Efficacy comparison among high risk factors questionnaire and Asia-Pacific colorectal screening score and their combinations with fecal immunochemical test in screening advanced colorectal tumor / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects of high risk factors questionnaire (HRFQ), Asia-Pacific colorectal screening (APCS) score and their combinations with fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in screening advanced colorectal neoplasia, in order to provide an evidence for further optimization of cancer screening program. Methods: A retrospective cohort study method was used to summarize and analyze the results of colorectal tumor screening in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province from March 2017 to July 2018. Those with severe diseases that were not suitable for colonoscopy and those with mental and behavioral abnormalities who can not cooperate with the screening were excluded. Those who met any one or more of the followings in the HRFQ questionnaire were classified as high-risk people of HRFQ: (1) first-degree relatives with a history of colorectal cancer; (2) subjects with a history of cancer or any other malignant tumor; (3) subjects with a history of intestinal polyps; (4) those with two or more of the followings: chronic constipation (constipation lasted for more than 2 months per year in the past two years), chronic diarrhea (diarrhea lasted for more than 3 months in the past two years, and the duration of each episode was more than one week), mucus and bloody stools, history of adverse life events (occurring within the past 20 years and causing greater trauma or distress to the subject after the event), history of chronic appendicitis or appendectomy, history of chronic biliary disease or cholecystectomy. In this study, those who were assessed as high risk by HRFQ were recorded as "HRFQ (+)", and those who were not at high risk were recorded as "HRFQ (-)". The APCS questionnaire provided risk scores based on 4 risk factors including age, gender, family history and smoking: (1) age: 2 points for 50-69 years old, 3 points for 70 years old and above; (2) gender: 1 point for male, 0 point for women; (3) family history: 2 points for first-degree relatives suffering from colorectal cancer; (4) smoking: 1 point for current or past smoking, 0 point for non-smokers. The population was divided into low-risk (0-1 point), intermediate-risk (2-3 points), and high-risk (4-7 points). Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS were recorded as "APCS (+)", and those with intermediate and low risk were recorded as "APCS (-)". The hemoglobin threshold for a positive FIT was set to 100 μg/L. Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS with positive FIT were recorded as "APCS+FIT (+)". Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS with negative FIT, those who were assessed by APCS as low-middle risk with positive FIT, and those who were assessed by APCS as low-middle with negative FIT were all recorded as "APCS+FIT(-)". Observation indicators in this study were as follows: (1) the screening compliance rate of the cohort and the detection of advanced colorectal tumors; (2) positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of HRFQ and APCS and their combination with FIT for screening advanced colorectal tumors; (3) comparison of the detection rate between HRFQ and APCS questionnaire for different colorectal lesions. Using SPSS 21.0 software, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the clinical value of HRFQ and APCS combined with FIT in screening advanced colorectal tumors. Results: From 2017 to 2018 in Jiashan County, a total of 53 268 target subjects were screened, and 42 093 people actually completed the questionnaire, with a compliance rate of 79.02%. A total of 8145 cases underwent colonoscopy. A total of 3607 cases among HRFQ positive population (5320 cases) underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 67. 80%; 8 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 88 cases were advanced colorectal adenoma. A total of 2977 cases among APCS positive population (11 942 cases) underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 24.93%; 17 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 148 cases were advanced colorectal adenoma. The positive rate of HRFQ screening was lower than that of APCS [12.6% (5320/42 093) vs. 28.4% (11 942/42 093), χ2=3195. 547, P<0.001]. In the FIT positive population (6223 cases), a total of 4894 cases underwent colonoscopy, and the colonoscopy compliance rate was 78.64%; 34 cases were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 224 cases were advanced adenoma. The positive predictive values of HRFQ and APCS and their combination with FIT for screening advanced colorectal tumors were 2.67%, 5.54%, 5.44%, and 8.56%; negative predictive values were 94.89%, 96.85%, 96.11% and 96.99%; sensitivity was 29.27%, 50.30%, 12.20 % and 39.02%; specificity was 55.09%, 64.03%, 91.11% and 82.51%, respectively. The ROC curves constructed by HRFQ, APCS, FIT, HRFQ+FIT and APCS+FIT indicated that APCS+FIT presented the highest efficacy in screening advanced colorectal tumors (AUC: 0.608, 95%CI: 0.574-0.642). The comparison of the detection rates of different colorectal lesions between HRFQ and APCS questionnaires showed that there were no significant differences in detection rate of inflammatory polyps and hyperplastic polyps between the two questionnaires (both P>0.05). However, as compared to HRFQ questionnaire, APCS questionnaire had higher detection rates in non-advanced adenomas [26.10% (777/2977) vs. 19.43% (701/3607), χ2=51.228, P<0.001], advanced adenoma [4.97% (148/2977) vs. 2.44% (88/3607), χ2=30.249, P<0.001] and colorectal cancer [0.57% (17 /2977) vs. 0.22% (8/3607), χ2=5.259, P=0.022]. Conclusions: APCS has a higher detection rate of advanced colorectal tumors than HRFQ. APCS combined with FIT can further improve the effectiveness of advanced colorectal tumor screening.

Preliminary results of low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer in asymptomatic participants / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Low dose computed tomography (LDCT) is the best method for early diagnosis of lung cancer. Even though it has been widely used in clinic, the selection of screening objects and the management scheme of pulmonary nodules are still not unified among research institutions. This study aims to evaluate the effect of LDCT in detection effect and follow-up process for pulmonary nodules in asymptomatic participants.@*METHODS@#A total of 1 600 asymptomatic participants (37 to 82 years old), who came from Yantian District People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, received LDCT. The lung nodules were categorized into positive nodules and semi-positive nodules, and according to the density of positive nodules they were categorized into 4 types: solid nodules (SN), partial solid nodules (pSN), pure ground glass nodules (pGGN), and pleural nodules (PN). The number, detection rate, imaging findings, follow-up change of lung nodules, and the postoperative pathological results of positive nodules were recorded and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Lung nodules were found in 221 cases by LDCT. The total detection rate of lung nodule was 13.8% (221/1 600), and the detection rate in positive nodules was 4.9% (79/1 600). The detected nodules were mainly single (173 cases), solid (133 cases) and semi-positive nodules (142 cases). Most of nodules (177 cases) had no change in the follow-up process. The enlargement and/or increased density of nodules (5 cases) were lung cancer. Pathological results were obtained in 10 cases, 8 cases were malignant (1 small cell lung cancer and 7 adenocarcinomas), 2 cases were benign (cryptococcal infection and alveolar epithelial dysplasia). The detection rate of lung cancer was 0.5% (8/1 600), and the proportion of early lung cancer was 75% (6/8).@*CONCLUSIONS@#LDCT screening can identify and increase the detection rate in the early lung cancer, which is an effective screening method. It is safe and feasible to take regular follow-up and re-examination for nodules with diameter less than 5 mm. When the size and or density of nodule increases, it indicates the malignant prognosis of the nodule and timely clinical intervention is needed.

Analysis of lung cancer screening through low-dose spiral computed tomography among petroleum company staffs in Sichuan-Chongqing Area in 2020 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To provide scientific evidence for early lung cancer screening, to analyze the incidence of pulmonary nodules among petroleum company staffs in Sichuan-Chongqing Area. Methods: In January 2021 , 6002 petroleum company staffs in Sichuan-Chongqing Area which scanned by low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) of chest in medical examination center in 2020 were retrospectively collected as objects. Their imaging and clinical data were collected. χ(2) test was used to analyze the differences in the detection rates of lung nodules and suspected lung cancer nodules among workers in petroleum company staffs of different genders, ages and types of work. Results: Among the 6002 objects, 3853 (64.2%) were male and 2149 (35.8%) were female, with an average age of (47.25±12.13) years old. A total of 431 cases (7.2%) of pulmonary nodules and 57 cases (0.9%) of suspected lung cancer nodules were detected. 45 cases were followed up with surgical treatment, and 41 cases (91.1%) of lung cancer were diagnosed by postoperative pathology. There were significant differences in the detection rates of pulmonary nodules and suspected lung cancer nodules between different age groups (χ(2)=51.23, 18.81 , P<0.001). The detection rates of pulmonary nodules in the age groups 51-60 years old and ≥61 years old were higher than those in the age groups≤40 years old and 41-50 years old (P<0.05). The detection rate of suspected lung cancer nodules in the age group≥ 61 years old was higher than those in the age groups≤40 years old, 41-50 years old and 51-60 years old (P< 0.05) . And the detection rate of suspected lung cancer pulmonary nodules in oil workers was higher than that of ordinary workers (P<0.05) . Among female objects, the detection rate of pulmonary nodules in oil workers was higher than that in ordinary workers (χ(2)=8.09, P=0.004) . The detection rate of pulmonary nodules in oil workers aged ≥61 years old was higher than ordinary workers (χ(2)=37.94, P<0.001) . Among male objects, the detection rate of suspected lung cancer pulmonary nodules in oil workers was higher than that in ordinary workers (χ(2)=8.42, P=0.004) . The detection rates of suspected lung cancer pulmonary nodules in oil workers aged 51-60 years old and ≥61 years old groups were higher than those of ordinary workers (χ(2)=4.70, 8.74; P=0.030, 0.003) . Conclusion: LDCT is suitable for early lung cancer screening for petroleum company staffs. During the clinical screening process, LDCT should be used as a routine physical examination item for petroleum workers older than 51 years old.

Performance of point-of-care testing for cervical cancer screening / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the performance of point-of-care testing for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions screening. Methods: In September 2020, 197 and 273 women were selected by using simple random sampling method from "self-sampling" cohort and "physician-sampling" cohort established in Xiangyuan county, Shanxi Province, China, respectively. Cervical exfoliated cells were collected by women themselves or gynecologists. All samples were detected by POCT and women with positive result were directly referred for colposcopy. Subsequently, all the samples were detected by careHPV and PCR test. Colposcopy and punch biopsy were performed for women with POCT negative but careHPV or PCR test positive at another visit. Using histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard, we calculated sensitivity, specificity and drew the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The accuracy of POCT was analyzed and compared to that of careHPV and conventional PCR test in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions screening. Results: The median (Q1 , Q3) age of 470 women was 51 (45, 57) years old. Based on self-sampling, the sensitivity and specificity of POCT for CIN2+ were 100.00% (95%CI: 56.56%-100.00%) and 28.95% (95%CI: 22.97%-35.76%), respectively. Compared with POCT, POCT HPV16/18 test had similar sensitivity and higher specificity of 89.47% (95%CI: 84.30%-93.08%). Self-sampling POCT HPV16/18 test had an AUC of 0.947 (95%CI:0.910-0.985), which was higher than that of careHPV and PCR test. Physician-sampling POCT test had 100.00% sensitivity (95%CI: 64.57%-100.00%) and 55.85% specificity (95%CI: 49.83%-61.70%) for detecting CIN2+. POCT HPV16/18 test had lower sensitivity (71.43%, 95%CI: 35.90%-91.76%) and higher specificity (92.45%, 95%CI: 88.63%-95.06%). POCT HPV16/18 test generally showed similar AUC on both self-collected samples and clinician-collected samples (0.947 vs 0.819, P=0.217). Conclusion: POCT HPV16/18 test is an effective method with relatively high sensitivity and specificity for cervical cancer screening.

China guideline for the screening, early detection and early treatment of gastric cancer (2022, Beijing) / 中华肿瘤杂志

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major digestive tract malignancy in China, which seriously threatens the health of Chinese population. A large number of researches have demons-trated that screening, early detection and early treatment are effective in reducing the incidence and mortality of GC. The development of the guideline for GC screening, early detection and early treatment in line with epidemic characteristics of GC in China will greatly promote the homogeneity and standardization, and improve the effect of GC screening. This guideline was commissioned by the Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention of the National Health Commission. The National Cancer Center of China initiated and convened a working group comprising multidisciplinary experts. Following the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development, this guideline combined the most up-to-date evidence of GC screening, China's national conditions, and practical experience in cancer screening. This guideline provided evidence-based recommendations with respect to the screening population, technology and procedure management, aiming to improve the effect of GC screening and provide scientific evidence for the GC prevention and control in China.

China guideline for the screening, early detection and early treatment of esophageal cancer (2022, Beijing) / 中华肿瘤杂志

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a major digestive tract malignancy in China, which seriously threatens the health of Chinese population. A large number of researches have demonstrated that screening and early detection are effective in reducing the incidence and mortality of EC. The development of the guideline for EC screening and early detection in line with epidemic characteristics of EC in China will greatly promote the homogeneity and standardization, and improve the effect of EC screening. This guideline was commissioned by the Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention of the National Health Commission. The National Cancer Center of China initiated and convened a working group comprising multidisciplinary experts. Following the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development, this guideline combined the most up-to-date evidence of EC screening, China's national conditions, and practical experience in cancer screening. This guideline provided evidence-based recommendations with respect to the screening population, technology and procedure management, aiming to improve the effect of EC screening and provide scientific evidence for the EC prevention and control in China.

Avaliação das ações de controle do câncer de colo do útero no Brasil e regiões a partir dos dados registrados no Sistema Único de Saúde / Evaluation of cervical cancer control actions within Brazil and its regions based on data recorded in the Brazilian Unified National Health System / Evaluación de las acciones de control del cáncer de cuello uterino en Brasil y regiones con base en los datos registrados en el Sistema Único de Salud

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a realização de exames de rastreamento e diagnóstico para o câncer de colo do útero entre mulheres de 25 e 64 anos, bem como o atraso para o início do tratamento no Brasil e suas regiões geográficas no período de 2013 a 2020. As informações sobre os procedimentos e as estimativas populacionais foram obtidas nos sistemas de informações do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS). Foram calculados indicadores de cobertura do exame de Papanicolau, os percentuais de exames citopatológicos e histopatológicos alterados, e o percentual de mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer do colo do útero tratadas com mais de 60 dias. Houve grande variação na cobertura do exame de Papanicolau entre as regiões brasileiras com tendência de declínio a partir de 2013, agudizada de 2019 para 2020. O número registrado de exames citopatológicos alterados foi 40% inferior ao estimado e a diferença entre o número registrado de diagnósticos de câncer e o estimado menor que 50%. O percentual das mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer invasivo do colo do útero que iniciaram o tratamento após 60 dias variou entre 50% na Região Sul a 70% na Região Norte, com diminuição a partir de 2018. Em 2020, houve retração do número de exames de rastreamento e de seguimento com diminuição da proporção de mulheres com atraso para o início do tratamento nas regiões Norte, Sudeste e Sul. A queda na cobertura do rastreamento e o seguimento inadequado de mulheres com resultados alterados indicam a necessidade de aprimorar as estratégias de detecção precoce da doença e estabelecer mecanismos de avaliação e monitoramento constante das ações.

This study analyzes the performance of screening and diagnosis tests for cervical cancer among women aged 25 to 64 years, as well as the delay for the initiation of treatment within Brazil and in its geographic regions, from 2013 to 2020. Information on populational procedures and estimates was obtained from the information systems of the Brazilian Unified National Health System and the Brazilian National Supplementary Health Agency. We calculated the coverage indicators of the Pap smear, the percentages of altered cytopathological and histopathological tests, and the percentage of women diagnosed with cervical cancer with over 60 days of treatment. There was great variation in the coverage of the Pap smear test among the Brazilian regions with a downward trend from 2013, which was aggravated from 2019 to 2020. The number of altered cytopathological tests was 40% lower than estimated, and the difference between the recorded number of cancer diagnoses and the estimated number of patients was below 50%. The percentage of women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer, who started treatment after 60 days, ranged from 50% in the South to 70% in the North Region with a decrease from 2018. In 2020, there was a decrease in the number of screening and follow-up tests, reducing the proportion of women delayed in starting treatment in the North, Southeast, and South regions. The decline in screening coverage and inadequate follow-up of women with altered results indicate the need to improve early detection strategies for the disease and establish mechanisms for constant evaluation and monitoring of actions.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el desempeño de las pruebas de detección y diagnóstico de cáncer de cuello uterino entre mujeres de 25 a 64 años, así como el retraso en el inicio del tratamiento en Brasil y en sus regiones geográficas en el período entre el 2013 y el 2020. La información sobre los procedimientos y las estimaciones poblacionales se obtuvo de los sistemas de información del Sistema Único de Salud y de la Agencia Nacional de Salud Complementaria. Se calcularon indicadores de cobertura de la prueba de Papanicolaou, los porcentajes de exámenes citopatológicos e histopatológicos alterados y el porcentaje de mujeres con diagnóstico de cáncer de cuello uterino sometidas a tratamiento por más de 60 días. Hubo una gran variación en la cobertura de la prueba de Papanicolaou entre las regiones brasileñas, con tendencia a la disminución a partir del 2013, agudizada del 2019 al 2020. El número registrado de exámenes citopatológicos alterados fue un 40% inferior al estimado, y la diferencia entre el número registrado de diagnósticos de cáncer y el estimado fue menor al 50%. El porcentaje de mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de cuello uterino invasivo que comenzaron el tratamiento después de 60 días varió del 50% en la Región Sur al 70% en la Región Norte, con una disminución a partir del 2018. En el 2020, hubo una retracción en el número de exámenes de detección y seguimiento, con una disminución en la proporción de mujeres con retraso en el inicio del tratamiento en las regiones Norte, Sudeste y Sur. La reducción en la cobertura de la detección y el seguimiento inadecuado de las mujeres con resultados alterados indican la necesidad de mejorar las estrategias de detección temprana de la enfermedad y establecer mecanismos de evaluación y seguimiento constante de las acciones.

Efeitos de curto prazo da pandemia de COVID-19 na realização de procedimentos de rastreamento, investigação diagnóstica e tratamento do câncer no Brasil: estudo descritivo, 2019-2020 / Efectos a corto plazo de la pandemia COVID-19 en la realización de procedimientos de rastreo, investigación diagnóstica y tratamiento del cáncer en Brasil: estudio descriptivo, 2019-2020 / Short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment procedures in Brazil: a descriptive study, 2019-2020

Objetivo: Analisar efeitos de curto prazo da pandemia de COVID-19 no rastreamento, investigação diagnóstica e tratamento de câncer no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, utilizando-se dados do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais e do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares, e Sistema de Informação do Câncer. Calculou-se a variação percentual mensal de procedimentos de rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento de câncer, em 2019 e 2020, além do tempo esperado para realização dos exames relacionados aos cânceres do colo do útero e de mama. Resultados: Em 2020, houve redução de 3.767.686 (-44,6%) exames citopatológicos, 1.624.056 (-42,6%) mamografias, 257.697 (-35,3%) biópsias, 25.172 cirurgias oncológicas (-15,7%) e 552 (-0,7%) procedimentos de radioterapia, comparando-se a 2019. Os intervalos de tempo para realização de exames de rastreamento de câncer do colo uterino e mama foram pouco afetados. Conclusão: Ações de controle do câncer foram afetadas pela pandemia, sendo necessárias estratégias para mitigar efeitos dos atrasos no diagnóstico e tratamento.

Objetivo: Analizar los efectos a corto plazo de la pandemia por COVID-19 en rastreo, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo utilizando datos del Sistemas de Información Ambulatoria y Hospitalaria del SUS y Sistema de Información del Cáncer. Se calculó la variación porcentual mensual en procedimientos de rastreo, diagnóstico y tratamiento de cáncer para 2019 y 2020, y el tiempo para realizar exámenes de cánceres de cérvix y mama. Resultados: En 2020 hubo reducción de 3.767.686 (-44,6%) en exámenes citopatológicos, 1.624.056 (-42,6%) en mamografías, 257.697 (-35,3%) en biopsias, 25.172 (-15,7%) en cirugías oncológicas y 552 (-0,7%) en radioterapia en comparación con 2019. Tiempos de los exámenes de rastreo para los cánceres de cérvix y de mama se vieron poco afectados. Conclusión: Acciones de control del cáncer se vieron impactadas por la pandemia, por lo que fue necesario diseñar estrategias para mitigar los efectos de posibles retrasos en diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Objective: To analyze the short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment in Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive study using data from the Outpatient and Hospital Information Systems, and the Cancer Information System. Monthly percentage variation of cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment procedures in 2019 and 2020 was calculated, as well as waiting time for cervical and breast cancer tests. Results: In 2020 cytopathology tests fell by 3,767,686 (-44.6%), screening mammograms fell by 1,624,056 (-42.6%), biopsies fell by 257,697 (-35.3%), cancer surgery fell by 25,172 (-15.7%), and radiotherapy procedures fell by 552 (-0.7%), compared to 2019. Time intervals for performing cervical and breast cancer screening exams were little affected. Conclusion: Cancer control actions were impacted by the pandemic, making it necessary to devise strategies to mitigate the effects of possible delays in diagnosis and treatment.

Hepatocarcinoma: diagnóstico y resección con radiofrecuencia quirúrgica / HEPATOCARCINOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND RESECTION WITH SURGICAL RADIO FREQUENCY

Objetivo: Presentar metodología diagnostica y resección atípica, con fines curativos de hepatocarcinoma. Caso clínico: Femenina de 82 años, con múltiples antecedentes entre el que se destaca, hepatitis a virus C de 15 años de evolución, que presenta por estudios complementarios alta sospecha de hepatocarcinoma, se realiza laparotomía exploradora con resección atípica de tumor en segmento 5 y 6 con radiofrecuencia quirúrgica y colecistectomía con colangiografía intraoperatoria. Cursa post operatorio sin complicaciones con alta sanatorial al 8vo dia. Conclusion: Hay que sospechar esta patología en pacientes con antecedentes de hepatopatía viral, plantear screening adecuado para un diagnóstico temprano y la mejor resolución adaptada a cada paciente. Dentro de las opciones terapéuticas encontramos la radiofrecuencia quirúrgica como una buena herramienta, con índice bajo de complicaciones

Objective: To present diagnostic methodology and atypical resection, for curative purposes of hepatocarcinoma. Clinical case: An 82-year-old female, with multiple history factors, among them, hepatitis C virus of 15 years of evolution, which presents high suspicion of hepatocarcinoma due to complementary studies, exploratory laparotomy is performed with atypical resection of tumor in segments 5 and 6 with surgical radiofrequency and cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiography. Post-operative course without complications with sanatorial discharge on the 8th day. Conclusion: This pathology must be suspected in patients with history of viral liver disease. We suggest an adequate screening for an early diagnosis and the best resolution adapted to each patient. Among the therapeutic options we find surgical radiofrequency as a good tool, with a low rate of complications

Tinción con azul de toluidina en biopsia dirigida de lesiones displásicas de la mucosa bucal: informe de casos clínicos / Toluidine blue guided biopsy of dysplastic lesions of the oral mucosa: clinical cases report

Objetivo: Los desórdenes de mucosa bucal potencialmente malignos pueden presentar áreas displásicas. En estos casos, la biopsia es un procedimiento imprescindible para un correcto diagnóstico. La inspección visual y la palpación, como método de selección del área de biopsia, ofrecen sensibilidad y especificidad adecuadas pero mejorables. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una serie de casos clínicos en los que se describen el empleo y la interpretación de la tinción vital con azul de toluidina como método complementario para contribuir a una mejor elección del área de biopsia. Casos clínicos: Se trata de siete casos de lesiones con sospecha de displasia epitelial en mucosa bucal. En cada uno se detalla la correlación de las áreas teñidas con las manifestaciones clínicas y con el diagnóstico de displasia. Además, se muestran patrones de tinción considerados falsos positivos. En la interpretación de la tinción positiva, se tuvieron en cuenta el aspecto superficial y el color de la lesión teñida. El empleo combinado de inspección, palpación y tinción vital podría constituir un procedimiento integral de utilidad para obtener mayor precisión en la determinación del sitio de biopsia en comparación con los mismos procedimientos aplicados de manera individual. En la interpretación de la tinción positiva con azul de toluidina deberían considerarse el aspecto superficial y el color de la lesión teñida (AU)

Aim: Potentially Malignant Disorders in the oral cavity can present dysplastic areas. In these cases, the biopsy is an essential procedure for a correct diagnosis. Visual inspection and palpation, are adequate methods to select the area for the biopsy, however there is margin for improvement. The objective of this article is to present a series of clinical cases in which the use and interpretation of vital staining with Toluidine Blue is described as a complementary method to contribute to a better choice of the biopsy area. Clinical cases: Seven clinical cases that presented lesions with suspected epithelial dysplasia in the oral mucosa were presented. The correlation of the stained areas with the clinical manifestations and with the diagnosis of dysplasia is detailed in each case. Staining patterns considered false positives are also shown. In the interpretation of the positive staining, the superficial appearance and color of the stained lesion were considered. The combined use of inspection, palpation and vital staining could constitute a useful comprehensive procedure to obtain greater precision in determining the biopsy site in relation to the same procedures applied individually. In the interpretation of the positive staining with Toluidine Blue, the superficial appearance and color of the stained lesion should be considered (AU)

Métodos de rastreo del cáncer de colon / Colon cancer screening methods

El cáncer colorrectal presenta un problema para la salud pública a nivel mundial. En Argentina, se diagnostican aproximadamente 13.500 casos cada año. El tamizaje como medida de prevención secundaria es una medida beneficiosa para lograr un abordaje temprano con mejores resultados. Los dos métodos más utilizados para el tamizaje son la videocolonoscopía y la prueba de sangre oculta en materia fecal, sobre todo la de tipo inmunoquímico que con el paso de los años fue reemplazando a la prueba de guayaco por su mayor practicidad. El primero es un método invasivo y que requiere anestesia, mientras que el segundo no tiene un efecto adverso directo pero debe realizarse con una cadencia mayor. El objetivo de los autores de este artículo fue evaluar la evidencia sobre la sensibilidad y especificidad de ambos métodos, como también sus beneficios y daños a partir de la consulta de un paciente a su médico de familia. Ninguna prueba parecería ser inferior para el tamizaje de cáncer colorrectal en una población de riesgo promedio, y ambas pueden usarse en programas de rastreo. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que comparen ambos métodos de manera directa, y toda prueba inmunoquímica fecal positiva debe ser seguida de una colonoscopía. La elección de la prueba puede depender de los valores y preferencias de los pacientes. (AU)

Colorectal cancer presents a public health problem worldwide. In Argentina, approximately 13,500 cases appear each year. Screening as a secondary prevention measure is a beneficial measure to achieve an early approach with better results. The two most used methods for screening are video colonoscopy and faecal immunochemical test, the former being invasiveand requiring anaesthesia, while the latter does not have a direct adverse effect but must be performed at a higher rate. The objective of this article was to evaluate the evidence for the sensitivity and specificity of both methods, as well as their benefits and harms. No test would appear to be inferior for colorectal cancer screening in an average-risk population, and both can be used in screening programs. However, there are no studies comparing both methods directly, and any positive faecal immunochemical test should be evaluated with a colonoscopy. The choice of the test may depend on the values and preferences of the patients. (AU)

Evaluation of the usability of a mobile application in early detection of pediatric cancer / Evaluación de la usabilidad de una aplicación móvil en la detección precoz de cáncer pediátrico / Avaliação da usabilidade de um aplicativo móvel para detecção precoce do câncer pediátrico

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the usability of a mobile application for early detection of pediatric cancer. Method A descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, evaluating the usability of the application "Fique Atento, pode ser câncer" by 19 oncology nurses at the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital, Pernambuco, Brazil, using the validated System Usability Scale questionnaire. For analysis, Microsoft Excel and the support of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software were used. Results Through the application of the SUS questionnaire, the total value of the averages of all scores was 91.58%, the satisfaction rate was 88.6% and the efficiency rate 91.2%. Discussion The data demonstrated that the application has agreement and compliance with the principles of usability in the criteria of effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction. Final considerations The application brings an important contribution to expand the construction and validation of technological tools that align both theoretical and practical knowledge.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la usabilidad de una aplicación móvil para la detección precoz del cáncer pediátrico. Método Estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, evaluando la usabilidad de la aplicación "Fique atento, pode ser câncer" por 19 enfermeras de oncología del Hospital Universitario Oswaldo Cruz, Pernambuco, Brasil, utilizando el cuestionario de la Escala de Usabilidad del Sistema validado. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó Microsoft Excel y el soporte del software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Resultados Al aplicar el cuestionario SUS, el valor totals de los promedios de todos los puntajes fue del 91,58%, la tasa de satisfacción fue del 88,6% y la tasa de eficiencia del 91,2%. Discusión Los datos demostraron que la aplicación tiene concordancia y cumplimiento con los principios de usabilidad en los criterios de efectividad, eficiencia y satisfacción del usuario. Consideraciones finales La aplicación aporta un importante aporte para expandir la construcción y validación de herramientas tecnológicas que alinean conocimientos teóricos y prácticos.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a usabilidade de um aplicativo móvel para detecção precoce do câncer pediátrico. Método Estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, de avaliação da usabilidade do aplicativo "Fique Atento, pode ser câncer" por 19 enfermeiros oncológicos do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Pernambuco, Brasil, utilizando o questionário validado System Usability Scale. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o Microsoft Excel e o suporte do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Resultados Mediante a aplicação do questionário SUS, o valor total das médias de todos os scores foi de 91,58%, o índice de satisfação foi de 88,6% e o de eficiência 91,2%. Discussão Os dados demonstraram que o aplicativo possui concordância e conformidade com os princípios de usabilidade nos critérios de efetividade, eficiência e satisfação do usuário. Considerações finais: O aplicativo traz uma importante contribuição para ampliação da construção e validação de ferramentas tecnológicas que alinham o conhecimento teórico ao prático.

Screening de lesiones orales malignas y potencialmente malignas en funcionarios de Universidad de Valparaíso y Universidad Viña del Mar durante los años 2016 - 2017 / Screening of malignant and potentially malignant oral lesions in employee of the University of Valparaíso and the University of Viña del Mar during 2016 - 2017

El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de lesiones orales malignas y potencialmente malignas (LPM) en funcionarios de la Universidad de Valparaíso y de Viña del Mar durante los años 2016 - 2017. Fueron citados 161 funcionarios, quienes accedieron a una encuesta que evaluaba factores de riesgo de cáncer oral (tabaco y alcohol) y si habían escuchado de la patología, sumado a un examen clínico. De los pacientes examinados, se diagnosticaron 121 lesiones de las cuales 2 fueron diagnosticadas como lesiones potencialmente malignas: Liquen plano y Leucoplasia, con una prevalencia de 1,7 %. El 50,3 % de los pacientes sabía de la existencia de cáncer oral. El Screening es una medida que permite dar a conocer a la población la existencia de cáncer oral y alertarlos sobre la importancia de su examen para su identificación de manera temprana.

The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of malignant and potentially malignant oral lesions (PML) in University of Valparaíso and Viña del Mar employees, during the years 2016 - 2017. We cited 161 employees, who accessed a survey evaluating risk factors for oral cancer (tobacco and alcohol) and if they had heard of the disease. In addition, a clinical examination was carried out. Of the patients examined, 121 lesions were diagnosed, of which 2 were diagnosed as potentially malignant lesions: Lichen planus and Leukoplakia, with a prevalence of 1.6 %. 50.3 % of patients knew of the existence of oral cancer. Epidemiological designs are needed to better establish causality between risk factors and malignant or, potentially malignant lesions.

Consideraciones anestésicas en tumores neuroendocrinos: a propósito de un caso de paraganglioma / Anesthetic management of neuroendocrine tumors regarding a case of paraganglioma

Introducción: El paraganglioma es un tumor neuroendocrino poco frecuente que surge de los paraganglios autonómicos extraadrenales en diversos lugares del organismo. También se les conoce como feocromocitomas extraadrenales. Alrededor de 90 por ciento son benignos y se curan mediante la extirpación quirúrgica, el restante 10 por ciento son malignos, y pueden provocar metástasis a distancia. El diagnóstico es importante por su riesgo de malignidad, por las implicaciones de otras neoplasias asociadas y dada la posibilidad de realizar estudios genéticos para la detección de otros casos dentro de una misma familia. Objetivo: Exponer aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos de esta enfermedad y las implicaciones perioperatorias concernientes a la conducta anestésica perioperatoria de estos pacientes. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina, de 56 años de edad con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial de más dos años de evolución y difícil control, diabetes mellitus e historia de cefalea, palpitaciones y sensación de calor. Diagnóstico imagenológico de una masa pararrenal sospechosa de paraganglioma que se confirmó por estudio histopatológico posterior a la exceresis. Conclusiones: La técnica anestésica para la resección de estos tumores es un desafío importante para el anestesiólogo que debe enfrentar dicha intervención quirúrgica, planteándose los riesgos de las etapas pre-, intra- y posoperatoria(AU)

Introduction: Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that emerging from the extra-adrenal autonomic paraganglia and it may occur in several parts of the body. Paraganglioma is also named extra-adrenals pheochromocytomas. Roughly 90 percent of these tumors are benign and can be excised through surgery whereas 10 percent of them are malignant and cause distant metastasis. Paragangliomas are closely linked to pheochromocytomas because they cannot be differentiated at cell level and often share the same clinical manifestations such as hypertension, episodic headache, sweating and tachycardia. The diagnosis of these tumors is important because of risk of becoming malignant, the implications of other related neoplasias and the possibility of making genetic studies to detect other cases in the same family. Objective: To expose about epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and perioperative management of these tumors by a presentation of a clinical case. Case Report: Female 56 years old, clinical history of 2 years of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, who presented with headache, palpitations and feeling of warm. She was diagnosed with a pararrenal mass suspected of paraganglioma associated with catecholamine hypersecretion, confirmed by histopathology. Conclusions: The treatment of these tumors requires a more complete surgical resection possible since the prognosis depends. Surgical management of pheochromocytoma needs special perioperative requirements. The anesthesiologist must observe this surgery, establish the risks of the phase pre-intra and postoperative(AU)

Conocimientos sobre cáncer bucal en pacientes odontológicos de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos / Knowledge about oral cancer among dental patients from the National University of San Marcos

RESUMEN Introducción: El cáncer bucal es un problema de salud pública mundial, el cual constituye la sexta causa más común de muerte relacionada con el cáncer. El conocimiento y concientización de la población sobre esta enfermedad es importante para reducir su alta tasa de mortalidad. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre cáncer bucal en pacientes adultos que acudieron a la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos el año 2017. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La población estuvo compuesta por los pacientes que acudieron a la clínica de la Facultad de Odontología. La muestra fue de 223 pacientes y se obtuvo por un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio sistemático. El instrumento de evaluación fue una encuesta de 11 preguntas cerradas divididas en 5 dominios: conocimientos generales, factores de riesgo, signos y síntomas, repercusiones y prevención del cáncer bucal. El rango de calificación fue bajo, regular, alto. Resultados: El 56,5 por ciento (n= 126) de pacientes presentó un nivel de conocimiento bajo, 40,4 por ciento (n= 90) un nivel regular y 3,1 por ciento (n= 7) un nivel alto. El nivel de respuesta promedio fue 12,14 ± 2,90 (IC95 por ciento [10,17-14,89]). El sexo y la edad no tuvieron relación significativa con el nivel de conocimiento (p= 0,45 y p= 0,52, respectivamente); sin embargo, el nivel de educación sí tuvo relación significativa (p= 0,009). Conclusiones: En la población estudiada, el nivel de conocimiento sobre cáncer bucal es predominantemente bajo. El sexo y la edad no tienen influencia sobre el nivel de conocimiento de cáncer bucal, pero sí el nivel de educación(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Oral cancer is a world health problem. It constitutes the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death. Knowledge about and awareness of this disease among the population is important to reduce its high mortality rate. Objective: Determine the level of knowledge about oral cancer among adult patients attending the Dental School at the National University of San Marcos in the year 2017. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted. The study population was the patients attending the Dental School clinic. The sample was 223 patients selected by systematic probabilistic random sampling. The evaluation tool was a survey containing 11 closed-ended questions divided into five domains: general knowledge, risk factors, signs and symptoms, repercussions and prevention of oral cancer. The grading scale was low, fair or high. Results: Of the patients surveyed, 56.5 percent (n= 126) had a low knowledge level, 40.4 percent (n= 90) a fair level and 3.1 percent (n= 7) a high level. Average answer level was 12.14 ± 2.90 (CI 95 percent [10.17-14.89]). Sex and age did not have a significant relationship to knowledge level (p= 0.45 and p= 0.52, respectively). However, educational level did have a significant relationship (p= 0.009). Conclusions: In the study population the level of knowledge about oral cancer is predominantly low. Sex and age do not have an influence on the level of knowledge about oral cancer, but educational level does(AU)

Rastreio de câncer na prática clínica: recomendações para a população de risco habitual / Cancer screening in clinical practice: recommendations for average risk population

Objetivo: Compilar as evidências da literatura e as recomendações das principais sociedades médicas mundiais para o rastreamento populacional de câncer, contextualizando com a relevância epidemiológica de cada subtipo da doença. Métodos: Trata-se de revisão narrativa da literatura, realizada por levantamento na base de dados PubMed® e consulta aos posicionamentos de instituições governamentais e sociedades médicas nas áreas específicas. Resultados: O rastreamento populacional sistemático foi recomendado apenas para as neoplasias de mama, colo do útero e colorretal, utilizando-se métodos, idade e periodicidade específicos. O rastreio do câncer de próstata mostrou-se controverso, e o pulmonar e o hepático recomendados apenas em tabagistas com alta carga tabágica e cirróticos, respectivamente. Não houve evidência para se recomendar atualmente o rastreamento sistemático da população geral para as neoplasias de pele, tireoide, esôfago, estômago, pâncreas, ovário, endométrio, bexiga, rins, dentre outras. Conclusão: O exame periódico de saúde do paciente saudável abrangeu a prevenção e o rastreamento do câncer para redução de morbidade e mortalidade pela doença, e a estratificação das evidências atuais teve o potencial de melhorar o direcionamento dos esforços, aumentando a cobertura, havendo maior benefício e reduzindo riscos e custos de exames desnecessários.

Objective: To gather evidence from the literature, and recommendations of the main medical societies worldwide for the population screening of cancer, contextualizing with the epidemiological relevance of each subtype of the disease. Methods: This is a narrative review of the literature, carried out through research on PubMed® database, and consultation to the governmental institutions and medical societies' opinions in specific areas. Results: Systematic population screening was recommended only for breast, cervix and colorectal cancers, using specific methods, age and periodicity. Prostate cancer screening showed to be controversial, and pulmonary and hepatic screening are recommended only in heavy smokers and cirrhotic patients, respectively. Currently, there is no evidence to recommend the screening of the general population for neoplasms of skin, thyroid, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, ovary, endometrium, bladder, and kidneys. Conclusion: The periodic health screening of the healthy patient covered the prevention and screening for cancer to reduce morbidity and mortality from the disease; the stratification of current evidence has the potential to improve the direction of efforts, broadening coverage, with more benefit, and reducing risks and costs of unnecessary tests.