Propriedades Químicas e Farmacológicas do Gênero Copaifera no Tratamento de Lesões/feridas: Revisão Integrativa / Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Copaifera in the Treatment of Injuries/wounds: Integrative Review / Propiedades Químicas y Farmacológicas del Género Copaifera en el Tratamiento de Lesiones/heridas: Revisión Integradora

Objetivo:Identificar propriedades químicas e farmacológicas do gênero Copaifera no tratamento de lesões e feridas. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis e Scopus, em janeiro de 2022, por meio da estratégia de busca: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" e "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries". Foram incluídos artigos originais, de texto completo, identificados de acordo nível de evidência, redigidos em português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: Na busca primária foram encontrados 261 artigos. Após a seleção sistematizada, 12 estudos foram selecionados para análise qualitativa. Espécies do gênero Copaifera apresentam propriedades farmacológicas favoráveis ao tratamento de feridas: controle da dor inflamatória, diminuição da reação inflamatória, reepitelização e reparo tecidual, angiogênese, retração da ferida e remodelagem de cicatrizes. Dentre as propriedades químicas associadas ao tratamento de lesões, destacam-se presença de compostos bioativos: diterpenos, 3-hidroxi-copálico, sesquiterpenos, éster kolavic-15-metílico. Entre os diterpenos testados, o caurenoico e os ácidos copálicos mostraram atividades hemolíticas significativas. Apenas o ácido copálico e o ácido hardwíckiico inibiram a produção de óxido nítrico em macrófagos ativados por lipopolissacarídeos. Conclusão: As plantas do gênero Copaifera apresentam propriedades químicas e farmacológicas favoráveis ao tratamento de lesões e feridas

Objective:To identify chemical and pharmacological properties of Copaifera in the treatment of injuries and wounds. Method: Integrative literature review conducted in the LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis and Scopus databases in January 2022, using the search strategy: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" and "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries." Original articles, full text, identified according to level of evidence, written in Portuguese, English or Spanish, were included. Results: In the primary search 261 articles were found. After systematized selection, 12 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. Species of the genus Copaifera have pharmacological properties favorable for wound treatment: control of inflammatory pain, reduction of inflammatory reaction, tissue reepithelialization and repair, angiogenesis, wound retraction and scar remodeling. Among the chemical properties associated with the treatment of injuries, the presence of bioactive compounds stand out: diterpenes, 3-hydroxy-copalic, sesquiterpenes, kolavic-15-methyl ester. Among the tested diterpenes, kaurenoic and copalic acids showed significant hemolytic activities. Only copalic acid and hardwickiic acid inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Conclusion: Plants of the genus Copaifera have chemical and pharmacological properties favorable for the treatment of injuries and wounds.

Objetivo:Identificar las propiedades químicas y farmacológicas del género Copaifera en el tratamiento de lesiones y heridas. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis y Scopus, en enero de 2022, mediante la estrategia de búsqueda: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" e "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries". Se incluyeron artículos originales, a texto completo, identificados según el nivel de evidencia, escritos en portugués, inglés o español. Resultados: En la búsqueda primaria se encontraron 261 artículos. Tras una selección sistematizada, se seleccionaron 12 estudios para el análisis cualitativo. Las especies del género Copaifera presentan propiedades farmacológicas favorables para el tratamiento de las enfermedades: control del dolor inflamatorio, disminución de la reacción inflamatoria, reepitelización y reparación tecidual, angiogénesis, retracción de la piel y remodelación de las cicatrices. Entre las propiedades químicas asociadas al tratamiento de las lesiones, destaca la presencia de compuestos bioactivos: diterpenos, 3-hidroxicopálico, sesquiterpenos, éster kolavico-15-metilo. Entre los diterpenos probados, los ácidos kaurenoico y copálico mostraron actividades hemolíticas significativas. Sólo el ácido copálico y el ácido hardwickiico inhibieron la producción de óxido nítrico en macrófagos activados por lipopolisacáridos. Conclusión: Las plantas del género Copaifera presentan propiedades químicas y farmacológicas favorables para el tratamiento de lesiones y heridas.

Estudio biodirigido de metabolitos secundarios con actividad antimicrobiana y aislamiento de D-pinitol de semillas de Leucaena esculenta y L. leucocephala / Bio-guided study of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity and isolation of D-pinitol from Leucaena esculenta and L. leucocephala seeds

Phytochemical bio-guided studies are used to find compounds with biological activity. Flavonoids from seeds of Leucaena species have antimicrobial activity in strains of medical interest, therefore, fresh seeds were collected from the town of Tlayacapan, Morelos, Mexico. The methanolic extracts were obtained by the maceration technique, targeted fractionation was performed using adsorption and molecular exclusion chromatographic techniques; to observe the antimicrobial activity, agar diffusion techniques were used; spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques were used for the characterization of D-pinitol, resulting from the fractionation of L. leucocephala. Antimicrobial activity was found on strains of Escherichia coli CUSI and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 of the most polar fractions, identifying the responsible compounds by HPLC: caffeic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, catechin and apigenin, these compounds can inhibit the activation enzymatic, synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, chelating with different ions, etc.

Los estudios biodirigidos fitoquímicos son empleados para encontrar compuestos con actividad biológica. Los flavonoides de semillas de especies de Leucaena son reportados por tener actividad antimicrobiana sobre cepas de interés médico, por tanto, se colectaron semillas frescas de la localidad de Tlayacapan, Morelos, México. Se obtuvieron los extractos metanólicos mediante la técnica de maceración, el fraccionamiento dirigido se realizó empleando técnicas cromatográficas de adsorción y exclusión molecular; la actividad antimicrobiana se determinó mediante técnicas de difusión en agar; se utilizaron técnicas espectrométricas y espectroscópicas para la caracterización del D-pinitol, resultado del fraccionamiento de L. leucocephala. Se encontró actividad antimicrobiana sobre cepas de Escherichia coli CUSI y Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 de las fracciones más polares, identificando los compuestos responsables vía HPLC: ácido caféico, ácido gálico, ácido p-cumárico quercetina, catequina y apigenina, dichos compuestos pueden inhibir activación enzimática, síntesis de ácidos nucleicos y proteínas, quelarse con diferentes iones, etc.

Gastroprotective effect of the crude ethanolic extract from the stem barks of Piptadenia viridiflora (Kunth) Benth. (Fabaceae) / Efecto gastroprotector del extracto etanólico crudo de la corteza de Piptadenia viridiflora (Kunth) Benth. (Fabaceae)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) from the stem barks of Piptadenia viridiflora using the acute models of inducing gastric ulcers by ethanol, ethanol-acidified, and ischemia-reperfusion, and correlating this response with the antioxidant activity, as well as, analyze the chemical profile of the extract by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). For this purpose, mice and rats were used. The ethanol ulcer induction test showed that CEE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg promoted 70% and 80% of gastroprotection, respectively. In the gastric ulcer induction test by acidified-ethanol and ischemia-reperfusion, CEE (200 mg/kg) promoted 66% and 90% of gastroprotection in animals, respectively. In conclusion, this species has gastroprotective activity, and this response is possibly related to the antioxidant activity, as well as the presence of flavonoids detected in CEE of P. viridiflora.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad gastroprotectora del extracto etanólico crudo (CEE) de Piptadenia viridiflora, utilizando los métodos de inducción de úlceras gástricas agudas por etanol, etanol acidificado y de isquemia-reperfusión, y correlacionando esta respuesta, con la actividad antioxidante, así como, perfil químico de la muestra. Para ello se utilizaron ratones (Swiss) y ratas (Wistar). Como resultado, la prueba de inducción de úlceras por etanol mostró que la CEE a dosis de 100 y 200 mg/kg promovió 70% y 80% de gastroprotección, respectivamente. En la prueba de inducción de úlcera gástrica por etanol acidificado e isquemia-reperfusión, la CEE (200 mg/kg) promovió 66% y 90% de gastroprotección en animales, respectivamente. Concluimos que la especie tiene una acción gastroprotectora y que esta respuesta posiblemente esté relacionada con la actividad antioxidante, así como con la presencia de flavonoides detectados en la CEE de P. viridiflora.

Phytochemical and biological study of phenolic components from Geoffroea decorticans stem bark / Estudio fitoquímico y biológico de los componentes fenólicos de la corteza de Geoffroea decorticans

The stem bark of Geoffroea decorticans (Gill.ex Hook. etArn.) Burk. was used medicinally to cure several skin affections; however, phytochemical and biological antecedents were not found. Analyses of purified methanolic extract from G. decorticans bark (PFGB), realized by silylation derivatization for GC/MS, C18-CC and HPLC followed by two-dimensional TLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy, allowed to characterize nine phenolic compounds, among these, two methoxy flavonoids. Antibacterial assays of PFGB showed the highest activity (MICs = 125 µg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus (25923) and Enterococcus faecalis (29212) ATCC strains. Moreover, PFGB showed the highest intracellular antioxidant activity at low concentration (5 µg/mL), evaluated by using the fluorescent DA-H2DCF probe on lymphocyte culture; cytotoxic effects on lymphocytes activated or not by LPS were not observed, through Trypan Blue Exclusion and MTT colorimetric assays. The results obtained from the ethnomedicinal approach of this work contribute to the scientific validation of the vulnerary medicinal use of G. decorticans.

La corteza de Geoffroea decorticans (Gill.ex Hook. EtArn.) Burk. se utiliza con fines medicinales para curar diferentes afecciones de la piel; sin embargo, no encontramos antecedentes fitoquímicos y biológicos que validen las propiedades medicinales atribuidas. Analizamos el extracto metanólico purificado de corteza de G. decorticans (PFGB), por CG-EM de la muestra derivatizada por sililación, C18-CC y HPLC seguido de CCF bidimensional, y espectroscopia UV-Vis; estos métodos nos permitieron caracterizar nueve compuestos fenólicos, entre estos, dos metoxi-flavonoides. Los ensayos antibacterianos de PFGB mostraron mayor actividad (CIMs = 125 µg/mL) contra las cepas ATCC de Staphylococcus aureus (25923) y Enterococcus faecalis (29212). Además, PFGB evidenció la mayor actividad antioxidante intracelular a baja concentración(5 µg/mL), evaluada en cultivo de linfocitos, mediante el uso de sonda fluorescente DA-H2DCF; no se observaron efectos citotóxicos sobre linfocitos activados o no por LPS, a través de ensayos colorimétricos con MTT y test de exclusión con azul Tripán. Los resultados obtenidos del abordaje etnomedicinal de este trabajo, contribuyen con la validación científica del uso medicinal vulnerario de G. decorticans.

Techno-functional properties and antioxidant capacity of the concentrate and protein fractions of Leucaena spp. seeds / Propiedades tecno-funcionales y capacidad antioxidante del concentrado y fracciones proteicas de semillas de Leucaena spp

Introduction: The use of vegetable proteins as ingredients in food systems is based on their functional properties. The water and oil holding capacity, foaming, and emulsifying capacity/stability, and antioxidant assay of the protein fractions - albumins, globulins 7S/11S, glutelins and prolamins - isolated from Leucaena seed were evaluated. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional properties and antioxidant capacity of the concentrate and protein fractions of ripe Leucaena spp. seeds. Materials and methods: Ripe Leucaena seeds were collected and evaluated in Oaxaca, Mexico (16°59'21''N 96°43'26''O) during the months of February-April 2021.The protein concentrate was isolated by isoelectric precipitation (pH=9, pH=4). The albumins, globulins, glutelins and prolamins were isolated based on their solubility properties in different extracting solutions. Results: Glutelins constituted the main protein fraction (75.88%). Prolamins were not found. The glutelins fractions showed the highest oil holding capacity (0.93±0.08 mL g-1). The albumins fraction had the highest water holding capacity (2.53±0.15 mL g-1), foaming capacity and foam stability (71.83±1.26 % and 70.00±0.00%, respectively) and antioxidant capacity (18.09±0.88%). The globulins exhibited the highest emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability (56.83±1.76% and 55.67±1.20%, respectively). Conclusions: The concentrate and protein fraction of Leucaena seeds showed different techno-functional and antioxidant properties of interest for the food industry, like those showed by other commercial vegetable proteins(AU)

Introducción: El uso de proteínas vegetales como ingredientes en sistemas alimentarios se basa en sus propiedades funcionales. Se evaluó la capacidad de retención de agua y aceite, la capacidad/estabilidad espumante y emulsionante y el ensayo antioxidante de las fracciones proteicas -albúminas, globulinas 7S/11S, glutelinas y prolaminas- aisladas de las semillas de Leucaena. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades funcionales y la capacidad antioxidante del concentrado y las fracciones proteicas de las semillas maduras de Leucaena spp. Materiales y métodos: Las semillas maduras de Leucaena fueron recolectadas y evaluadas en Oaxaca, México (16°59'21''N 96°43'26''O) durante los meses de febrero-abril del año 2021. Se usó harina de Leucaena desgrasada para la preparación de las fracciones proteicas. El concentrado proteico se aisló por precipitación isoeléctrica (pH=9, pH=4). Las albúminas, globulinas, glutelinas y prolaminas se aislaron en función de sus propiedades de solubilidad en diferentes soluciones de extracción. Resultados: Las glutelinas constituyeron la principal fracción proteica (75,88%). No se encontraron prolaminas. La fracción de glutelinas mostró la mayor capacidad de retención de aceite (0.93±0,08 mL g-1). La fracción de albúminas presentó la mayor capacidad de retención de agua (2,53±0,15 mL g-1), capacidad espumante y estabilidad de la espuma (71,83±1,26% y 70,00±0,00%, respectivamente) y capacidad antioxidante (18,09±0,88%). Las globulinas mostraron la mayor capacidad emulsionante y estabilidad de la emulsión (56,83±1,76 y 55,67±1,20%, respectivamente). Conclusiones: El concentrado y las fracciones proteicas de las semillas de Leucaena mostraron diferentes propiedades tecno-funcionales y antioxidantes de interés para la industria alimentaria, similares a los reportados por diversas proteínas vegetales comerciales(AU)

Anti-inflammatory effects and acute oral toxicity of Copaifera spp. essential oil-loaded nanoemulsion / Efectos antiinflamatorios y toxicidad oral aguda de nanoemulsión cargada de aceite esencial de Copaifera spp

Copaifera spp. essential oil (EOC) was extracted by hydrodistillation of Copaifera oleoresin (COR). The EOC was characterized by GC/MS and a novel EOC-loaded nanoemulsion was developed to enhance the EOC solubility and to evaluate its utility as antinflammatory. EOC contain 14 volatile compounds (including ß-caryophyllene: 51.52%) having a required HLB of 11. The Surfactant: EOC: Water ratio of 13:15:75 (%, w:w:w) produced the optimal formulation (particle size: 94.47 nm). The EOC-loaded nanoemulsion presented a pseudoplastic/thixotropic behavior with excellent shelf stability for 6 months. The anti-inflammatory effect of the nanoemulsion was more potent than that of the EOC, and statistically equal to diclofenac (50 mg/kg). The EOC-loaded nanoemulsion showed no oral acute toxicity (in mice) at 2000 mg/kg; hence, it is considered a nontoxic product. The development of the EOC-loaded nanoemulsion added value to both the COR and the EOC by providinga suitable formulation that could be used as an anti-inflammatory product.

El aceite esencial (EOC) fue extraído por hidrodestilación de oleoresina de Copaifera spp. El EOC fue caracterizado químicamente por GC/MS. Se formuló una nanoemulsión con EOC para mejorar la solubilidad del EOC y evaluar su utilidad como antiinflamatorio. El EOC contiene 14 compuestos volátiles (incluido el ß-cariofileno: 51,52%) con un HLB requerido de 11. La relación Tensioactivo: EOC: Agua de 13:15:75 (%, p:p:p) produjo la formulación óptima (tamaño de partícula: 94,47 nm).. La nanoemulsión cargada con EOC presentó un comportamiento pseudoplástico/tixotrópico con una excelente estabilidad en almacenamiento durante 6 meses. El efecto antiinflamatorio de la nanoemulsión fue más potente que el del EOC y estadísticamente igual al diclofenaco (50 mg/kg). La nanoemulsión cargada con COE no mostró toxicidad aguda oral (en ratones) a 2000 mg/kg; por lo tanto, se considera un producto no tóxico. El desarrollo de la nanoemulsión cargada con EOC agregó valor tanto al COR como al EOC al proporcionar una formulación adecuada que podría usarse como un producto antiinflamatorio.

Fermentation dynamics, nutritional quality, and heating capacity of mixed silages of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) and Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) / Dinâmica fermentativa, qualidade nutricional e capacidade de aquecimento de silagens mistas de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) e leucena (Leucaena leucocephala)

Leucaena has been used to make mixed silages to obtain nutritional enrichment of the silages. Thus, the inclusion of Leucaena as an additive in mixed elephant grass silages can reduce fermentation losses, and increase the nutritional value and aerobic stability of the mixed silage without changing the fermentation profile. This study evaluated the fermentation profile, nutritional composition, and aerobic stability of elephant grass silages combined with different levels of Leucaena. A total of five inclusion levels of Leucaena (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% on a dry matter basis) were added to elephant grass silages. A completely randomized design was adopted, with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions, totaling 15 experimental silos that were opened after 30 days of sealing. Fermentation profile, chemical composition, and aerobic stability were analyzed. A descriptive analysis of temperature and pH peaks during aerobic stability was performed. The increase in the inclusion of Leucaena in the composition of silages reduced gas and effluent losses, neutral and acid detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, total and fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients, and resulted in increased dry matter, ether extract, and crude protein. A quadratic effect of treatments was found for the temperature to reach the maximum pH (P=0.009). Aerobic stability remained constant after 40% Leucaena inclusion in the composition of elephant grass silages. The inclusion of Leucaena up to 80% in the composition of elephant grass silages reduces fermentation losses, promotes a nutritional increase, and increases the aerobic stability of the silages.(AU)

A leucena tem sido utilizada para a confecção de silagens mistas para o enriquecimento nutricional das silagens. Assim, a inclusão da leucena como aditivo em silagens mistas de capim-elefante pode reduzir as perdas fermentativas e aumentar o valor nutricional e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens, sem alterar o seu perfil fermentativo. Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil fermentativo, composição nutricional e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de capim elefante associadas com níveis crescentes de leucena. Um total de cinco níveis de leucena (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80% em base da matéria seca) foram incluídos em silagens de capim elefante. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e 3 repetições, totalizando 15 silos experimentais, os quais foram abertos após 30 dias de ensilagem. Foram analisados o perfil fermentativo, a composição química e a estabilidade aeróbica. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos picos de temperatura e pH durante a estabilidade aeróbia. O aumento da inclusão da leucena na composição das silagens reduziu as perdas por gases, perdas por efluentes, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose, lignina, carboidratos totais, carboidratos fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais e aumentou os de teores de matéria seca, extrato etéreo e proteína bruta. Foi observado efeito quadrático dos tratamentos sobre a temperatura para atingir o pH máximo (P=0.009). A estabilidade aeróbia permaneceu constante a partir de 40% de inclusão de leucena na composição das silagens de capim elefante. A inclusão da leucena em até 80% na composição de silagens de capim elefante reduz as perdas fermentativas, promove incremento nutricional e aumento da estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.(AU)

Composición química y producción de follaje de Erythrina americana (Fabaceae) en cercos vivos durante dos épocas climáticas / Chemical composition and foliage production of Erythrina americana (Fabaceae) in living fences during two climatic seasons. Introduction

Introducción: Erythrina americana es una leguminosa arbórea que se encuentra como parte del cerco en las fincas ganaderas de la región tropical. Sin embargo, los productores de ovinos no utilizan el follaje de este tipo de leguminosa de forma rutinaria o estratégica como complemento alimenticio debido, en parte, por el desconocimiento de su composición química y rendimiento foliar, así como, por los factores que los afectan. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la época climática y diámetro del árbol E. americana en la composición química y rendimiento de follaje a una edad de rebrote de 90 días. Método: Se utilizaron 47 árboles en un diseño de dos factores. Los factores fueron época (sequía y lluvias) y diámetro del árbol a 0.20 m de altura del suelo (D-9 entre 0.05 y 0.09 m y D-13, entre 0.091 y 0.13 m). Las variables respuesta fueron producción de materia seca y proteína bruta foliar (kg árbol-1). Resultados: La época no afectó (P > 0.05) la producción de materia seca y proteína bruta. Sin embargo, el diámetro de E. americana si las afectó (P < 0.01). En el diámetro D-13 se detectó la mayor producción de materia seca y proteína bruta foliar con respecto a D-9. Conclusión: El diámetro del árbol tuvo mayor influencia que la época en el rendimiento de materia seca y proteína bruta foliar.

Introduction: Erythrina americana is a tree legume found as part of the fence of livestock farms of the tropical region. However, sheep farmers do not routinely or strategically use the foliage of this type of legume as a dietary supplement due, in part, to ignorance of its chemical composition and foliar performance, as well as the factors that affect them. Objective: To determine the influence of season and diameter of E. americana tree on the chemical composition and foliage yield at a 90-day regrowth age. Methods: 47 trees were used in a two-factor design. The factors were season (dry and rainy) and tree diameter at 0.20 m above ground level (D-9 between 0.05 and 0.09 m and D-13, between 0.091 to 0.13 m). The response variables were dry matter production and crude protein from foliage (kg árbol-1). Results: The season did not affect (P > 0.05) the production of dry matter and crude protein. However, the diameter of E. americana affected them (P < 0.01). In diameter D-13, the highest production of dry matter and crude foliar protein tree-1 was detected with respect to D-9. Conclusions: The diameter of the tree had a more influence than the season on yield of dry matter and crude protein.

Testicular and seminal evaluation of goats fed hay Cenostigma pyramidale / Avaliação testicular e seminal de caprinos alimentados com feno de Cenostigma pyramidale

This study aimed to assess the possible occurrence of reproductive changes in male goats associated with ingestion of Cenostigma pyramidale hay. Sixteen animals divided into two experimental groups, G1 and G2 (control group) were used. Animals in G1 received 2% of forage, based on live weight (LW), composed of 100% of C. pyramidale, and animals in G2 received 2% of Panicum maximum "Massai' grass hay, based on LW. Both groups received 1% of concentrated feed supplementation based on LW, along with mineralized salt and water ad libitum. The goats were subjected to weighing, testicular biometry, and semen and blood collection every 30 days. After 120 days, the animals were castrated and their testes were collected. Testicular measurements were performed and fragments were collected for histological processing to determine the gonadosomatic index (GSI), diameter of the seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium (HGE), volumetric proportion and volume of the testicular parenchyma components, total length of the seminiferous tubules, length of the seminiferous tubules per gram of testis, and leydigosomatic and tubulosomatic indexes. The data were evaluated for normality using the Student's t-test. Data with normal distribution were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the non-parametric data were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, both at 5% probability. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed for GSI (G1=0.48 ±0.08 and G2=0.34 ±0.09) and HGE (G1=52.95 ±2.99 and G2=.47.63 ±2.67) between treatments. Consumption of C. pyramidale hay increased LW and, consequently, testicular weight, contributing to high GSI. In conclusion, ingestion of C. pyramidale has no toxic effect on the testicular, seminal and histological parameters of goat testis. Due to its nutritional characteristics, consumption of this plant improves animal body development. Because C. pyramidale is adapted to semi-arid regions, it can be an alternative source of feed for goats during periods of shortage.(AU)

Para avaliar a possível ocorrência de alterações reprodutivas em caprinos machos associado ao consumo de Cenostigma pyramidale, foram utilizados 16 animais divididos em dois grupos experimentais, G1 e G2 (grupo controle). Animais pertencentes ao G1 receberam 2% de volumoso, com base no peso vivo (PV), constituído de 100% de C. pyramidale e o G2 receberam 2%, com base no PV, de feno de Panicum maximum 'Massai'. Todos os grupos receberam 1%, com base no PV, de suplementação concentrada, além de sal mineralizado e água ad libitum. A cada 30 dias os animais eram submetidos à pesagem, biometria testicular e coletas de sêmen. O sêmen foi avaliado quanto ao volume, turbilhonamento, vigor, motilidade, concentração espermática, defeitos maiores, menores e totais. Após 120 dias os animais foram castrados e os testículos coletados. Foram realizadas as mensurações testiculares e coletados fragmentos para o processamento histológico, para determinação do índice gonadossomático, diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, altura do epitélio germinativo, proporção volumétrica e volume dos componentes do parênquima testicular, comprimento total dos túbulos seminíferos, comprimento de túbulo seminífero por grama de testículo, índices leydigossomático e tubulossomático. Os dados foram avaliados quanto à normalidade pelo teste t de Student, os dados com distribuição normal foram analisados por análise de variância com 5% de probabilidade e os não paramétricos, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, a 5% de probabilidade. Houve diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para índice gonadossomático (G1=0,48±0,08 e G2=0,34±0,09) e altura do epitélio germinativo (G1=52,95±2,99 e G2=47,63±2,67) entre os tratamentos. O feno de catingueira promoveu aumento no peso corporal e consequentemente maior peso testicular, o que contribui para elevação do IGS. Concluiu-se que o consumo da C. pyramidale não possui efeito tóxico sobre os parâmetros testiculares, seminais e histológicos do testículo dos caprinos e que a planta, por suas características nutricionais promoveu melhora no desenvolvimento corporal dos animais e por ser uma planta adaptada ao clima do semiárido, se constitui uma fonte alternativa de alimentação para esta categoria animal, durante períodos de escassez de alimento.(AU)

Study on non-flavonoids chemical constituents from Spatholobi Caulis / 中国中药杂志

To study the non-flavonoids chemical constituents in water extract of Spatholobi Caulis. Some purification and analysis techniques like silica gel, D101-macroporous adsorptive resins, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies as well as reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography were used to isolate and analyze the phenolic acid esters and other type compounds from Spatholobi Caulis integrally. The structures of these compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and high resolution mass spectrometries. Twenty-seven compounds, including phenolic acid, coumarin, lignan, terpene, alkaloid, and steroid compounds, were isolated from ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions in water extract of Spatholobi Caulis, and they were identified as β-sitosterol(1), feruli acid methyl ester(2), syringaresinol(3),(+)-medioresinol(4),(+)-epipinoresinol(5), p-acetylphenol(6), bolusanthin Ⅳ(7), evofolin B(8), salicylic acid(9), trans-p-hydroxy-cinnamic acid(10), abscisic acid(11), m-hydroxyphenol(12), C-veratroylglycol(13), p-hydroquinone(14), 8,9-dihydroxymegastigma-4,6-dien-3-one(15), p-hydroxybenzoic acid(16), 6,9-dihydroxymegastigma-4,7-dien-3-one(17), protocatechuic acid(18), protocatechuic acid methyl ester(19), 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin(20), isolariciresinol(21), nicotinic acid(22), daucosterol(23),(+)-pinoresinol(24), stigmasterol(25), allantoin(26) and koaburaside(27), respectively. Furthermore, compounds 2-15, 19-22, 24 and 26 were isolated from genus Spatholobus for the first time.

Analysis and evaluation of dynamic accumulation of multiple bioactive constituents in Spatholobi Caulis / 中国中药杂志

A method was established for simultaneous determination of 21 active constituents including flavanols, isoflavones, flavonols, dihydroflavones, dihydroflavonols, chalcones, pterocarpan, anthocyanidins and phenolic acids in Spatholobi Caulis by ultra fast liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS). Then, it was employed to analyze and evaluate the dynamic accumulation of multiple bioactive constituents in Spatholobi Caulis. The chromatographic separation was performed on a XBridge®C_(18)(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) at 30 ℃ with a gradient elution of 0.3% formic acid aqueous solution-methanol, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL·min~(-1), using multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. A comprehensive evaluation of the multiple bioactive constituents was carried out by gray correlation analysis(GRA). The 21 target components showed good linearity(r>0.999 0) in the range of the tested concentrations. The average recovery rates of the 21 components were from 97.46% to 103.6% with relative standard deviations less than 5.0%. There were differences in the contents of 21 components in Spatholobi Caulis at diffe-rent harvest periods. Spatholobi Caulis had high quality from early November to early December, which is consistent with the local tradi-tional harvest period. This study reveals the rule of the dynamic accumulation of 21 components in Spatholobi Caulis and provides basic information for the suitable harvest time. At the same time, it provides a new method reference for the comprehensive evaluation of the internal quality of Spatholobi Caulis.

Isolation and identification of flavonoids from Spatholobi Caulis / 中国中药杂志

The chemical compounds in water extract of Spatholobi Caulis were further studied. The compounds were systematically isolated and purified by using various separation and analysis techniques including silica gel, macroporous adsorptive resins and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies, as well as reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC). Twenty-three flavonoids and one chromone were identified by the spectroscopic analysis techniques combining their physicochemical properties, they were identified as isoduartin(1), sativan(2), 8-O-methylretusin(3), 7-hydroxydihydroflavone(4), odoratin(5), butesuperin A(6), biochanin A(7), 3'-methoxydaidzein(8), 7-hydroxychromone(9), calycosin(10), naringenin(11), dihydrocajanin(12),(6 aR,11 aR)-maackiain(13), 2'-hydroxygenistein(14),(6 aR,11 aR)-medicarpin-3-O-glucopyranoside(15),(-)-epiafzelechin(16),(-)-catechin(17),(-)-epicatechin(18), 4',8-dimethoxy-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosylisoflavone(19), ononin(20),(-)-gallocatechin(21), rutin(22), daidzin(23) and sphaerobioside(24). Compounds 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14-16, 19 and 22-24 were isolated from Spatholobi Caulis for the first time.

Can stryphnodendron adstringens extract improve the results of fistulotomy followed by primary sphincteroplasty in the treatment of transsphincteric fistulae? / Extrato de stryphnodendron adstringens pode melhorar os resultados da fistulotomia seguida por esfincteroplastia primária no tratamento de fístulas transesfincterianas?

ABSTRACT Background: There is still a need for progress in the treatment of transsphincteric anal fistulae and the use of herbal medicines seems promising. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Stryphnodendron adstringens associated with fistulotomy and primary sphincteroplasty in the treatment of transsphincteric fistulae in rats. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were used, which were submitted to transsphincteric fistulas with steel wire 0; after 30 days a treatment was performed according to the group. Group A (n=10) was submitted to fistulotomy; group B (n=10), fistulotomy followed by primary sphincteroplasty with "U" stitch with polyglactin 911 4-0; group C(n=10) , similar to group B, but with the interposition between the muscular stumps of hemostatic sponge soaked in Stryphnodendron adstringens extract. Euthanasia was performed after 14 days, resecting a segment of the anal canal for histological analysis, which aimed to evaluate the closure of the fistula, the area of separation of the muscle cables, the inflammatory process and the degree of fibrosis. Results: No animal had a remaining fistulous tract. About the spacing between the muscle cables, an average of 106.3 µm2 was observed in group A, 82.8 µm2 in group B and 51.8 µm2 in group C (p<0.05). There was no difference between the groups regarding the inflammatory process and, in relation to fibrosis, in group A there was a mean of 0.6, in group B 0.7 and in group C 0.2 (p<0.05). Conclusions: Stryphnodendron adstringens extract was able to allow less spacing between muscle cables in rats submitted to fistulotomy followed by primary sphincteroplasty, in addition to providing less local fibrosis.

RESUMO Racional: Há ainda necessidade de avanço no tratamento das fístulas transesfincterianas e o uso de fitoterápicos parece promissor. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da Stryphnodendron adstringens associada à fistulotomia e esfincteroplastia primária no tratamento de fístulas transesfincterianas em ratos. Métodos: Utilizou-se 30 ratos Wistar submetidos à confecção de fístulas transesfincterianas com fio de aço 0; após 30 dias realizou-se tratamento de acordo com o grupo. O grupo A (n=10) foi submetido à fistulotomia; o grupo B (n=10) fistulotomia seguida de esfincteroplastia primária com ponto em "U" com poliglactina 911 4-0; o grupo C (n=10), semelhante ao grupo B, porém com a interposição entre os cotos musculares de esponja hemostática embebida em extrato de Stryphnodendron adstringens. Realizou-se eutanásia após 14 dias, ressecando-se segmento do canal anal para análise histológica, que objetivou avaliar o fechamento da fístula, a área de afastamento dos cabos musculares, o processo inflamatório e o grau de fibrose. Resultados: Nenhum animal apresentou trajeto fistuloso remanescente. Quanto ao afastamento entre os cabos musculares observou-se média 106,3 µm2 no grupo A, 82,8 µm2 no grupo B e 51,8 µm2 no grupo C (p<0,05). Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao processo inflamatório e, em relação à fibrose; no grupo A observou-se média 0,6, no grupo B 0,7 e no grupo C 0,2 (p<0,05). Conclusões: O extrato de Stryphnodendron adstringens foi capaz de permitir menor afastamento entre os cabos musculares em ratos submetidos à fistulotomia seguida por esfincteroplastia primária, além de proporcionar menor fibrose local.

Adhesive resistance of a copaiba oil-based dentin biomodifier

Abstract This study analyzed the effect of prior application of copaiba oil (CO) emulsions as a dentin cleaning substance on microleakage and microtensile adhesive strength. Twenty-five premolars and sixty-four molars were used for microleakage and microtensile assays. For the microleakage assays, specimens with standard class V cavities were divided (n = 5), according to the tested CO emulsions: CO10%X, CO10%Y, and CO10%Z, as well as chlorhexidine 2% (CHX) and distilled water (DW), as positive and negative controls, respectively. Restorations were performed using the Adper Single Bond® and/or Clearfil SE Bond® systems. Cervical, occlusal, distal and mesial sections were assessed for tracer penetration degree at the composite/tooth interface. For the microtensile assay, healthy molars were divided into sixteen groups, in which artificial caries were induced in half of the groups. Dentin surfaces were treated with CO10%X and CO10%Y, CHX and DW. Microtensile bond strength was measured by fixing each sample to the plate of a universal testing machine operated at a speed of 0.5 mm/minute until failure. Dentin treated with CO10%X showed a lower infiltration rate than dentin treated with the other CO emulsions, CHX2% and DW. According to the microtensile assay, both healthy and affected dentin treated with CO10%X and Adper Single Bond® adhesive system presented higher adhesive strength. CO emulsion, used as a dentin biomodifier, interfered positively in microleakage and improved adhesive strength after acid etching in the Adper Single Bond® adhesive system, or before applying the Clearfil SE Bond® self-etching system.

Adhesive resistance of a copaiba oil-based dentin biomodifier

Abstract This study analyzed the effect of prior application of copaiba oil (CO) emulsions as a dentin cleaning substance on microleakage and microtensile adhesive strength. Twenty-five premolars and sixty-four molars were used for microleakage and microtensile assays. For the microleakage assays, specimens with standard class V cavities were divided (n = 5), according to the tested CO emulsions: CO10%X, CO10%Y, and CO10%Z, as well as chlorhexidine 2% (CHX) and distilled water (DW), as positive and negative controls, respectively. Restorations were performed using the Adper Single Bond® and/or Clearfil SE Bond® systems. Cervical, occlusal, distal and mesial sections were assessed for tracer penetration degree at the composite/tooth interface. For the microtensile assay, healthy molars were divided into sixteen groups, in which artificial caries were induced in half of the groups. Dentin surfaces were treated with CO10%X and CO10%Y, CHX and DW. Microtensile bond strength was measured by fixing each sample to the plate of a universal testing machine operated at a speed of 0.5 mm/minute until failure. Dentin treated with CO10%X showed a lower infiltration rate than dentin treated with the other CO emulsions, CHX2% and DW. According to the microtensile assay, both healthy and affected dentin treated with CO10%X and Adper Single Bond® adhesive system presented higher adhesive strength. CO emulsion, used as a dentin biomodifier, interfered positively in microleakage and improved adhesive strength after acid etching in the Adper Single Bond® adhesive system, or before applying the Clearfil SE Bond® self-etching system.

Mapping the habitat suitability of Andira humilis Mart. ex Benth. (Fabaceae) as a means to detect its associated galling species in Brazil

Host plant species have very specific interconnection with galling species. Here, we estimate the potential distribution of the host plant species Andira humilis Mart. ex Benth. (Fabaceae) to consequently locate the potential distribution ranges of its galling species Lopesia andirae Garcia, Lima, Calado, and Guimarães (2017) based on ecological requirements. The ecological niche model was built using Maxent v.3.4.1k, an algorithm that estimates species’ distributions. We found suitable habitats for L. andirae encompassing areas of the Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Annual mean temperature (70.2%) and temperature annual range (13.9%) were the most critical factors shaping A. humilis and necessarily L. andirae. Our results can guide taxonomists and ecologists regarding the delineation of sampling areas as well as conservation strategies for this ecological interaction.

Induction, biochemical trait and phytochemical screening of calluses of Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A. C. Smith

Amburana cearensisis an arboreal legume of the Fabaceaefamily,with high phytotherapic and medicinal potential due the presence of secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-amino-2,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram) on the in vitroinduction of callogenesis of A. cearensisand analyze the biochemical and phytochemical potential of these calluses. For callus induction, leaf and cotyledon segments were used as explants, which were inoculated in woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 μM) or picloram (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 μM). The callus growth curve was estimated based on fresh weight, measured at 7-day intervals until 28 days after inoculation. The calluses were analyzed by biochemical tests to quantify the reducing sugars and total proteins. Phytochemical screening and high-performance liquid chromatography were performed to establish the phytochemical profile of extracts from calluses. The concentrations of 21.94 μMand 26.46 μMof 2,4-Dinduced the greatest formation of compact and friable calluses from the leaf and cotyledon segments, respectively. The growth curve had two distinct phases(lag and exponential) for both types of calluses evaluated. The maximum levels of reducing sugars and total proteins in the calluses from leaf and cotyledon segments were obtained on the day of inoculation and after 28 days of cultivation, respectively. The results of the phytochemical analysis identified the presence of coumarin in all the extracts evaluated, this secondary metabolite has high pharmacological potential.

Seed vigor of Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. subjected to thermal stress

The objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of accelerated aging test at 41ºC on the germination and seed vigor of Piptadenia moniliformisBenth. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1: seeds were submitted to dormancy overcoming treatments. They were immersed into sulfuric acid for 0 (intact seeds), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes. Experiment 2: two methods were evaluated for the accelerated aging test at 41ºC, that is, the traditional method and the saturated NaCl solution method with exposure periods of 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. After each treatment, the seeds were subjected to electrical conductivity and germination tests. Seeds overcame their dormancy when immersed into concentrated sulfuric acid for 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 minutes, but thegermination was faster when immersed for 20 minutes. The different methods for the accelerated aging test, decreased the germination potential and seed vigor of P. moniliformisafter 24 hours of exposure. Regarding the method used, the saturated solution provided, in general, the best results since the seed water content was lower, thus reducing the proliferation of fungi. The electrical conductivity test showed that, by increasing the aging period regardless of the method, there is an increase in seed deterioration, corroborating with germination results, which showed that the correlation was moderate and negative and indicated that the higher the conductivity, the lower the percentage and the germination speed index. The immersion of seeds of P. moniliformisinto concentrated sulfuric acid for 20 minutes provides a fast and increased germination. The methods for accelerated agingat 41ºC, traditional and saturated solution, can be used as vigor tests to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds.

Perfil térmico de rutina proveniente da fava d’anta (Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne) / Thermal profile of rutina from fava d'anta (Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne)

Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne é conhecida como fava d’anta, é uma árvore brasileira, naturalmente do Cerrado e Caatinga, têm uma importância ecológica e funcional, seus frutos são ricos em flavonoides (rutina, quercetina, isoquercitrina). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a estabilidade térmica da fava d’anta e da rutina purifica através da termogravimetria. As amostras foram analisadas no Termogravimétrico Shimadzu, TGA-51, no Laboratório de Materiais do IFPI, onde foram acondicionadas em porta-amostras de platina, com atmosfera de nitrogênio e com fluxo de 50 mL/min. A temperatura foi elevada a 600°C, com taxa de aquecimento de 2 °C/min. Obteve-se sucesso com a purificação da fava d’anta, pois a rutina obtida teve maior uniformidade nos eventos térmicos e maior estabilidade térmica em relação a fava.

Alternative vibro-dynamic compression processing of wood-cement composites using Amazonian wood

Wood-cement composite (WCC) is a potential construction material for tropical regions, due to its physico-mechanical properties and resistance to decay and fungi attack. However it is important to test alternative production methods and wood materials that are easier and cheaper than those traditionally used, in order to create a higher demand for this product. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of wood from four Amazonian species (Eschweilera coriaceae, Swartzia recurva, Manilkara amazonica and Pouteria guianensis) in the production of wood-cement composites through a vibro-dynamic compression process, an alternative method to the use of a hydraulic press. The inhibition degree caused by the wood to the cement cure, measured by the factor CA, indicated that all species were compatible with Portland cement (CP II-Z). WCC with densities higher than 1,100 kg m-3 (produced with E. coriaceae and S. recurva particles) showed compressive strength values higher than 10 MPa, which fulfills the minimum requirement for lightweitgh reinforced concrete blocks for structural use. (AU)

Compósito madeira-cimento é um potencial material de construção para regiões tropicais, devido a suas propriedades físico-mecânicas e resistência ao ataque de fungos e podridão. Contudo, é importante testar métodos alternativos de produção e madeiras que sejam mais simples e baratos do que os tradicionalmente usados, para que se alcance uma maior demanda para esse produto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de madeira de quatro espécies amazônicas (Eschweilera coriaceae, Swartzia recurva, Manilkara amazonica e Pouteria guianensis) na produção de compósitos de madeira-cimento (WCC) pelo processo de compactação vibro-dinâmica, um método alternativo que dispensa o uso de prensas hidráulicas. O grau de inibição à pega do cimento causado pela presença da madeira foi medido pelo fator CA e indicou que todas as quatro espécies foram compatíveis com o cimento Portland (CP II-Z). Compósitos com massa específica superior a 1.100 kg m-3 (produzidas com partículas de E. coriaceae e S. recurva) apresentaram valores de compressão axial acima de 10 MPa, requisito mínimo para classificar como blocos de concreto reforçados leves de uso estrutural.(AU)