ABSTRACT
La hepatitis B es una infección vírica que afecta al hígado, puede dar lugar tanto a un cuadro agudo como a una enfermedad crónica, y se transmite por la vía sexual, vertical y parenteral. En este informe, se describe la situación mundial y nacional de esta patología, y su transmisión vertical, así como la caracterización de niños expuestos al virus durante el embarazo, nacidos en el Hospital Materno Infantil Ramón Sardá entre 2018 y 2021.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Epidemiological Monitoring , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Blood-borne viruses, includingthe human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus, have certain common epidemiological characteristics and these viruses infect millions of people worldwide. This study aimed to determine the job satisfaction and the level of knowledge and practices regarding infectious diseases of employees working as hairdressers and barbers.This descriptive and cross-sectional study comprised 1200 hairdressers and barbers. The study sample comprised 628 people who consented to participate in the study. The mean age of the participants who participated in the study was 28, 13 ± 6. 9 years. The mean job satisfaction score of the participants was 3.85 ± 0.58. The job satisfaction score was found to be higher among those with sufficient knowledge of hepatitis B (p < 0.005). Employees should be provided performance trainings to achieve job satisfaction. It is recommended that employees be encouraged to wear gloves and gowns to protect their health and prevent contamination.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Barbering/instrumentation , HIV , Knowledge , Beauty and Aesthetics Centers , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/virology , Hepatitis B virus , Communicable Diseases/transmission , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Health/ethnology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology , Personal Protective Equipment/supply & distribution , Personal Protective Equipment/virology , Job Satisfaction , Occupational GroupsABSTRACT
Hepatitis B virus infection is perilous among the five types of Hepatitis, as it remains clinically asymptomatic. The present study draws up-to-date prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the general population of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The blood samples from 4803 individuals including 2399 male and 2404 females were investigated. All the suspected samples were analyzed for hepatitis B surface antigen using Immuno-chromatographic test (ICT), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and followed by Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed that 312 (13.00%) out of 2399 individuals contained antibodies in their blood against HBV, while among the different age groups, the highest incidences of HBV antibodies were found in the age of 21-30 groups (10.73%). Furthermore, the ICT positive samples were screened by nested polymerase chain reaction to detect the existence of active HBV-DNA. It was observed that 169 (7.04%) out of (2399) male of the total population (4803) tested was positive. On the other hand, the female 463 (19.25%) possessed antibodies in their blood against HBV. Accumulatively, our results showed a higher percentage of HBV prevalence in males than females in the age group 21-30 years. The total HCV infected in Mardan general population was recorded at 5.7% comprising both male and female.
A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B é perigosa entre os cinco tipos de hepatite, pois permanece clinicamente assintomática. O presente estudo traça a prevalência atualizada do vírus da hepatite B (HBV) na população geral de Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Amostras de sangue de 4.803 indivíduos, incluindo 2.399 homens e 2.404 mulheres, foram investigadas. Todas as amostras suspeitas foram analisadas para o antígeno de superfície da hepatite B usando teste imunocromatográfico (ICT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), seguido por transcrição reversa-reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR). Os resultados mostraram que 312 (13,00%) de 2.399 indivíduos continham anticorpos no sangue contra o VHB, enquanto, entre as diferentes faixas etárias, as maiores incidências de anticorpos VHB foram encontradas nos grupos de 21 a 30 anos (10,73%). Além disso, amostras positivas para ICT foram rastreadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada para detectar a existência de HBV-DNA ativo. Observou-se que 169 (7,04%) de 2.399 homens do total da população (4803) testados foram positivos. Por outro lado, 463 mulheres (19,25%) possuíam anticorpos no sangue contra VHB. Acumulativamente, nossos resultados mostraram uma porcentagem maior de prevalência de HBV em homens do que em mulheres na faixa etária de 21 a 30 anos. O total de HCV infectados na população geral de Mardan foi registrado em 5,7%, incluindo homens e mulheres.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Pakistan/epidemiology , Prevalence , Hepatitis B Surface AntigensABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the role of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with prior hepatitis B virus infection (HBsAg-negative and anti-HBC-positive). Methods: 1605 hospitalized patients who were first diagnosed with HCC at Nanfang Hospital between 2015 to 2017 were retrospectively studied. Patients who developed HCC on the basis of active HBV infection (HBsAg-positive, anti-HBc positive) were used as control. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between NAFLD and HCC in patients with prior hepatitis B virus infection. Results: Among HCC patients with both HBsAg and anti-HCV negative, the proportion of prior HBV infection accounted for 86.7%. NAFLD prevalence was higher in patients with HCC based on prior HBV infection than active HBV infection (19.7% vs. 8.5%, P < 0.001). After adjusting for gender, age, hypertension, alanine aminotransferase, and liver cirrhosis, patients with HCC based on prior HBV infection were more likely to develop NAFLD (OR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.40-3.74), and this phenomenon was observed only in patients with non-cirrhosis (OR: 5.26, 95% CI: 2.53-10.96) and aged≥50 years (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.33-4.20). Conclusion: NAFLD may be a risk factor for HCC in a previously infected patients with HBV, especially in non-cirrhotic and population aged≥50 years.
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens , Hepatitis B virus , Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the repetitive reporting of hepatitis B in Fujian province during 2016-2020, and provide evidence for the improvement of hepatitis B surveillance. Methods: The reporting cards from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention were collected and divided into repetitive reporting cards and non-repetitive reporting cards from the report cards collected according to the valid ID number on the cards, and the proportion of repetitive report cards and related factors were analyzed by using software SAS 9.4. Results: A total of 314 551 hepatitis B reporting cards were submitted in Fujian from 2016 to 2020, in which 90.93% (286 020/314 551) were included in the analysis. The repetitive reporting cards accounted for 10.48% (29 982/286 020). The annual proportion of the repetitive reporting cards from 2016 to 2020 was between 2.98% and 3.71%, showing an overall increasing trend year by year (Z=2.26, P=0.024). The proportions of the repetitive reporting cards in 1-5 years were 3.17%, 5.40%, 7.74%, 9.27% and 10.48%, respectively, showing an increase trend with year (Z=128.16, P<0.001). The proportions of the repetitive reporting cards in 10 areas of Fujian ranged from 5.44% to 13.48% with significant difference (χ2=2 050.41, P<0.001) and increased with the increase of reported incidence of hepatitis B (Z=26.92, P<0.001). There were significant differences in relationships between repetitive reporting proportion and sex, age and type of the cases between the areas with high incidence and low incidence of hepatitis B. Conclusions: The reported incidence of hepatitis B was seriously affected by the repetitive reporting in Fujian from 2016 to 2020. A cross-year and cross-area surveillance mechanism for hepatitis B should be established and targeted measures should be taken to strengthen the control of the repetitive reporting and improve the surveillance for hepatitis B.
Subject(s)
Humans , China/epidemiology , Data Collection , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Incidence , SoftwareABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among immigrants residing refugee camps in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, and to identify possible risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. METHODS Around 1,225 individuals inhabiting Muzaffarabad refugee camps, participated in the study. A qualitative Immuno-Chromatographic Technique was used for initial screening and PCR test was used for detection of HBV and HCV in participants. The major risk factors for HBV and HCV transmission were assessed using a questionnaire approach. RESULTS Around 86 (7.0%) individuals were observed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) presence, and 215 (17.5%) individuals were found positive for Anti-HCV. Only 32 (2.6%) individuals were confirmed for HBV DNA and 126 (10.3%) individuals were positive for HCV RNA after PCR. Demographically, both HBsAg and Anti-HCV were found more prevalent in female (4.4% HBsAg and 10.8% Anti-HCV) population as compared to male (2.6% HBsAg and 6.7% Anti-HCV) population. Surprisingly, the HBsAg (23.5%) and Anti-HCV (41.1%) appeared to be more frequent in the age group 62-75 years. Previous history of hepatitis in the family (p < 0.0001), blood transfusion (p = 0.0197) dental treatment (p < 0.0001) and tattooing or piercing on any part of the body (p = 0.0028) were assessed as significant risk factors in HBV and HCV transmission. CONCLUSIONS Presence of 7.0% HBsAg and 17.5% Anti-HCV in a small fragment of the migrant population cannot be overlooked. Lack of awareness among people and negligence of health department could escalate the situation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Refugees , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Pakistan/epidemiology , Brazil , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepatitis C Antibodies , Hepatitis B Surface AntigensABSTRACT
Introducción. La seguridad transfusional es el objetivo primordial de los bancos de sangre, sin embargo, conlleva un alto riesgo de eventos adversos como son las infecciones transmisibles por transfusión (ITT). El conocimiento de la prevalencia de estas infecciones fue de particular interés en esta investigación, donde se determinó su frecuencia, coinfección y relación con el tipo de donantes admitidos. Metodología. Estudio observacional retrospectivo de 2017 y 2018, en el que se incluyeron todos los registros de donantes de sangre que contenían datos demográficos y resultados de los marcadores obligatorios en el país (Ecuador), tanto de pruebas serológicas como moleculares. Se obtuvo el permiso del custodio de la información y del subcomité de bioética de investigaciones en seres humanos. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados. Se determinó una prevalencia del 3,18 % de resultados reactivos para una o más ITT, el rango de edad más prevalente fue de 29 a 40 años, el 89,8 % fueron donantes compensatorios, y de ellos el 90 % fueron reactivos para una o más ITT. El marcador serológico más prevalente fue el anti-core del virus de la hepatitis B (anti-HBc), seguido por el de sífilis y los anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC). La coinfección más prevalente fue con sífilis y hepatitis B. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas serológicas y las moleculares (x2=26,9; p=0,000). Conclusión. Las ITT en los bancos de sangre son un riesgo latente, por lo que es necesario conocer las variaciones epidemiológicas que existen en cada población. El conocimiento de la prevalencia de las ITT en donantes de sangre permite establecer nuevas estrategias de selección del donante, que garanticen la mejor seguridad posible en las transfusiones, además debe verificarse siempre la metodología utilizada y hacer monitoreo permanente del sistema de calidad establecido
Introduction. Transfusion safety is the primary objective of blood banks, however one of the adverse reactions to blood transfusion are the transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs). Knowledge of the prevalence of these infections was of particular interest in this study where we determined their frequency, co-infection and relationship with the type of donors admitted. Methodology. Retrospective observational study during 2017 and 2018, in which all blood donor records containing demographic data and results of the country's (Ecuador) mandatory serological markers of both serological and molecular tests were included. Permission was obtained from the data custodian and the Human Research Bioethics Subcommittee. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results. A prevalence of 3,18% of reactive results to one or more TTIs was determined, the most prevalent age range was 29 to 40 years, 89.8% were compensatory donors and 90% of them were reactive to one or more TTIs. The anti- core serological marker of the hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc) was the most prevalent, followed by syphilis and hepatitis C antibodies. Syphilis and hepatitis B were identified as the most prevalent coinfection. The correlation between the results obtained in the serological and molecular tests was determined to be different and statistically significant (x2=26.9; p=0.000). Conclusion. TTIs in blood banks are a latent risk, so it is necessary to know the epidemiological variations that exist in every population. Knowledge of the prevalence of TTIs in blood donors facilitates new donor selection strategies that guarantee the best possible safety in transfusions. In addition, the methodology used must always be verified and the established quality system must be permanently monitored
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Blood Donors , Blood Transfusion , Blood-Borne Infections/epidemiology , Syphilis/blood , Syphilis/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Hepatitis C/blood , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/blood , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis B Core Antigens/bloodABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives: to calculate the prevalence and rate per 1,000 live births of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in pregnant women at a public maternity hospital in Salvador. Methods: this descriptive, cross-sectional study retrospectively collected data from compulsory notifications and medical records of pregnant women with STI seen at a maternity hospital in northeastern Brazil between 2014 and 2017 (n = 520). Prevalence and rate per 1,000 live births were estimated for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and syphilis. Associations between STI and other clinical and sociodemographic variables were investigated. Results: most pregnant women were born and resided in Salvador, presented a mean age of 26.4 years, self-reported mixed-race and had unplanned pregnancies. Prevalence and rates per 1,000 live births were, respectively: 0.26% and 3.39 for hepatitis B, 0.06% and 0.79 for hepatitis C, 0.47% and 6.23 for HIV, and 2.46% and 32.2 for syphilis. Conclusion: higher prevalence and rates of infection per 1,000 live births were seen at the maternity hospital in northeastern Brazil compared to official data provided by the Brazilian government, notably with regard to HIV and syphilis. The appropriate epidemiological notification of STI, especially in pregnant women, enables the elaboration of effective preventive strategies incorporating specific sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.
Resumo Objetivos: calcular a prevalência e as taxas por 1000 nascidos vivos de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) em gestantes de uma maternidade pública de Salvador. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, com dados coletados retrospectivamente a partir das fichas de notificação dos agravos e dos prontuários de todas as gestantes com IST atendidas na maternidade, entre os anos de 2014 e 2017 (n=520). Foram calculadas as prevalências e as taxas por 1000 nascidos vivos de hepatite B, hepatite C, HIV e sífilis para a população de gestantes da maternidade. Associações entre as IST e demais variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas também foram investigadas. Resultados: a maioria das gestantes era natural e residente de Salvador, pardas, com idade média de 26,4 anos e que não planejaram a gravidez. As prevalências e as taxas por 1000 nascidos vivos foram respectivamente: 0,26% e 3,39 para hepatite B, 0,06% e 0,79 para hepatite C, 0,47% e 6,23 para HIV e 2,46% e 32,2 para sífilis. Conclusão: a maternidade apresenta prevalências e taxas por 1000 nascidos vivos superiores aos dados oficiais do governo brasileiro, especialmente para HIV e sífilis. A correta notificação epidemiológica desses agravos, especialmente em gestantes, permite o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas mais eficientes e com enfoque nas características sociodemográficas e clínicas das pacientes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Syphilis/transmission , Syphilis/epidemiology , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/transmission , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Pregnant Women , Hepatitis B/transmission , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Live Birth , Health Information SystemsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis is a global phenomenon, with the disease burden varying on a daily basis. Amongst chronic infections, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are egregiously linked to severe health-related complications, with a worldwide prevalence of 248 million and 71 million respectively. Amongst the developing world, a hand full of countries are exhibiting a gross decline in chronic viral infection prevalence, like Bangladesh. While countries such as India have a consistent prevalence, Pakistan bears one of the largest proportions of chronic viral hepatitis globally with increasing trends shown year-by-year. Various old literature texts have stated an approximate national prevalence rate around 2.6% and 5.3% of hepatitis B and C respectively. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the current seroprevalence rates of chronic viral hepatitis amongst the general population of rural Sindh using a screening program to determine the current disease burden. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional survey based on a screening program was conducted in 5 districts with a combined population of over 6.5 million. The screening was carried out via the administration of various camps with the assistance of local social workers and welfare organizations. A total of 24,322 individuals met the inclusion criteria and were screened through (HBsAg/HCV) rapid test cassette (WC) Imu-Med one-step diagnostic test. RESULTS: Hepatitis B was found positive in 964 (3.96%) individuals including 421 (43.67%) males and 543 (56.32%) females, while hepatitis C was positive in 2872 (11.80%) individuals including 1474 (51.32%) males and 1398 (48.67%) females. The prevalence amongst the districts varied between 0.97% and 9.06% for hepatitis B, and 1.61% and 29.50% for hepatitis C, respectively. Umerkot was found to be the most prevalent district amongst rural Sindh, while Badin had the least number of seropositive people. The second most prevalent district of the study population was found to be Tando Allahyar followed by Mirpur Khas. The combined seroprevalence of 15.76% was calculated for hepatitis B and C together amongst the five studied districts of rural and peri-urban Sindh. CONCLUSION: The alarmingly high prevalence rates revealed in our study warrant the urgent need to generate multiple effective strategies in the region to enhance awareness amongst the general population regarding screening, prevention, and prompt treatment of the disease.
RESUMO CONTEXTO: A hepatite viral é um fenômeno global, com a intensidade da doença variando diariamente. Entre as infecções crônicas, o vírus da hepatite B e o vírus da hepatite C (VHC) estão fortemente ligados a complicações graves relacionadas à saúde, com prevalência mundial de 248 milhões e 71 milhões, respectivamente. Entre o mundo em desenvolvimento, uma quantidade de países está exibindo um declínio bruto na prevalência de infecção viral crônica, tal como Bangladesh. Embora países como a Índia tenham uma prevalência consistente, o Paquistão tem uma das maiores proporções globais de hepatite viral crônica, com tendências crescentes mostradas ano a ano. Vários textos da menos recentes têm declarado uma taxa de prevalência nacional aproximada em torno de 2,6% e 5,3% da hepatite B e C, respectivamente. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as atuais taxas de soroprevalência da hepatite viral crônica entre a população geral do Sindh rural utilizando um programa de triagem para determinar a carga atual da doença. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma pesquisa observacional e transversal baseada em um programa de triagem combinada em cinco distritos com população de mais de 6,5 milhões. A triagem foi realizada por meio da administração de diversos acampamentos com o auxílio de assistentes sociais locais e organizações de assistência social. Um total de 24.322 indivíduos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e foram examinados através do teste rápido (HBsAg/VHC) Imu-Med em uma etapa. RESULTADOS: Hepatite B positiva foi encontrada em 964 (3,96%) indivíduos incluindo 421 (43,67%) homens e 543 (56,32%) mulheres, enquanto hepatite C foi positiva em 2.872 (11,80%) indivíduos incluindo 1.474 (51,32%) homens e 1.398 (48,67%) mulheres. A prevalência entre os distritos variou entre 0,97% e 9,06% para hepatite B, e 1,61% e 29,50% para hepatite C, respectivamente. Umerkot foi encontrado como o distrito mais prevalente entre Sindh rural, enquanto Badin tinha o menor número de pessoas soropositivas. O segundo distrito mais prevalente da população de estudos foi encontrado como Tando Allahyar, seguido por Mirpur Khas. A soroprevalência combinada de 15,76% foi calculada para hepatite B e C em conjunto entre os cinco distritos estudados do Sindh rural e periurbano. CONCLUSÃO: As taxas de prevalência alarmantemente reveladas em nosso estudo justificam a necessidade urgente de gerar múltiplas estratégias efetivas na região para aumentar a conscientização da população em geral sobre rastreamento, prevenção e tratamento rápido da doença.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Pakistan/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional StudiesSubject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Fertilization in Vitro/mortality , Blood-Borne Infections/epidemiology , Infertility, Female , Brazil/epidemiology , Syphilis/blood , Syphilis/epidemiology , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Retrospective Studies , Hepatitis C/blood , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Blood-Borne Infections/blood , Hepatitis B/blood , Hepatitis B/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Abstract Objective To evaluate the seroprevalence of positive markers for syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) I and II, human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) I and II, and hepatitis B and C among women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis among patients who underwent IVF, between January 2013 and February 2016, and who had complete screening records. Results We analyzed 1,008 patients who underwent IVF, amounting to 2,445 cycles. Two patients (0.2%) tested positive for HIV I and II and none for HTLV I and II. Three patients (0.3%) had positive screening for syphilis, and two (0.2%) had positive hepatitis C antibody test (anti-HCV). A positive hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HbsAg) test was observed in 4 patients (0.4%), while 47 (4.7%) patients were positive for IgG antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HbC IgG), and only 1 (0.1%) was positive for IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HbC IgM). The anti-HbS test was negative in 659 patients (65.3%). Only 34.7% of the patients had immunity against the Hepatitis B virus. Patients with an anti-HbS negative result were older than those with a hepatitis B test (anti-HbS) positive result (36.3 versus 34.9; p<0.001). Conclusion The present study showed lower infection rates than the Brazilian ones for the diseases studied in patients undergoing IVF. Only a few patients were immunized against hepatitis B.
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a soroprevalência de marcadores positivos para sífilis, vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) I e II, vírus linfotrópicos de células T humanas (HTLV) I e II e hepatite B e C em mulheres submetidas a fertilização in vitro (FIV). Métodos Realizamos uma análise retrospectiva entre as pacientes submetidas a FIV, entre janeiro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2016, e que possuíam prontuários completos. Resultados Foram analisadas 1.008 pacientes submetidas a FIV, totalizando 2,445 ciclos. Duas pacientes (0,2%) apresentaram resultado positivo para HIV I e II, e nenhuma para HTLV I e II. Três pacientes (0,3%) apresentaram triagem positiva para sífilis, e duas (0,2%) apresentaram teste de pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HCV (anti-HCV) positivo. Um teste de antígeno de superfície do vírus da hepatite B (HbsAg) positivo foi observado em 4 pacientes (0,4%), enquanto 47 (4,7%) pacientes foram positivas para anticorpos IgG contra o antígeno de superfície da hepatite B (IgG anti-HbC), e apenas 1 (0,1%) foi positiva para anticorpos IgM contra o antígeno central da hepatite B (IgM anti-HbC). O teste de anticorpos contra hepatite B (anti-HbS) foi negativo em 659 pacientes (65,3%). Apenas 34,7% das pacientes tinham imunidade contra o vírus da hepatite B. Pacientes comresultado negativo anti-HbS erammais velhas do que aquelas com resultado positivo anti-HbS (36,3 versus 34,9; p<0,001). Conclusão Este estudo mostrou taxas de infecção inferiores às taxas brasileiras para as doenças estudadas em pacientes submetidas à FIV. Apenas alguns pacientes foram imunizados contra a hepatite B.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Fertilization in Vitro , Blood-Borne Infections/epidemiology , Infertility, Female , Brazil/epidemiology , Syphilis/blood , Syphilis/epidemiology , HIV Infections , HIV Infections/blood , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Retrospective Studies , Hepatitis C/blood , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Blood-Borne Infections/blood , Hepatitis B/blood , Hepatitis B/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a distribuição espacial da vacina contra Hepatite B (VCHB) de gestantes. Estudo transversal, realizado com 266 puérperas. O registro da VCHB foi obtido por meio da caderneta de pré-natal. Para a detecção do cluster de risco para presença de registro ou ausência de VCHB foi utilizada a técnica de varredura espacial. Posteriormente a esta identificação do cluster, procedeu-se à comparação das variáveis individuais e ambientais entre as Áreas de Abrangência da Unidade Básica de Saúde (AA-UBS). A prevalência média de não VCHB foi de 88,34%. A análise de varredura espacial Scan observou-se um cluster de alta prevalência de puérperas que apresentava o registro da VCHB em suas cadernetas. Análises comparativas demonstraram que trabalho remunerado e o número de consultas realizadas no pré-natal estão associados positivamente a VCHB. Este trabalho suscita uma reflexão de possíveis disparidades com as demais AA-UBS, além da perspectiva a nível ambiental. Ressalta-se que a situação vacinal sofre influência não somente de fatores intrínsecos aos indivíduos, entretanto, nesse estudo, os resultados apontam que as variáveis individuais são majoritariamente mandatórias na decisão das gestantes em vacinarem.
Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the spatial distribution of Hepatitis B vaccine (HBVAC) of pregnant women. This is a cross-sectional study carried with 266 puerperae. The HBVAC record was obtained through the prenatal care booklet. The spatial scanning technique was used to detect a cluster of risk for the presence or absence of an HBVAC record. After this cluster identification, the individual and environmental variables were compared between the Coverage Areas of Basic Health Units (CAs-BHUs). The mean prevalence of non-HBVAC was 88.34%. Scan spatial scan analysis observed a cluster of a high prevalence of puerperae with a HBVAC record. Comparative analyses have shown that paid work and the number of prenatal visits are positively associated with an HBVAC record. Given the above, this work brings a reflection on possible disparities with other CAs-BHUs, besides the influence of the environmental perspective. It should be emphasized that the vaccination situation is influenced not only by factors intrinsic to the individuals. However, in this study, the results indicate that individual variables are predominantly mandatory in the decision of HBVAC uptake among pregnant women.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Pregnant Women , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Vaccination , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B (HB) vaccination for health-care workers is essential for World Health Organization's goals achievement of viral hepatitis (VH) elimination. However, recent studies showed low vaccination adherence by these professionals and lack of knowledge about HB vaccination adherence of community health workers (CHW). OBJECTIVE: To identify the adherence of CHW to HB vaccination; to determine the causes of non-adherence; to investigate whether the prevalence of vaccination is different among surveyed towns, and to verify whether years practiced as CHW have any association with vaccination adherence. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included five towns (T) of a Brazilian state. Data were collected at VH educational meetings, in which CHW answered a questionnaire. The proportions Z-test and the likelihood ratio test were used for statistical analysis. Significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The sample included 516 CHW. Most CHW (86.8%) reported to have taken the vaccine, but only 59.7% affirmed having taken all doses, and 28.1% correctly answered the number of doses. 24.4% of CHW pointed the unknowing about HB vaccine importance as the main reason for non-adherence. T4 and T5 showed higher vaccination prevalence than T2 and T1. Vaccination adherence was higher among individuals with more years working as CHW. CONCLUSION: CHW demonstrated low adherence to HB vaccination and pointed the lack of knowledge about HB vaccine importance as the main reason for that. There were differences in vaccination prevalence among the towns and adherence was positively associated with professional experience.
INTRODUÇÃO: A vacinação dos profissionais de saúde contra hepatite B (HB) é fundamental para que sejam atingidas as metas da Organização Mundial de Saúde de eliminação das hepatites virais (HV). Entretanto, estudos recentes mostram baixa aderência desses profissionais à vacinação e falta conhecimento sobre a adesão dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) à vacinação. OBJETIVO: Identificar a adesão dos ACS à vacinação contra HB; determinar as causas da não adesão; investigar se a prevalência de vacinação é diferente entre os municípios (M) pesquisados; e verificar se o tempo de experiência como ACS está associado à adesão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo cinco municípios de um estado brasileiro. Os dados foram coletados em palestras sobre HB, nas quais os ACS responderam um questionário. Foram aplicados o teste de proporções (Z) e a razão de verossimilhança, considerando-se significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A amostra incluiu 516 ACS, dos quais 86,8% relataram ter tomado a vacina, 59,7% afirmaram ter tomado todas as doses, 28,1% responderam corretamente o número de doses e 24,4% apontaram o desconhecimento sobre a importância da vacina como o principal motivo de não adesão. M4 e M5 mostraram maior prevalência de vacinação que M2 e M1. Os ACS com maior tempo de experiência profissional apresentaram maior adesão. CONCLUSÃO: Os ACS demonstraram baixa adesão à vacinação contra HB e indicaram a falta de conhecimento sobre a importância da vacina como a principal causa. Houve diferenças na prevalência de vacinação entre os municípios e a aderência foi positivamente associada ao tempo de experiência profissional.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vaccination , Community Health Workers , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe the hepatitis B prevalence in Brazilian waste pickers. METHODS: We performed a literature search in the SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), PubMed and Web of Science databases using the descriptors: "hepatitis B" AND ("informal recycling" OR "waste picker" OR "recyclable waste collectors" OR "solid waste segregator") AND ("recyclable waste" OR "solid waste") AND Brazil. Epidemiological studies on HBV in Brazilian waste pickers published prior to February 2020 were included and evaluated for quality and bias using a funnel plot. RESULTS: This meta-analysis consisted of five articles. Prevalence of HBV surface antigen seropositivity was 14% (95%CI: 6%-22%) in Brazilian waste pickers. CONCLUSION: HBV prevalence in Brazilian waste pickers remains high. There should be more campaigns showing the importance of vaccination and personal protective equipment use.
Subject(s)
Humans , Refuse Disposal , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , RecyclingABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a public health problem; therefore, we aimed to report HBV genotypes in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 103 HBsAg-positive samples were subjected to HBV genotyping and subgenotyping. RESULTS: The following genetic compositions of samples were found: F-54% (F2-83.33%), A-40% (A1-65%), D-6%, C2-1%, E-1%, and G-1%. CONCLUSIONS: Some genotypes are only prevalent in certain parts of the world; however, the State of Ceará is a hub for migration and has one of the most important liver transplantation centers in Brazil, which can explain the prevalence of the F genotype.
Subject(s)
Humans , Gastroenterology , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , DNA, Viral/genetics , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Prevalence , Genotype , Hepatitis B Surface AntigensABSTRACT
Resumo Este artigo aborda as hepatites virais, tema tratado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e, mais precisamente, nos Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Hepatite B e para Hepatite C e Coinfecções, publicados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Além do espectro ampliado de acometimento da saúde, os vírus das hepatites A, B e C também apresentam diferentes formas de transmissão, seja parenteral, sexual, vertical ou oral. Entre as estratégias sugeridas para o controle das hepatites virais, além das medidas comportamentais, estão o diagnóstico ampliado, a vacinação precoce contra os vírus da hepatite A e hepatite B e o acesso aos recursos terapêuticos disponíveis. Considerando a transmissão vertical dos vírus da hepatite B e hepatite C, a triagem das gestantes portadoras crônicas desses vírus é uma importante estratégia de saúde perinatal, indicando com precisão quem pode se beneficiar das intervenções profiláticas disponíveis.
Abstract This article discusses viral hepatitis, a theme addressed by the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines to Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections and, more precisely, by the Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C and Coinfections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Besides the broad spectrum of health impairment, hepatitis A, B and C viruses also present different forms of transmission, whether parenteral, sexual, vertical or oral. Among the strategies suggested for the control of viral hepatitis, in addition to behavioral measures, are expanded diagnosis, early vaccination against hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses, and access to available therapeutic resources. Considering vertical transmission of the hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses, screening for pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B and C is an important perinatal health strategy, indicating with precision those who can benefit from the prophylactic interventions.
Resumen Este artículo aborda las hepatitis virales, tema que hace parte del Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual y más precisamente de los Protocolos Clínicos y Guías Terapéuticas para Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C y Coinfecciones, publicados por el Ministerio de Salud. Además del amplio espectro de deterioro de la salud, los virus de las hepatitis A, B y C presentan diferentes formas de transmisión, como parenteral, sexual, vertical u oral. Entre las estrategias sugeridas para el control de las hepatitis virales, están las medidas conductuales, el diagnóstico ampliado, la vacunación precoz contra los virus de las hepatitis A y B y el acceso facilitado a los recursos terapéuticos disponibles. Considerando la transmisión vertical de los virus de la hepatitis B y C, la identificación de embarazadas portadoras crónicas de estos virus es importante estrategia de salud perinatal, indicando quiénes pueden beneficiarse de las intervenciones profilácticas.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Hepatitis C , Hepatitis B , Brazil , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/prevention & control , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Este artigo aborda as hepatites virais, tema tratado no Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e, mais precisamente, nos Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Hepatite B e para Hepatite C e Coinfecções, publicados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Além do espectro ampliado de acometimento da saúde, os vírus das hepatites A, B e C também apresentam diferentes formas de transmissão, seja parenteral, sexual, vertical ou oral. Entre as estratégias sugeridas para o controle das hepatites virais, além das medidas comportamentais, estão o diagnóstico ampliado, a vacinação precoce contra os vírus da hepatite A e hepatite B e o acesso aos recursos terapêuticos disponíveis. Considerando a transmissão vertical dos vírus da hepatite B e hepatite C, a triagem das gestantes portadoras crônicas desses vírus é uma importante estratégia de saúde perinatal, indicando com precisão quem pode se beneficiar das intervenções profiláticas disponíveis.
This article discusses viral hepatitis, a theme addressed by the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines to Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections and, more precisely, by the Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C and Coinfections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Besides the broad spectrum of health impairment, hepatitis A, B and C viruses also present different forms of transmission, whether parenteral, sexual, vertical or oral. Among the strategies suggested for the control of viral hepatitis, in addition to behavioral measures, are expanded diagnosis, early vaccination against hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses, and access to available therapeutic resources. Considering vertical transmission of the hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses, screening for pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B and C is an important perinatal health strategy, indicating with precision those who can benefit from the prophylactic interventions.
Este artículo aborda las hepatitis virales, tema que hace parte del Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para la Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual y más precisamente de los Protocolos Clínicos y Guías Terapéuticas para Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C y Coinfecciones, publicados por el Ministerio de Salud. Además del amplio espectro de deterioro de la salud, los virus de las hepatitis A, B y C presentan diferentes formas de transmisión, como parenteral, sexual, vertical u oral. Entre las estrategias sugeridas para el control de las hepatitis virales, están las medidas conductuales, el diagnóstico ampliado, la vacunación precoz contra los virus de las hepatitis A y B y el acceso facilitado a los recursos terapéuticos disponibles. Considerando la transmisión vertical de los virus de la hepatitis B y C, la identificación de embarazadas portadoras crónicas de estos virus es importante estrategia de salud perinatal, indicando quiénes pueden beneficiarse de las intervenciones profilácticas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis A/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Viral Hepatitis Vaccines/immunology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Clinical Protocols , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem. It is necessary to understand the epidemic, verifying the combination of biological and demographic characteristics. METHODS: This is an analytical ecological and epidemiological study. Confirmed case data from the Notification Disease Information System (SINAN) were used. RESULTS: From 2009-2018, SINAN confirmed 404,003 viral hepatitis cases in Brazil, with 12.49%, 37.06%, and 48.28% cases of hepatitis A, B, and C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, 4,296 deaths were associated with viral hepatitis, of which 36.66% were associated with acute hepatitis B. The proportional distribution of cases varied among the five Brazilian regions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Studies , IncidenceABSTRACT
Abstract Background The heterogeneity in detection rates of Human immunodeficiency virus, (HIV), Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis B and C infections among pregnant women and the continuous exposure to risk factors limits the adoption of preventive and control actions. Objective To evaluate the HIV, HTLV, Hepatitis B and C seroprevalence rates, and associated risk factors in parturient women in Salvador, Brazil. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in 2099 parturient women attended in two public maternity hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. One blood sample was drawn for serological screening and socio-demographic, obstetric and clinical data were collected. Results HIV seroprevalence rate was 1.5% (of which 0.6% were new cases); seroprevalence rates for HTLV, HBV, and HCV were 0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed a significant association between socio-demographic and behavioral factors with retroviral infections, while viral hepatitis was mainly associated with parenteral exposure. In a multivariate analysis, multiple sexual partners (OR 3.3; 95% CI: 1.1-9.2), history of sexual/domestic violence (OR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1-6.9), syphilis co-infection (OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0-6.9), use of alcohol or drugs (OR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-5.5), and low schooling level (OR 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.9) were independent risk factors for HIV infection. History of stillbirth and low birth weight infants was significantly associated with HTLV positive status, showing a negative impact on gestation. Conclusions The seroprevalence rates for HIV, HCV, HBV, and HTLV were similar to that found in previous studies in other Brazilian regions. The high individual, socioeconomic, and social vulnerability detected in seropositive parturient women indicates the need to improve coverage and effectiveveness of STDs control with prevention, detection and monitoring strategies, focusing in pregnant women exposed to high biopsychosocial risk.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Pregnancy , HTLV-I Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , HIVABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background : Immunosuppressive drugs have become a mainstay of therapy for the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). These treatments expose to a risk of hepatitis B and C reactivation. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses in Tunisian IBD patients on immunosuppressive treatments. Materials and methods : Patients with inflammatory bowel disease were consecutively recruited over a 2 years period (2017-2018). Prevalence of viral hepatitis B and C as well as clinical, biological and virological presentation, management and outcome were assessed. Factors associated to hepatitis B and C were also analyzed (SPSS software, p value <0.05). Results : Seventy four patients with IBD were included: 38 women and 36 men. Among them 62 (83.8%) had CD and (16.2%) had UC. Mean age was 43.5±14.2 years. Six patients (8.1%) had at least one positive HVB marker. Hepatitis C infection was found in 4% patients. HBs Ag was positive in only one patient (1.3%) with positive HBV DNA. Anti HBc and anti HBs antibodies were positive respectively in 6 and 4 patients. Vaccination against hepatitis B was proposed for 22% of our patients with negative anti HBc antibodies and HBs Ag. Two patients presented non-severe acute hepatitis C with sustained virological response after antiviral treatment. IBD did not relapse under antiviral treatment. A 3rd patient had chronic hepatitis C infection. She was treated with Pegylated Interferon alpha and Ribavirine. No cases of viral reactivation have been reported. Noassociated factors to hepatitis B and C viral infections were identified in our study. Conclusion : The prevalence of hepatitis B infection in IBD patients under immunosuppressive therapy was similar to the general population, while the hepatitis C prevalence was higher than the national prevalence. Screening for hepatitis B and C viral infections is mandatory in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Vaccination against hepatitis B is highly recommended.
RESUMEN Antecedentes : Los fármacos inmunosupresores se han convertido en un pilar de la terapia para las enfermedades inflamatorias del intestino (EII). Estos tratamientos exponen al riesgo de reactivación de la hepatitis B y C. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de los virus de la hepatitis B y C en pacientes tunecinos con EII que reciben tratamientos inmunosupresores. Materiales y métodos : Los pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal fueron reclutados consecutivamente durante un período de 2 años (2017-2018). Se evaluó la prevalencia de las hepatitis virales B y C, así como la presentación, el tratamiento y los resultados clínicos, biológicos y virológicos. También se analizaron los factores asociados a la hepatitis B y C (software SPSS, valor de p<0,05). Resultados : Se incluyeron 74 pacientes con EII: 38 mujeres y 36 hombres. Entre ellos, 62 (83,8%) tenían EC y (16,2%) CU. La edad media fue de 43,5 ± 14,2 años. Seis pacientes (8,1%) tenían al menos un marcador HVB positivo. Se encontró infección por hepatitis C en el 4% de los pacientes. HBs Ag fue positivo en sólo un paciente (1,3%) con ADN del VHB positivo. Los anticuerpos anti-HBc y anti-HBs fueron positivos respectivamente en 6 y 4 pacientes. Se propuso la vacunación contra la hepatitis B para el 22% de nuestros pacientes con anticuerpos anti-HBc negativos y Ag HBs. Dos pacientes presentaron hepatitis C aguda no grave con respuesta virológica sostenida tras el tratamiento antiviral. La EII no recayó con el tratamiento antiviral. Un tercer paciente tenía infección crónica por hepatitis C. Fue tratada con interferón alfa pegilado y ribavirina. No se han notificado casos de reactivación viral. En nuestro estudio no se identificaron factores asociados a las infecciones virales por hepatitis B y C. Conclusión : La prevalencia de infección por hepatitis B en pacientes con EII bajo terapia inmunosupresora fue similar a la población general, mientras que la prevalencia de hepatitis C fue mayor que la prevalencia nacional. La detección de infecciones virales de hepatitis B y C es obligatoria en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Se recomienda encarecidamente la vacunación contra la hepatitis B.