated species were Capnocytophaga canimorsus in dogs and Pasteurella multocida in cats. The existence of comorbidities in the individual, the bite on the hand, or the presence of signs of alteration of the general state of the bitten individual were considered as risk factors for the development of infection after the bite. CONCLUSIONS: All patients with animal bites should receive medical assistance, and the administration of an antibiotic prophylaxis regimen should be considered to reduce the risk of septic shock. Besides, it is important to advise the microbiology laboratory of the nature of the clinical samples obtained in order to reach the best etiological diagnosis.

Evaluación del efecto analgésico transoperatorio del tramadol comparado con la lidocaína en caninos oncológico / Assessment of the adverse effect of tramadol compared to lidocaine in the oncologic intraoperative in canines

Introducción: El estudio y tratamiento del dolor ha sido una de las preocupaciones más importantes en los últimos 30 años en el ámbito médico mundial. Desde hace varias décadas a nivel internacional se realizan estudios sobre el efecto del tramadol y la lidocaína como analgésicos intraoperatorio, con el fin de obtener una adecuada analgesia durante el procedimiento quirúrgico y el periodo posoperatorio inmediato. Objetivo: Comparar el efecto analgésico del tramadol y la lidocaína durante el período transoperatorio en caninos programados para intervención quirúrgica. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, comparativo, con animales programados para tratamiento quirúrgico por presentar tumores periféricos. Se incluyeron 10 animales divididos en 2 grupos. El grupo control (G-C) que recibió lidocaína sin preservo (lidocaína SP) en infusión continua durante el procedimiento quirúrgico y el grupo 1 (G-1) que se le administró tramadol endovenoso previo al acto quirúrgico. Se evaluaron variables hemodinámicas y de oxigenación como indicadores indirectos de dolor transoperatorio. Resultados: La muestra fue homogénea para la edad y el sexo. El comportamiento de las variables hemodinámicas resultó más estable durante la infusión de lidocaína. La saturación periférica de oxígeno fue similar con ambos medicamentos, así como la temperatura. Conclusiones: La infusión intravenosa de lidocaína SP durante el periodo transoperatorio en caninos oncológico demostró una mejor efectividad analgésica en comparación con el tramadol aplicado preoperatoriamente, según los parámetros evaluados(AU)

Introduction: Study and treatment of pain has been one of the most important concerns in the last thirty years in the worldwide medical field. For several decades, international studies have been carried out on the effect of tramadol and lidocaine as intraoperative analgesics, in order to achieve adequate analgesia during surgical procedures and the immediate postoperative period. Objective: To compare the analgesic effect of tramadol and lidocaine during the intraoperative period in canines scheduled for surgical intervention. Method: A prospective, comparative study was carried out with animals scheduled for surgical treatment due to peripheral tumors. Ten animals were included, divided into two groups: the control group, which received lidocaine without preservation in continuous infusion during the surgical procedure, and group 1, which was administered intravenous tramadol prior to the surgical act. Hemodynamic and oxygenation variables were assessed as indirect indicators of intraoperative pain. Results: The sample was homogeneous for age and sex. The behavior of the hemodynamic variables was more stable during the lidocaine infusion. Peripheral oxygen saturation was similar in both drugs, as well as temperature. Conclusions: Intravenous infusion of lidocaine without preservation during the intraoperative period in oncological canines showed better analgesic effectiveness compared to tramadol applied preoperatively, according to the parameters assessed(AU)

Validation of ELISA with recombinant antigens in serological diagnosis of canine Leishmania infantum infection

BACKGROUND Dogs are the main peridomiciliary reservoir of Leishmania infantum thus the correct diagnosis of infection is essential for the control of the transmission and treatment as well. However, the diagnosis is based on serological assays that are not fully effective. OBJECTIVE We aimed to establish an effective serological assay for the diagnosis of L. infantum infected dogs using Leishmania-derived recombinant antigens. METHODS Leishmania derived rK39-, rK28-, rKR95-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized using symptomatic and asymptomatic L. infantum-infected dogs. Then 2,530 samples from inquiry in endemic areas for VL were evaluated and the results compared with recommended assays by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH algorithm). Further samples from a cohort of 30 dogs were searched. FINDINGS For rK39-, rK28- and rKR95-ELISA the sensitivity was around 97% and specificity 100%. The positivity of these three ELISA in the inquiry samples was 27-28%, around 10% higher than the assays currently in use. When cohort samples were searched, we observed likely false-negative results (> 65%) with supposedly negative samples that turned positive six months later with the assays in use (MH algorithm). MAIN CONCLUSIONS For the diagnosis of L. infantum-infected dogs, rK39-based ELISA showed better diagnostic performance than other assays in use in Brazil and worldwide.

Risk factor analysis associated with Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Western Brazilian Amazon / Análises de fatores de risco associado a Neospora caninum em gado leiteiro na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira

Abstract Neospora caninum is considered to be one of the main causes of abortion among cattle. The present survey was conducted in the municipality of Rolim de Moura, Rondônia State, Brazil. A questionnaire that investigates the epidemiological aspects of neosporosis was used in the analysis of risk factors associated with the animal-level and herd-level prevalence in dairy cattle. A total of 416 bovine blood samples were collected from 30 farms, and N. caninum antibody levels were measured by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). Analysis of dairy cattle serum samples revealed the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies to be 47.36% (n = 197). Risk factors associated with N. caninum infection were the management system and access locations of dogs. The results of the present survey indicated that infection of dairy cattle with N. caninum is widespread in the studied region of Western Amazon, which has implications for prevention and control of neosporosis in this region. Therefore, integrated control strategies and measures are recommended to prevent and control N. caninum infection in dairy cattle. In addition, direct contact between dairy cattle, dogs and wild animals, which can influence the epidemiology of neosporosis, should be investigated further.

Resumo A infecção por Neospora caninum é considerada uma das principais causas de aborto entre bovinos. Esta pesquisa foi realizada no município de Rolim de Moura, estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Um questionário que investiga os aspectos epidemiológicos da neosporose foi utilizado na análise dos fatores de risco associados à prevalência em animais e em rebanhos. Um total de 416 amostras de sangue bovino foi colhido em 30 fazendas, e os níveis de anticorpos de N. caninum foram mensurados pela reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). A análise das amostras mostrou prevalência de anticorpos contra N. caninum de 47,36% (n = 197). Os fatores de risco associados à infecção por N. caninum foram o sistema de manejo e os locais de acesso dos cães. Os resultados da presente pesquisa indicam que a infecção de bovinos leiteiros com N. caninum está disseminada na região estudada da Amazônia Ocidental, o que tem implicações para a prevenção e controle da neosporose nessa região. Portanto, estratégias e medidas de controle integrado são recomendadas para prevenir e controlar a infecção por N. caninum em gado leiteiro. Além disso, o contato íntimo entre gado leiteiro, cães e animais selvagens, pode influenciar a epidemiologia da neosporose e deve ser investigada mais detalhadamente.

Spatial analysis of canine leishmaniasis in an area of transmission of the semi-arid region of the State of Paraíba, Brazil / Análise espacial da leishmaniose canina em uma área de transmissão do semiárido paraíbano, Brasil

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis is a widely distributed zoonosis and canine infection is an important indicator of risk for the occurrence of the disease in humans. The goal of this analysis was to study the spatial clustering of canine leishmaniasis (CL) in the municipality of Santa Luzia, state of Paraíba. For this, 749 samples of canine plasma were tested using three serological tests. The dog was considered positive if it reacted in two serological tests. The location of the residences was performed with a Global Positioning System receiver (GPS Garmin® eTrex 30), and used to perform georeferencing and spatial analysis. The prevalence of CL was 15.49% and it was observed that most cases of the urban area were concentrated in the Frei Damião neighborhood, on the outskirts of the city, where a high-risk cluster for the occurrence of the disease was formed (p = 0.02; RR = 2.48). No statistically significant cluster was observed in rural areas. CL is widely distributed in the municipality of Santa Luzia in a heterogeneous manner and with a tendency to urbanization. The areas identified with high prevalence and highest risk should be prioritized to maximize the efficiency of the Visceral Leishmaniasis Surveillance and Control Program and minimize the chance of new canine and human cases.

Resumo A leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose amplamente distribuída, e a infecção canina é um importante indicador de risco para a ocorrência da doença em humanos. O objetivo foi estudar o comportamento espacial da leishmaniose canina (LC) no município de Santa Luzia, estado da Paraíba. Para tal, 749 amostras de plasma canino foram testadas por meio de três técnicas sorológicas. O cão seria considerado positivo se apresentasse duas sorologias reagentes. A localização das residências foi realizado pelo receptor de Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS Garmin® eTrex 30) e usado para a realização do georreferenciamento e análise espacial. A prevalência da LC foi de 15,49% e observou-se que a maioria dos casos de LC da zona urbana estava concentrada no bairro Frei Damião, localizado na periferia da cidade, onde se formou um cluster de alto risco para ocorrência da doença (p = 0,02; RR = 2,48). Nenhum cluster estatisticamente significativo foi observado na zona rural. A LC está amplamente distribuída no município de Santa Luzia, porém de forma heterogênea e com tendência à urbanização. As áreas identificadas com intensa prevalência e maior risco devem ser priorizadas para maximizar a eficiência do Programa de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral e minimizar a chance de novos casos caninos e humanos.

Phase II validation study of the rK39 ELISA prototype for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil / Estudo de validação da fase II do teste ELISA rK39 para o diagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral canina no Brasil / Estudio de validación de la fase II del test ELISA rK39 para el diagnóstico de la leishmaniasis visceral canina en Brasil

Abstract: Dogs are the main reservoirs in the domestic transmission cycle of visceral leishmaniasis, and the diagnosis is essential for the effectiveness of the control measures recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We assessed the diagnostic performance of the ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN prototype with serum samples from 200 dogs, in triplicate, including symptomatic, oligosymptomatic, asymptomatic, and healthy dogs, originated by two distinct panels (A and B) characterized by parasitological tests as the reference standard. In this study, the prototype kit showed a 99% sensitivity (95%CI: 94.5-100.0) and a 100% specificity (95%CI: 96.4-100.0). The sensitivity of the prototype kit did not vary significantly with the clinical status of the dogs. Considering the final result classification (positive or negative), agreement between the results of repeated tests was almost perfect (kappa = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.98-1.00). ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN is a promising option for the serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.

Resumo: Os cães são os principais reservatórios do ciclo de transmissão domiciliar da leishmaniose visceral, e o diagnóstico é essencial para a efetividade das medidas de controle recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Os autores avaliam o desempenho diagnóstico do protótipo da ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN em amostras sorológicas de 200 cães, em triplicata, incluindo cães sintomáticos, oligossintomáticos e saudáveis, com dois painéis distintos (A e B) caracterizados por testes parasitológicos enquanto referência. No estudo, o kit-protótipo mostrou sensibilidade de 99% (IC95%: 94,5-100,0) e especificidade de 100% (IC95%: 96,4-100,0). A sensibilidade do kit-protótipo não variou de maneira significativa de acordo com o estado clínico dos cães. Considerando a classificação final dos resultados (positivo ou negativo), a concordância entre os resultados dos testes em triplicata foi quase perfeita (kappa = 0,99; IC95%: 0,98-1,00). O protótipo ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN tem o potencial de ser utilizada para o diagnóstico sorológico da leishmaniose visceral canina no Brasil.

Resumen: Los perros son los principales reservorios en el ciclo de transmisión doméstica de la leishmaniasis visceral, por ello el diagnóstico es esencial para la efectividad de las medidas de control recomendadas por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Evaluamos el desempeño diagnóstico de ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN prototipo con muestras de sérum de 200 perros, en triplicado, incluyendo sintomático, oligosintomático, asintomático y perros sanos, originadas por dos paneles distintos (A y B), caracterizados por test parasitológicos como referencia estándar. En este estudio, el kit prototipo mostró un 99% de sensibilidad (IC95%: 94,5-100,0) y un 100% de especificidad (IC95%: 96,4-100,0). La sensibilidad del kit prototipo no varió significativamente con el estatus clínico de los perros. Considerando la clasificación final del resultado (positiva o negativa), el acuerdo entre los resultados de los tests repetidos fue casi perfecto (kappa = 0,99; IC95%: 0,98-1,00). ELISA-Vetlisa/BIOCLIN tiene potencial para ser usado para el diagnóstico serológico de la leishmaniasis visceral canina en Brasil.

Prevalencia de obesidad en caninos entre los años 2015-2018 en el Hospital Veterinario Universitario de Chile: incidencia de obesidad en caninos / Prevalence of obesity in canines between 2015-2018 in a university veterinary hospital in Chile

ANTECEDENTES: La obesidad es un problema con alta prevalencia al día de hoy en los animales de compañía. Estudios sobre prevalencia de obesidad en caninos han sido realizados a nivel mundial, pero hasta ahora no ha habido estudios realizados en Chile. OBJETIVO: Establecer la distribución de la obesidad en nuestro país por medio del estudio retrospectivo de fichas analizadas en pacientes caninos en un hospital de referencia entre 2015 y 2018. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron 3.500 fichas de pacientes nuevos atendidos, de estas fichas se reclutaron 733 pacientes con registro de condición corporal. Se utilizó la escala de 9 puntos, estableciendo condición corporal normal 5 de 9, sobrepeso 6 y 7 de 9; y obesidad 8 y 9 de 9. RESULTADOS: Al evaluar la distribución de la obesidad en pacientes caninos, se encontró la presencia de sobrepeso en un 26%, y obesidad en un 19,3%; en total un 4,3% de los pacientes presentan un estado de condición corporal sobre el ideal. CONCLUSIÓN: La obesidad encontrada en nuestro país corresponde a un poco menos 1/4 de los pacientes estudiados, pero casi un 50% de los pacientes analizados tenían condición corporal sobre el ideal, ambos datos se asemejan a los datos internacionales publicados en los últimos años en caninos.

INTRODUCTION: Studies of the obesity prevalence in canines have been carried out worldwide, but until now there have been no studies carried out in Chile. OBJECTIVE: To establish the distribution of obesity in our country through the retrospective study of records analyzed in canine patients in a reference hospital between 2015 and 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 3500 files of new patients attended were analyzed, from these files 733 patients with a body condition record were recruited. The 9-point scale was used, establishing normal body condition 5 out of 9, overweight 6 and 7 out of 9; and obesity 8 and 9 of 9. RESULTS: When evaluating the distribution of obesity in canine patients, the presence of overweight was found in 26%, and overweight in 19.3%; in total, 45.3% of the patients present a state of body condition above the ideal. CONCLUSION: The obesity found in our country corresponds to a little less 1/4 of the patients studied, but almost 50% of the patients analyzed had body condition above the ideal, both data resemble the international data published in recent years in canines.

Investigation of canine visceral leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area in Brazil and the comparison of serological and molecular diagnostic tests

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in Brazil. Previous identification of parasitized dogs can also help prevent the disease in humans, even in non-endemic areas of the country. The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends diagnosis in dogs using a DPP® (rapid test) as a screening test and an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) as a confirmatory test (DPP®+ELISA), and culling infected dogs as a legal control measure. However, the accuracy of these serological tests has been questioned. METHODS: VL in dogs was investigated in a non-endemic area of the São Paulo state for three consecutive years, and the performances of different diagnostic tests were compared. RESULTS: A total of 331 dog samples were collected in 2015, 373 in 2016, and 347 in 2017. The seroprevalence by DPP®+ELISA was 3.3, 3.2, and 0.3%, respectively, and by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), it was 3.0, 5.6, and 5.5%, respectively. ELISA confirmed 18.4% of DPP® positive samples. The concordance between the IFA and DPP® was 83.9%. The concordance between IFA and DPP®+ELISA was 92.9%. A molecular diagnostic test (PCR) was performed in 63.2% of the seropositive samples, all of which were negative. CONCLUSIONS: In non-endemic areas, diagnostic tests in dogs should be carefully evaluated to avoid false results.