Atypical manifestations of acute coronary syndrome - throat discomfort: a multi-center observational study / 医学前沿

To present the clinical characteristics and the misdiagnosis rate of acute coronary syndrome manifested primarily as throat discomfort, we conducted a multicentric and retrospective study in the cardiology and otorhinolaryngology departments. Records of patients with primary complaint of throat discomfort, absence of chest pain at onset, and an ultimate diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, as well as patients with pharyngitis (as controls) were collected from May 2015 to April 2016. The patients' main manifestations were compared. Logistic regression results showed that chest tightness, dyspnea, perspiring, and exertional throat symptoms were significantly associated with acute coronary syndrome, with odds ratios of 8.3 (95% CI 2.2-31.5), 10.9 (95% CI 1.8-66.9), 25.4 (95% CI 3.6-179.9), and 81.2 (95% CI 13.0-506.7). A total of 25 (56.82%) out of 44 acute coronary syndrome patients, who were first admitted to the otorhinolaryngology department, were misdiagnosed, with a 12% (3/25) mortality rate. Throat discomfort can be the principal manifestation of acute coronary syndrome. Such patients exhibit high misdiagnosis and mortality rates. Exertional throat symptoms, chest tightness, perspiring, and dyspnea were important indicators of acute coronary syndrome in patients whose main complaint was throat discomfort. The awareness of this condition will result in prompt diagnosis and reduce morbidity and mortality.

Effect of Maximal Oxygen Pulse on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study evaluated the effect of maximal oxygen pulse (O 2P max) on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and confirmed the predictive effect on acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD).@*METHODS@#This retrospective study included 91 participants who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), lung function testing, a dyspnea scale assessment, and a 3-year follow-up. The participants were divided into two groups according to the O 2P max value. Exercise capacity, ventilatory conditions, gas exchange efficiency, and dyspnea symptoms were compared, and the correlations between O 2P max and these indices were evaluated. The ability of O 2P max to predict AECOPD was examined.@*RESULTS@#Exercise capacity, ventilatory conditions, and gas exchange efficiency were lower, and dyspnea symptom scores were higher in the impaired O 2P max group ( P < 0.05). O 2P max was positively correlated with forced vital capacity (FVC)%, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1)%, FEV 1/FVC%, anaerobic threshold (AT), work rate (WR)%, aximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max)%, V̇O 2/kg max, V̇O 2/kg max%, WR AT, WR max, V̇O 2AT, V̇O 2max, and V̇ Emax, and was negatively correlated with EqCO 2AT, and EqCO 2max ( P < 0.05). Most importantly, O 2P max could be used to predict AECOPD, and the best cut-off value was 89.5% (area under the curve, 0.739; 95% CI, 0.609-0.869).@*CONCLUSION@#O 2P max reflected exercise capacity, ventilation capacity, gas exchange capacity, and dyspnea symptoms in patients with COPD and may be an independent predictor of AECOPD.

Comportamiento clínico y secuelas de la COVID-19 en niños / Clinical behavior and sequels of COVID-19 in children

La COVID 19 es una enfermedad que, habitualmente, no resulta grave en la edad pediátrica, excepto en niños con comorbilidades significativas subyacentes. Es muy importante reconocer los cuadros post COVID, como el síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico (SIM-C) y la COVID-19 prolongada o long COVID que pueden afectar de manera significativa a la población de niños y adolescentes. La pandemia COVID-19 también ha tenido un fuerte impacto en los aspectos sociales, emocionales y nutricionales. El aislamiento prolongado impactó en los controles de salud de niños y adolescentes con enfermedades crónicas y las coberturas de las vacunas de calendario disminuyeron significativamente. Es claro que la vacunación contra el SARSCov-2 en niños, niñas y adolescentes no sólo busca cuidar de su salud; también busca preservar la vida social y presencialidad escolar, reducir el riesgo de los cuadros post COVID-19 y mejorar la inmunidad de rebaño de la población general.

COVID-19 is a disease that is not usually serious in children, except in children with significant underlying comorbidities. Is very important to recognize post-COVID conditions such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome (SIM-C) and prolonged COVID ­ 19 or long COVID, which can significantly affect the population of children and adolescents. The COVID -19 pandemic has also had a strong impact on social, emotional, and nutritional aspects. Prolonged isolation had an impact on health checkups for children and adolescents with chronic diseases, and coverage of scheduled vaccinations decreased significantly. It is clear that vaccination against SARSCov-2 in children and adolescents not only seeks to take care of their health , it also seeks to preserve social life and school presence, reduce the risk of post-COVID-19 conditions and improve herd immunity in the general population.

Síndrome pos-COVID-19: solo sabemos que sabemos poco / Pos-COVID-19 syndrome: we only know how little we know

La COVID-19 puede producir síntomas persistentes luego de la infección inicial. En cuadros más graves, pueden corresponder a la evolución propia de una patología crítica o a secuelas inflamatorias/fibróticas pulmonares, entre otras. Esto puede confirmarse por estudios respiratorios e imagenológicos. En el caso de la COVID-19 no grave, el denominado síndrome pos-COVID-19, se trata de síntomas persistentes luego de al menos 28 días sin una secuela orgánica clara. Los síntomas más comunes en este caso son fatiga, cefalea y disnea, que pueden persistir meses luego de la infección inicial. Su curso puede ser oscilante e incluso aumentar progresivamente. El espectro de síntomas es muy amplio y requiere una adecuada evaluación del paciente. Se cree que tiene su origen en la desregulación inmunológica luego de la infección inicial. Su evaluación y seguimiento requieren un adecuado manejo sintomático y acompañamiento por el profesional a cargo. (AU)

Patients who underwent COVID-19 can develop persisting symptoms and sequelae. Severe cases may exhibit systemic complications of critical care and/or inflammatory/fibrotic lung injury. Imaging and respiratory function tests can assist in the evaluation of both. Nonsevere cases can also develop persisting symptoms for more than 28 days, which has been defined as the post COVID-19 syndrome. The most common symptoms in said syndrome are fatigue, headache and dyspnea, which can last for months. Its course can be oscillating or even increase progressively within the first months. The considerable range of symptoms requires proper patient assessment. Post-infectious immune disregulation is believed to be the source of this syndrome. Proper assessment and followup warrant measured symptom management and emphatic care by the attending physician. (AU)

Dyspnea and COVID-19: A Review of Confounding Diagnoses during the Postpartum Period / Dispneia e COVID-19: uma revisão de diagnósticos confundidores no período pós-parto

Abstract The puerperium is a complex period that begins with placental delivery and lasts for 6 weeks, during which readaptation of the female organism and redistribution of blood volume occur. This period is conducive to the occurrence of thromboembolic events. In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the virus responsible for COVID-19, the attention of the scientific community and health professionals has been focused on obtaining insights on different aspects of this disease, including etiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment. Regarding the pregnancy-postpartum cycle, it is opportune to review the clinical conditions that can occur during this period and to investigate dyspnea as a postpartum symptom in order to avoid its immediate association with COVID-19 without further investigation, which can lead to overlooking the diagnosis of other important and occasionally fatal conditions.

Resumo O puerpério é um período complexo que se inicia com a dequitação placentária e dura por 6 semanas, no qual a readaptação do organismo materno e a redistribuição do volume sanguíneo ocorrem, além de ser também um cenário propício para eventos pró-trombóticos. No contexto da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, vírus responsável pela COVID-19, a atenção da comunidade científica e dos profissionais da saúde está voltada a elucidar os aspectos da doença, como a etiologia, a transmissão, o diagnóstico e o tratamento. Considerando o ciclo gravídico-puerperal, é oportuna a revisão de condições clínicas que ocorrem durante este período e que apresentam a dispneia como sintoma, a fimde evitar que ela seja automaticamente associada à COVID-19 sem investigações aprofundadas, o que pode levar à negligência do diagnóstico de outras condições importantes e que podem ser, por vezes, fatais.

Relação do tempo de trânsito faríngeo e presença de resíduo com dispneia e função pulmonar na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Relationship of pharyngeal transition time and presence of residue with dyspnea and lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

RESUMO Objetivo Relacionar o tempo de trânsito faríngeo e a presença de resíduos com a dispneia e a função pulmonar em indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica DPOC. Método Estudo realizado com 19 adultos (11 homens e 8 mulheres) com diagnóstico clínico e espirométrico de DPOC e idade média de 63,8 (±9,3) anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada utilizando o questionário COPD Assessment Test (CAT, Teste de Avaliação da DPOC) a escala de dispneia do Medical Research Council modificada (mMRC) e um manovacuômetro digital, para caracterizar o impacto da doença no indivíduo, a dispneia e a função pulmonar. Os dados referentes ao tempo de trânsito faríngeo e resíduo faríngeo foram coletados por meio de análise das imagens videofluoroscópicas realizada por três juízes cegados. Resultados Não foram encontradas relações significativas entre tempo de trânsito faríngeo (TTF) com função pulmonar (r = -0,71), e entre presença de resíduo faríngeo com a dispneia (r= -0,06). O TTF, quando comparado com a normalidade, apresentou-se aumentado. Conclusão Os indivíduos com DPOC, independente da gravidade da doença, não manifestaram associação entre alterações no TTF e resíduo faríngeo e dispneia e função pulmonar.

ABSTRACT Purpose To relate pharyngeal transit time and the presence of residues with dyspnea and lung function in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD. Methods Study conducted with 19 adults (11 men, 8 women) with a clinical and spirometric diagnosis of COPD and a mean age of 63.8 years (SD = 9.3). Data collection was performed using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) questionnaire, the modified Medical Research Council scale (mMRC) and a digital manovacuometer, to characterize the impact of the disease on the individual, dyspnea and lung function. The data related to pharyngeal transit time and pharyngeal residue were collected through the analysis of videofluoroscopic images performed by three blinded judges. Results No significant relationship was found between pharyngeal transit time (PTT) with lung function (r = -0.71), pharyngeal residue and dyspnea (r = -0.06). PTT, when compared to normality, was increased. Conclusion Individuals with COPD, regardless of the severity of the disease, showed no association between PTT and pharyngeal residue and dyspnea and lung function.

Respiratory symptoms (COPD Assessment Test and modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scores) and GOLD-ABCD COPD classification: the LASSYC study / Sintomas respiratórios (Teste de Avaliação da DPOC e pontuação modificada de dispneia do Conselho de Pesquisa Médica) e classificação GOLD-ABCD COPD: o estudo LASSYC

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the frequency and severity of 24-hour respiratory symptoms according to COPD GOLD-ABCD classification (2017-version), the distribution of the patients with COPD into GOLD categories using mMRC (≥2) or CAT (≥10) scores, and agreement between these cut-off points. Methods In this cross-sectional study (LASSYC study), 24-hour day respiratory symptoms were assessed by the Evaluating Respiratory Symptoms in COPD (E-RS) questionnaire, Nighttime Symptoms of COPD Instrument (NiSCI), Early Morning Symptoms of COPD Instrument (EMSCI), CAT and mMRC scores. Results Among the 734 patients with COPD, 61% were male, age 69.6±8.7 years, FEV1% post-BD 49.1±17.5%, mMRC 1.8±1.0 and CAT 15.3±.8.1. By mMRC 33.7% were group-A, 29.2% group-B, 10.2% group-C and 26.9% group-D. By CAT 22.3% were group-A, 41% group-B, 4.8% group-C and 31.9% group-D. Using the mMRC the severity of E-RS, NiSCI and EMSCI scores increased from group A to D. Using the CAT, the groups B and D had the higher scores. Agreement between mMRC and CAT was 89.5% (Kappa statistics=75.7%). For mMRC score of 2, CAT score of ≥11 showed the maximum Youden's index (1.34). For mMRC score of 1, CAT score of ≥9 and ≥10 showed the maximum Youden's index (1.48). Conclusion GOLD COPD classification by CAT seems to better discriminate 24-hour symptoms. Results do not support the equivalent use of CAT≥10 and mMRC≥2 for assessing symptoms.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a frequência e gravidade dos sintomas respiratórios de 24 horas de acordo com a classificação COPD GOLD-ABCD (versão 2017), a distribuição dos pacientes com DPOC nas categorias GOLD usando escores mMRC (≥2) ou CAT (≥10) e concordância entre esses pontos de corte. Métodos Neste estudo transversal (estudo LASSYC), os sintomas respiratórios diários de 24 horas foram avaliados pelo questionário Avaliando os Sintomas Respiratórios em DPOC (Evaluating Respiratory Symptoms - E-RS), Instrumento de Sintomas Noturnos de DPOC (Nighttime Symptoms of COPD Instrument -NiSCI), Instrumento de Sintomas Matinais de DPOC (Early Morning Symptoms of COPD Instrument - EMSCI), pontuações CAT e mMRC. Resultados Entre os 734 pacientes com DPOC, 61% eram do sexo masculino, idade 69,6 ± 8,7 anos, VEF1% pós-BD 49,1 ± 17,5%, mMRC 1,8 ± 1,0 e CAT 15,3 ± 0,8,1. Por mMRC 33,7% eram do grupo A, 29,2% do grupo B, 10,2% do grupo C e 26,9% do grupo D. Por CAT, 22,3% eram do grupo A, 41% do grupo B, 4,8% do grupo C e 31,9% do grupo D. Usando o mMRC, a gravidade dos escores E-RS, NiSCI e EMSCI aumentou do grupo A para D. Usando o CAT, os grupos B e D tiveram os escores mais altos. A concordância entre mMRC e CAT foi de 89,5% (estatística Kappa = 75,7%). Para a pontuação mMRC de 2, a pontuação CAT ≥11 mostrou o índice de Youden máximo (1,34). Para a pontuação mMRC de 1, a pontuação CAT ≥9 e ≥10 mostrou o índice de Youden máximo (1,48). Conclusão A classificação GOLD COPD por CAT parece discriminar melhor os sintomas de 24 horas. Os resultados não suportam o uso equivalente de CAT≥10 e mMRC≥2 para avaliação dos sintomas.

Pulmonology approach in the investigation of chronic unexplained dyspnea / Abordagem pneumológica na investigação de dispneia crônica inexplicada

ABSTRACT Chronic unexplained dyspnea and exercise intolerance represent common, distressing symptoms in outpatients. Clinical history taking and physical examination are the mainstays for diagnostic evaluation. However, the cause of dyspnea may remain elusive even after comprehensive diagnostic evaluation-basic laboratory analyses; chest imaging; pulmonary function testing; and cardiac testing. At that point (and frequently before), patients are usually referred to a pulmonologist, who is expected to be the main physician to solve this conundrum. In this context, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), to assess physiological and sensory responses from rest to peak exercise, provides a unique opportunity to unmask the mechanisms of the underlying dyspnea and their interactions with a broad spectrum of disorders. However, CPET is underused in clinical practice, possibly due to operational issues (equipment costs, limited availability, and poor remuneration) and limited medical education regarding the method. To counter the latter shortcoming, we aspire to provide a pragmatic strategy for interpreting CPET results. Clustering findings of exercise response allows the characterization of patterns that permit the clinician to narrow the list of possible diagnoses rather than pinpointing a specific etiology. We present a proposal for a diagnostic workup and some illustrative cases assessed by CPET. Given that airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary vascular disorders, which are within the purview of pulmonology, are common causes of chronic unexplained dyspnea, we also aim to describe the role of bronchial challenge tests and the diagnostic reasoning for investigating the pulmonary circulation in this context.

RESUMO A dispneia crônica inexplicada e a intolerância ao exercício representam sintomas comuns e angustiantes em pacientes ambulatoriais. O histórico clínico e o exame físico são as bases da avaliação diagnóstica. No entanto, a causa da dispneia pode permanecer inexplicada mesmo após uma avaliação diagnóstica abrangente - análises laboratoriais básicas, exames de imagem do tórax, testes de função pulmonar e testes cardíacos. Nesse momento (e frequentemente antes), os pacientes geralmente são encaminhados a um pneumologista, o qual se espera que seja o principal médico para a resolução desse enigma. Nesse contexto, o teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (TECP), para avaliação de respostas fisiológicas e sensoriais do repouso ao pico do exercício, proporciona uma oportunidade única de desvendar os mecanismos subjacentes à dispneia e as interações desses mecanismos com um amplo espectro de distúrbios. No entanto, o TECP é subutilizado na prática clínica, possivelmente por questões operacionais (custos dos equipamentos, disponibilidade limitada e baixa remuneração) e limitação da formação médica em relação ao método. Para enfrentar esta última deficiência, almejamos fornecer uma estratégia pragmática para a interpretação dos resultados do TECP. O agrupamento dos achados da resposta ao exercício permite a caracterização de padrões que possibilitam ao clínico restringir a lista de possíveis diagnósticos, em vez de apontar uma etiologia específica. Apresentamos uma proposta de avaliação diagnóstica e alguns casos ilustrativos avaliados por TECP. Como a hiper-responsividade das vias aéreas e os distúrbios vasculares pulmonares, que são da competência da pneumologia, são causas comuns de dispneia crônica inexplicada, também objetivamos descrever o papel dos testes de broncoprovocação e o raciocínio diagnóstico para a investigação da circulação pulmonar nesse contexto.

Paraganglioma Cardíaco: reporte de un caso / Cardiac Paraganglioma: case report

Abstract: A 49-year-old woman presented with dyspnea and palpitations, leading to Functional Class III.An echocardiogram showed a heterogeneous mass adhered to the right heart cavities. This was confirmed by NMR. A large right coronary artery was occluded in relation to the tumor, which was hyper vascularized. Resection of the tumor was performed; the right ventricular wall was sutured, and an atrial defect was closed using pericardial tissue. Post operative course was uneventful and she was asymptomatic 4 years after surgery.

Panic disorder respiratory subtype: psychopathology and challenge tests - an update

Panic disorder (PD) pathophysiology is very heterogeneous, and the discrimination of distinct subtypes could be very useful. A subtype based on respiratory symptoms is known to constitute a specific subgroup. However, evidence to support the respiratory subtype (RS) as a distinct subgroup of PD with a well-defined phenotype remains controversial. Studies have focused on characterization of the RS based on symptoms and response to CO2. In this line, we described clinical and biological aspects focused on symptomatology and CO2 challenge tests in PD RS. The main symptoms that characterize RS are dyspnea (shortness of breath) and a choking sensation. Moreover, patients with the RS tended to be more responsive to CO2 challenge tests, which triggered more panic attacks in this subgroup. Future studies should focus on discriminating respiratory-related clusters and exploring psychophysiological and neuroimaging outcomes in order to provide robust evidence to confirm RS as a distinct subtype of PD.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with covid-19 in a tertiary care center in Mexico City: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Background: Regional information regarding the characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is needed for a better understanding of the pandemic. Objective: The objective of the study to describe the clinical features of COVID-19 patients diagnosed in a tertiary-care center in Mexico City and to assess differences according to the treatment setting (ambulatory vs. hospital) and to the need of intensive care (IC). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort, including consecutive patients with COVID-19 from February 26, 2020 to April 11, 2020. Results: We identified 309 patients (140 inpatients and 169 outpatients). The median age was 43 years (interquartile range, 33-54), 59.2% men, and 18.6% healthcare workers (12.3% from our center). The median body mass index (BMI) was 29.00 kg/m2 and 39.6% had obesity. Compared to outpatients, inpatients were older, had comorbidities, cough, and dyspnea more frequently. Twenty-nine (20.7%) inpatients required treatment in the IC unit (ICU). History of diabetes (type 1 or 2) and abdominal pain were more common in ICU patients compared to non-ICU patients. ICU patients had higher BMIs, higher respiratory rates, and lower room-air capillary oxygen saturations. ICU patients showed a more severe inflammatory response as assessed by white blood cell count, neutrophil and platelet count, C-reactive protein, ferritin, procalcitonin, and albumin levels. By the end of the study period, 65 inpatients had been discharged because of improvement, 70 continued hospitalized, and five had died. Conclusions: Patients with comorbidities, either middle-age obese or elderly complaining of fever, cough, or dyspnea, were more likely to be admitted. At admission, patients with diabetes, high BMI, and clinical or laboratory findings consistent with a severe inflammatory state were more likely to require IC.

COVID-19 en la terapia intensiva: Análisis de la experiencia durante el primer mes de la pandemia / COVID-19 in the intensive care unit. Analysis of the experience during the first month of pandemic

Se trata de un análisis de características clínicas, hallazgos radiológicos, variables de laboratorio y mecánica respiratoria en pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) durante el primer mes de la pandemia en Buenos Aires. Es un estudio descriptivo de casos, de un solo centro. Se incluyeron todos los casos confirmados de COVID-19 internados en la unidad de terapia intensiva de adultos (UTIA) del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Todos los casos se confirmaron por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa. Un total de 7 pacientes con COVID-19 fueron atendidos en la UTIA. La mediana de edad fue de 71 años (intervalos intercuartílicos: 52-75), 4 hombres y 3 mujeres. Las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes fueron fiebre (7), tos (5), astenia (4) y disnea (3). Entre los hallazgos radiológicos, cinco de ellos mostraron opacidades intersticiales y un paciente consolidación pulmonar bilateral. Cinco requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva y múltiples sesiones de decúbito prono. Ninguno murió durante la hospitalización, aunque aún tres permanecen en UCI.

This is an analysis of clinical characteristics, images findings, laboratory variables and respiratory mechanics in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the first month of the pandemic outbreak in Buenos Aires. In this descriptive case study of a single-centre, we included all confirmed cases of COVID-19 hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU). All cases were confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A total of 7 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were referred to out ICU. The median age was 71 years (interquartile range 52-75), including 4 men and 3 women. Patients most common clinical manifestations were fever (7), cough (5), asthenia (4) and shortness of breath (3). Among the radiological findings, five of them showed interstitial opacities and one patient had bilateral pulmonary consolidation. Five required invasive mechanical ventilation and multiple prone sessions. None died during hospitalization, although three still remain in the ICU. According to imaging examination, 71.4% showed interstitial opacities and one patient bilateral consolidation. Five patients required invasive mechanical ventilation and multiple prone sessions. None of them died during hospitalization, although three still remain in the ICU.

Enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) en terapia intensiva: informe de un caso / Coronavirus disease (covid-19) in critical care: a case report

Una de las características de la afección pulmonar por enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) es la disociación entre la gravedad de la hipoxemia y el mantenimiento de una mecánica respiratoria relativamente conservada. En este contexto se ha establecido una teoría en relación con dos fenotipos de pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio del adulto (SDRA): un fenotipo Low, caracterizado por baja elastancia y baja reclutabilidad, y un fenotipo High, con características de alta elastancia y alta reclutabilidad. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que cursó internación en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos de nuestro hospital, con clínica, mecánica ventilatoria y patrón tomográfico compatible con el fenotipo Low de SDRA por COVID-19. (AU)

Dissociation between severity of hypoxemia and relative preserved respiratory mechanics is a characteristic observed in lung impairment due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Patients with COVID-19 that present adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are identified for one of two phenotypes according to a theory recently established. The Low phenotype is distinguished by low elastance and low recruitability; and the High phenotype, by high elastance and high recruitability. The case describes a patient admitted in the adult Intensive Care Unit of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires with observed symptoms, ventilatory mechanics and tomographic pattern that are compatible with Low phenotype of ARDS due to COVID-19. (AU)