Desde el análisis biomecánico óseo de koch hasta el manejo contemporáneo de la fractura del fémur proximal / From koch's bone biomechanical analysis to contemporary proximal femur fracture management

Este artículo representa una revisión actual y completa de las fuerzas biomecánicas en el fémur proximal, tal como Koch presentó preliminarmente en su trabajo sobre la arquitectura ósea del fémur proximal. Su trabajo reflejó en la complejidad de las fracturas de fémur proximal y el manejo de las fracturas subtrocantéricas en paralelo con su clasificación y con la evolución de implantes. Existen múltiples formas de clasificar las fracturas subtrocantéricas; sin embargo, no existe un sistema de clasificación que se utilice para guiar el manejo quirúrgico. El tratamiento de las fracturas subtrocantéricas es la fijación quirúrgica, que implica el enclavado endomedular y placas de osteosíntesis. El tratamiento estándar es el enclavado endomedular con opciones de enclavado anterógrado y retrógrado. Aunque el enclavado anterógrado presenta una ventaja debido a las fuerzas deformantes, el enclavado retrógrado de las fracturas de fémur proximal ofrece menos tiempo quirúrgico y pérdida de sangre. Se han informado resultados similares entre los dos métodos. La toma de decisiones cuando se contempla el enclavado anterógrado versus retrógrado para las fracturas de fémur se basa principalmente en la constitución corporal y las lesiones asociadas, y no en la distancia de la fractura del fémur proximal a la región trocantérica

This article presents a current and comprehensive review of the biomechanical forces on the proximal femur, as preliminarily presented by Koch's cornerstone work on the bone architecture of the proximal femur. His work reflected on the complexity of proximal femur fractures and subtrochanteric fracture management in parallel with implant evolution and classification. Multiple ways of classifying subtrochanteric fractures exist, however, there is not one classification system that is used to guide operative management. The management of subtrochanteric fractures is surgical fixation which involves intramedullary nailing and plating (e.g., fixed angle and locking). The gold standard management is intramedullary nailing with antegrade and retrograde nail options. Though antegrade nailing presents an advantage due to the deforming forces, retrograde nailing of proximal femur fractures offers less operative time and blood loss. Similar outcomes have been reported between the two methods. Decision making when contemplating antegrade versus retrograde nailing for femur fractures is mostly driven by body habitus and associated injuries, and not by fracture distance of the proximal femur to the trochanteric region

Pipkin Type-II Femoral Head Fracture: A Biomechanical Evaluation by the Finite-Element Method / Fratura da cabeça femoral de tipo II de Pipkin: Avaliação biomecánica pelo método de elementos finitos

Abstract Objective To evaluate the biomechanical capacity of two forms of fixation for Pipkin type-II fractures, describing the vertical fracture deviation, the maximum and minimum principal stresses, and the Von Mises equivalent stress in the syntheses used. Materials and Methods Two internal fasteners were developed to treat Pipkin type-II fractures through finite elements: a 3.5-mm cortical screw and a Herbert screw. Under the same conditions, the vertical fracture deviation, the maximum and minimum principal stresses, and the Von Mises equivalent stress in the syntheses used were evaluated. Results The vertical displacements evaluated were of 1.5mm and 0.5mm. The maximum principal stress values obtained in the upper region of the femoral neck were of 9.7 KPa and 1.3 Kpa, and the minimum principal stress values obtained in the lower region of the femoral neck were of-8.7 KPa and -9.3 KPa. Finally, the peak values for Von Mises stress were of 7.2 GPa and 2.0 GPa for the fixation models with the use of the 3.5-mm cortical screw and the Herbert screw respectively. Conclusion The fixation system with the Herbert screw generated the best results in terms of reduction of vertical displacement, distribution of the maximum principal stress, and the peak Von Mises equivalent stress, demonstrating mechanical superiority compared to that of the 3.5-mm cortical screw in the treatment of Pipkin type-II fractures.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a capacidade biomecánica de duas formas de fixação de fraturas tipo II de Pipkin descrevendo o desvio da fratura no sentido vertical, as tensões máxima e mínima principais, e a tensão equivalente de Von Mises nas sínteses utilizadas. Materiais e Métodos Dois fixadores internos foram desenvolvidos para tratar a fratura tipo II de Pipkin por meio de elementos finitos: parafuso cortical de 3,5 mm e parafuso de Herbert. Sob as mesmas condições, foram avaliados o desvio da fratura no sentido vertical, as tensões máxima e mínima principais, e a tensão equivalente de Von Mises nas sínteses utilizadas. Resultados Os deslocamentos verticais avaliados foram de 1,5 mm e 0,5 mm. Os valores de tensão máxima obtidos na região superior do colo femoral foram de 9,7 KPa e 1,3 KPa, e os valores de tensão mínima obtidos na região inferior do colo femoral foram de -8,7KPa e -9,3 KPa. Por fim, os valores de pico da tensão equivalente de Von Misesforam de 7,2 GPa e2,0 GPa paraosmodelos de fixação com o uso do parafuso cortical de 3,5 mm e do parafuso de Herbert, respectivamente. Conclusão Osistema de fixação com parafuso de Herbert gerou os melhores resultados em termos de redução do deslocamento vertical, distribuição da tensão máxima e do pico da tensão equivalente de Von Mises, o que demonstra sua superioridade mecânica comparada à do parafuso cortical de 3,5 mm no tratamento da fratura tipo II de Pipkin.

Factores predisponentes asociados a la fractura de cadera en la región noroeste de la provincia de Villa Clara / Predisposing Factors Associated With Hip Fracture in the Northwest Region of Villa Clara Province

Introducción: La fractura de cadera es la causa más común de hospitalización en los servicios de urgencias de ortopedia. Objetivo: Describir los factores predisponentes asociados a la fractura de cadera en la región noroeste de la provincia de Villa Clara. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el período de noviembre de 2017 a diciembre de 2019, en la la región noroeste de la provincia de Villa Clara. La población en estudio estuvo integrada por 227 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital General Universitario Mártires del 9 de abril, del municipio Sagua la Grande, los cuales fueron ingresados en el servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología por fractura de cadera. La muestra fue seleccionada mediante un muestreo no probabilístico y se tuvieron en cuenta los criterios de la investigación. Resultados: Según grupos de edad, predominaron las edades comprendidas entre 80-89 años en ambos sexos (42,7 por ciento), con mayor frecuencia entre las mujeres (45,3 por ciento) con respecto a los hombres (36,4 por ciento). Conclusiones: La caída de sus pies resultó ser el factor predominante asociado a la fractura de cadera en la región noroeste de la provincia de Villa Clara, con predominio en el sexo femenino. Esto sugiere la necesidad de desarrollar campañas de comunicación social para la población, dirigidas a la prevenciónde la fractura de cadera con un enfoque de género(AU)

Introduction: Hip fracture is the most common cause of hospitalization in orthopedic emergency services. Objective: To describe the predisposing factors associated with hip fracture in the northwestern region of the province of Villa Clara. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from November 2017 to December 2019, in the northwestern region of Villa Clara province. A total of 227 patients participated; they were admitted to Mártires del 9 de abril General University Hospital, in Sagua la Grande municipality, and were treated in the Orthopedics and Traumatology service for hip fracture. Non-probabilistic sampling and the research criteria were taken into account for the selection. Results: According to age groups, the ages between 80-89 years prevailed in both sexes (42.7 percent), with higher frequency among women (45.3 percent) compared to men (36.4 percent). Conclusions: The fall from their feet"turned out to be the predominant factor associated with hip fracture in the northwest region of Villa Clara province, where the female sex predominated. This suggests the need to develop social communication campaigns for the population, aimed at the prevention of hip fracture with a gender approach(AU)

The Impact of Hip Fractures in the Public Health System in Brazil (SUS) 2008 - 2017: The Orthopedist Task / O impacto das fraturas do quadril no SUS 2008 - 2017: O papel do ortopedista

Abstract Objective The present study intends to describe the profile of hospitalization and ambulatory rehabilitation of patients ≥ 50 years old due to hip fracture in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym). Methods This is a cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized due to hip fracture in the SUS between 2008 and 2017. Data included 441,787 hip fracture-related hospitalizations from the hospitalization database of the department of informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIH/DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym), and data of patients who underwent rehabilitation from the ambulatory database of the department of informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIA/DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym.). Results Most of hip fracture-related hospitalizations (83.5%) happen to people ≥ 50 years old, with an average annual growth of 5.6% in hip fracture-related hospitalizations. The costs for the government have been growing in the same proportion and reached almost BRL 130 million in 2017, although with a 13.6% decrease in average cost per hospitalization. Besides the financial impact, hip fractures result in an in-hospital mortality rate around 5.0% in patients aged ≥ 50 years old. In addition, the percentage of patients that have undergone hip fracture-related rehabilitation increased from 2008 (14.0%) to 2012 (40.0%), and remained stable after that. Conclusions The progressive increase in the incidence of hip fractures shows the financial and social impact, and the need for immediate actions to prevent this rising trend. Hip fractures are a risk for secondary fractures, the prevention is crucial, and the orthopedist plays a central role in this process.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever o perfil de hospitalização e reabilitação ambulatorial de pacientes com idade ≥ 50 anos por fratura de quadril no Sistema Público de Saúde no Brasil (SUS). Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal de pacientes internados por fratura de quadril no SUS entre 2008 e 2017. Os dados incluíram 441.787 internações relacionadas à fratura de quadril do banco de dados de internação (SIH/DATASUS) e dados de pacientes submetidos à reabilitação do banco de dados ambulatorial (SIA/DATASUS). Resultados A maioria das hospitalizações relacionadas à fratura de quadril (83,5%) ocorre em pessoas ≥ 50 anos, com um crescimento médio anual de 5,6% nas hospitalizações relacionadas à fratura de quadril (HRFQ). Os custos para o governo cresceram na mesma proporção e atingiram quase 130 milhões de reais em 2017, embora com uma redução de 13,6% no custo médio por hospitalização. Além do impacto financeiro, as fraturas de quadril resultam em uma taxa de mortalidade hospitalar em torno de 5,0% em pacientes ≥ 50 anos. Além disso, o percentual de pacientes submetidos à reabilitação relacionada à fratura de quadril aumentou de 2008 (14,0%) para 2012 (40,0%) e permaneceu estável após esse período. Conclusões O aumento progressivo da incidência de fraturas de quadril mostra o impacto financeiro e social e a necessidade de ações imediatas para evitar essa tendência crescente. As fraturas de quadril são um risco para fraturas secundárias, a prevenção é crucial e o ortopedista desempenha um papel central nesse processo.

Cemented Calcar Replacement versus Long Stem Cemented Hemiarthroplasty in Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures in Octogenarians / Substituição do calcar cimentado versus hemiartroplastia de haste longa cimentada em fraturas intertrocantéricas instáveis em octogenários

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to compare functional results after Cemented Calcar replacement vis-a-vis Long stem Cemented hemiarthroplasty in patients aged more than 80 years with unstable intertrochanteric fractures. Methods The present prospective, randomized trial included 140 patients with AO/OTA type 31-A2, A3 intertrochanteric femur fracture, randomized into 2 treatment groups and followed-up for a minimum of 2 years. Sixty-seven patients in group A were treated with a cemented calcar replacing prosthesis, and 65 patients in group B were treated with a cemented long stem femoral stem prosthesis. The primary end points were hip functions at 2 years. The secondary end points were the complications encountered, mortality, surgical time, reoperation, blood loss, and activities of daily living. Results There were no major differences between the groups in terms of hip function, quality of life (health related), reoperation, mortality, and blood loss. However, the function in hip joint and activities of daily living deteriorated in both groups in comparison with prefracture levels. Conclusion In octogenarians with an unstable intertrochanteric fracture, cemented calcar replacing prosthesis has similar clinical results in comparison with long stem cemented hemiarthroplasty. Hemiarthroplasty with either implant is a good option in this subset of patients. Level of evidence: I

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os resultados funcionais após a substituição do Calcar cimentado em comparação com a hemiartroplastia cimentada de haste longa em pacientes com mais de 80 anos com fratura intertrocantérica instável. Métodos O presente estudo prospectivo e randomizado incluiu 140 pacientes com fratura de fêmur intertrocantérica, conforme classificação AO/OTA tipo 31-A2, A3, randomizados em 2 grupos de tratamento e acompanhados por um período mínimo de 2 anos. Sessenta e sete pacientes do grupo A foram tratados com uma prótese de substituição do calcar cimentada e 65 pacientes do grupo B foram tratados com uma prótese femoral de haste longa cimentada. Os desfechos primários foram as funções do quadril em 2 anos. Os eventos secundários foram as complicações encontradas, a mortalidade, o tempo cirúrgico, segunda cirurgia, perda de sangue e as atividades do cotidiano. Resultados Não houve grandes diferenças entre os grupos em termos de função do quadril, qualidade de vida (relacionada à saúde), segunda cirurgia, mortalidade e perda de sangue. No entanto, a função da articulação do quadril e as atividades da vida diária se deterioraram em ambos os grupos em comparação com os níveis pré-fratura. Conclusão Nos octogenários com fratura intertrocantérica instável, a prótese de substituição do calcar cimentada apresentou resultados clínicos semelhantes em comparação com a hemiartroplastia de haste longa cimentada. A hemiartroplastia comqualquer umdos implantes é uma boa opção nesse subgrupo de pacientes. Nível de evidência: I

Intracapsular Femoral Neck Fractures in the Elderly / Fraturas intracapsulares do colo femoral no idoso

Abstract Currently, intracapsular femoral neck fracture (IFNF) is still a great challenge for orthopedists. In spite of the progress that has been made, a high mortality rate persists in the first year, especially in Brazil, where there is no awareness that such fractures in elderly patients should be treated as amedical emergency. The present article seeks to provide an update on the preoperative, surgical, and postoperative approaches.

Resumo Atualmente, a fratura intracapsular do colo femoral (FICF) ainda é um grande desafio para os ortopedistas. Apesar dos grandes avanços feitos, persiste uma grande taxa de mortalidade no primeiro ano, sobretudo no Brasil, onde não há uma conscientização de que tais fraturas nos pacientes idosos devemser tratadas como uma urgênciamédica. O presente artigo busca fornecer uma atualização das condutas pré-operatórias, cirúrgicas e pós-operatórias.

Evaluation of the Intraobserver and Interobserver Agreements of the New AO/OTA Classification for Fractures of the Trochanteric Region and the Femoral Neck / Avaliação das concordâncias intra e interobservadores da nova classificação AO/OTA para fraturas da região trocantérica e do colo do fêmur

Abstract Objective In the present study, we investigated the intra and interobserver agreement of the new Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification for fractures of the proximal extremity of the femur. Methods One hundred hip radiographs were selected from patients who suffered fractures of the trochanteric region or femoral neck. Four orthopedists, fellowship trained hip surgeons, and four orthopedic residents evaluated and classified fractures according to the new AO/OTA system on two separate occasions. The kappa (k) coefficient was used to evaluate intra and interobserver agreement in the different steps of the classification, namely: type, group, subgroup, and qualifier. Results Hip surgery experts obtained almost perfect intraobserver agreement of type, substantial for group and, only moderate, for subgroup and qualifiers. The residents had lower performance, with substantial agreement for type, moderate for group, and reasonable for subgroup and qualifier. In the specialists' interobserver evaluation, there was also a gradual decrease in the agreement between type (almost perfect) and group (moderate), which was even lower for subgroup and qualifiers. Residents had a substantial interobserver agreement for type, moderate for group, and reasonable in the other branches. Conclusion The new AO/OTA classification for fractures of the trochanteric region and femoral neck showed intra and interobserver agreements considered appropriate for type and group, with a drop in the subsequent branches, that is, for subgroup and qualifier. Still, in relation to the old AO/OTA classification, there was an improvement in the agreements for subgroup.

Resumo Objetivo Neste estudo, investigamos a concordância intra e interobservador da nova classificação Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) para fraturas da extremidade proximal do fêmur. Métodos Foram selecionadas 100 radiografias do quadril de pacientes que sofreram fraturas da região trocantérica ou do colo do fêmur. Quatro ortopedistas cirurgiões de quadril e quatro residentes de ortopedia e traumatologia avaliaram e classificaram as fraturas segundo o novo sistema AO/OTA em duas ocasiões distintas. O coeficiente de kappa (k) foi utilizado para avaliar a concordância intra e interobservadores nos diferentes passos da classificação, a saber: tipo, grupo, subgrupo e qualificador. Resultados Especialistas em cirurgia do quadril obtiveram concordância intraobservador quase perfeita de tipo, substancial para grupo e, apenas moderada para subgrupo e qualificadores. Os residentes tiveram desempenho inferior, com concordância substancial para o tipo, moderada para o grupo, e razoável para o subgrupo e qualificador. Na avaliação interobservadores dos especialistas, também se observou queda gradual da concordância entre tipo (quase perfeita) e grupo (moderada), que se mostrou ainda menor parasubgrupo e qualificadores.Residentestiveramumaconcordânciainterobservadoressubstancialparatipo, moderada para grupo e razoável nas demais ramificações. Conclusão A Nova Classificação AO/OTA para fraturas da região trocantérica e do colo do fêmur mostrou concordâncias intra e interobservadores consideradas adequadas para tipo e grupo com queda nas ramificações subsequentes ou seja para subgrupo e qualificador. Ainda assim em relação à classificação AO/OTA antiga houve melhora nas concordâncias para subgrupo.

Fixation of Intertrochanteric Fractures with Dynamic Hip Screws: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Hardinge and Minimally Invasive Approaches / Fraturas intertrocantéricas fixadas com parafuso dinâmico de quadril: Ensaio clínico randomizado comparando a via lateral de Hardinge e o acesso minimamente invasivo

Abstract Objective To compare the techniques for the osteosynthesis of intertrochanteric fractures with dynamic hip screws (DHSs) through the Hardinge and minimally-invasive access routes of the hip, evaluating the operative time, the degree of pain in the immediate postoperative period, the hematimetric loss, and the functional aspects of active mobility. Methods A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in which 66 patients with intertrochanteric fractures were submitted to osteosynthesis by DHS. The patients were divided into a test group, submitted to the minimally-invasive access, and a control group, in whom the surgery was performed through the Hardinge route. Results Patients submitted to the minimally-invasive treatment presented a lower degree of postoperative pain compared to the group treated by the Hardinge lateral route (p< 0.001), as well as lower hematimetric loss (p< 0.001), shorter operative time (p< 0.001), and improvement in immediate postoperative active mobility tests (p <0.05). Conclusion The study demonstrated the clinical superiority of the minimally-invasive access route parameters analyzed in relation to the Hardinge access for the fixation of intertrochanteric fractures when DHS is the choice osteosynthesis method. Level of evidence I.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar as técnicas de osteossíntese de fraturas intertrocantéricas com o parafuso dinâmico de quadril (dynamic hip screw, DHS, em inglês) pelas vias de acesso de Hardinge e minimamente invasiva do quadril, avaliando o tempo cirúrgico, o grau de dor no pós-operatório imediato, a perda hematimétrica, e os aspectos funcionais de mobilidade ativa. Métodos Estudo clínico randomizado e duplo-cego, em que 66 pacientes com fratura intertrocantérica foram submetidos a osteossíntese com DHS. Os pacientes foram divididos em um grupo teste, submetidos ao acesso minimamente invasivo, e um controle, em que a cirurgia foi realizada pela via de Hardinge. Resultados Os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento pela via minimamente invasiva apresentaram um grau de dor pós-operatória inferior em comparação ao grupo tratado pela via lateral de Hardinge (p< 0,001), assim como menor perda hematimétrica (p< 0,001), menor tempo operatório (p< 0,001), e melhora nos testes de mobilidade ativa pós-operatória imediata (p< 0,05). Conclusão O estudo demonstrou a superioridade clínica nos parâmetros analisados da via de acesso minimamente invasiva em relação ao acesso de Hardinge para a fixação de fraturas intertrocantéricas, quando o DHS for a opção de osteossíntese escolhida. Nível de evidência I.

Impact of the earthquake during COVID-19 lockdown on fracture admission at a tertiary trauma centre in Croatia / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#To determine the impact of an earthquake during COVID-19 lockdown on fracture admission at a tertiary trauma centre in Croatia.@*METHODS@#A case-control study was performed at the tertiary trauma centre registry. Two different periods were studied. The case group included a period during COVID-19 lockdown right after the earthquakes until the end of the confinement period in Croatia. And the control group corresponded to the equivalent period in 2019. We identified all consecutive patients who were admitted due to urgent care requirements for the musculoskeletal trauma. Patient's demographic data and admitting diagnoses were assessed. Data were analyzed by statistical procedures using the program MedCalc statistical software version 16.4.3.@*RESULTS@#We identified 178 emergency admissions due to musculoskeletal trauma. During the COVID-19 lockdown and post-earthquake period, there was a drastic reduction in total admissions (359 vs. 662; p < 0.0001) with an increased proportion of trauma admissions within the emergency admissions (34.9% vs. 26.5%; p = 0.02926, Z = -2.1825). Furthermore, in the case group there was a significant increase in hospital admissions due to ankle/foot trauma (11 vs. 2, p = 0.0126) and a trend towards a decrease in the admissions due to tibia fractures (5 vs. 12, p = 0.0896), however without statistical significance. Also, an increased proportion of women within the group of femoral fractures in both case group (81.6% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.00194, Z = 3.1033) and the control group (82.3% vs. 60.5%, p = 0.0232, Z = 2.2742) was observed. In both analyzed periods, the osteoporotic hip fracture was the most common independent admitting diagnosis.@*CONCLUSION@#It is crucial to understand how natural disasters like earthquakes influence the pattern of trauma admissions during a coexisting pandemic. Accordingly, healthcare systems have to be prepared for an increased influx of certain pathology, like foot and ankle trauma.

Medium-term mortality after hip fractures and COVID-19: A prospective multi-centre UK study / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The COVID-19 pandemic has caused 1.4 million deaths globally and is associated with a 3-4 times increase in 30-day mortality after a fragility hip fracture with concurrent COVID-19 infection. Typically, death from COVID-19 infection occurs between 15 and 22 days after the onset of symptoms, but this period can extend up to 8 weeks. This study aimed to assess the impact of concurrent COVID-19 infection on 120-day mortality after a fragility hip fracture.@*METHODS@#A multi-centre prospective study across 10 hospitals treating 8% of the annual burden of hip fractures in England between 1st March and 30th April, 2020 was performed. Patients whose surgical treatment was payable through the National Health Service Best Practice Tariff mechanism for "fragility hip fractures" were included in the study. Patients' 120-day mortality was assessed relative to their peri-operative COVID-19 status. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.@*RESULTS@#A total of 746 patients were included in this study, of which 87 (11.7%) were COVID-19 positive. Mortality rates at 30- and 120-day were significantly higher for COVID-19 positive patients relative to COVID-19 negative patients (p < 0.001). However, mortality rates between 31 and 120-day were not significantly different (p = 0.107), 16.1% and 9.4% respectively for COVID-19 positive and negative patients, odds ratio 1.855 (95% CI 0.865-3.978).@*CONCLUSION@#Hip fracture patients with concurrent COVID-19 infection, provided that they are alive at day-31 after injury, have no significant difference in 120-day mortality. Despite the growing awareness and concern of "long-COVID" and its widespread prevalence, this does not appear to increase medium-term mortality rates after a hip fracture.

A rare complication of pelvic perforation by an excessive medial slide of the helical blade after treatment of an intertrochanteric fracture with proximal femoral nail anti-rotation: A case report and literature review / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Intertrochanteric fractures have become a severe public health problem in elderly patients. Proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) is a commonly used intramedullary fixation device for unstable intertrochanteric fractures. Pelvic perforation by cephalic screw is a rare complication. We reported an 84-year-old female who fell at home and sustained an intertrochanteric fracture. The patient underwent surgery with PFNA as the intramedullary fixation device. Routine postoperative examination revealed medial migration of the helical blade that eventually caused pelvic perforation. We performed a cemented total hip arthroplasty as the savage procedure. At the latest follow-up of 12 months after total hip arthroplasty, the patient had no pain or loosening of the prosthesis in the left hip. Pelvic perforation should be considered when choosing PFNA as the intramedullary fixation device, especially in patients with severe osteoporosis wherein the helical blade can be easily inserted during the operation. The lack of devices to avoid oversliding of the helical blade in PFNA is an unreported cause of this complication and should be considered in such cases.

Analysis of risk factors for readmission in elderly patients with hip fractures undergoing hip hemiarthroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the incidence and risk factors of readmission of elderly patients with hip fracture after hip hemiarthroplasty.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of 237 elderly hip fracture patients who underwent hip hemiarthroplasty from February 2015 to October 2020 were performed. According to the readmission status of the patients at 3 months postoperatively, the patients were divided into readmission group (39 cases)and non-readmission group(198 cases). In readmission group, there were 7 males and 32 females with an average age of(84.59±4.34) years old, respectively, there were 34 males and 164 females with average age of (84.65±4.17) years old in non-readmission group. The general information, surgical status, hip Harris score and complications of patients in two groups were included in univariate analysis, and multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze independent risk factors of patients' readmission.@*RESULTS@#The proportion of complications(cerebral infarction and coronary heart disease) in readmission group was significantly higher than that of non-readmission group (P<0.05), and intraoperative blood loss in readmission group was significantly higher than that of non-readmission group(P<0.05). Harris score of hip joint was significantly lower than that of non-readmission group(P<0.05). The proportion of infection, delirium, joint dislocation, anemia and venous thrombosis in readmission group were significantly higher than that of non-readmission group (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for readmission of elderly patients with hip fracture after hip hemiarthroplasty included cerebral infarction, infection, delirium, dislocation, anemia and venous thrombosis (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The complications of the elderly patients who were readmission after hip hemiarthroplasty for hip fractures were significantly higher than those who were non-readmission. Cerebral infarction, infection, delirium, dislocation, anemia and venous thrombosis are risk factors that lead to patient readmission. Corresponding intervention measures can be taken clinically based on these risk factors to reduce the incidence of patient readmissions.

Effect of preoperative waiting time on prognosis of elderly patients with hip fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relationship between preoperative waiting time and prognosis of elderly patients with hip fracture.@*METHODS@#From January 2014 to December 2018, 333 elderly hip fracture patients undergoing surgery were retrospectively analyzed, including 104 males and 229 females, aged from 60 to 99 years with an average of (77.93±8.49) years, and 183 patients were femoral neck fracture, 150 patients were femoral intertrochanteric fracture. Among them, 269 patients (80.78%) had a clustered preoperative waiting time of 2 to 8 days, and then divided into within 4-day group(91 cases) and over 4-day group(242 cases) according to their preoperative waiting time. The survival situation was followed by telephone, and follow-up time started from fracture admission to the death event, or to the research deadline (December 31, 2019). The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis, and Cox risk proportion model was used to analyze the independent risk factors of hip fracture in elderly patients.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12 to 75 months(means 35 months), 59 patients died and the mortality rate was 17.72%(59/333). Compared with within 4-day group, the mortality rate was higher in over 4-day group[20.66%(50/242) vs. 9.89%(9/91), χ2=5.263, P=0.022]. Multiariable Cox regression analysis showed that preoperative waiting time, age, male and Charlson comorbidity index were independent risk factors for the prognosis of hip fracture in elderly patients (all P<0.05), and every 1-day delay was associated with 5% increase of the risk of death[HR=1.05, 95%CI(1.00-1.10), P=0.045]. Subsequent analyse was stratified according to the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and found that over 4-day group had a higher mortality rate in patients with CCI<2, with statistically significant difference(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For elderly patients with hip fracture, most of hospitals could not complete the hip fracture surgery within 48 hours, we also need to shorten the waiting time before surgery, and thereby improve their prognosis.

Analysis of risk factors of healthy side fracture after hip fracture surgery in the elderly / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the incidence and related risk factors of healthy side fracture after hip fracture surgery in the elderly, so as to provide basis for the prevention of re-fracture.@*METHODS@#The data of 452 patients over 65 years old with femoral neck fracture or intertrochanteric fracture treated with hip arthroplasty or proximal femoral intramedullary nailing from June 2012 to June 2017 were analyzed, including 168 males and 284 females, the age ranged from 65 to 97(75.5±7.5) years. There were 191 cases of femoral neck fracture and 261 cases of femoral intertrochanteric fracture. According to whether there was a fracture in the healthy hip after operation, the patients were divided into fracture group and no fracture group. The gender, age, body mass index, fracture type, initial treatment method, bone mineral density, bed time, medical compliance, postoperative short-term delirium, whether there were medical diseases before injury and Harris score of hip joint in the final follow-up were recorded. Univariate Logistic regression analysis was used to screen out the risk factors of healthy side fracture after operation, and then statistically significant risk factors were included in multi factor Logistic regression analysis to screen out the independent risk factors of healthy side fracture after operation of hip fracture in the elderly.@*RESULTS@#Among them, 42 of the 452 patients had hip fractures on the healthy side with an incidence of 9.3%. The average interval between the two fractures was (2.9±2.1) years. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that there were significant differences in age, bone mineral density, medical compliance, short-term postoperative deliriun, pre-injury complicated with medical diseases and Harris score of hip joint in the final follow-up (P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that age(OR=4.227), bone mineral density(OR=4.313), combined with medical diseases (OR=5.616) and low hip Harris score at the final follow-up (OR=3.891) were independent risk factors for healthy side fractures after hip fracture surgery in elderly(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The age, bone mineral density, combined with medical diseases and low Harris score of hip joint in the final follow-up are the main risk factors of healthy side fracture after hip fracture in the elderly. It is necessary to strengthen the treatment of medical diseases, anti osteoporosis and improve hip joint function within 3 years after operation, so as to prevent the occurrence of healthy side hip fracture.

Intraoperative IPC combined with 3M warming instrument to prevent lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing proximal femoral anti rotation intramedullary nailing / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of intermittent pneumatic compression(IPC) combined with 3M thermometer on the prevention of deep venous thrombosis(DVT) in patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture.@*METHODS@#From March 2016 to August 2019, 127 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fractures who underwent proximal femoral nail antirotation(PFNA) were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to different methods of thrombus prevention and treatment. Among them, 63 patients in group A did not use IPC and 3M thermometer;64 cases in group B were treated with IPC combined with 3M thermometer. Color Doppler ultrasound was used to dynamically monitor the DVT and changes of lower limbs during perioperative period. The venous thrombosis of lower limbs was monitored at 0, 24, 72 h and > 72 h after operation(recheck every 3 days until discharge).@*RESULTS@#Occurrence of DVT of lower limbs after PFNA operation in two groups:there were 5 cases (7.8%) in group B and 20 cases (31.7%) in group A, there was significant difference between two groups (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in lower limb DVT between two groups at 0, 72 and > 72 h after operation(P>0.05), but the formation rate of group A was significantly higher than that of group B at 24 h after operation (P=0.049). There was no significant difference in DVT formation between group A and group B(P>0.05). However, the formation of DVT in group A was significantly higher than that in group B(P=0.012).@*CONCLUSION@#Intraoperative IPC combined with 3M thermostat can effectively prevent DVT of lower limbs in patients undergoing PFNA surgery.

Risk factors of postoperative stroke in elderly patients with hip fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To study the risk factors of stroke after of elderly patients with hip fracture after operation.@*METHODS@#From March 2012 to June 2017, 500 elderly patients with hip fracture who underwent hip replacement were selected, including 286 males and 214 females, aged from 60 to 76 years old with an average of (68.49±11.85) years. They were divided into stroke group with 30 cases and control group with 470 cases according to the occurrence of acute stroke within two weeks after operation. The general data and serum contents of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were compared between the two groups. The overall survival of the two groups were followed up.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in sex, age, anesthesia method, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, preoperative IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α contenta between stroke group and control group(P>0.05). The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, intraoperative hypotension, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α contenta 1 day and 3 days after operation of stroke group were significantly higher than control group(P<0.05);up to the date of follow-up, the cumulative survival rate of stroke patients were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that intraoperative hypotension, elevated contents of serum IL-1 and TNF-α at 1 and 3 days after operation were risk factors for acute stroke.@*CONCLUSION@#Postoperative stroke in elderly patients with hip fracture affects the prognosis of the disease. The increase of inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α after operation is an independent risk factor for stroke.

Influence of hemoglobin level(Hb) on survival and prognosis of elderly hip fracture at admission / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the relationship between hemoglobin(Hb) level on admission and survival prognosis of patients with hip fracture.@*METHODS@#From February 2016 to October 2018, 249 elderly patients with hip fracture were surgically treated including 62 males and 187 females;the age ranged from 60 to 91(73.67±10.52) years;the time from injury to operation was (6.79±2.27) d. The clinical and laboratory examination results were collected. The Hb level at admission and the mortality at 30, 90, 180 and 360 days after operation were observed. According to the Hb level at admission, the patients were divided into Hb<120 g/L and Hb≥120 g/L groups. The survival conditions of the two groups at 30, 90, 180 and 360 days after operation were compared and analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of Hb level on death 30, 90, 180 and 360 days after operation.@*RESULTS@#The mortality rates at 30, 90, 180 and 360 days after operation were 5.22%, 9.24%, 16.87% and 20.48% respectively. The level of Hb at admission was a risk factor for prognosis and death 30, 90, 180 and 360 days after operation(P<0.05). The OR(95% CI) were 2.431(1.475-4.006), 2.625(1.468-4.695), 2.276(1.320-3.925) and 2.082(1.221-3.551) respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The level of Hb at admission can affect the survival and prognosis of elderly patients with hip fracture. We should further study how to manage the level of Hb before operation.

Impacto do comanejo multidisciplinar em desfechos de pacientes com fratura de quadril / Impacto del manejo conjunto multidisciplinario en desenlaces de pacientes con fractura de cadera / Impact of multidisciplinary co-management on outcomes of patients with hip fracture

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto do programa de comanejo multidisciplinar nos desfechos de pacientes com fratura de quadril hospitalizados. Métodos Estudo observacional, do tipo antes e depois, retrospectivo. Foram coletados dados dos pacientes hospitalizados por fratura de quadril entre 2015 e 2019, em hospital universitário com serviço referência para ortopedia. A intervenção analisada foi o programa de comanejo multidisciplinar, que iniciou em 2017. Resultados O número de lesões por pressão adquiridas na internação diminuiu significativamente (p<0,005) após a implementação do comanejo. Da mesma forma, o tempo de internação até a cirurgia reduziu (p<0,046), sendo cumpridas as diretrizes nacionais e internacionais de correção da fratura em até 48 horas. Infecções, reinternações e óbitos não tiveram seu impacto confirmado. Conclusão O comanejo multidisciplinar teve impacto positivo nos desfechos dos pacientes hospitalizados por fratura de quadril, resultando em redução do número de lesões por pressão e do tempo de espera para realizar a cirurgia. Através deste estudo, foram identificadas evidências preliminares que suportam a implementação desse tipo de programa.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto del programa de manejo conjunto multidisciplinario en los desenlaces de pacientes con fractura de cadera hospitalizados. Métodos Estudio observacional, tipo antes y después, retrospectivo. Se recopilaron datos de pacientes hospitalizados por fractura de cadera entre 2015 y 2019, en un hospital universitario con servicio de ortopedia de referencia. La intervención analizada fue el programa de manejo conjunto multidisciplinario, que comenzó en 2017. Resultados El número de úlceras por presión adquiridas en la internación se redujo significativamente (p<0,005) luego de la implementación del manejo conjunto. De la misma forma, el tiempo de internación hasta la cirugía se redujo (p<0,046), cumpliendo las directrices nacionales e internacionales de corrección de la fractura en 48 horas como máximo. No se confirmó el impacto de infecciones, reinternaciones y fallecimientos. Conclusión El manejo conjunto multidisciplinario tuvo un impacto positivo en los desenlaces de los pacientes hospitalizados por fractura de cadera, lo que redujo el número de úlceras por presión y el tiempo de espera para realizar la cirugía. A través de este estudio, se identificaron evidencias preliminares que respaldan la implementación de este tipo de programa.

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of the multidisciplinary co-management program on the outcomes of hospitalized patients with hip fractures. Methods This is an observational, before-and-after, retrospective study. Data were collected from patients hospitalized for hip fracture between 2015 and 2019, at a university hospital with a referral service for orthopedics. The intervention analyzed was the multidisciplinary co-management program, which started in 2017. Results The number of pressure injuries acquired during hospitalization decreased significantly (p<0.005) after the implementation of co-management. Likewise, the length of hospital stay until surgery was reduced (p<0.046), and national and international guidelines for fracture correction within 48 hours were complied with. Infections, readmissions and deaths have not had their impact confirmed. Conclusion The multidisciplinary co-management had a positive impact on the outcomes of patients hospitalized for hip fracture, resulting in a reduction in the number of pressure injuries and in the waiting time for surgery. Through this study, preliminary evidence was identified to support the implementation of this type of program.