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La tomografía por impedancia eléctrica (TIE) es una modalidad de monitorización funcional respiratoria por imagen, no invasiva y libre de radiación, que permite visualizar en tiempo real la ventilación pulmonar regional y global en pacientes adultos y pediátricos conectados a Ventilación Mecánica (VM). OBJETIVO: Se describe la utilidad de la TIE en dos pacientes críticos pediátricos, en quienes no fue factible realizar medición de mecánica pulmonar, como herramienta para el ajuste de parámetros ventilatorios. CASOS CLÍNICOS: Se presentan dos pacientes pediátricos de 27 y 11 meses con condiciones clínicas diferentes, conectados a VM, en quienes se utilizó la TIE como método de monitoreo de la distribución pulmonar y titulación de la presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP) óptima, con el objetivo de obtener una ventilación pulmonar más homogénea. Se presentan mediciones funcionales con diferentes niveles de PEEP y valores de distribución en las distintas regiones de interés (ROI), además de un flujograma de situaciones en las que la TIE podría resultar útil para el ajuste ventilatorio. CONCLUSIÓN: La información funcional proporcionada por la TIE, permitió monitorizar de forma dinámica la VM y optimizar los parámetros ventilatorios, facilitando la implementación de estrategias de protección pulmonar en ambos pacientes, imposibilitados de realizar una medición estática de la mecánica respiratoria.

The Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive and radiation-free respiratory functional imaging monitoring modality that allows real-time visualization of regional and global lung ventilation in adult and pediatric patients connected to mechanical ventilation (MV). OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the utility of EIT in two critical pediatric patients for whom measuring pulmonary mechanics was not feasible. EIT is used as a tool for adjusting ventilatory parameters. CLINICAL CASES: Two pediatric patients aged 27 and 11 months, with different clinical conditions, connected to MV are presented. EIT was used to monitor lung distribution and titrate the optimal Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP), to achieve more homogeneous lung ventilation. Functional measurements are presented with different PEEP levels and distribution values in different regions of interest (ROI), along with a flowchart illustrating situations where EIT could be useful for ventilatory adjustment. CONCLUSION: The functional information provided by EIT, allowed dynamic monitoring of MV, optimizing ventilatory parameters and facilitating the implementation of lung protective strategies in both patients, unable to undergo static respiratory mechanics measurements.

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SUMMARY: Military readiness relies heavily on the physical fitness and operational capability of its personnel. This study aims to enhance the effectiveness of body composition assessment and classification protocols within the military context. A comprehensive evaluation of 4370 active-duty Chilean military personnel was conducted, focusing on anthropometric characteristics, including adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and anthropometric indices. The study observed significant differences in body composition between genders, with men exhibiting lower levels of body fat percentage (men: 26.28 %; women: 34.62 %) but higher levels of muscle mass (men: 42.0 %; women: 36.0 %;), skeletal muscle index (men:11.81; women: 9.31), and fat-free mass index (men: 19.92; women: 18.45) compared to women. High levels of muscle tissue were observed in both groups. By integrating these findings into a standardized assessment protocol, a more accurate classification of military personnel was achieved, surpassing traditional methods used in sedentary obese populations. The study advocates the future adoption of an assessment model based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which consider the multifaceted nature of body composition and its impact on operational capability. Such a model would enable military forces to optimize their personnel's physical fitness and readiness, thus enhancing their effectiveness in deployment operations.

La preparación militar depende en gran medida de la aptitud física y la capacidad operativa de su personal. Este estudio tiene como objetivo mejorar la eficacia de los protocolos de evaluación y clasificación de la composición corporal dentro del contexto militar. Se realizó una evaluación integral de 4.370 militares chilenos en servicio activo, centrándose en las características antropométricas, incluido el tejido adiposo, el tejido muscular y los índices antropométricos. El estudio observó diferencias significativas en la composición corporal entre sexos, con los hombres exhibiendo niveles más bajos de porcentaje de grasa corporal (hombres: 26,28 %; mujeres: 34,62 %) pero niveles más altos de masa muscular (hombres: 42,0 %; mujeres: 36,0 %;), índice de músculo esquelético (hombres: 11,81; mujeres: 9,31) e índice de masa magra (hombres: 19,92; mujeres: 18,45) en comparación con las mujeres. Se observaron altos niveles de tejido muscular en ambos grupos. Al integrar estos hallazgos en un protocolo de evaluación estandarizado, se logró una clasificación más precisa del personal militar, superando los métodos tradicionales utilizados en poblaciones obesas sedentarias. El estudio aboga por la adopción futura de un modelo de evaluación basado en algoritmos de inteligencia artificial (IA), que consideren la naturaleza multifacética de la composición corporal y su impacto en la capacidad operativa. Un modelo de este tipo permitiría a las fuerzas militares optimizar la aptitud física y la preparación de su personal, mejorando así su eficacia en las operaciones de despliegue.

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El análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) es un método relativamente económico, rápido y no invasivo para la determinación de la composición corporal. El ángulo de fase (PhA) es un indicador de la salud celular y de la integridad de la membrana y parece estar relacionado con la capacidad física y el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de analizar las posibles relaciones entre PhA y el porcentaje de masa muscular esquelética (SMM%) y entre PhA y el porcentaje de masa grasa (FM%) en una población caucásica sana, con un amplio rango de edad. Se analizaron 210 sujetos caucásicos sanos (99 mujeres y 111 hombres), de edades comprendidas entre 20 y 70 años. Se utilizó un dispositivo BIA mano-pie (BIA-101, AKERN-Srl, Firenze, Italy) para la determinación de los parámetros bioeléctricos y un escáner DXA de cuerpo entero QDR, serie Horizon (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) para la determinación de SMM% y FM%. Se observaron correlaciones significativas positivas fuertes entre PhA y SMM%, independientemente de la franja de edad, (0,520-0,687; p < 0,01) y correlaciones significativas negativas fuertes (o moderadas/fuertes) entre PhA y FM% (0,492-0,657; p < 0,01), también independientemente de la franja de edad. Estas correlaciones indican que PhA podría utilizarse como marcador para ver la evolución de un sujeto activo, sea deportista o no. Se recomienda, por tanto, el desarrollo y la validación de nuevas ecuaciones para determinar la masa muscular y la masa grasa, que incluyan PhA como parámetro bioeléctrico.

SUMMARY: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a non-invasive, economic and fast method for body composition assessment. Phase angle (PhA) is considered an indicator of cellular health and cell membrane integrity, and it seems to be related to physical capacity and performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible relationships between PhA and skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMM%) and between PhA and fat mass percentage (FM%) in a healthy Caucasian population with a wide age range. 210 healthy Caucasian participants (99 women and 111 men), aged 20-70 years were analyzed. A BIA foot-to-hand body composition analyzer (BIA-101, AKERN-Srl, Firenze, Italy) was used to determine bioelectrical parameters, and a whole body DXA scanner QDR, serie Horizon (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) was used for SMM% and FM% assessment. Irrespective of age range, strong positive significant correlations were observed between PhA and SMM% (0.520-0.687; p < 0.01) and strong (or moderate/strong) negative significant correlations were observed between PhA and FM% (0.492-0.657; p < 0.01). These correlations indicate that PhA could be used as a marker to monitor the evolution of an active subject, whether an athlete or not. It would be useful to develop and validate new equations for skeletal muscle mass and fat mass assessment, which include PhA as a bioelectrical parameter.

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SUMMARY: This study aims to investigate body typologies based on a combination of basic anthropo-morphological characteristics and body composition measured by multichannel bioimpedance in a sample from the adult population of Lebanon. A total of 302 subjects (173 males and 129 females) without acute or chronic health disorders were included in the study. Body composition was measured by the multichannel bioelectrical impedance (BIA) method, using the i30 device (MEDIANA, Korea). The research used 10 variables, including three basic anthropo-morphological variables, three for assessing fat, three for assessing the muscle component, and one index variable. K-means cluster analysis was used to define five specific clusters (5D) of body types based on sex. In light of the results, the study established five distinct clusters representing five different body typologies among Lebanese adults, categorized by sex: Male sample, Group 1 - Obese Endomorph (15.61 %), Group 2 - Balanced Mesomorph (16.76 %), Group 3 - Short Endomorph (30.06 %), Group 4 - Short Mesomorph (34.10 %), and Group 5 - Pathological Obese Endomorph (3.47 %); Female sample, Group 1- Obese Endomorph (2.33 %), Group 2 - Short Endo/Mesomorph (28.68 %), Group 3 - Short Ectomorph (32.56 %), Group 4 - Endomorph (22.48 %), and Group 5 - Balanced Mesomorph (13.95 %). Furthermore, the results indicated that the primary factor contributing to the distinctions among the identified clusters in terms of sex is fat tissue. This leads to the conclusion that eating habits cause the given differences, rather than the level of physical activity, regardless of sex.

Este estudio ttuvo como objetivo investigar tipologías corporales basadas en una combinación de características antropomorfológicas básicas y composición corporal, medidas por bioimpedancia multicanal, en una muestra de la población adulta del Líbano. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 302 sujetos (173 hombres y 129 mujeres) sin trastornos de salud agudos o crónicos. La composición corporal se midió mediante el método de impedancia bioeléctrica multicanal (BIA), utilizando el dispositivo i30 (MEDIANA, Corea). La investigación utilizó 10 variables, incluidas tres variables antropomorfológicas básicas, tres para evaluar la grasa, tres para evaluar el componente muscular y una variable índice. Se utilizó el análisis de conglomerados de K-medias para definir cinco conglomerados específicos (5D) de tipos de cuerpo según el sexo. En base a los resultados, el estudio estableció cinco grupos distintos que representan cinco tipologías corporales diferentes entre los adultos libaneses, categorizados por sexo: muestra masculina, grupo 1: endomorfo obeso (15,61 %), grupo 2: mesomorfo equilibrado (16,76 %), grupo 3 - Endomorfo Corto (30,06 %), Grupo 4 - Mesomorfo Corto (34,10 %), y Grupo 5 - Endomorfo Obeso Patológico (3,47 %); Muestra femenina, Grupo 1: Endomorfo obeso (2,33 %), Grupo 2: Endo/mesomorfo corto (28,68 %), Grupo 3: Ectomorfo corto (32,56 %), Grupo 4: Endomorfo (22,48 %) y Grupo 5: Mesomorfo equilibrado (13,95 %). Además, los resultados indicaron que el factor principal que contribuye a las distinciones entre los grupos identificados en términos de sexo es el tejido adiposo. Esto lleva a la conclusión de que las diferencias dadas son causadas por los hábitos alimentarios, más que por el nivel de actividad física, independientemente del sexo.

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Introduction: In areas with limited access to healthcare systems, Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) estimation is performed using predictive equations to calculate an individual's caloric requirement. One problem is that these equations were validated in populations with different characteristics from those in Latin America, such as race, height, or body mass, leading to potential errors in the prediction of this parameter. Objective: To determine the REE using predictive formulas compared with bioimpedance in Peruvians. Materials and methods: A comparative analytical cross-sectional study with secondary database analysis of the CRONICAS cohort. Results: we worked with a total of 666 subjects. The Mjeor equation was the one with the highest rating of 0.95, a lower mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 4.69%, and equivalence was found with the REE values. In the multiple regression, it was observed that the Mjeor equation was the one that least overestimated the REE, increasing 0.77 Kcal/day (95% CI: 0.769-0.814; p<0.001) for each point that increased the REE determined by bioimpedance. The strength of association between Mjeor and bioimpedance was 0.9037. Furthermore, in the regression of the data (weight, height, age) in the Mjeor equation it was observed that the coefficients obtained were the same as those used in the original equation. Conclusions: The Mjeor equation seems to be the most adequate to estimate the REE in the Peruvian population. Future prospective studies should confirm the usefulness of this formula with potential utility in primary health care(AU)

Introducción: En zonas con acceso limitado a sistemas de salud, la estimación del Gasto Energético en Reposo (GER) se realiza utilizando ecuaciones predictivas para calcular el requerimiento calórico de un individuo. Uno de los problemas es que estas ecuaciones fueron validadas en poblaciones con características diferentes a las latinoamericanas, como raza, talla o masa corporal, lo que conlleva a potenciales errores en la predicción de este parámetro. Objetivo: Determinar el GER mediante fórmulas predictivas comparadas con la bioimpedancia en peruanos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico comparativo con análisis secundario de base de datos de la cohorte CRONICAS. Resultados: Se trabajó con un total de 666 sujetos. La ecuación de Mjeor fue la que obtuvo la puntuación más alta de 0,95, un error medio porcentual absoluto (MAPE) inferior de 4,69%, y se encontró equivalencia con los valores del GER. En la regresión múltiple, se observó que la ecuación de Mjeor fue la que menos sobreestimó el GER, aumentando 0,77 Kcal/día (IC 95%: 0,769-0,814; p<0,001) por cada punto que aumentaba el GER determinado por bioimpedancia. La fuerza de asociación entre Mjeor y bioimpedancia fue de 0,9037. Además, en la regresión de los datos (peso, talla, edad) de la ecuación de Mjeor se observó que los coeficientes obtenidos eran los mismos que los utilizados en la ecuación original. Conclusiones: La ecuación de Mjeor parece ser la más adecuada para estimar el GER en la población peruana. Futuros estudios prospectivos deberán confirmar la utilidad de esta fórmula para su potencial utilidad en la atención primaria de salud(AU)

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La bioimpedancia eléctrica, fundamentada en la resistencia de los tejidos biológicos a las corrientes eléctricas, ha emergido como una herramienta clave en la evaluación de la salud metabólica y nutricional en niños y adolescentes. En este contexto, el ángulo de fase, derivado de la bioimpedancia, se destaca como un indicador que proporciona información detallada sobre la integridad celular y la distribución del agua. OBJETIVO: Investigar la asociación del ángulo de fase con la salud celular en niños y adolescentes con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 (DM1). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal que incluyó treinta niños y adolescentes con DM1 obesos DM1 y eutrófico. RESULTADOS: Los hallazgos revelaron asociaciones no significativas entre el ángulo de fase y cambios en la salud celular y la distribución del agua en pacientes con DM1. DISCUSIÓN: A pesar de la falta de asociaciones significativas, la identificación de diferencias en la composición corporal sugiere que la bioimpedancia eléctrica y el ángulo de fase podrían ser útiles para evaluar la DM1 en niños y adolescentes CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de no encontrarse asociaciones significativas entre el ángulo de fase y cambios en la salud celular y la distribución del agua en niños y adolescentes con DM1 en este estudio, se observaron diferencias significativas en la masa magra y el porcentaje de grasa corporal entre los grupos de pacientes. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la bioimpedancia eléctrica y el ángulo de fase podrían ser herramientas útiles para evaluar la composición corporal en esta población. Se requieren investigaciones adicionales para confirmar estos resultados y explorar más a fondo el papel del ángulo de fase en la evaluación de la DM1 en niños y adolescentes.

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Bioelectrical impedance, based on the resistance of biological tissues to electrical currents, has emerged as a key tool in assessing metabolic and nutritional health in children and adolescents. In this context, phase angle, derived from bioimpedance, stands out as an indicator that provides detailed information on cellular integrity and water distribution. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of phase angle with cellular health in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study that included thirty children and adolescents with obese and eutrophic T1DM. RESULTS: The findings revealed non-significant associations between phase angle and changes in cellular health and water distribution in T1DM patients. DISCUSSION: Despite the lack of significant associations, the identification of differences in body composition suggests that bioelectrical impedance and phase angle could be useful for evaluating T1DM in children and adolescents. CONCLUSION: Despite not finding significant associations between phase angle and changes in cellular health and water distribution in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) in this study, significant differences were observed in lean mass and body fat percentage between patient groups. These findings suggest that bioelectrical impedance and phase angle could be useful tools for evaluating body composition in this population. Further research is needed to confirm these results and explore more deeply the role of phase angle in the evaluation of T1DM in children and adolescents.

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SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of different methods of partialization, in terms of different body component indices in relation to indicators of strength and explosiveness. The research involved 187 subjects who were divided into two groups based on sex. This research consisted of measuring body composition characteristics by multichannel bioimpedance analysis (BIA) InBody 720, as well as contractile characteristics of different muscle groups with tenziometric Dinamometry method. Based on the results of the factor analysis we found that regardless of the sex the most sensitive variable for partialization of absolute body isometric strength variable (ABiS) is partialization by allometric scaling (0.964 for females and 0.947 for males explained factor variance). However, in the case of absolute body isometric explosiveness (ABiE), the results of this study have demonstrated that partialization relative to skeletal muscle mass according to the body longitudinality - skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) is the methodological choice disregarding the sex (0.982 for females and 0.980 for males explained factor variance). The results of the study have shown that for the purpose of scaling the maximal strength relative to body composition, the allometric method can be considered as a choice, while for the partialization of maximal isometric explosiveness skeletal muscle mass index is the best choice insensitive of the sex.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la sensibilidad de distintos métodos de parcialización, en términos de diferentes índices de componentes corporales en relación a los indicadores de fuerza y explosividad. En la investigación participaron 187 sujetos que se dividieron según el sexo en dos grupos. Esta investigación consistió en medir las características de composición corporal mediante análisis de bioimpedancia multicanal (BIA) InBody 720, así como las características contráctiles de diferentes grupos musculares con el método de Dinamometría tenciométrica. Con base en los resultados del análisis factorial, encontramos que, independientemente del sexo, la variable más sensible para la parcialización de la variable de fuerza isométrica corporal absoluta (ABiS) fue la parcialización mediante escala alométrica (0,964 para las mujeres y 0,947 para los hombres). Sin embargo, en el caso de la explosividad isométrica corporal absoluta (ABiE), los resultados de este estudio han demostrado que la parcialización relativa a la masa del músculo esquelético según la longitudinalidad del cuerpo - índice de masa del músculo esquelético (SMMI) es la opción metodológica sin tener en cuenta el sexo (0,982 para las mujeres y 0,980 para los hombres). Los resultados del estudio han demostrado que para escalar la fuerza máxima en relación con la composición corporal, el método alométrico puede considerarse como una opción, mientras que para la parcialización de la explosividad isométrica máxima, el índice de masa del músculo esquelético es la mejor opción independiente del sexo.

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SUMMARY: The identification of children and adolescents who are at risk of sarcopenic obesity development often requires specialized equipment and expensive test procedures. Therefore, the establishment of cheaper and faster methods would be greatly useful, especially if they could be applied in the field. The study's objective was to establish if identification of female adolescents who suffer the risk of developing sarcopenic obesity can be obtained through the standing-long-jump test application. To achieve the research objectives, various anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed and lower limb explosive strength was assessed using the standing long jump fitness test. The research was conducted on a sample of 535 female respondents randomly selected from 9 elementary schools in the Skopje region of the Republic of North Macedonia. The respondents were divided into quintiles according to BMI z-scores, and the arithmetic means and SD about muscle-to-fat ratio were calculated for each quintile. The cutoff was determined based on the mean and standard deviation of the muscle-to-fat ratio for the 3rd quintile of BMI and the percentage of respondents with sarcopenic obesity was examined. The optimal cut-off value of the long jump fitness test results for predicting sarcopenic obesity in an adolescent girl showed that the area under the ROC curve was 0.781 (95 % CI 0.743-0.815). The standing-long-jump test values, on grounds of odds ratio (OR 95 % CI) about the girls at risk of sarcopenic obesity development, which was identified on muscle-to-fat ratio base, were 8.76 (4.39 - 17.54, p 0.001). It can be used to predict sarcopenic obesity presence in female adolescents, which can be vital in case of health intervention.

La identificación de niños y adolescentes que corren riesgo de desarrollar obesidad sarcopénica a menudo requiere equipos especializados y procedimientos de pruebas costosos. Por lo tanto, el establecimiento de métodos más baratos y rápidos sería de gran utilidad, especialmente si pudieran aplicarse en el campo. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer si la identificación de mujeres adolescentes que sufren riesgo de desarrollar obesidad sarcopénica se puede obtener mediante la aplicación de la prueba de salto de longitud de pie. Para lograr los objetivos de la investigación, se realizaron diversas mediciones antropométricas y de composición corporal y se evaluó la fuerza explosiva de los miembros inferiores mediante la prueba de aptitud de salto de longitud de pie. La investigación se realizó con una muestra de 535 mujeres encuestadas seleccionadas al azar de 9 escuelas primarias de la región de Skopje, en la República de Macedonia del Norte. Los encuestados se dividieron en quintiles según las puntuaciones z del IMC, y se calcularon las medias aritméticas y la DE sobre la relación músculo-grasa para cada quintil. El límite se determinó en función de la media y la desviación estándar de la relación músculo-grasa para el tercer quintil del IMC y se examinó el porcentaje de encuestados con obesidad sarcopénica. El valor de corte óptimo de los resultados de la prueba de condición física de salto de longitud para predecir la obesidad sarcopénica en una adolescente mostró que el área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,781 (IC del 95 %: 0,743-0,815). Los valores de la prueba de salto de longitud de pie, sobre la base del odds ratio (OR IC del 95 %) sobre las niñas en riesgo de desarrollar obesidad sarcopénica, que se identificó sobre la base del ratio músculo-grasa, fueron 8,76 (4,39 - 17,54, p. 0,001). Puede utilizarse para predecir la presencia de obesidad sarcopénica en adolescentes, lo que puede ser vital en caso de intervención sanitaria.

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Abstract Objective: To analyze the amount of muscle and the presence of sarcopenia in postmenopausal women using different methods, verifying the agreement between them as to skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted with postmenopausal women aged ≥ 50 years. SMM was obtained from a predictive equation, Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA), and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) were calculated. The cut-off point of SMI was determined for the population itself. The agreement between the SMI obtained using the different methods was verified. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the criteria proposed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). The significance level adopted for all tests was 5.0%. Results: A total of 112 women were evaluated, with an average age of 66.1 ± 5.65 years. Among them, 51.8% were sufficiently active and 43.8% were overweight and obese. The SMI cut-offs were 6.46 kg/m2 for the predictive equation and 7.66 kg/m2 for BIA, with high sensitivity and specificity. There was an excellent agreement in the identification of SMM by the predictive equation (0.89 [0.824-0.917], p < 0.001) and BIA (0.92 [0.883-0.945], p < 0.001), in reference to DXA. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 0.9%, 1.8%, and 2.7% according to BIA, DXA, and the predictive equation, respectively. Conclusion: The predictive equation showed the expected agreement in estimating skeletal muscle mass in postmenopausal women, offering a viable and accurate alternative.

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ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the anthropometric variables and body composition of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy based on the type of enteral diet received. Methods A case-series study involving 38 individuals with spastic quadriparetic cerebral palsy, aged four to 18 years, fed only by the enteral route, followed up at a Reference Hospital in the city of Recife (PE), Brazil. One group received an exclusively industrialized enteral diet, while the other received a mixed diet (industrialized and homemade). Weight, stature, arm circumference, and arm muscle area were measured. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results There was no significant difference between the groups receiving industrialized and mixed diets, with a high stature deficit frequency (63.6% versus 68.7%; p=0.743), excess fat mass (93.3% versus 58.3%; p=0.060), and fat free mass deficit (73.3% versus 66.7%; p=1.000) observed in both groups. Regarding the nutritional composition of the enteral diet, 54.5% and 53.8% of the individuals in the industrialized and mixed diet groups, respectively, received an industrialized enteral diet with a hypercaloric, hyperlipidic, and hypoproteic nutritional composition. Conclusion It was concluded that there was no difference in anthropometric parameters and body composition based on the type of diet received. It should be considered that the nutritional composition of the most commonly used industrialized diet among the individuals in this study may have influenced the unfavorable outcomes, such as the high frequency of low muscle mass and excess fat mass. This highlights the need for the formulation and availability of an enteral diet that meets the nutritional needs of this population.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar os parâmetros antropométricos e a composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral em função do tipo de dieta enteral recebida. Métodos Estudo tipo série de casos, envolvendo 38 indivíduos com paralisia cerebral tetraparética espástica entre 4 e 18 anos, alimentados apenas por via alternativa, acompanhados em um Hospital de Referência em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Um grupo recebia dieta enteral industrializada exclusiva e outro, dieta mista (industrializada e artesanal). Foram aferidos, peso, estatura, circunferência e área muscular do braço. A composição corporal se deu por meio da utilização de bioimpedância elétrica. Resultados Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos dieta industrializada e dieta mista, sendo constatada elevada frequência de déficit estatural (63,6% versus 68,7%; p=0,743), excesso de massa gorda (93,3% versus 58,3%; p=0,060) e déficit de massa livre de gordura (73,3% versus 66,7%; p=1,000), em ambos os grupos. Quanto à composição nutricional da dieta enteral ofertada, 54,5% e 53,8% dos indivíduos nos grupos dieta industrializada e dieta mista, respectivamente, recebiam dieta enteral industrializada de composição nutricional hipercalórica, hiperlipídica e hipoproteica. Conclusão Conclui-se que não houve diferença nos parâmetros antropométricos e na composição corporal em função do tipo de dieta recebida. Deve-se considerar que a composição nutricional da dieta industrializada mais utilizada pelos indivíduos dessa pesquisa pode ter influenciado os resultados desfavoráveis, como a elevada frequência de baixa massa muscular e excesso de massa gorda. Surgindo por sua vez, a necessidade da formulação e disponibilização de uma dieta enteral que atenda às necessidades nutricionais dessa população.

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ABSTRACT Objective To identify the Brazilian dialysis centers that assess sarcopenia in their clinical routine and how it is diagnosed and managed. Methods This is a web-based survey study, structured with quali-quantitative questions about how sarcopenia is routinely assessed in dialysis centers. Centers officially registered at the Brazilian Society of Nephrology website were contacted through e-mail and/or telephone. The survey included questions about the dialysis staff, instruments, methods, and criteria for diagnosing sarcopenia, and how it was managed if diagnosed. Results Sixty-two dialysis centers responded to the survey and 23 (37%) assessed sarcopenia as a clinical routine. Of these, 13 had an exercise professional (57%), and all had a dietitian. The main consensus adopted to diagnose sarcopenia was the revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2; n=10, 44%). The assessment frequency was mainly six-monthly and quarterly (n=8, 35% both). The most common methods to assess sarcopenia traits were handgrip strength (n=16, 70%) for physical function and bioimpedance analysis (n=15, 65%) for muscle mass. Centers with an exercise professional had a higher chance of assessing sarcopenia (OR=4.23, 95% CI: 1.37 to 13.07). Changes in the dietary plan (n=20, 87%) and prescription of resistance and combined exercises (n=8, 35% both) were the most adopted intervention strategies. Conclusion The assessment of sarcopenia and its traits in Brazilian dialysis centers as a clinical routine was low. The most used definition guideline was the EWGSOP2, while the most used assessments were handgrip strength and bioimpedance analysis.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar os centros de diálise brasileiros que avaliam a sarcopenia em sua rotina clínica, assim como os métodos de diagnóstico e manejo empregados. Métodos Estudo survey, estruturado com questões quali-quantitativas sobre como a sarcopenia é avaliada rotineiramente em centros de diálise. Os centros oficialmente cadastrados no site da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia foram contatados por e-mail e/ou telefone. A pesquisa incluiu perguntas sobre o profissional de diálise, instrumentos, métodos e critérios para diagnosticar a sarcopenia e sobre como a sarcopenia foi tratada. Resultados Sessenta e dois centros de diálise responderam à pesquisa e 23 (37%) avaliaram a sarcopenia como rotina clínica. Destes, 13 contavam com profissional do exercício (57%) e todos contavam com nutricionista. Centros com profissional de exercício tiveram maior chance de avaliar sarcopenia (OR=4,23, IC 95%: 1,37 a 13,07). O principal consenso adotado para diagnosticar a sarcopenia foi o revisado European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2; n=10, 44%). A frequência de avaliação foi maioritariamente semestral e trimestral (n=8, 35% ambas). Os métodos mais comuns para avaliar os traços de sarcopenia foram força de preensão manual (n=16, 70%) para função física e bioimpedância (n=15, 65%) para massa muscular. Mudanças no plano alimentar (n=20, 87%) e prescrição de exercícios resistidos e combinados (n=8, 35% ambos) foram as estratégias de intervenção mais adotadas. Conclusão A avaliação da sarcopenia nos centros de diálise brasileiros como rotina clínica foi baixa. A diretriz de definição mais utilizada foi o EWGSOP2, enquanto as avaliações mais utilizadas foram a força de preensão manual e a bioimpedância.

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Introdução: A Displasia septo-óptica (DSO) é uma condição clínica relativamente rara, com uma prevalência de 1:10.000 a 20.000 nascidos vivos. O seu diagnóstico é clínico, sendo realizado quando há pelo menos 2 dos componentes da tríade clássica: hipoplasia de nervo óptico (HNO), malformação de linha média e disfunções hipofisárias. Até 70% dos pacientes com DSO podem apresentar deficiências hormonais. Apesar de relativamente rara, tem-se observado um aumento significativo da sua incidência ao longo dos anos, de maneira que cada vez mais estudos estão sendo elaborados para melhor entendimento de sua fisiopatologia. Estima-se uma maior prevalência de obesidade na síndrome, justificada pelos defeitos hipotalâmicos que podem levar a alterações metabólicas como hiperfagia e alterações de sensibilidade da leptina, favorecendo o ganho ponderal. Além disso, as deficiências hormonais hipofisárias, como a deficiência do hormônio de crescimento (GH), também contribuem para agravar o quadro. Objetivos: Avaliar o perfil metabólico, por meio da análise clínica, laboratorial e de bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) dos pacientes com DSO acompanhados no ambulatório de endocrinologia do IPPMG-UFRJ. Metodologia: Estudo transversal descritivo de coorte de pacientes com DSO acompanhados no ambulatório de endocrinologia do IPPMG-UFRJ. Resultados: Foram encontrados 48 indivíduos com DSO (50% do sexo feminino), sendo 28 com seguimento regular. As idades médias de diagnóstico e de encaminhamento ao ambulatório de endocrinologia foram de 3,90 ± 3,85 anos e 3,15 ± 3,30 anos, respectivamente, e a idade média atual daqueles que mantém acompanhamento foi de 7,46 ± 4,83 anos. A idade materna era ≤ 25 anos no momento do parto em 64% (25/39), sendo 44,44% (n=20/45) delas primigestas. Quanto aos critérios diagnósticos da DSO, em 92,6% (N=38/41) foi identificada HNO (78,9% bilateralmente); 95,3% (N=41/43) apresentaram alterações estruturais de linha média em exame de neuroimagem, 85,7% (N=24/28) alterações estruturais de sela túrcica e 73% apresentaram pelo menos uma deficiência hormonal, dos quais 2/3 apresentaram múltiplas disfunções hipofisárias. A disfunção mais frequente foi do hormônio tireotrófico (TSH), seguida pela de GH e hormônio adrenocorticotrófico (ACTH). Foram encontradas as medianas de valores de glicemia, colesterol total, LDL, HDL e triglicerídeos de 77 mg/dL,187 mg/dL, 112,7 mg/dL, 48 mg/dL e 107 mg/dL, respectivamente. Na avaliação da bioimpedância (BIA), foi encontrada uma mediana de 18,7% para massa gorda e uma mediana de 81,3% para massa magra. Na avaliação da distribuição da massa magra entre massa óssea e massa muscular, foi encontrada uma mediana de 4,3% e uma mediana de 28,4%, respectivamente. Dez participantes apresentaram percentual de massa óssea baixo e 9 participantes apresentaram percentual de massa muscular baixo. Onze participantes apresentaram pelo menos 1 destes percentuais abaixo dos valores de referência. Conclusão: Mais de 1/3 dos pacientes apresentava os 3 critérios da tríade clássica de DSO e 2/3 disfunções hipofisárias. Não houve alterações significativas de glicemia, TGO, TGP. A dislipidemia se mostrou presente na maioria dos pacientes, com mais da metade com LDL elevado e quase 2/3 com hipertrigliceridemia. A maioria dos pacientes foi classificada como eutrófica pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC), no entanto » apresentou percentual elevado de massa gorda e quase 80% percentual de massa magra baixo, sendo ¾ com baixo percentual de massa óssea. Recomendase que a BIA não seja substituída pela avaliação do IMC nos pacientes com DSO.(AU)

Background: Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare clinical condition, with a prevalence of 1:10,000 to 20,000 live births. Its diagnosis is clinical, being made when there are at least 2 of the components of the classic triad: optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), midline malformation and pituitary dysfunction. Up to 70% of patients with SOD may experience hormonal deficiencies. Despite being rare, a significant increase in its incidence has been observed over the years, so that more and more studies are being carried out to better understand its pathophysiology. A higher prevalence of obesity in the syndrome is estimated, justified by hypothalamic defects that can lead to metabolic changes such as hyperphagia and changes in leptin sensitivity, favoring weight gain. Furthermore, pituitary hormonal deficiencies, such as growth hormone (GH) deficiency, also contribute to aggravating the condition. Objective: To evaluate the metabolic profile, through clinical, laboratory and bioelectral impedance (BIA) analysis of cohort of patients with SOD followed at the endocrinology outpatient clinic at IPPMG-UFRJ. Methodology: Descriptive study of cohort of patients with SOD followed at the endocrinology outpatient clinic at IPPMG-UFRJ. Results: 48 individuals with SOD were found (50% female), 28 of whom had regular follow-up. The average ages at diagnosis and referral to the endocrinology outpatient clinic were 3.90 ± 3.85 years and 3.15 ± 3.30 years, respectively, and the current average age of those who maintain follow-up was 7.46 ± 4 .83 years. Maternal age was ≤ 25 years at the time of birth in 64% (25/39), with 44.44% (n=20/45) of them being primiparous. Regarding the diagnostic criteria for SOD, ONH was identified in 92.6% (N=38/41), 78.9% bilaterally; 95.3% (N=41/43) had midline structural changes on neuroimaging examination, 85.7% (N=24/28) had structural changes in the sella turcica and 73% had at least one hormonal deficiency, of which 2/3 had multiple pituitary dysfunctions. The most frequent dysfunction was thyrotropic hormone (TSH), followed by GH and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). A median of blood glucose level, cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides of 77 mg/dL, 187 mg/dL, 112.7 mg/dL, 48 mg/dL and 107 mg/dL were found, respectively. In the BIA assesment, a median of 18.7% was found for fat mass and a median of 81.3% for lean mass. When evaluating the distribution of lean mass between bone mass and muscle mass, a median of 4.3% and 28.4% were found, respectively. Ten participants had a low bone mass percentage, and 9 participants had a low muscle mass percentage. Eleven participants presented at least one of these percentages below the reference values. Conclusion: More than 1/3 of the patients presented the classic triad criteria of SOD and 2/3 had pituitary dysfunction. There were no significant changes in blood glucose, TGO, TGP. Dyslipidemia was present in most patients, with more than half having elevated LDL and almost 2/3 having hypertriglyceridemia. Most patients were classified as eutrophic based on body mass index (BMI), however » had a high percentage of fat mass and almost 80% a low percentage of lean mass, with ¾ having a low percentage of bone mass. We recommended that BIA not be replaced by BMI assessment in patients with SOD.(AU)

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Introdução: Identificar precocemente o estado nutricional de pacientes com câncer assegura o tratamento nutricional adequado e melhores prognósticos. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o ângulo de fase (AF), o risco nutricional avaliado por meio do Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002) e indicadores do estado nutricional em pacientes com câncer hospitalizados. Método: Estudo transversal, prospectivo, com pacientes com câncer internados no Complexo Hospitalar de Vitória da Conquista, na Bahia. O AF foi avaliado por meio da impedância bioelétrica, sendo considerados baixos os valores < 5º para homens e < 4,6º para mulheres. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da panturrilha (CP) e porcentagem de adequação da circunferência do braço (%CB). O risco nutricional foi avaliado utilizando a ferramenta NRS-2002. Para a análise estatística dos dados, foram utilizados o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão logística binária múltipla. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 135 pacientes. Os sítios tumorais mais encontrados foram intestino (16,3%), mama (16,3%) e cérebro (12,59%). Grande parte da amostra apresentou risco nutricional (59,3%), enquanto 41,67% dos homens e 28,57% das mulheres apresentaram AF baixo. Todos os parâmetros antropométricos foram associados ao AF na análise univariada. Na análise multivariada, apenas a %CB e o risco nutricional se mostraram associados de forma independente ao AF. Conclusão: O AF está associado ao risco nutricional e à %CB em pacientes com câncer hospitalizados

Introduction: Early identification of the nutritional status of cancer patients ensures adequate nutritional treatment and better prognoses. Objective: To evaluate the association between phase angle (FA), nutritional risk assessed using the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002) and indicators of nutritional status in cancer inpatients. Method: Cross-sectional, prospective study, carried out with cancer inpatients at the "Complexo Hospitalar de Vitória da Conquista", in Bahia. AF was assessed using bioelectrical impedance, with values ​​< 5º for men and < 4.6º for women being considered low. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI), calf circumference (CC) and percentage of adequacy of arm circumference (%AC). Nutritional risk was assessed using the NRS-2002 tool. For statistical analysis of the data, the chi-square test and multiple binary logistic regression were used. Results: The sample consisted of 135 patients. The most common tumor sites were intestine (16.3%), breast (16.3%) and brain (12.59%). A large part of the sample presented nutritional risk (59.3%), while 41.67% of men and 28.57% of women presented low PA. All anthropometric parameters were associated with PA in univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, only %AC and nutritional risk were independently associated with PA. Conclusion: PA is associated with nutritional risk and %AC in cancer inpatients

Introducción: La identificación temprana del estado nutricional de los pacientes con cáncer garantiza un tratamiento nutricional adecuado y mejores pronósticos. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el ángulo de fase (AF), el riesgo nutricional evaluado mediante el Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002) y los indicadores del estado nutricional en pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados. Método: Estudio transversal, prospectivo, con pacientes con cáncer internados en el Complejo Hospitalario Vitória da Conquista, en Bahía. El AF se evaluó mediante impedancia bioeléctrica, considerándose bajos valores menores de 5º para hombres y de 4,6º para mujeres. El estado nutricional se evaluó mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la pantorrilla (CP) y el porcentaje de adecuación de la circunferencia del brazo (%CB). El riesgo nutricional se evaluó mediante la herramienta NRS-2002. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó la prueba de ji al cuadrado y regresión logística binaria múltiple. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 135 pacientes. Las localizaciones tumorales más frecuentes fueron intestino (16,3%), mama (16,3%) y cerebro (12,59%). Gran parte de la muestra presentó riesgo nutricional (59,3%), mientras que el 41,67% de los hombres y el 28,57% de las mujeres presentaron AF bajo. Todos los parámetros antropométricos se asociaron con el AF en el análisis univariado. En el análisis multivariado, sólo el % CB y el riesgo nutricional se asociaron de forma independiente con el AF. Conclusión: El AF se asocia con riesgo nutricional y % CB en pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados

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El diagnóstico por bioimpedancia (BIA) y el ángulo de fase (AnF), como indicador, permiten monitorear el estado físico, de salud y nutricional en adultos mayores. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación entre la condición física y valores de fase angular por bioimpedancia en un grupo de adultos mayores sedentarios. Participaron voluntariamente 24 adultos mayores sedentarios (21 mujeres y 3 hombres). A cada participante se les midió bioimpedancia, fuerza de presión manual y test de 6 minutos del Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Posteriormente se analizaron los resultados, correlacionando el ángulo de fase (AnF) y condición física cardiorrespiratoria según sexo y el AnF con la fuerza de presión manual. El 71% presentó una media de AnF por debajo de la referencia (4,5º ± 0,4), específicamente, el 67% de los hombres y el 62% de las mujeres. La correlación entre AnF y capacidad física cardiorrespiratoria arrojó un valor de R2= 0,50; p<0,0001. La asociación entre AnF y fuerza de presión manual fue de R2=0,35; p=0,0023. Se encontró una relación significativa entre una prueba de condición física cardiorrespiratoria y AnF y entre la fuerza de presión manual y AnF. Es de importancia clínica incluir parámetros objetivos de valoración celular en adultos mayores como el AnF.

The diagnosis by bioimpedance (BIA) and the phase angle (PhA) are indicators, that allow monitoring of the physical health and nutritional status of older adults. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between physical fitness and phase angle values by bioimpedance in a group of sedentary older adults. 24 elderly sedentary volunteers participated (21 women and 3 men). Each participant underwent bioimpedance, manual dynamometry, and the 6-minute Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Subsequently, the results were analyzed, making a correlation between PhA and cardiorespiratory physical condition, another between PhA and cardiorespiratory physical condition according to sex and finally an association between PhA and handgrip strength. R71% presented a PhA mean below the reference (4.5º ± 0.4), specifically 67% of men and 62% of women. The correlation between PhA and cardiorespiratory fitness showed a value of R2= 0.50; p<0.0001. The association between PhA and handgrip strength was R2=0.35; p=0.0023. A significant relationship was found between a cardiorespiratory fitness test and PhA and between handgrip strength and PhA. It is of clinical importance to include objective cellular assessment parameters in older adults such as PhA.

O diagnóstico por bioimpedância (BIA) e ângulo de fase (AnF), como indicador, permitem monitorar o estado físico, de saúde e nutricional de idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre a condição física e os valores da fase angular por bioimpedância em um grupo de idosos sedentários. Participaram voluntariamente 24 idosos sedentários (21 mulheres e 3 homens). Cada participante foi medido bioimpedância, força de pressão manual e teste de 6 minutos do Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Posteriormente, os resultados foram analisados, correlacionando o ângulo de fase (AnF) e a condição física cardiorrespiratória de acordo com o sexo e o AnF com a força de pressão manual. 71% apresentaram média do LAn abaixo da referência (4,5º ± 0,4), sendo 67% dos homens e 62% das mulheres. A correlação entre o LAn e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória deu um valor de R2= 0,50; p<0,0001. A associação entre LAn e força de pressão manual foi R2=0,35; p=0,0023. Encontrou-se relação significativa entre teste de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e NF e entre força de pressão manual e NF. É de importância clínica incluir parâmetros objetivos de avaliação celular em adultos mais velhos, como AnF.

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La composición corporal engloba una serie de variables relacionadas con la salud e influye en la condición física. A pesar de ello, existe poca evidencia sobre sus efectos en la capacidad operativa en militares. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la composición corporal, la condición física y la capacidad operativa de militares chilenos. Participaron 57 militares chilenos (26,9 ± 4,8 años), con especialización operativa en infantería. La composición corporal fue evaluada con bioimpedancia octopolar estimando masa libre de grasa, tejido muscular y tejido adiposo, entre otras variables. También se realizaron las siguientes pruebas de condición física: 5000 m planos, dominadas, abdominales y flexibilidad, así como cuatro pruebas específicas de actividades operativas militares específicas (situación de combate simulado). Los resultados mostraron un porcentaje de tejido muscular de 45,4 ± 2,9 % (IC95%: 44,6 - 46,2), mientras que el porcentaje de tejido adiposo fue de 20,3 ± 4,9 % (IC95%: 14,7 - 17,3). Se encontraron correlaciones negativas de pequeña magnitud entre el tiempo de carrera (5000 m) y el tejido muscular (%) (r = -0,275) y positiva con el tejido adiposo (%) (r = 0,294). Sin embargo, se observaron correlaciones de alta magnitud entre dominadas y tejido muscular (%) (r = 0,517) y tejido adiposo (%) (r = -0,558). El tejido adiposo se relacionó negativamente con la capacidad aeróbica, fuerza de brazos(??) y fuerza resistencia abdominal, mientras que el tejido muscular se relacionó positivamente con estas mismas variables. No se apreciaron correlaciones entre la composición corporal y la capacidad operativa militar (p<0,05). Se concluye que la composición corporal y la condición física no se relacionan con la capacidad operativa militar en situación de combate en especialistas en infantería, pero si la composición corporal se relaciona con la fuerza y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria.

SUMMARY: Body composition encompasses a series of variables that are health-related and influence physical condition. Nevertheless, there is little evidence on its effects on the operational capacity of the military. The objective of this study was to relate the body composition, the physical condition and the operational capacity of the Chilean military. Fifty-seven Chilean soldiers (26.9 ± 4.8 years) participated, with operational specialization in infantry. Body composition was evaluated with octopolar bioimpedance, estimating fat- free mass, muscle tissue, and adipose tissue, among other variables. The following physical condition tests were also carried out: 5000 m flat, pull-ups, abdominals and flexibility, as well as four specific tests of specific military operational activities (simulated combat situation). The results showed a percentage of muscle tissue of 45.4 ± 2.9 % (95%CI: 44.6 - 46.2), while the percentage of adipose tissue was 20.3 ± 4.9 % (95%CI). : 14.7-17.3). Negative correlations of small magnitude were found between race time (5000 m) and muscle tissue (%) (r = -0.275) and positive with adipose tissue (%) (r = 0.294). However, high magnitude correlations were observed between pull-ups and muscle tissue (%) (r = 0.517) and adipose tissue (%) (r = -0.558). Adipose tissue was negatively related to aerobic capacity, arm strength, and abdominal endurance strength, while muscle tissue was positively related to these same variables. No correlations were found between body composition and military operational capacity (p<0.05). It is concluded that body composition and physical condition are not related to military operational capacity in combat situations in infantry specialists, but body composition is related to strength and cardiorespiratory capacity.

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Introdução: a Força de Preensão Manual (FPM) é um indicador de saúde e funcionalidade do idoso, que diminui com o passar do tempo, impactada por aspectos como mudanças na composição corporal. Objetivo: investigar a associação entre o Ângulo de Fase Padronizado (AFP) e FPM em idosos comunitários da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Metodologia: estudo transversal, com pessoas de 60 anos ou mais, atendidos na APS. A variável dependente foi a FPM medida com dinamômetro e a independente principal foi o AFP com base no sexo e faixa etária, calculado a partir do ângulo de fase obtido pela bioimpedância. Foi realizada a regressão logística com entrada por bloco, sendo incluídas no modelo as variáveis que apresentaram associação com nível crítico menor do que 10%. Resultados: dos 296 indivíduos avaliados, 28,0% exibiram baixa FPM e 15,9% apresentaram AFP < ­ 1,65°. As variáveis inseridas no modelo final de regressão logística, juntamente com o AFP, foram sexo, faixa etária, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e Circunferência da Panturrilha (CP). A análise mostrou que o AFP < ­ 1,65° aumenta a chance do idoso apresentar baixa FPM, tanto na análise sem ajuste (OR = 2,71; IC 95% 1,43-5,15), quanto no modelo final (OR = 2,35; IC 95% 1,14-4,87). Conclusão: o AFP mostrou-se associado à FPM, independentemente da interação com sexo, faixa etária, IMC e CP. A sua utilização pode contribuir na avaliação de idosos, especialmente quando a aferição da FPM não for possível.

Introduction: Handgrip Strength (HGS) is an indicator of health and functionality of the older adults, which decreases over time, impacted by aspects including changes in body composition. Objective: to investigate the association between the Standardized Phase Angle (SPA ) and HGS in community-dwelling older adults in Primary Health Care (PHC). Methodology: cross-sectional study, with people aged 60 or over, assisted in the PHC. The dependent variable was the HGS measured using a dynamometer. The main independent variable was the SPA based on gender and age range, calculated from the phase angle obtained by bioimpedance. Block-by-block logistic regression was performed, including variables that were associated with a critical level lower than 10% in the model. Results: of the 296 individuals assessed, 28.0% had low HGS and 15.9% had SPA < ­ 1.65°. The variables inserted in the final logistic regression model, together with the SPA , were gender, age group, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Calf Circumference (CC). The analysis showed that SPA < ­ 1.65° increases the chance of the older adults having low HGS, both in the unadjusted analysis (OR = 2.71; 95% CI 1.43-5.15) and in the final model (OR = 2.35; 95%CI 1.14-4.87). Conclusion: the SPA was associated with HGS, regardless of the interaction with sex, age group, BMI and CC. Its use can contribute to the evaluation of the older adults, especially when HGS measurement is not possible.

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SUMMARY: Athletes differ among themselves and one of the main differences is observed in relation to body shape and composition. Achieving top sports performance requires more standardization in the processes of training and development of a unique methodology for individualizing the control specific adaptation of athletes. The aim of this study is to establish reference data for the most sensitive variables to define the amount and structure of body fat in female athletes in individual sports. The sample included 895 females, divided in: a control group (Cont) of young females (N = 688); International (N = 113), and National level female athletes (N = 94) in 13 individual sports. Four variables described the structureof of body fat: Percentage of body fat (PBF), Body Fat Mass Index (BFMI), Protein Fat Index (PFI) and Index of Body Composition (IBC). Results showed that considering the control group, female athletes have all examined Body Fat variables statistically significantly different (BFMI and PBF are lower, p = 0.011 and p = 0.000, while PFI and IBC are higher, p = 0.000, respectively). Female athletes are also statistically significantly different in relation to the level of competition (p = 0.000), and the investigated variables are responsible for 17.7 % of the variability of the difference between the groups. Competitively more successful female athletes have higher IBC (lower percentage of fat per overall body volume, p = 0.013), as well as, a statistically significantly higher protein mass in relation to body fat mass (PFI, p = 0.018). The most sensitive variables for defining body fat differences between the examined individual sports were IBC, with an influence of 37.9 %, then PFI (32.4 %), then PBF (22.8 %), and finally BFMI, with an influence of 11.4 % on the differences. Based on the results of this study, IBC and PFI are variables that have shown useful scientific-methodological potential for research in the future.

Los deportistas difieren entre sí y una de las principales diferencias se observa en relación a la forma y composición corporal. Alcanzar el máximo rendimiento deportivo requiere una mayor estandarización en los procesos de entrenamiento y en el desarrollo de una metodología única para individualizar el control de adaptación específico de los atletas. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer datos de referencia de las variables más sensibles para definir la cantidad y estructura de la grasa corporal en mujeres deportistas en deportes individuales. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 895 mujeres, divididas en: un grupo control (Cont) de mujeres jóvenes (N = 688); Atletas femeninas de nivel internacional (N = 113) y nacional (N = 94) en 13 deportes individuales. Cuatro variables describieron la estructura de la grasa corporal: Porcentaje de grasa corporal (PBF), Índice de Masa Grasa Corporal (BFMI), Índice de Proteína Grasa (PFI) e Índice de Composición Corporal (IBC). Los resultados mostraron que, considerando el grupo control, todas las atletas tuvieron diferecias estadísticamente significativas respecto a las variables de grasa corporal (BFMI y PBF son más bajos, p = 0,011 y p = 0,000, mientras que PFI e IBC son más altos, p = 0,000, respectivamente). En relación al nivel de competencia, las atletas femeninas presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,000), y las variables investigadas son responsables por el 17,7 % de la variabilidad de la diferencia entre los grupos. Las atletas femeninas competitivamente más exitosas tienen un IBC más alto (menor porcentaje de grasa por volumen corporal total, p = 0,013), así como una masa proteica estadísticamente más alta en relación con la masa de grasa corporal (PFI, p = 0,018). Las variables más sensibles para definir las diferencias de grasa corporal entre los deportes individuales examinados fueron IBC, con una influencia del 37,9 %, luego PFI (32,4 %), a seguir PBF (22,8 %) y finalmente BFMI, con una influencia del 11,4 % en las diferencias. En base a los resultados de este estudio, IBC y PFI son las variables que han mostrado un potencial científico-metodológico útil para la investigación en el futuro.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Phase angle (PhA) is a Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameter representing an indicator of cellular health and has been suggested as a biomarker of nutritional status. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between PhA and nutritional parameters in older adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with community-dwelling older adults. Body mass index (BMI), arm muscle circumference (AMC), calf circumference (CC), body fat percentage (BF%), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), serum albumin, mini-nutritional assessment (MNA), and PhA were assessed. Kolmogorov­Smirnov test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, chi-square test, and Poisson regression models were performed. RESULTS: 144 participants were included in the study, and most of them were female, aged ≥80 years, and underweight. Most older adults with lower PhA were women, aged range 80­89 years, and with reduced ASMM (p<0.05). PhA presented a significant correlation with age (r=­0.417; p<0.001), ASMM (r=0.427; p<0.001), AMC (r=0.195; p=0.019) and BF% (r=­0.223; p=0.007). Older adults with lower PhA present reduced ASMM (PR: 1.25; 95%CI: 1.04­1.50), and hypoalbuminemia (PR: 1.50; 95%CI: 1.11­2.03). CONCLUSION: PhA is related to commonly nutritional indicators used in clinical practice and could be an important biomarker of muscle mass reserves in community-living older adults of both sexes.

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: An anthropometric and body composition analysis was conducted on 123 competitive young male football players of different age groups (U13; U15; U17 & U19) with at least 4 years of training load. 3D anthropometric measurement were performed by the NX-16 ([TC]2, 3D body scanner Cary, North Carolina). Body composition was measured by the bioelectrical impedance with InBody 720 (Biospace Ltd.). Anthropometric and body composition characteristics among different age groups and asymmetries between the left and right side of the upper and lower limbs were analysed for treated age groups. The results showed differences in anthropometric and body composition variables among all age groups in all observed variables (Height, Weight, Basal Metabolic Rate, Skeletal Muscle Mass, Body Fat Mass, Percent Body Fat, Abdominal Obesity Degree, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Mass, Skeletal Lean Mass and Fat Free Mass). The results also showed that young football players of age group U13 differed statistically in four (from 7) paired variables (Arm Lean Mass, Leg Lean Mass, Forearm Girth and Calf Girth), U15 in three variables (Upper Arm Girth, Thigh Girth and Calf Girth), U17 in five variables (Arm Lean Mass, Leg Lean Mass, Upper Arm Girth, Forearm Girth and Calf Girth) and U19 in four observed variables (Arm Lean Mass, Leg Lean Mass, Upper Arm Girth and Calf Girth). All of the age groups differed statistically in calf girth paired variables. Puberty time probably had an impact on the results, and in future research more focus should be placed on puberty characteristics variables.

Se realizó un análisis antropométrico y de composición corporal en 123 jugadores de fútbol masculino jóvenes competidores de diferentes grupos de edad (U13, U15, U17 y U19) con al menos 4 años de carga de entrenamiento. La medición antropométrica 3D se realizó con el NX-16 ([TC]2, escáner corporal 3D Cary, Carolina del Norte). La composición corporal se midió mediante la impedancia bioeléctrica con InBody 720 (Biospace Ltd.). Se analizaron las características antropométricas y de composición corporal entre los diferentes grupos de edad y las asimetrías entre los lados izquierdo y derecho de los miembros superiores e inferiores para los grupos de edad tratados. Los resultados mostraron diferencias en las variables antropométricas y de composición corporal entre todos los grupos de edad en todas las variables observadas (Talla, Peso, Tasa Metabólica Basal, Masa Muscular Esquelética, Masa Grasa Corporal, Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal, Grado de Obesidad Abdominal, Índice de Masa Corporal, Masa Grasa Corporal, Masa magra esquelética y Masa libre de grasa). Los resultados también mostraron que los jugadores de fútbol jóvenes del grupo de edad U13 diferían estadísticamente en cuatro (de 7) variables pareadas (masa magra del brazo, masa magra de la pierna, circunferencia del antebrazo y circunferencia de la pantorrilla), U15 en tres variables (circunferencia del brazo superior, circunferencia del muslo y circunferencia del muslo). Circunferencia de la pantorrilla), U17 en cinco variables (Masa magra del brazo, Masa magra de la pierna, Circunferencia del brazo superior, Circunferencia del antebrazo y Circunferencia de la pantorrilla) y U19 en cuatro variables observadas (Masa magra del brazo, Masa magra de la pierna, Circunferencia del brazo superior y Circunferencia de la pierna). Todos los grupos de edad difirieron estadísticamente en las variables pareadas de circunferencia de la pierna. El tiempo de la pubertad probablemente tuvo un impacto en los resultados, y en investigaciones futuras se debe prestar más atención a las variables de las características de la pubertad.

ABSTRACT

Aiming at the human-computer interaction problem during the movement of the rehabilitation exoskeleton robot, this paper proposes an adaptive human-computer interaction control method based on real-time monitoring of human muscle state. Considering the efficiency of patient health monitoring and rehabilitation training, a new fatigue assessment algorithm was proposed. The method fully combined the human neuromuscular model, and used the relationship between the model parameter changes and the muscle state to achieve the classification of muscle fatigue state on the premise of ensuring the accuracy of the fatigue trend. In order to ensure the safety of human-computer interaction, a variable impedance control algorithm with this algorithm as the supervision link was proposed. On the basis of not adding redundant sensors, the evaluation algorithm was used as the perceptual decision-making link of the control system to monitor the muscle state in real time and carry out the robot control of fault-tolerant mechanism decision-making, so as to achieve the purpose of improving wearing comfort and improving the efficiency of rehabilitation training. Experiments show that the proposed human-computer interaction control method is effective and universal, and has broad application prospects.