Scale to measure medical, nursing and midwifery students' engagement in an e-learning histology course / Escala para medir la participación de estudiantes de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia en un curso de histología e-learning

SUMMARY: E-learning courses become increasingly important and relevant in medicine and health sciences over the last decade. However, there are few teaching experiences of e-learning histology courses published in the literature worldwide. Moreover, most of these studies focus on the didactic aspects of the course without exploring student participation. The study presented below aimed to validate a scale to measure student participation in an e-learning histology course. We provide evidence of validity of the instrument based on its internal structure for use with medical, nursing, and midwifery students. The participants in this study were a group of 426 Chilean medical, nursing and midwifery students from a public university who completed the questionnaire in two consecutive semesters (2020-2021). Data from the first group of students were used to perform an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while data from the second group of participants were used to perform a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The three factors identified according to the CFA were: "Habits of online," "Motivation for online learning," and "Interaction of online". After eliminating one of the initial items of the instrument, the scale showed acceptable psychometric properties suggesting that it is a useful instrument to measure students' perception of their participation in e-learning histology courses. The factors identified through the validation of the instrument provide relevant information for teachers and curriculum developers to create and implement different ways of encouraging student participation in e- learning histology courses to support online learning.

Los cursos e-learning han tomado mayor importancia y relevancia durante la ultima década en carreras de medicina y ciencias de la salud. No obstante, existen escasas experiencias docentes de cursos de histologia e-learning publicadas en la literatura mundial. Además, la mayoría de estos estudios se centran en los aspectos didácticos del curso sin explorar la participación de los estudiantes. El estudio que presentamos a continuación tuvo por objetivo validar una escala para medir la participación de los estudiantes en un curso de histología e-learning. Aportamos evidencia de validez del instrumento basada en su estructura interna para su uso con estudiantes de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia. Los participantes de este estudio fueron un grupo de 426 estudiantes chilenos de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia de una universidad pública quienes completaron el cuestionario en dos semestres consecutivos (año 2020-2021). Los datos del primer grupo de estudiantes se utilizaron para realizar un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE), mientras que los datos del segundo grupo de participantes se utilizaron para realizar un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Los tres factores identificados según el AFC fueron: "Hábitos de los estudiantes en línea", "Motivación por el aprendizaje en línea", "Interacción de los estudiantes en línea". Luego de la eliminación de uno de los ítems iniciales del instrumento, la escala mostró propiedades psicométricas aceptables sugiriendo que es un instrumento útil para medir la percepción de los estudiantes sobre su participación en cursos de histología en formato e-learning. Los factores identificados mediante la validación del instrumento entregan información relevante para que los profesores y curriculistas desarrollen e implementen diferentes formas de estimular la participación de los estudiantes en cursos de histología e- learning y así apoyar el aprendizaje en formato online.

Innovación en la enseñanza de la anatomía humana: aula invertida y su aplicación / Innovation in the teaching of human anatomy: flipped classroom implementation

El contexto actual involucra un acceso cada vez más universal a las tecnologías e información, lo que repercute fuertemente en el aula. Los estudiantes se muestran pasivos y reacios al Modelo Tradicional de enseñanza. De esta manera las innovaciones toman protagonismo, tal es el caso del modelo Aula Invertida (AI). El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la aplicación de AI en la enseñanza de la Anatomía humana en un entorno universitario. Se intervinieron 4 sesiones de la asignatura de Anatomía General de un curso de 41 estudiantes. Se abordó el contenido en 3 etapas: pre clase, clase y post clase, utilizando recursos y plataformas multimedia como Moodle y Youtube. Las actividades incluyeron lecciones virtuales, trabajos en grupo y cuestionarios minimalistas. Al final del semestre se aplicó una encuesta de percepción del estudiante. El logro alcanzado en pre clase fue 40,45 %, 55,46 %, 43,75 % y 76,04 % para las sesiones 01 a 04, respectivamente. Las calificaciones de los trabajos en grupos de la encuesta el 63,2 % y 76,3 % de los estudiantes manifestó estar "muy de acuerdo" con que AI potencia el trabajo autónomo y colaborativo, respectivamente. El 73,6 % prefiere el modelo AI por sobre el Tradicional. El modelo AI ha mostrado promover una mejor evolución del proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje, siendo adaptable a disciplinas de ciencias básicas como el caso de Anatomía humana. La buena experiencia de esta innovación se debe sustentar en una programación bien estructurada, apoyo dentro y fuera del aula, y el ajuste de estrategias exitosas. Es inminente la necesidad de adaptarse al nuevo contexto donde prima el acceso a las tecnologías e información.

SUMMARY: The current context involves a generally increasing access of technologies and information, which has a strong impact on the classroom. Students are passive and reluctant to the traditional teaching model. Thus, innovations take center stage, such is the case of the Flipped Classroom (FC) model. The aim of this paper is to describe the application of FC in the teaching of human anatomy in a university environment. Four sessions of the General Anatomy program were intervened with a group of 41 students. The content was approached in 3 stages: pre-class, class and post-class, using multimedia resources and platforms such as Moodle and YouTube. The activities included virtual lessons, group work and minimalist quizzes. At the end of the semester a student perception survey was applied. Achievement percentage in pre-class were 40.45 %, 55.46 %, 43.75 % and 76.04 % for sessions 01 to 04. The grades for class group work were 5.8±0.34, 6.1±0.46, 6.0±0.78 and 6.7±0.38 for the sessions worked. In the survey 63.2 % and 76.3 % of the students stated that they "very satisfied" that FC enhances autonomous and collaborative work, respectively. 73.6 % preferred the FC model over the traditional one. The FC model has shown to promote a better evolution of the teaching-learning process, being adaptable to basic science disciplines such as human anatomy. A positive experience of this innovation must be supported by well-structured programming, support inside and outside the classroom, and the adjustment of successful strategies. There is an imminent need to adapt to the new context where access to technologies and information is a priority.

Concepción didáctica del proceso formativo interdisciplinar de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades para residentes de Dermatología / Didactic Concept of the Interdisciplinary Formation Process of the Diagnostic Ability of Dermatology Residents

Fundamento: El estudio teórico, el diagnóstico realizado y la experiencia de los investigadores, posibilitan formular como problema de la presente investigación: limitaciones en el desarrollo de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los residentes de la especialidad de Dermatología del Hospital General Provincial Docente "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" de Ciego de Ávila. Objetivo: Elaborar una concepción didáctica del proceso de formación interdisciplinar de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los residentes de la especialidad de Dermatología, a partir de la caracterización del estado actual de esta habilidad. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación educativa con un componente descriptivo en el Hospital General Provincial Docente "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" de Ciego de Ávila, en los cursos escolares desde 2016 al 2020. La población de estudio fueron los 16 residentes de 1.er año que matricularon la especialidad de Dermatología en el período de estudio. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico y empírico. Resultados: La caracterización realizada reveló limitaciones en el desarrollo de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los laboratorios de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, por los residentes (100 %). La concepción didáctica del proceso de formación interdisciplinar de la habilidad diagnosticar orienta el proceso desde las actividades docentes-atencionales y prácticas de laboratorio en una consecutividad lógica y sistematización desde las diferentes formas de enseñanza y tipologías de clase. Integra la interdisciplinariedad y la utilización del método investigativo establecido en las ideas rectoras. Conclusiones: La concepción didáctica como aporte de la investigación resuelve la contradicción dialéctica entre la aplicación del método clínico y los procedimientos en la práctica de laboratorio que se da en ese proceso formativo y constituye un soporte didáctico que respalda las actividades prácticas en los laboratorios para cumplir con los objetivos del Plan de estudio de la especialidad.

Background: The theoretical study, the diagnosis conducted and the experience of the researchers make possible to formulate the problem of the present research: limitations in the development of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in residents of the Specialty of Dermatology of the General Provincial Teaching Hospital "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" of Ciego de Avila. Objective: To elaborate a didactic conception of the interdisciplinary training process of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in residents of the specialty of Dermatology, based on the characterization of the current state of that ability. Methodology: An educational research with a descriptive component was conducted at the Provincial General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" of Ciego de Avila, in the 2016-2020 school years. The study population consisted of the 16 first-year dermatology residents who enrolled in the specialty during the study period. Results: The characterization conducted showed limitations in the development of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in anatomic pathology laboratories, Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, by residents (100%). The didactic conception of the interdisciplinary training process of diagnostic ability focuses on teaching and learning activities and laboratory practices in a logical consecutiveness and systematization from the different forms of teaching and class typologies. It integrates the interdisciplinary and the use of the research method that is established in the guiding ideas. Conclusions: The didactic conception, as a research contribution, resolves the dialectic contradiction between the application of the clinical method and the procedures in laboratory practice that occurs in this formative process which is a didactic support that backs up the practical activities in the laboratories in order to achieve the objectives of the study plan of the specialty.

Applying a unified model of fiber dissection, tractography, microscopic anatomy and plastination techniques for basic neuroanatomy education: Hacettepe University experience / Aplicación de un modelo unificado de disección de fibras, tractografía, anatomía microscópica y técnicas de plastinación para la educación básica en neuroanatomía: experiencia de la Universidad Hacettepe

SUMMARY: Anatomy education has gathered together a great many of many new modalities and was modified from classical lecture-based and laboratory practice system to the blended modules. In the scope of the present study, we develop a new, practical, cost- effective and efficient three dimensional (3D) educational model, which aimed to be helpful for the detection and better understanding of basic neuroanatomy education. Tractographic imaging, fiber dissection, microscopic anatomy and plastination techniques were applied to the white matter regions of the two brains. After the photographs that were taken were converted to 3D images, the specimens were plastinated. By way of establishing an educational model as a whole, we applied it to 202 second-year medical students. The students were separated into two groups when they attended to the theoretical lecture. Group 1 took the classical laboratory education; on the other hand, Group 2 received the newly designed educational model. Pre and post-tests were introduced to each group before and after laboratory sessions, respectively. The success scores were put to comparison. The average achievement scores of each group showed increase significantly (p<0.05) after the laboratory sessions, besides the increase in the post-test results of Group 2 was more statistically significant (p<0.05). Consequently, this new educational model enriched by newly designed unified methods could be regarded as useful for grasping and improving the basic neuroanatomy knowledge.

La educación en anatomía ha reunido una gran cantidad de nuevas modalidades, modificándose el sistema clásico de la práctica del laboratorio y de las clases basadas en conferencias, hacia los módulos combinados. En el ámbito del presente estudio, desarrollamos un modelo educativo tridimensional (3D) nuevo, práctico, rentable y eficiente, que pretendía ser útil para la detección y una mejor comprensión de la educación básica en neuroanatomía. Se tomaron imágenes tractográficas, disección de fibras, anatomía microscópica y técnicas de plastinación en los cerebros. Después de convertir las fotografías que se tomaron en imágenes 3D, se plastinaron los especímenes. A modo de establecer un modelo educativo en su conjunto, lo aplicamos a 202 estudiantes de segundo año de medicina. Los estudiantes fueron separados en dos grupos cuando asistieron a la clase teórica. El Grupo 1 tomó la educación clásica de laboratorio; por su parte, el Grupo 2 recibió el nuevo modelo educativo diseñado para el estudio. Se introdujeron pruebas previas y posteriores a cada grupo, antes y después de las sesiones de laboratorio. Se compararon las puntuaciones. Los puntajes promedio de rendimiento de cada grupo mostraron un aumento significativo (p<0,05) después de las sesiones de laboratorio. Además, se obtuvo un aumento en los resultados positivos, posteriores a la prueba del Grupo 2, siendo estadísticamente significativo (p<0,05). En consecuencia, este modelo educativo, enriquecido por métodos unificados de nuevo diseño, podría considerarse útil para captar y mejorar los conocimientos básicos de neuroanatomía.

La enseñanza de la asignatura Infectología en el grado. Dos años de experiencia virtual / THE TEACHING OF THE INFECTOLOGY SUBJECT IN THE DEGREE. TWO YEARS OF VIRTUAL EXPERIENCE

La educación a distancia es una modalidad de enseñanza con características propias asociadas con la creación de un espacio particular para generar, promover e implementar situaciones en las que se desarrolle el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La enseñanza a distancia o remota tiene dos pilares sobre los que se asienta: la sincronía y la asincronía. En la etapa sincrónica, los alumnos participan de una clase en vivo, mediante un entorno virtual que les permite compartir el espacio con el docente y otros estudiantes, respetando días y horarios específicos. La asincronía digital, por otro lado, permitirá a ese alumno abordar contenidos on demand, es decir, podrá interactuar con el contenido a su ritmo. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha llevado a la implementación del aislamiento preventivo como medida de salud pública y con esto, se presentan nuevos retos para las instituciones de educación superior y en especial para carreras con alto contenido presencial. Para evaluar el impacto en los alumnos de la asignatura Infectología en la carrera de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, analizamos los últimos cuatro años de cursada de la materia. En la virtualidad, observamos una imposibilidad de sostener el estándar pedagógico didáctico de la enseñanza presencial. Esta modalidad de enseñanza condicionó los contenidos y los objetivos de la materia. En la pandemia también observamos una disminución en la cantidad de alumnos inscriptos a la evaluación final, fenómeno no del todo aclarado y al mismo tiempo, un incremento del porcentaje de alumnos reprobados, probablemente asociado a la falta de actividades prácticas en sala.

Distance education is a teaching modality with its own characteristics associated with the creation of a particular space to generate, promote and implement situations in which the teaching-learning process takes place. Distance or remote teaching has two pillars on which it is based: synchrony and asynchrony. In the synchronous stage, students participate in a live class, through a virtual environment that allows them to share the space with the teacher and other students, respecting specific days and times. Digital asynchrony, on the other hand, will allow that student to approach content on demand, that is, they will be able to interact with the content at their own pace. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the implementation of preventive isolation as a public health measure and with this, new challenges are presented for higher education institutions and especially for careers with high classroom content. To evaluate the impact on the students of the Infectology subject in the Medicine career of the University of Buenos Aires, we analyze the last four years of studying the subject. In virtuality, we observe an impossibility of sustaining the didactic pedagogical standard of face-to-face teaching. This teaching modality conditioned the contents and objectives of the subject. In the pandemic, we also observed a decrease in the number of students enrolled in the final evaluation, a phenomenon that has not been fully clarified, and at the same time, an increase in the percentage of failed students, probably associated with the lack of practical activities in the classroom.

Development and usability of a photograph-based smartphone app for ocular surface tumor screening / Desenvolvimento e usabilidade de um aplicativo para smartphones baseado em fotografias para rastreio de tumores de superfície ocular

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop and examine the usability of a mobile application aimed at improving knowledge about ocular surface tumors among medical students, general practitioners and ophthalmologists. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out by a multidisciplinary team and developed in three stages: administration of a specific questionnaire to medical students, assessing the demand for the application, creation and development of the application in collaboration with the Technological Innovation Laboratory of Centro Universitário Christus and usability assessment. General practitioners and ophthalmologists were selected to answer the System Usability Scale questionnaire. Data were exported into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0 Windows, for quantitative analysis. Results: The OncoEye application was developed for the iOS and the Android platforms and included four main menus: Glossary, Patients, Referrals and Queries. Most students (89.9%) considered the development of the application important for wider access to information about the topic. Most students (39.9%) were able to recognize ocular lesions and 26.1% could distinguish between benign and malignant conditions. System Usability Scale questionnaire responses revealed good usability, with an average score of 92.65. Users (100%) described the application as user-friendly and well- integrated. Conclusion: An innovative application for ocular surface tumors was created and developed. The application achieved good levels of acceptance and was described as user-friendly by users.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar a usabilidade de um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis que aprimore o conhecimento de estudantes de medicina e de médicos sobre tumores da superfície ocular. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal e quantitativo por uma equipe multiprofissional, consistindo em três etapas: realização de um questionário específico com estudantes de medicina, avaliando a necessidade de elaboração do aplicativo; criação e desenvolvimento do aplicativo pelo Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica do Centro Universitário Christus e avaliação de usabilidade. Médicos generalistas e oftalmologistas foram selecionados para responder ao questionário System Usability Scale. Os dados foram exportados para o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 20.0, para Windows para análise quantitativa. Resultados: O aplicativo OncoEye foi desenvolvido com quatro menus principais: Glossário, Pacientes, Encaminhamento e Perguntas. Dentre os estudantes, 89,9% consideraram o desenvolvimento do aplicativo importante para orientação sobre o tema, 39,9% souberam reconhecer lesão ocular, e 26,1% puderam diferenciar lesão ocular maligna ou benigna. As respostas dos usuários à ferramenta System Usability Scale demonstraram boa usabilidade, com pontuação média de 92,65 (87,74 a 97,55). Todos os usuários consideraram o aplicativo de fácil manuseio e bem integrado. Conclusão: Um aplicativo inovador para tumores da superfície ocular foi criado e desenvolvido, apresentando boa aceitação e fácil manuseio pelos usuários.

Curso e-learning "desafíos de la pandemia COVID-19 en pediatría": caracterización y relación con los resultados de aprendizaje y grado de satisfacción / E-learning course "challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic in pediatrics": characterization and association with learning results and grade of satisfaction

Frente a la pandemia del CoVID-19, resulta fundamental establecer estrategias manteniendo distanciamiento social, que permitan educar a profesionales de la salud sobre aspectos relacionados con SARS-CoV-2. La Sociedad Chilena de Neumología Pediátrica creó un E-learnig de contingencia de acceso libre. OBJETIVO: Describir las características del curso online "Desafíos de la pandemia CoVID-19 en Pediatría", y evaluar el grado de satisfacción de quienes lo cursaron. Estudio transversal. Todos los inscritos en el curso, entre mayo 2020 y julio 2020. Se grabaron 12 clases dictadas por especialistas con representación académica de Chile. Se realizó una prueba final y una encuesta de satisfacción, con puntaje de 1 a 7. Se realizó análisis descriptivo e inferencial, evaluando asociación entre clasificación final del curso, profesión y zona geográfica de los participantes con test de Kruskal Wallis, significancia estadística p<0,05. Aprobado por comité ética. Participaron 2541 alumnos, 73% mujeres. Mediana de edad 32,7 años. 90,7% de Chile, de estos 63,2% de regiones. De procedencia extranjera destacó Bolivia (2,9%) y Ecuador (2,5%). De los que realizaron la prueba, el 98,6% aprobó. Existió diferencia entre notas según profesión, Médicos-Kinesiólogos(p=0.025) y Médicos-Enfermeros(p=0.002); y según procedencia, Región Metropolitana (RM)-Otras regiones (p=0.041), RM-Internacional(p<0,001) y Otras regiones-Internacional(p<0,001). La evaluación de contenidos ponderó 6,6 y la accesibilidad 6,8. El 98% contestó que el curso cumplió sus expectativas. Concluimos que se inscribió un gran número de alumnos de Chile y Latinoamérica. Más del 98% aprobó la prueba final y refirió un alto nivel de satisfacción. Sugerimos emplear estrategias similares en situaciones de catástrofes sanitarias.

In the face of the CoVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to establish strategies, maintaining social distancing, that allow educating health professionals on aspects related to SARS-CoV-2. The Chilean Society of Pediatric Pulmonology created a free access contingency E-learning. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of the online course "Challenges of the CoVID-19 pandemic in Pediatrics", and to evaluate the grade of satisfaction of those who attended it.Transversal study. All those enrolled in the course, between May 2020 and July 2020. 12 classes taught by specialists with academic representation from Chile were recorded. A final test and a satisfaction survey were carried out, with a score from 1 to 7. A descriptive and inferential analysis was implemented, evaluating the association between the final classification of the course, profession and geographical area of the participants with the Kruskal Wallis test, statistical significance p< 0.05. Approved by ethics committee. 2541 students participated, 73% women. Median age 32.7 years. 90.7% from Chile, of these 63.2% from regions. Of foreign origin, Bolivia (2.9%) and Ecuador (2.5%) stand out. Of those who took the test, 98.6% were successful. There was a difference between grades according to profession, Physicians-Kinesiologists(p=0.025) and Physicians-Nurses(p=0.002); and according to origin, Metropolitan Region (RM)-Other regions (p=0.041), RM-International (p<0.001) and Other regions-International (p<0.001). The content evaluation pondered 6.6 and accessibility 6.8. 98% responded that the course met their expectations. CONCLUSION: A large number of students from Chile and Latin America were enrolled. More than 98% passed the final test and reported a high level of satisfaction. We suggest using similar strategies in situations of health catastrophes.

Uso de máquinas 3D e cortadores a laser em simulação aplicada à educação médica / Use of 3D printers and laser cutters for simulation in medical education

Introdução: As impressões tridimensionais (3D) têm obtido relevância em diversas áreas do conhecimento, especialmente na medicina. Com o advento da tecnologia, cada vez mais escolas médicas têm adotado o uso de prototipagem de estruturas humanas para aprimorar o treinamento dos estudantes, uma vez que a simulação produz um ambiente livre de riscos, no qual os alunos podem dominar com sucesso as habilidades relevantes para a prática clínica.Métodos: O projeto foi estruturado a partir da pesquisa dos softwares de impressão; seleção dos segmentos anatômicos a serem impressos; análise de materiais para a confecção; estudo aprofundado das caixas de simulação usadas no treinamento em videocirurgia e, por fim, realização de um treinamento dos estudantes interessados no desenvolvimento das habilidades cirúrgicas.Resultados: Por meio da impressão 3D,foram confeccionadas peças anatômicas para o ensino em anatomia, além de peças de silicone para treinamento de suturas manuais e videolaparoscópicas. O cortador a laser foi utilizado para fabricar caixas pretas, principalmente para simulações de cirurgia laparoscópica.Conclusão: A utilização de materiais 3D no ensino médico tem se mostrado altamente promissora, com aumento da curva de aprendizado dos alunos envolvidos e ótima relação custo-benefício. Contudo, o acesso a essa tecnologia ainda é restrito no Brasil, o que dificulta a expansão do método para todas as escolas médicas nacionais.

Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become relevant in several areas of knowledge, especially Medicine. With the advent of technology, medical schools started using prototypes of human structures to improve student training, given that simulation provides a risk-free environment where students can successfully master relevant skills for clinical practice.Methods: The present study consisted of research about printing software, selection of anatomical segments for printing, analysis of printing materials, study of simulation boxes used in video-assisted surgery training, and training of students interested in developing surgical skills.Results: 3D printing was used to fabricate anatomical models for teaching anatomy and silicone models for manual and video-assisted laparoscopic suture training. Laser cutters were used to manufacture black boxes, mainly for laparoscopy simulation. Conclusion: The use of 3D printing in medical education is highly promising, with an improved learning curve among students and an excellent benefit-cost ratio. However, access to this technology is still limited in Brazil, which makes it difficult to expand the method to all national medical schools.

Three-dimensional printing of orbital computed tomography scan images for use in ophthalmology teaching / Impressão tridimensional de imagens médicas de tomografia computadorizada para uso no ensino de oftalmologia

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of tridimensional (3D) printing in healthcare has contributed to the development of instruments and implants. The 3D printing has also been used for teaching future professionals. In order to have a good 3D printed piece, it is necessary to have high quality images, such as the ones from Computerized Tomography (CT scan) exam, which shows the anatomy from different cuts and allows for a good image reconstruction. Purpose: To propose a protocol for creating digital files from computerized tomography images to be printed in 3D and used as didactic material in the ophthalmology field, using open-source software, InVesalius®, Blender® and Repetier-Host©. Methods: Two orbit CT scan exam images in the DICOM format were used to create the virtual file to be printed in 3D. To edit the images, the software InVesalius® (Version 3.1.1) was used to delimit and clean the structure of interest, and also to convert to STL format. The software Blender® (Version 2.80) was used to refine the image. The STL image was then sent to the Repetier-Host© (Version 2.1.3) software, which splits the image in layers and generates the instructions to print the piece in the 3D printer using the polymer polylactic acid (PLA). Results: The printed anatomical pieces printed reproduced most structures, both bone and soft structures, satisfactorily. However, there were some problems during printing, such as the loss of small bone structures, that are naturally surrounded by muscles due to the lack of support. Conclusion: Despite the difficulties faced during the production of the pieces, it was also possible to reproduce the anatomical structures adequately, which indicates that this protocol of 3D printing from medical images is viable.

RESUMO Introdução: O uso de impressão em 3-D na área da saúde tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de instrumentos e próteses. A impressão 3-D tem sido usada para o ensino de futuros profissionais. Para se alcançar uma boa peça em 3-D, é necessário ter imagens de alta qualidade, como aquelas geradas pelo exame de Tomografia Computadorizada (TC), que mostra a anatomia sob diferentes cortes e permite uma boa reconstrução de imagem. Objetivo: Propor um protocolo para a criação de arquivos digitais a partir de imagens de tomografia computadorizada a serem impressas em 3-D e usadas como modelo de material didático oftalmológico usando software de código aberto, InVesalius®, Bender® e Repetier-Host©. Métodos: Foram utilizadas imagens em formato DICOM provenientes de dois exames de tomografia computadorizada de órbitas para a impressão tridimensional. Para manuseio das imagens, foram utilizados o InVesalius®, versão 3.1.1, para delimitar e limpar a estrutura de interesse e também para converter em formato STL. O Blender®, versão 2.80 foi usado para refinamento. A imagem em STL foi então enviada para o programa Repetier-Host, versão 2.1.3, que divide a imagem em camadas e gera as instruções para impressão da peça em ácido polilático na impressora tridimensional. Resultados: As peças anatômicas impressas reproduziram de forma satisfatória a maioria das estruturas ósseas e musculares. No entanto, houve dificuldade durante a impressão das estruturas ósseas menores, como perda de estrutura óssea pequena, que não possuíam sustentação, por serem envoltas pelo músculo. Conclusão: Apesar das dificuldades encontradas na produção dessas peças de estudo, foi possível reproduzir estruturas com fidelidade, indicando que o protocolo proposto viabiliza a impressão de imagens oriundas da tomografia computadorizada para impressão tridimensional.

Mentoring in cardiology: A New Teaching Tool in a Rapidly Transforming World

Abstract This is an article aimed at showing the mentoring role in a fast-changing society, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The intense flow of information feelings and new knowledge makes it necessary for medical education to be updated to keep up with social and professional dynamics, according to health requirements and new knowledge demands. The mentoring program is a development process in which the mentor promotes the mentee professional and personal growth, by the exchange of visions and experiences. It allows an increase in the repertoire of solutions, particularly important in such an unstable context imposed by the pandemic. The mentor and mentee are challenged to move from a traditional to a virtual environment, characterized by physical distancing, development of digital medicine and distance learning.

La orientación educativa del docente de ciencias médicas ante la covid-19 / The educational guiding of the medical science teacher to covid-19

RESUMEN Introducción: la orientación educativa, desde la relación profesor-alumno, es esencial para el tránsito del joven por los estudios superiores; requiere atención especial en el período de enfrentamiento a la covid-19 y es fundamental para el estudiante de ciencias médicas. Objetivo: identificar la percepción de la función orientadora del docente ante la covid-19 en estudiantes de ciencias médicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en el período comprendido entre abril y octubre de 2020. El universo de trabajo estuvo representado por 18 estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Medicina, de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Mayabeque, que realizan la pesquisa en una comunidad perteneciente al Policlínico Docente Dr. Luis Li Trigent. Se analizaron datos como la existencia del profesor como orientador, áreas de la orientación educativa, problemas de los estudiantes y valoración de la comunicación empática profesor-estudiante. Resultados: los estudiantes reconocen la existencia del profesor como orientador. El área de orientación educativa de mayor incidencia en que se expresó la función orientadora del profesor fue la académica. Los problemas predominantes identificados por los estudiantes están relacionados con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Existió una valoración positiva de la comunicación empática profesor-estudiante. Conclusiones: la relación profesor-alumno se hace más relevante durante la pandemia de covid-19. El estudiante de Medicina enfrenta nuevas condiciones en el proceso docente-educativo y demanda la orientación del docente (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: educational orientation, from the teacher-student relationship, is essential for the transit of the youth through higher education; it requires special attention in the period of confrontation with covid-19 and is essential for the student of medical sciences. Objective: to identify the perception of the teacher's guiding function in facing covid-19 in medical sciences students. Materials and methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in the period between April and October 2020. The universe of work was represented by 18 first-year students of the Medical pregraduate course, from the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Mayabeque, who carry out the research in a community belonging to the Teaching Polyclinic Dr. Luis Li Trigent. The existence of the teacher as a counselor, areas of educational orientation, student problems and assessment of empathic teacher-student communication were among the analyzed data. Results: the students recognize the teacher's existence as a counselor. The area of educational guidance with the highest incidence in which the teacher's guiding role was expressed was the academic one. The predominant problems identified by students are related to the teaching-learning process. There was a positive assessment of empathic teacher-student communication. Conclusions: the teacher-student relationship becomes more relevant during the covid-19 pandemic. The medical student faces new conditions in the teaching-educational process and demands the guidance of the teacher (AU).

Morphological practical teaching platform improves the outcome of anatomy laboratory teaching / La plataforma de enseñanza práctica morfológica mejora el resultado de la enseñanza de laboratorio de anatomía

SUMMARY: To investigate if the new morphological practice teaching platform could improve the outcome of anatomy laboratory teaching. Students were randomly divided into two groups taught with two different teaching methods. The two teaching methods used in this study were the traditional teaching model and the innovative teaching model. The teaching outcome including learning satisfaction between the two groups were studied. Both the teaching results and the teaching satisfaction of students in the integrated innovation teaching group were significantly higher than those in the control group. (P < 0.05) This suggests that the new morphological practical teaching platform improves the outcome of anatomy laboratory teaching.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la nueva plataforma de enseñanza práctica morfológica podría mejorar el resultado de la enseñanza en el laboratorio de anatomía. Los estudiantes se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos utilizando dos métodos de enseñanza diferentes. Los métodos de enseñanza utilizados fueron el modelo de enseñanza tradicional y el modelo de enseñanza innovador. Se estudió el resultado de la enseñanza, como también la satisfacción con el aprendizaje entre los dos grupos. Tanto los resultados docentes como la satisfacción docente de los estudiantes del grupo de enseñanza de innovación integrada fueron significativamente superiores a los del grupo control (p <0,05). Esto sugiere que la nueva plataforma de enseñanza práctica morfológica mejora el resultado de la enseñanza del laboratorio de anatomía.

Competencia intercultural con educación interprofesional en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud, una revisión sistemática / Intercultural competence with interprofessional education in health sciences students, a systematic review

Tanto la formación en Competencia Intercultural como la Educación Interprofesional mejoran los resultados en salud. No se encontraron revisiones sistemáticas, en la literatura especializada, que analicen ambos factores juntos en los últimos diez años. Caracterizar aspectos metodológicos de investigaciones empíricas de Competencia Intercultural con Educación Interprofesional en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud, describir aspectos curriculares de la formación en Competencia Intercultural con Educación Interprofesional, y analizar la efectividad de dichas experiencias educativas. Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, PubMed y ProQuest desde el 2010 a 2020. Existe un predominio de artículos realizados en Estados Unidos y Australia, con enfoque mixto, no experimentales, tamaño muestral acotado y uso de encuestas de percepción. Los contenidos abordaron el conocimiento intercultural general y la atención de salud, con experiencias de tipo extracurricular, presenciales, de corta duración y para un acotado número de carreras. Destacaron las estrategias de aprendizaje en equipo y Service Learning Experience. La efectividad de las experiencias educativas resultó poco concluyente; no obstante, se sugieren ciertas pautas en base a lo analizado. Resulta imprescindible desarrollar mayor investigación a nivel latinoamericano y que se incluyan las mejoras metodológicas señaladas. La formación debería focalizarse en desarrollar la autoconciencia cultural como base para la comprensión mutua, esto requiere de un equipo docente con competencias pedagógicas y culturales, además de sanitarias. Finalmente, es fundamental investigar sobre los factores que permiten un mayor desarrollo de estas competencias en el estudiantado.

There is a direct impact on health service outcomes when professionals are trained in intercultural competence and interprofessional education. No systematic reviews were found in the specialized literature that examined both factors together over the last ten years. To characterize the methodological aspects of empirical research regarding Intercultural Competence with Interprofessional Education in Health Sciences students, To describe the curricular aspects of training in Intercultural Competence with Interprofessional Education, and To analyze the effectiveness of said educational experiences. A systematic review of the Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, and ProQuest databases was carried out from 2010 to 2020. There is a predominance of articles composed in the United States and Australia, with a mixed approach, not experimental, limited sample size, and use of survey perception. The contents dealt with general intercultural knowledge and health care, with extracurricular, faceto-face, short-term experiences, and for a limited number of majors. Team learning strategies and stood out Service Learning Experience. The effectiveness of the educational experiences was inconclusive; however, certain guidelines are recommended based on what has been analyzed. It is crucial to develop more research at a Latin American level including the methodological improvements. Training should focus on developing cultural self-awareness as a basis for mutual understanding, this requires a teaching team with pedagogical and cultural skills, as well as health knowledge. Finally, it is fundamental to investigate the factors that allow more comprehensive development of these competencies in the student body.

Covid-19 en Cuba: educación médica y competencias profesionales / COVID-19 in Cuba: medical education and professional competences

RESUMEN La pandemia de covid-19, producida por el SARS-Cov-2, ha traído como consecuencia la necesidad de tomar medidas que impliquen el distanciamiento social para evitar su rápida propagación. El Ministerio de Salud Pública cubano ha optado por nuevas formas de enseñanza -como la educación a distancia- y ha priorizado nuevas tareas propias del enfrentamiento a la pandemia, en las que se involucran estudiantes y docentes. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de reflexionar sobre la educación médica en este nuevo contexto y sobre la formación de competencias profesionales en el sector de la salud. La covid-19 y los cambios y adecuaciones docentes en las diferentes carreras médicas del pregrado y el posgrado, han contribuido a elevar el nivel de competencias profesionales de todo el personal. Nada volverá a ser igual luego de esta pandemia, y lo peor que podría ocurrir sería regresar a las mismas formas de enseñanza sin tomar lo positivo de estos tiempos (AU).

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, has brought as a consequence the necessity of taking measures implying social restraining to avoid its fast spread. The Ministry of Public Health has chosen new forms of teaching -like distance education- and has given priority to new tasks that are proper to pandemic facing, in which the students and teaching staff are involved. The current work was accomplished with the objective of reflecting on medical education in this new context and on professional competences training in the field of health care. COVID-19 and the teaching changes and adaptations in the different medical pre-grade and post-grade curriculums have contributed to raise the level of all the staff professional competences. Nothing is going to be the same after this pandemic, and the worst that could occur would be to return to the same teaching forms without taking advantage of the positive things made in these times (AU).

Procedimiento de autoevaluación de la calidad del pregrado de Genética Médica / A quality self-evaluation procedure for undergraduate of Medical Genetics

RESUMEN Fundamento: Las universidades inciden directamente en el desarrollo socioeconómico de las naciones. Para cumplir este reto, necesitan gestionar su calidad, y así apoyar a la formación de profesionales competentes, que se adapten a los dinámicos entornos laborales. Objetivo: Implementar un procedimiento de autoevaluación de la calidad del proceso docente-educativo, en el pregrado de Genética Médica, para contribuir a la mejora de su desempeño. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, en la asignatura Genética Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Salvador Allende", curso 2018-2019. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, el histórico-lógico y el inductivo-deductivo. Se empleó la observación, la revisión de documentos, las encuestas, las entrevistas y la tormenta de ideas. Se propuso un procedimiento estructurado en las etapas del ciclo de Deming. Resultados: Se diagnosticó el desempeño del proceso, obteniéndose un 63 % de cumplimiento. Se ejecutó un análisis causa-efecto. Se confeccionó un programa de mejora de la calidad. Conclusiones: Se diseñó un procedimiento para autoevaluar la calidad del pregrado de Genética Médica; su aplicación posibilitó la elaboración de un programa, con acciones encaminadas a mitigar las causas de los problemas analizados, y así coadyuvar a la mejora del desempeño del proceso.

ABSTRACT Background: Universities directly influence on the socioeconomic development of nations. To reach this goal, they need to manage their quality, thus support the training of competent professionals, who adapt to dynamic work environments. Objective: To implement a quality self-assessment program of the educational teaching process, in the undergraduate of Medical Genetics, to contribute to their performance´s improvement. Methodology: A descriptive investigation was conducted in the Medical Genetics subject, at the Faculty of Medical Sciences "Salvador Allende", 2018-2019 academic course. Theoretical, logical historical and inductive deductive methods were used. Observation, document review, surveys, interviews, and brainstorming were also used. A structured program was suggested in the stages of the Deming cycle. Results: The process´s performance was diagnosed, obtaining 63 % compliance. A cause-effect analysis was done. A quality improvement program was developed. Conclusions: A quality self-assessment program was designed in the undergraduate degree in Medical Genetics; Its application made possible the development of some actions aimed at mitigating the causes of the considered problems, thus contributing to the improvement of the process´s performance.

Plataforma móvil basada en la nube para mejorar la experiencia de aprendizaje en la anatomía humana / Cloud-based mobile platform to enhance the learning experience in human anatomy

RESUMEN: En la actualidad, los cursos en línea han masificado y modificado la forma en que se enseña. Tanto los MOOC como los SPOC presentan soluciones sólidas para enseñar, e incluso poseen herramientas para fomentar la colaboración. A pesar de esto, las herramientas que poseen no fomentan colaboración efectiva y tampoco tienen una forma de medirla. Por otro lado, en anatomía han surgido múltiples aplicaciones debido a las dificultades de acceso a material cadavérico, sin embargo, éstas carecen de colaboración y no entregan información enriquecida del comportamiento y aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Dado esto, presentamos una plataforma móvil basada en la nube, como estrategia de herramienta educacional, que busca fomentar la colaboración en la enseñanza para estudiantes de anatomía y entregar datos que permiten analizar y mejorar la experiencia de aprendizaje. Esta solución se desarrolló usando como eje central las metodologías ágiles de desarrollo. Para el experimento, 29 voluntarios formaron parte del grupo experimental y otros 99 del grupo de control. Se realizaron 2 pruebas para medir sus conocimientos en áreas específicas de la anatomía. Se obtuvo aumentos de 0,59 % y 2,98 % en el puntaje de las pruebas, además, hubo una disminución en la desviación estándar de 11,434 a 5,216 en la primera prueba, y de 6,623 a 3,514 en la segunda prueba, mostrando mejora en ambos casos para el grupo experimental. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un potencial de mejorar la experiencia de aprendizaje al usar este tipo de herramientas educativas.

SUMMARY: Online courses have become popular nowadays, changing the way different subjects are taught. Both MOOCs and SPOCs present robust solutions for teaching, and even have tools to encourage collaboration. Nevertheless, the tools used do not foster effective collaboration nor can they adequately measure outcomes. On the other hand, multiple applications have emerged in anatomy as a result of the difficulty in accessing cadaveric material, however, these lack the collaborative aspect, and do not provide information on student behavior and learning. Given this, we present a cloud-based mobile platform, as an educational tool strategy, to promote collaboration in teaching for anatomy students and provide data that allows to analyze and improve the learning experience. This solution was developed using agile development methodologies as the central axis. In this study, 29 volunteers were part of the experimental group and another 99 the control group; 2 tests were performed to measure knowledge in specific areas of anatomy. Increases of 0.59 % and 2.98 % were obtained in the test score, in addition, there was a reduction in the standard deviation from 11.434 to 5.216 in the first test, and from 6.623 to 3,514 in the second test, showing improvement in both cases for the experimental group. The results obtained indicate a potential to improve the learning experience when using this type of educational tool.

Elaboración de un simulador de trauma torácico a partir de un torso cadavérico utilizando tecnología de imágenes digitales e impresión 3D / Elaboration of a thoracic trauma surgery simulation model from a cadaveric human torso incorporating digital image technology and 3D printing

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar la elaboración de un simulador de trauma torácico de alta fidelidad elaborado mediante modelamiento e impresión 3D a partir de un torso humano cadavérico. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo del desarrollo de un simulador de trauma torácico utilizando metodología centrada en el prototipado y la iteración basada en testeos. Resultados: Se elaboró un simulador reutilizable mediante la digitalización de un torso cadavérico utilizando tomografía computada. Se realizó una reconstrucción digital del torso diseñando los planos subcutáneos, muscular y óseo en base a las imágenes del paciente pre y postoracotomía anterolateral. Utilizando impresión 3D y materiales sintéticos, se elaboró la caja torácica para luego instalar un corazón y pulmón porcino ventilado y perfundido. Los parches de la toracotomía son reemplazables y de bajo costo. En conjunto, este simulador permite el entrenamiento en manejo de lesiones traumáticas cardiacas y pulmonares de alta fidelidad. Conclusión: La metodología presentada permite la creación de un modelo para el entrenamiento y evaluación de habilidades quirúrgicas en trauma torácico. Los elementos principales del simulador son reutilizables y permiten mantener bajos los costos del entrenamiento.

Aim: To describe the design and creation of a high-fidelity thoracic trauma surgery simulation model incorporating 3D printing technology using a cadaveric human torso as a model. Materials and Method: This is a descriptive study that aims to illustrate the creation process of a thoracic trauma surgery simulation model throughout the incorporation of prototypes and dynamic iteration technologies. Results: A high-fidelity reusable thoracic trauma surgery simulation model was created from the digitalization of a cadaveric torso using a computed tomography scan. Throughout digital reconstruction tools, the subcutaneous, muscular, and skeletal structures were modeled from images obtained before and after an anterolateral thoracotomy. Using 3D printing and synthetic materials, a high-fidelity thoracic cavity was built so that perfused and ventilated porcine heart and lungs could be placed. A thoracotomy patch for the anterolateral thoracotomy was designed in a reusable and low-cost fashion. This simulation model is suitable for high fidelity training in the surgical management of cardiopulmonary traumatic injuries. Conclusion: The described methodology allowed the creation of a simulation model for training and assessment of surgical skills in thoracic trauma. The main components of the simulation model are made from reusable materials, broadening access to low-cost, high fidelity training.

La mejora continua y la formación de médicos en la Facultad "Manuel Fajardo" de La Habana / Continuous improvement and physician formation in Manuel Fajardo School of Medical Sciences of Havana

Introducción: El proceso de mejora continua constituye hoy la piedra angular de los esfuerzos para gestionar la calidad en la formación de los profesionales. Objetivo : Evaluar el estado actual de la Facultad "Manuel Fajardo" para el desarrollo del proceso de autoevaluación de la carrera de Medicina con fines de mejora continua. Métodos: El grupo de estudio estuvo integrado por 57 profesores y 143 estudiantes de primero hasta sexto años en el período enero-marzo de 2020. Se seleccionó, para los estudiantes, una muestra estratificada por conglomerado; y para los profesores, una estratificada simple. Además, se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, de corte transversal. Resultados: La calidad del proceso de formación tuvo una percepción diferente entre profesores y estudiantes. Más del 20 por ciento de los encuestados consideró como no satisfactoria la preparación del personal no docente y administrativo, y su incidencia en la formación del profesional; acerca de la organización docente, estos la valoraron en más del 30 por ciento como no satisfactoria. Casi el 30 por ciento de los profesores manifestó como medianamente satisfactoria o insatisfactoria la actividad investigativa y laboral de los estudiantes; y más del 20 por ciento de los estudiantes estimó que había dificultades en la aplicación de las estrategias curriculares. Conclusiones: Se constataron insuficiencias que limitaban el continuo desarrollo del proceso de formación(AU)

Introduction: The continuous improvement process is nowadays the cornerstone of efforts made to manage quality in the training of professionals. Objective: To assess the current state of Manuel Fajardo School of Medical Sciences regarding the development of the self-evaluation process in the medical major for the purpose of continuous improvement. Methods: The study group consisted of 57 professors and 143 students from first to sixth academic years, in the period from January to March 2020. A sample stratified by cluster was selected for the students; while, for teachers, the sample was chosen by simple stratification. In addition, an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out. Results: The quality of the training process had a different perception between professors and students. More than 20 percent of the respondents considered as unsatisfactory the preparation of nonteaching and administrative personnel and its impact on professional training. Regarding organization of teaching, more than 30 percent rated it as unsatisfactory. Almost 30 percent of the professors stated that research and work activity of the students was moderately satisfactory or unsatisfactory, while more than 20 percent of the students estimated that there were difficulties in the application of curricular strategies. Conclusions: Insufficiencies were found that limited the continuous development of the training process(AU)

Dissecção do plexo cervical na formação médica: aplicabilidades clínicas e cirúrgicas / Dissection of the cervical plexus in medical training: clinical and surgical applicabilities

A Anatomia da região cervical é de particular importância para os clínicos e cirurgiões de diversas especialidades médicas. Em se tratando da organização nervosa presente na região anterolateral do pescoço, encontra-se o plexo cervical, formado pelos ramos anteriores dos nervos cervicais C1 a C4, cuja função é promover a sensibilidade da pele anterolateral cervical, torácica anterossuperior e do couro cabeludo posterior, na cabeça, além de controlar a musculatura infra-hióidea e diafragmática. Logo, lesões a essa estrutura nervosa e aos seus ramos podem causar graves complicações ao corpo humano. Esse trabalho objetivou utilizar a dissecção da região anterolateral do pescoço como uma ferramenta pedagógica para o estudo das relações anatômicas dos nervos do plexo cervical observados durante essa prática, assim como relatar algumas de suas importâncias clínicas e cirúrgicas. O presente estudo é caracterizado como qualitativo/descritivo. A dissecção foi realizada semanalmente, durante o segundo semestre de 2018 e o primeiro semestre de 2019, com a supervisão do professor responsável e auxílio do técnico de laboratório, no Laboratório de aulas práticas da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL). Considera-se que a dissecção da região anterolateral do pescoço permitiu a visualização de diversos nervos cutâneos e musculares do plexo cervical, assim como de alguns de seus ramos e suas relações anatômicas. Também contribuiu para o conhecimento da topografia em que se encontravam tais estruturas e sua organização em camadas. Esse conhecimento anatômico é essencial para a prática médica, tanto clínica quanto cirúrgica.(AU)

The anatomy of the cervical region is of particular importance for surgeons and physicians of different medical specialties. The cervical plexus can be found in the anterolateral region of the neck, formed by the anterior branches of the cervical nerves C1 to C4, whose function is to promote the sensitivity of the cervical anterolateral skin, anterosuperior thoracic skin, and posterior scalp, on the head, in addition to controlling the infrahyoid and diaphragmatic muscles. Therefore, injuries to this nervous structure and its branches may cause serious complications to the human body. This work aimed at using the dissection of the anterolateral neck region as a pedagogical tool for the study of the anatomical relationships of the cervical plexus nerves observed during this practice, as well as to highlight some of its clinical and surgical importance. This is a qualitative/descriptive study. The dissection was performed weekly, during the second semester of 2018 and the first semester of 2019, with the supervision of the professor in charge and the assistance of the laboratory technician at the Laboratory of Practical Classes at the State University of Londrina (UEL). It is considered that the dissection of the anterolateral neck region allowed the visualization of several cutaneous and muscular nerves present in the cervical plexus. It also contributed to the knowledge of the topography in which these structures were found and their organization in layers. This anatomical knowledge is essential for both clinical and surgical medical practice.(AU)

Rol de conocimientos previos en los resultados de un programa de entrenamiento en sutura de heridas para estudiantes de medicina mediante metodología EPROBA / Role of previous knowledge in the results of a training program in wound suturing for medical students using EPROBA methodology

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la adquisición de habilidades quirúrgicas básicas en estudiantes de medicina según el tipo de instrucción teórico-práctica recibida previo a un taller estandarizado de sutura de heridas. Materiales y Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental antes-después para estudiantes de cuarto año durante el 2018. Se realizó taller de sutura de heridas aplicado en modelo biológico (pata de cerdo), previo consentimiento informado y aprobación Comité Ético Científico. Mediante instrumento "The Objective Structured Assessment Of Technical Skills" (OSATS) se evaluó técnica de sutura antes y después del entrenamiento. Se dividió a los participantes según conocimientos previos al taller: Grupo A: recibió instrucción teórico-práctica en pacientes in vivo. Grupo B: recibió instrucción teórico-práctica en modelos de simulación. Grupo C: sin conocimientos previos en suturas. Se evaluó percepción de estudiantes mediante encuesta validada. Se comparó puntaje OSATS antes-después del taller y encuesta de percepción según grupo, utilizando SPSS24® y ANOVA. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: Se evaluaron 124 estudiantes. Grupo A: 17 (13,7%); Grupo B: 38 (30,7%); Grupo C: 69 (55,6%) respectivamente. Existió diferencia en puntaje OSATS de ingreso al taller Grupo A: 19,4 ± 4,9; Grupo B: 13,7 ± 6,3; Grupo C: 11,1 ± 4,5 (p < 0,05). Puntaje OSATS finalizada la intervención Grupo A: 28,8 ± 1,5; Grupo B: 28,0 ± 1,9; Grupo C: 27,9 ± 2,2 (p = 0,48), sin diferencia significativa. La intervención fue bien percibida, sin diferencias significativas entre grupos. Discusión: El resultado de evaluación OSATS finalizado el taller es independiente de experiencias, instrucción teórico-práctica o conocimientos previos a la intervención. Conclusión: Los programas de entrenamiento con evaluación estandarizada pueden equiparar los resultados entre estudiantes con diferentes conocimientos previos.

Aim: To compare the learning of basic surgical skills among medical students according to the type of theoretical and practical instruction they had prior to a standardized wound suturing workshop. Materials and Method: Quasi-experimental before and after study intended to fourth year students for the 2018. The wound suturing workshop was carried out with help of a biological model (pork leg), prior to an informed consent and the approval of the Ethics Committee. The suturing skills were evaluated by the tool "The Objective Structured Assessment Of Technical Skills" (OSATS) before and after the training. All of the participating students were sorted in groups by their previous surgical knowledge: Group A: received theoretical and practical instruction in patients. Group B: received theoretical and practical instruction in simulation models. Group C: without previous suturing knowledge. The students perception was evaluated by a validated survey. The OSATS score before and after the workshop and the perception survey were compared between the groups, using SPSS24® and ANOVA. p < 0,05 was considered significant. Results: 124 students were evaluated. Group A: 17 (13.7%); Group B: 38 (30.7%); Group C: 69 (55.6%) accordingly. There was a OSATS score difference before the workshop Group A: 19.4 ± 4,9; Group B: 13.7 ± 6.3; Group C: 11.1 ± 4.5 (p < 0.05). OSATS score after the intervention Group A: 28.8 ± 1.5; Group B: 28.0 ± 1.9; Group C: 27.9 ± 2.2 (p = 0.48), without a significant difference. The intervention was well perceived, without significant differences among the groups. Discussion: The OSATS score post workshop is independent of experiences, theoretical and practical instruction or previous knowledge. Conclusion: Training programs with standardized evaluation can even out the results among students with different previous knowledge.