Reading Argumentative Texts: Effects of the presence-absence of connectives in reading comprehension and cognitive effort / Leer Textos Argumentativos: efectos de la presencia-ausencia de conectores en la comprensión lectora y esfuerzo cognitivo

Recent studies prove a strong association between reading and eye movements. Few investigations report the role of connectors and prior knowledge during reading in Spanish, as well as their association with eye movements. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of the presence absence of connectors in two argumentative texts on cognitive effort and reading comprehension. Forty-one psychology undergraduate students participated in a reading comprehension task, while their eye movements were recorded. The condition with connectors was related to prior knowledge, the slide time fixation, the slide number fixations, and the slide return fixations. The condition without connectors was related to the return fixations, the time fixation, and the number of fixations. Prior knowledge was correlated with the total time fixation, the total return fixations, and comprehension. This suggests that during reading without connectors more cognitive effort is required, observed in the return fixations; moreover, prior knowledge has an important role in the visual strategies required to process and obtain a representation of text. But participant performance was still good as observed in the scores of the reading comprehension task

Estudios prueban una asociación entre lectura y movimientos oculares al reportar el efecto de los conectores en el procesamiento textual. Pocas investigaciones revelan el papel de los conectores, el conocimiento previo y los movimientos oculares en la lectura de textos en español. El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de la presencia-ausencia de conectores en dos textos argumentativos sobre el esfuerzo cognitivo y la comprensión lectora. Participaron 41 universitarios en una tarea de lectura con registro de sus movimientos oculares. La comprensión en la condición con conectores estuvo relacionada con conocimiento previo, tiempo y número de fijaciones por diapositiva, además del número de regresos en la lectura por diapositiva. Mientras la comprensión de textos sin conectores estuvo relacionada con conocimiento previo, regresos, tiempo y número de fijaciones, el conocimiento previo se correlacionó con tiempo y número fijaciones, regresos en la lectura y la comprensión. Se sugiere que la lectura de un texto sin conectores requerirá mayor esfuerzo cognitivo observado en los regresos en la lectura; además, el conocimiento previo afecta las estrategias visuales para procesar y representar mentalmente un texto. Pero, el desempeño de los participantes sigue siendo bueno, según lo observado en los puntajes de la tarea de comprensión lectora.

Identifying and understanding optical coherence tomography artifacts that may be confused with glaucoma / Identificando e compreendendo os artefatos de tomografia de coerência óptica que podem ser confundidos com o glaucoma

ABSTRACT Optical coherence tomography is often used for detection of glaucoma as well as to monitor progression. This paper reviews the most common types of artifacts on the optical coherence tomography report that may be confused with glaucomatous damage. We mainly focus on anatomy-related artifacts in which the retinal layer segmentation and thickness measurements are correct. In such cases, the probability maps (also known as deviation maps) show abnormal (red and yellow) regions, which may mislead the clinician to assume disease is present. This is due to the anatomic variability of the individual, and the normative database must be taken into account.

RESUMO A tomografia de coerência óptica é frequentemente usada para detectar glaucoma, bem como para monitorar a progressão. Este artigo analisa os tipos mais comuns de artefatos no relatório de tomografia de coerência óptica que podem ser confundidos com danos glaucomatosos. Nós nos concentramos principalmente nos artefatos relacionados à anatomia em que a segmentação da camada da retina e as medidas de espessura estão corretas. Nesses casos, os mapas de probabilidade (também conhecidos como mapas de desvio) mostram regiões anormais (vermelho e amarelo), o que pode induzir o clínico em erro ao supor que a doença está presente. Isto se deve à variabilidade anatômica do indivíduo, e o banco de dados normativo deve ser levado em conta.

Interpretación de resultados de las pruebas oculomotoras, posicionales y calóricas de la videonistagmografía. Revisión documental / Interpretation of the results of the oculomotor, positional and caloric test of the videonistagmography. Documentary review

Introducción: en la actualidad, se reconocen cuadros vestibulares periféricos y centrales que pueden ser diagnosticados mediante la videonistagmografía (VNG). Los avances en la tecnología han provocado en los profesionales una constante actualización en el uso e interpretación de las distintas pruebas que conlleven, en su lectura cruzada, un diagnóstico acertado y a tratamientos de rehabilitación exitosos. El objetivo fue describir las interpretaciones de los resultados de las pruebas oculomotoras, posicionales y calóricas de la VNG para lograr un diagnóstico detallado de las disfunciones vestibulares. Materiales y métodos: revisión documental obtenida de 40 fuentes reportadas en la literatura científica entre 2010 a 2020 tomadas de bases de datos, tesis de grado y libros. Discusión: dentro de la revisión se encontraron tres categorías (pruebas oculomotoras, posicionales y calóricas) y siete subcategorías (nistagmo espontáneo, nistagmo evocado por la mirada, rastreo, sacadas, optocinético, Dix-Hallpike y roll test). Conclusión: los diversos elementos encontrados en la presente revisión son relevantes ya que precisan no solo el tipo de vértigo, sino también su localización topográfica, lo que favorece el proceso de evaluacióndiagnóstico en la población en general.

Introduction: At present, peripheral and central vestibular frames are recognized that can be diagnosed by videonystagmography (VNG). Advances in technology have caused professionals to constantly update the use and interpretation of the different tests that lead, in their cross-reading, to an accurate diagnosis and successful rehabilitation treatments. The objective was to describe the interpretations of the results of the oculomotor, positional and caloric tests of the VNG, for a detailed diagnosis of the vestibular dysfunctions. Materials and method: Documentary review obtained from 40 sources reported in the scientific literature between 2010 and 2020, taken from databases, thesis and books. Discussion: Within the review, three categories were found (oculomotor, positional and caloric tests) and seven subcategories (spontaneous nystagmus, gaze-evoked nystagmus, tracking, saccades, optokinetic, Dix-Hallpike and roll test). Conclusion: The various elements found in this review are relevant in that they specify not only the type of vertigo but also its topographic location, favoring the evaluation-diagnosis process in the general population.

Ocular fixations modulate audiovisual semantic congruency when standing in an upright position / Las fijaciones oculares modulan la congruencia semántica audiovisual cuando el cuerpo está en una posición erguida

Abstract Introduction: Multisensory audiovisual semantic congruency is the process by which visual information is perceived as integrated to auditory stimuli, because both coincide in terms of simultaneity and semantic correspondence. This study was aimed at establishing whether visual percepts, which semantically correspond to auditory stimuli, are associated with ocular fixations in modulating bottom-up areas while keeping a body posture alignment between the up-direction and the idiotropic axes, as well as in another orientation corresponding to a vectorial opposition between the up-direction and the head idiotropic axis. Method: Two groups (one for each position) were selected from a sample of 88 people. A bistable image was presented on a screen of a fixed 120 Hz eye-tracker device, providing background auditory stimuli so as to establish semantic congruencies and their relations to ocular fixations. Results: It was found that audiovisual semantic congruency is associated with fixations when idiotropic vectors are aligned with the up direction. Fixations manifested in bottom-up modulating areas are not associated with multisensory audiovisual semantic congruency when the head idiotropic vector is parallel with the gravity vector. Eye fixations decrease significantly if the head idiotropic axis is aligned with the gravity vector. Conclusion: It is concluded that body position can affect visual perceptual processes involved in the occurrence of semantic congruency.

Resumen Introducción: La congruencia semántica audiovisual es el proceso por el cual información de una modalidad sensorial visual se percibe como integrada a estímulos auditivos, porque coinciden en términos de simultaneidad y correspondencia semántica. Este estudio tuvo por objeto establecer si los perceptos visuales que se corresponden semánticamente a estímulos auditivos están asociados con las fijaciones oculares realizadas en áreas de modulación bottom-up, tanto en una postura corporal definida por la alineación entre la dirección vertical hacia arriba y los ejes vectoriales idiotrópicos, como en otra orientación definida por una oposición vectorial entre la vertical hacia arriba y el eje idiotrópico de la cabeza. Método: Dos grupos fueron seleccionados (uno por cada posición), tomados de una muestra de 88 personas. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de un dispositivo fijo de registro de movimientos oculares de 120 Hz. Una imagen biestable se presentó, proporcionando estímulos auditivos de fondo para producir congruencias semánticas y establecer su relación con las fijaciones oculares. Resultados: Se encontró que la congruencia semántica audiovisual está asociada con áreas de fijación ocular cuando los vectores idiotrópicos están alineados con la dirección vertical ascendente. Las fijaciones oculares en áreas de modulación bottom-up no están asociadas con la congruencia semántica audiovisual cuando el vector idiotrópico de la cabeza está alineado con el vector gravitacional. En esta última posición, la cantidad de fijaciones oculares es significativamente menor. Conclusión: La posición del cuerpo puede afectar procesos perceptuales visuales que, a su vez, inciden en el efecto de congruencia semántica.

Abnormal eye movements in parkinsonism: a historical view / Movimentos oculares anormais em parkinsonismo: uma visão histórica

ABSTRACT Parkinson's disease (PD), known since ancient times as paralysis agitans, was studied and described by James Parkinson in 1817 in his work "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy". Fifty years later, Charcot and his students delved into the disease, naming it as we know it today, as well as defining the classic disease and its variants. One of these students, Arthur Dutil, addressed patients' abnormal eye movements. Nowadays, it is known that the differential diagnosis of PD is relevant for prognosis, treatment and research, and, despite the advances in the area, it remains largely clinical. The relevance of the eye movement exam has grown along with the history of PD and it has proved to be an excellent tool for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. Additionally, it can become a support to identify different types of genetic PD and be useful for improving early recognition of cognitive decline in patients with PD.

RESUMO A doença de Parkinson (DP), conhecida desde a antiguidade como paralysis agitans, foi estudada e descrita por James Parkinson em 1817 em seu trabalho An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. Cinquenta anos depois, Charcot e seus alunos aprofundaram os estudos na doença, nomeando-a como a conhecemos atualmente, bem como definindo a doença clássica e suas variantes. Um desses estudantes, Arthur Dutil, investigou os movimentos oculares anormais nos pacientes. Hoje, sabe-se que o diagnóstico diferencial da DP é relevante para o prognóstico, tratamento e pesquisa, e, apesar dos grandes avanços na área, ainda permanece amplamente clínico. A relevância do exame de movimentação ocular cresceu com a história da DP e este se mostrou uma excelente ferramenta para o diagnóstico diferencial do parkinsonismo. Além disso, pode se tornar um auxílio para identificar diferentes formas de DP genética e útil para melhorar o reconhecimento precoce do declínio cognitivo em pacientes com DP.

A Gaussian mixture-hidden Markov model of human visual behavior / 生物医学工程学杂志

Vision is an important way for human beings to interact with the outside world and obtain information. In order to research human visual behavior under different conditions, this paper uses a Gaussian mixture-hidden Markov model (GMM-HMM) to model the scanpath, and proposes a new model optimization method, time-shifting segmentation (TSS). The TSS method can highlight the characteristics of the time dimension in the scanpath, improve the pattern recognition results, and enhance the stability of the model. In this paper, a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method is used for multi-dimensional feature pattern recognition to evaluates the rationality and the accuracy of the proposed model. Four sets of comparative trials were carried out for the model evaluation. The first group applied the GMM-HMM to model the scanpath, and the average accuracy of the classification could reach 0.507, which is greater than the opportunity probability of three classification (0.333). The second set of trial applied TSS method, and the mean accuracy of classification was raised to 0.610. The third group combined GMM-HMM with TSS method, and the mean accuracy of classification reached 0.602, which was more stable than the second model. Finally, comparing the model analysis results with the saccade amplitude (SA) characteristics analysis results, the modeling analysis method is much better than the basic information analysis method. Via analyzing the characteristics of three types of tasks, the results show that the free viewing task have higher specificity value and a higher sensitivity to the cued object search task. In summary, the application of GMM-HMM model has a good performance in scanpath pattern recognition, and the introduction of TSS method can enhance the difference of scanpath characteristics. Especially for the recognition of the scanpath of search-type tasks, the model has better advantages. And it also provides a new solution for a single state eye movement sequence.

The effect of local anesthetic solution volume applied in retrobulbar block in cataract surgery on the duration of anesthesia and patient comfort / Efeito do volume da solução anestésica local aplicada no bloqueio retrobulbar na cirurgia de catarata na duração da anestesia e no conforto do paciente

Abstract Objective: To compare the use of 2 different local anesthetic solution (LAS) volumes of 1.5 mL and 3 mL in retrobulbar block in patients undergoing cataract surgery in terms of anesthesia, akinesia, and pain levels. Methods: 80 patients between 18-90 years old, ASA I-II-III, were included in the study. For retrobulbar anesthesia, 1.5 mL LAS was applied to one group (Group LV), and 3 mL LAS to the other group (Group HV). The patients' ocular and eyelid motion scores were evaluated and recorded in the first, third, fifth, and tenth minutes after the block, and at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours post-operatively. One day later, the first hour of analgesic need and the number of times they took analgesic agents were asked and recorded. In addition, side effects were questioned and recorded. Results: The 39 (48.75%) patients were male and 41 (51.25%) patients were female. The criteria determined in terms of ocular motor score after the retrobulbar block (ocular motor score≤4) were met in 92.5% of patients in Group LV in all patients in Group HV, and the time to fulfill the determined criteria in Group HV was found to be significantly lower compared to Group LV (p=0.004). The movements of the eye in all direction except the inward movement recovered in Group LV in a significantly shorter time than Group HV (p=0.004). There was no significant difference in pain levels and side effects between the groups (p=0.34). Conclusions: After 1.5 mL LAS administration in retrobulbar block, adequate akinesia was not achieved in about one tenth of patients, but no significant difference was found between 1.5 mL and 3 mL LAS volumes in analgesic efficacy and side effects.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar o uso de 2 volumes diferentes de solução anestésica local (LAS) de 1,5 mL e 3 mL no bloqueio retrobulbar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de catarata em termos de anestesia, acinesia e níveis de dor. Métodos: 80 pacientes entre 18 e 90 anos, ASA I-II-III, foram incluídos no estudo. Para anestesia retrobulbar, 1,5 mL de LAS foi aplicado em um grupo (Grupo LV) e 3 mL de LAS no outro grupo (Grupo HV). Os escores de movimento ocular e palpebral dos pacientes foram avaliados e registrados no primeiro, terceiro, quinto e décimo minutos após o bloqueio e em intervalos de 30 minutos por 4 horas no pós-operatório. Um dia depois, a primeira hora de necessidade de analgésico e o número de vezes que eles tomaram analgésicos foram solicitados e registrados. Além disso, os efeitos colaterais foram questionados e registrados. Resultados: 39 (48,75%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 41 (51,25%) do sexo feminino. Os critérios determinados em termos de escore motor ocular após o bloqueio retrobulbar (escore motor ocular≤4) foram atendidos em 92,5% dos pacientes do Grupo LV em todos os pacientes do Grupo HV, e foi encontrado o tempo para atender aos critérios determinados no Grupo HV ser significativamente menor em comparação ao grupo LV (p = 0,004). Os movimentos do olho em todas as direções, exceto o movimento interior, se recuperaram no Grupo LV em um tempo significativamente menor que o Grupo HV (p = 0,004). Não houve diferença significativa nos níveis de dor e efeitos colaterais entre os grupos (p = 0,34). Conclusões: Após administração de 1,5 mL de LAS no bloqueio retrobulbar, não foi alcançada acinesia adequada em cerca de um décimo dos pacientes, mas não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os volumes de 1,5 mL e 3 mL de LAS na eficácia analgésica e efeitos colaterais.

A supressão do (La supresión del) reflexo vestíbulo-ocular humano / The human supression vestibulo-ocular reflex

O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar os conceitos relativos ao funcionamento e alterações da supressão do reflexo vestíbulo-ocular (SRVO) e as principais formas de avaliação atualmente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, baseada em uma revisão da (El trabajo es una investigación descriptiva-exploratoria, basada en una revisión de la) literatura, realizada no (en el) Portal de Periódicos da Capes, no período de abril de 2020. Os (Los) operadores booleanos utilizados foram vestibulo-ocular reflex (OR), semicircular canal (OR), vestibular (AND) suppression. Como estratégia de pesquisa, na (en la) etapa de triagem (selección) foram utilizados os filtros: descritores no (en) título, publicações dos (de los) últimos dez anos, tipo de material, idioma e artigos revisados por pares. Dos 30 artigos triados (seleccionados), 20 apresentaram resumo de acordo com o tema e 13 estudos atenderam aos critérios de incluso (presentaron resúmenes relacionados al tema y 13 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión). Scopus, Medline/PubMed e Science Citation Index Expanded foram as bases mais abrangentes (fueron las bases más abarcativas). A maioria dos (La mayoría de los) estudos, sobretudo os mais recentes, utilizaram os testes de impulso cefálico com o paradigma ´suppression head impulse test´ (SHIMP) comparando-o ao ´head impulse test´ (HIMP). A cadeira rotatória (La silla rotatoria) com eletronistagmografia foi o segundo teste mais utilizado. Apenas um estudo utilizou a Scleral Search Coil. A partir dessa revisão constata-se que a SRVO é influenciada pela idade, pode ser alterada por disfunções vestibulares periféricas unilaterais ou bilaterais, mas também por alterações neurológicas, como as cerebelares (las cerebelosas). Além da via visual, a SRVO pode ser desencadeada por fontes auditivas, somestésicas e até mesmo imagéticas (e incluso imaginativas, fantasiosas)

The present study aimed to review the concepts related to the functioning and changes in vestibular-ocular reflex suppression (VORS) and the most used assessments today. This is descriptive-exploratory research, based on a literature review, carried out on the Capes Journals Portal, in April 2020. The Boolean operators used were Vestibulo-ocular reflex (OR) Semicircular canal (OR) Vestibular (AND) Suppression. As a research strategy, in the screening stage, with the filters: descriptors in the title, last ten years, type of material, language, and peer-reviewed articles. Thirty articles were screened, 20 presented a summary according to the theme and 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Scopus, Medline/PubMed, and Science Citation Index Expanded were the most comprehensive databases. Most studies, especially the most recent ones, used cephalic impulse tests with the SHIMP paradigm (suppression head impulse test) comparing it to the HIMP (head impulse test, HIMP). The rotary chair with electronystagmography was the second most used test. Only one study used the Scleral Search Coil. From this review, it appears that the SRVO is influenced by age; it can be altered by unilateral or bilateral peripheral vestibular disorders, but also by neurological changes, such as the cerebellar ones. In addition to the visual pathway, other sources can trigger SVOR, such as auditory, somesthetic and even imagery sources

La tecnología en la estrabología / Technology in strabismus exploration

RESUMEN La exploración oculomotora incluye una extensa batería de exámenes que fundamentalmente en los niños y en los adultos poco cooperadores se hace compleja y difícil por su poca cooperación, el agotamiento y el entretenimiento frecuente. Esto se ha visto modificado con el surgimiento de la videoculografía, lo que permite el estudio de los movimientos oculares en tiempo real. Con esta revisión bibliográfica se pretende reflejar su utilidad, así como las ventajas y los inconvenientes de esta tecnología, para lo cual se realizó una búsqueda en diferentes publicaciones y textos de la especialidad desde hace 14 años. Concluimos que la videoculografía ha revolucionado la exploración del paciente estrábico y permite un examen preciso y rápido, lo que facilita el desarrollo de numerosas investigaciones y constituye una técnica con gran futuro(AU)

ABSTRACT Oculomotor exploration comprises a large set of tests, the performance of which may be difficult with children and unhelpful adults, because they are not cooperative, become tired and get distracted. But such a situation has changed with the emergence of videoculography, which makes it possible to observe eye movements in real time. The purpose of the present bibliographic review was to gain insight into the usefulness, advantages and drawbacks of this technology, to achieve which a search was conducted in various publications and texts about the specialty since 14 years ago. We conclude that videoculography has revolutionized strabismus exploration, enabling accurate and fast examination and facilitating the development of numerous studies, all of which makes it a very promising technique(AU)

Series de casos de malformación de Arnold Chiari: Hospital Nacional Mario Catarino Rivas, 2008-2018 / Arnold Chiaris malformation case series: Hospital Nacional Mario Catarino Rivas, 2008-2018

La malformación de Arnold Chia-ri (MAC) es una enfermedad por primera vez descrita en 1883 y clasificada en 1891 en cuatro grupos.Se ha reportado una prevalencia de malformación de Chiari tipo 1 de 0.24-0.9% de los adultos que se realizan un resonancia magnética cerebral por cualquier motivo. Los sín-tomas se relacionan a hidrocefalia obstructiva, movimientos oculares anormales y mielomeningocele espinal. Su causa es multifactorial y las manifestaciones clínicas muy variadas. Se relaciona con síndromes de craneosinostosis, síndromes osteopáticos, desórdenes del tejido conectivo, anomalías vertebrales, anomalías cráneofaciales, síndrome de Williams, síndrome de Noonan y neurofibromatosis. El diagnóstico se realiza por resonancia magnética.Casos clínicos: Se presenta una serie de 3 casos de pacientes que acudieron al Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas (HMCR) en el periodo de 2008-2018. El motivo de consulta fue diferente en cada paciente, siendo: vómito, pérdida de fuerza muscular, disfagia, dolor en miembro superior derecho, paresia y parestesia de miembro inferior y ataxia, aumento del perímetro cefálico. El tipo de malformación fue tipo1 en dos casos, tipo2 en un caso.Solo dos de los pacientes se operaron, teniendo evolución posquirúrgica satisfactoria. Conclusión: La MAC es una patología poco estudiada en el país. No existe una forma de presentación global, por lo que siempre hay que tenerla en cuenta cuando se presente un paciente con alguna de esta sintomatología...(AU)

A Cortical Substrate for Square-Wave Jerks in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Eye Movements and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex in Periventricular Leukomalacia

No abstract available.

Determinación y cuantificación de subpoblaciones de linfocitos T y células natural killer en sangre periférica de individuos sanos por citometría de flujo / Detection and quantification of T-cell subpopulations and NK cells in peripheral blood from healthy individuals

Resumen Introducción: La determinación de las diferentes subpoblaciones de los linfocitos T en las diversas patologías y el monitoreo postratamiento ayuda a que el médico tome decisiones terapéuticas teniendo como referencia la cinética de los linfocitos T localizados en sangre periférica. Métodos: Se realizó la estandarización de un perfil de moléculas de superficie para la caracterización de subpoblaciones de linfocitos T: naïve, activados y de memoria, así como las células natural killer o asesinas naturales (CD3− CD56+) en sangre periférica de individuos clínicamente sanos. Resultados: Se identificaron las subpoblaciones de linfocitos: naïve (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, CCR7+), activados (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+ o CD45RO+, CD69+ y/o CRTAM+), efectores (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L−, CCR7−), de memoria central (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L+, CCR7+) y de memoria efectora (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L−, CCR7−) en las poblaciones de linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+. Se integraron los datos obtenidos con estadística descriptiva (valores mínimos, valores máximos, media, mediana). Conclusiones: Este panel será de gran utilidad para monitorear pacientes en quienes se requiera valorar el estado inmunológico desde el punto de vista celular. Particularmente, puede apoyar en el seguimiento de los pacientes en los que se requiera evaluar la reconstitución inmunológica (componente celular de estirpe T).

Abstract Background: The knowledge of the participation of different subpopulations of T lymphocytes in various pathologies helps to make therapeutic decisions, having as reference the presence of the different subpopulations of the T lymphocytes associated with the disease. Methods: A profile standardization of surface molecules for the characterization of subpopulations of T cells was conducted: naïve, activated and memory, as well as natural killer (CD3− CD56+) cells in peripheral blood of clinically healthy individuals. Results: Naïve (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, CCR7+), activated (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD45RA+ or CD45RO+, CD69+ and/or CRTAM+), effectors (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L−, CCR7−), central memory (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L+, CCR7+), memory effectors (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD62RO+, CD62L−, CCR7−) subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Descriptive statistics parameters were calculated (minimum values, maximum values, mean values, median). Conclusions: This panel can be very useful for monitoring patients in whom the immunological status from a cellular perspective is needed. Particularly, it can support the follow-up of patients who require an immunological reconstitution (T-cell component) evaluation.

Correção de estrabismo incomitante por cirurgia de recuo-ressecção combinadas do mesmo músculo reto / Incomitant strabismus correction through combined resection and recession of the same rectus muscle

Resumo O presente trabalho relata o caso de um paciente, masculino, 38 anos, com estrabismo incomitante e consequente diplopia, submetido à cirurgia debilitadora com recuo e fortalecimento com ressecção do músculo reto inferior direito. O objetivo desta técnica cirúrgica é a correção do desvio em sua posição de maior incomitância, sem prejudicar o alinhamento ocular na posição primária do olhar (PPO). O resultado satisfatório, em concordância com os dados da literatura atual, contribui para fazer desta técnica uma opção no tratamento de estrabismos incomitantes de difícil manejo.

Abstract The present study reports a case of a patient, 38-year-old man, with incomitant strabismus and consequent diplopia, submitted to debilitating surgery with recession and strengthening resection of the right inferior rectus muscle. This surgical technique aims to correct the deviation in its greater incomitence position, without impairing the ocular alignment in the primary position of the eye (PPO). The satisfactory result, in agreement with data of current literature, contributes to make this technique an option in the treatment of challenging incomitant strabismus.

Facial expressions and eye tracking in individuals with social anxiety disorder: a systematic review

Abstract Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by the fear of being judged negatively in social situations. Eye-tracking techniques have been prominent among the methods used in recent decades to investigate emotional processing in SAD. This study offers a systematic review of studies on eye-tracking patterns in individuals with SAD and controls in facial emotion recognition tasks. Thirteen articles were selected from the consulted databases. It was observed that the subjects with SAD exhibited hypervigilance-avoidance in response to emotions, primarily in the case of negative expressions. There was avoidance of conspicuous areas of the face, particularly the eyes, during observations of negative expressions. However, this hypervigilance did not occur if the stimulus was presented in virtual reality. An important limitation of these studies is that they use only static expressions, which can reduce the ecological validity of the results.

Abnormal Eye Movements in Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders

Abnormal eye movements are commonly observed in movement disorders. Ocular motility examination should include bedside evaluation and laboratory recording of ocular misalignment, involuntary eye movements, including nystagmus and saccadic intrusions/oscillations, triggered nystagmus, saccades, smooth pursuit (SP), and the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) mostly show hypometric saccades, especially for the self-paced saccades, and impaired SP. Early vertical saccadic palsy is characteristic of progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson's syndrome. Patients with cortico-basal syndrome typically show a delayed onset of saccades. Downbeat and gaze-evoked nystagmus and hypermetric saccades are characteristic ocular motor findings in ataxic disorders due to cerebellar dysfunction. In this review, we discuss various ocular motor findings in movement disorders, including PD and related disorders, ataxic syndromes, and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Systemic evaluation of the ocular motor functions may provide valuable information for early detection and monitoring of movement disorders, despite an overlap in the abnormal eye movements among different movement disorders.

Impaired Smooth Pursuit During Transient Global Amnesia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: During transient global amnesia (TGA), selective impairment of episodic memory is assumed to occur due to alteration in the neuronal network between the hippocampus and parietooccipital cortices that also include a hub for smooth pursuit (SP) eye movements. This study aimed to determine whether SP is impaired during TGA, and to identify any anatomical and functional linkage present between the oculomotor and memory systems. METHODS: Within a median of 1.0 day of TGA, horizontal SP was evaluated in 145 patients with a target moving at peak velocities of 10°/s and 20°/s. The average SP gains of patients were compared with those of the age-matched controls. RESULTS: The patients with TGA showed lower SP gains in both directions for both peak target velocities. While the normal controls showed symmetric SP in the rightward and leftward directions, in the TGA patients the SP gain was lower during rightward than leftward SP regardless of bilaterality or the side of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The cortical regions processing information about visual motion appeared to be affected during or soon after an amnestic episode of TGA, and more so in the right hemisphere. This means that disturbed processing of dynamic visual information may be related to the impaired spatial orientation observed during TGA.

Direction-Changing and Direction-Fixed Positional Nystagmus in Patients With Vestibular Neuritis and Meniere Disease

OBJECTIVES: Direction-changing positional nystagmus (PN) was considered to indicate the presence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo involving lateral semicircular canal in most cases. We investigated the incidence of PN on the supine head-roll test and compared the characteristics of nystagmus in patients with vestibular neuritis (VN) and Meniere disease (MD). METHODS: A retrospective review of patients, who were diagnosed with unilateral VN or unilateral definite MD between September 2005 and November 2011, was conducted. Sixty-five VN patients and 65 MD patients were enrolled. Eye movements were recorded for 30–60 seconds at the positions of sitting, head roll to the right, and head roll to the left, and maximum slow-phase eye velocity was calculated. PN was classified as direction-fixed (paretic or recovery) and direction-changing (geotropic or apogeotropic). RESULTS: Spontaneous nystagmus was observed in 57 patients (87%, the slow-phase eye velocity of 7°/sec±5°/sec) with acute VN, 39 (60%, 2°/sec±1°/sec) with follow-up VN, and 32 (49%, 2°/sec±2°/sec) with MD. Direction-fixed PN was the most common type. Direction-fixed paretic type was most common in acute VN (80%) and follow-up VN (42%), and direction-fixed recovery type was most common in MD (31%). Paretic type was significantly more common in acute VN (80%) than in follow-up VN (42%) and MD (26%), and the recovery type was significantly more common in MD (31%) than in acute VN (3%) and follow-up VN (14%). Direction-changing PN was more common in MD (22%), followed by follow-up VN (14%) and acute VN (9%). CONCLUSION: Though direction-fixed paretic PN was most common in VN and MD patients, direction-changing PN could be observed in a few patients (9%–20%) with peripheral vestibular disorders regardless of the duration from the onset of dizziness, suggesting the presence of otolith-related dizziness.

Does Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Aggravate Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

OBJECTIVES.: To investigate the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) according to the sleep stage in more detail after control of posture. METHODS.: Patients who underwent nocturnal polysomnography between December 2007 and July 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age >18 years, sleep efficacy >80%, and patients who underwent polysomnography only in the supine position (100% of the time). Patients were classified into different groups according to the methods: the first, rapid eye movement (REM)-dominant group (AHIREM/AHINREM >2), non-rapid eye movement (NREM)-dominant group (AHINREM/AHIREM >2), and non-dominant group; and the second, light sleep group (AHIN1N2>AHISWS) and slow wave sleep (SWS) group (AHISWS>AHIN1N2). RESULTS.: A total of 234 patients (mean age, 47.4±13.9 years) were included in the study. There were 108 patients (46.2%) in the REM-dominant group, 88 (37.6%) in the non-dominant group, and 38 (16.2%) in the NREM-dominant group. The AHI was significantly higher in the NREM-dominant group than in the REM-dominant group (32.9±22.9 events/hr vs. 18.3±9.5 events/hr, respectively). There were improvements in the AHI from stage 1 to SWS in NREM sleep with the highest level in REM sleep. A higher AHISWS than AHIN1N2 was found in 16 of 234 patients (6.8%); however, there were no significant predictors of these unexpected results except AHI. CONCLUSION.: Our results demonstrated the highest AHI during REM sleep stage in total participants after control of posture. However, there were 16.2% of patients showed NREM-dominant pattern (AHINREM/AHIREM >2) and 6.8% of patients showed higher AHISWS than AHIN1N2. Therefore, each group might have a different pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and we need to consider this point when we treat the patients with OSA.