ABSTRACT
Introducción: El virus Sars-cov2 es el causante de una enfermedad respiratoria, cuyo grado de severidad es variable, de formas sintomáticas leves a graves. Debido a que no se ha encontrado un tratamiento eficaz para hacerle frente a esta patología, se ha puesto el foco en la prevención mediante vacunas. Una población objetivo de la primera y segunda fase de vacunación a nivel país, fue el personal de salud, por lo que se realiza una encuesta para determinar qué tipo de patologías de base presentan, rango etario predominante, si presentaron algún efecto adverso, y cuántas dosis de inmunización recibieron. Objetivos: Describir el porcentaje de vacunación contra Sars-cov2 en el personal de salud, las enfermedades de base, efectos adversos presentados y describir los motivos por el que se evita la vacunación. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal mediante una encuesta en línea (Google Forms). En el cuestionario se registraron las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, profesión dentro del área de salud, departamento de residencia, enfermedad de base, dosis principales y de refuerzo recibidas, efectos adversos presentados, necesidad de atención médica posterior y razones por las que no se han aplicado todas las dosis. Resultados: La mayoría de los encuestados fueron parte del personal médico (85.4%), en su mayoría se encontraban entre los 20-29 años y los 40-49 años. El 48.6% no presenta patologías de base. El 96.3% de la población recibió 2 dosis de la vacuna para Sars-cov2. El 46.3% recibió 2 dosis de refuerzo. Discusión: La predisposición a completar el esquema fue más baja de lo esperado, siendo menor de la mitad. La predisposición para recibir la vacuna contra el COVID-19, en la población general fue de 52,02%. Cabe recalcar que el éxito de un programa de vacunación depende de la proporción de la población que desee vacunarse. Conclusión: La vacunación es un medio de prevención por lo que su promoción es un paso importante para evitar la enfermedad grave. Es necesario realizar una buena educación a toda la población sobre la eficacia, las dosis necesarias para obtener inmunidad, los efectos adversos y los motivos que deben retrasar la colocación de las dosis, porque, como se menciona anteriormente, el éxito de un programa de vacunación depende de la proporción de la población que desee vacunarse.
Introduction: The Sars-cov2 virus is the cause of a respiratory disease, whose degree of severity is variable, from mild to severe symptomatic forms. Since no effective treatment has been found to deal with this pathology, the focus has been on prevention through vaccination. A target population for the first and second phase of vaccination at the country level was health personnel. So a online survey is performed to determine what type of underlying pathologies they present, the age range predominance, the side effects displayed and how many doses they received. Objectives: Describe the percentage of vaccination against Sars-cov2 in health personnel, the underlying diseases, adverse effects and, to describe the reasons why vaccination is avoided. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study is carried out using an online survey (Google Forms). The following variables were recorded in the questionnaire: sex, age, profession within the health area, department of residence, underlying disease, main and booster doses received, adverse effects presented, need for subsequent medical attention and reasons why they did not have been applied all the doses. Results: Most of the respondents were part of the medical staff (85.4%), the majority were between 20-29 years and 40-49 years. The 48.6% do not present basic pathologies. The 96.3% of the population received 2 doses of the Sars-cov2 vaccine. 46.3% received 2 booster doses. Discussion: The predisposition to complete the scheme was lower than expected, being less than a half. The predisposition to receive the COVID-19 vaccine in the general population was 52.02%. It should be emphasized that the success of a vaccination program depends on the proportion of the population that wishes to be vaccinated. Conclusion: Vaccination is a way of prevention, so its promotion is an important step to avoid a serious disease. It is necessary to give a good education to the entire population about the efficacy, the necessary doses to obtain immunity, the adverse effects and the reasons that should delay the doses, because, as mentioned above, the success of a vaccination program depends on the proportion of the population that wants to be vaccinated.
Subject(s)
Health Personnel , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Immunization , Vaccination , Occupational GroupsABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that affects the synovial knee joint causes swelling of the synovial membrane and tissue damage. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) are involved in the pathogenesis of RA. The link between IL-17A, GSK3β, the oxidative stress, and the profibrogenic marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with and without TDZD-8, GSK3β inhibitor has not been studied before. Consequently, active immunization of rats was performed to induce RA after three weeks using collagen type II (COII) injections. The treated group received daily injection of 1 mg/kg TDZD-8 for 21 days following the immunization protocol (COII+TDZD-8). Blood and synovium tissue samples were harvested at the end of the experiment. RA development was confirmed as corroborated by a substantial increase in blood levels of the highly specific autoantibody for RA, anti-citrullinated protein antibody as well as augmentation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels measured as lipid peroxidation. RA induction also increased synovium tissue levels of IL-17A and the profibrogenic marker, α-SMA. All these parameters seemed to be significantly (p<0.0001) ameliorated by TDZD-8. Additionally, a significant correlation between IL-17A, ROS, and α-SMA and biomarkers of RA was observed. Thus, knee joint synovium RA induction augmented IL-17A/GSK3β/ROS/α-SMA axis mediated arthritis in a rat model of RA, which was inhibited by TDZD-8.
La artritis reumatoide (AR) que afecta la articulación sinovial de la rodilla provoca inflamación de la membrana sinovial y daño tisular. La interleucina-17A (IL-17A) y la enzima glucógeno sintasa quinasa-3β (GSK3β) están involucradas en la patogenia de la AR. No se ha estudiadol vínculo entre IL-17A, GSK3β, el estrés oxidativo y el marcador profibrogénico actina de músculo liso alfa (α-SMA) con y sin inhibidor de TDZD-8, GSK3β. En consecuencia, se realizó una inmunización activa de ratas para inducir la AR después de tres semanas usando inyecciones de colágeno tipo II (COII). El grupo tratado recibió una inyección diaria de 1 µg/ kg de TDZD-8 durante 21 días siguiendo el protocolo de inmunización (COII+TDZD-8). Se recogieron muestras de sangre y tejido sinovial al final del experimento. El desarrollo de AR se confirmó como lo corroboró el aumento sustancial en los niveles sanguíneos del autoanticuerpo altamente específico para AR, el anticuerpo antiproteína citrulinada, así como el aumento de los niveles de especies oxidativas reactivas (ROS) medidos como peroxidación lipídica. La inducción de AR también aumentó los niveles de tejido sinovial de IL-17A y el marcador profibrogénico, α-SMA. Todos estos parámetros parecían mejorar significativamente (p<0,0001) con TDZD-8. Además, se observó una correlación significativa entre IL- 17A, ROS y α-SMA y biomarcadores de AR. Por lo tanto, la inducción de AR en la sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla aumentó la artritis mediada por el eje IL-17A/GSK3β/ROS/α-SMA en un modelo de rata de AR, que fue inhibida por TDZD-8.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Arthritis, Rheumatoid , Thiadiazoles/administration & dosage , Fibrosis , Immunohistochemistry , Blotting, Western , Actins , Immunization , Reactive Oxygen Species , Rats, Wistar , Interleukin-17 , Collagen Type II/administration & dosage , Disease Models, Animal , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 betaABSTRACT
La Dirección de Inmunizaciones, es una dirección especializada del Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador, que tiene asignada la rectoría de todos los aspectos relacionados a la vacunación e inmunización de la población salvadoreña. Esta Dirección es el resultado de una acción conjunta entre los países de la Región de las Américas y de organismos internacionales como la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), su interés es contribuir con acciones tendientes a lograr coberturas universales de vacunación, con el fin de disminuir las tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad causadas por las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y está sujeta conforme a la Ley de Vacunas. En este sentido y para documentar la organización y funcionamiento de dicha Dirección, se ha elaborado el presente manual como un instrumento técnico normativo de gestión institucional, en el cual se integra la organización y funcionamiento de las diferentes dependencias que lo componen, se describen y establecen los objetivos generales y específicos, las relaciones de autoridad y dependencia de cada ambiente, así como las relaciones de trabajo internas y externas. Tiene el propósito de identificar con claridad las funciones de cada una de las áreas administrativas que la integran, evitar la duplicidad de funciones, conocer las líneas de comunicación y de mando; permitiendo así contar con un instrumento técnico administrativo integrado, que sirva de referencia y consulta a todo el personal laborando en la institución
The Immunization Directorate is a specialized department of the Ministry of Health of El Salvador, who is assigned the rectory of all aspects related to vaccination and immunization of the Salvadoran population. This Address is the result of an action collaboration between the countries of the Region of the Americas and international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), its interest is to contribute with actions aimed at achieving universal vaccination coverage, in order to reduce the rates of mortality and morbidity caused by vaccine preventable diseases and is subject to according to the Vaccination Law. In this sense and to document the organization and operation of said Directorate, has prepared this manual as a regulatory technical management instrument institution, which integrates the organization and operation of the different dependencies that compose it, describe and establish the general objectives and specific, the relationships of authority and dependency of each environment, as well as the internal and external working relationships. Its purpose is to clearly identify the functions of each of the areas that integrate it, avoid duplication of functions, know the lines of communication and command; thus allowing to have a technical administrative instrument integrated, that serves as a reference and consults all the personnel working in the institution
Subject(s)
Immunization , Manuals as Topic , Population , Vaccines , Vaccination , El Salvador , Vaccination CoverageABSTRACT
Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar a experiência de imersão na especialização com caráter de residência integrada com ênfase em Saúde Coletiva. Trata- se de um estudo descritivo, qualitativo, utilizando-se como referencial teórico para descrição a observação participante, memória afetiva, diário de bordo e da textualização. Foi desenvolvido na Residência Integrada em Saúde, da Escola de Saúde Pública do Estado do Ceará, ênfase em Saúde Coletiva, no período de dois anos, em Fortaleza, Ceará. Os cenários de prática foram setores relacionados à Atenção Primária à Saúde, Vigilância Epidemiológica, Sanitária e Ambiental, Controle de Endemias e Zoonoses, Imunização, além dos espaços de gestão, assistência e controle social. A imersão na especialização em caráter de residência viabilizou ferramentas para a vivência, por meio da interprofissionalidade e integração contínuas, e da realização das atividades, circulação de informações, compreensão das experiências, entendimento de macroprocessos, políticas e indicadores. Rodas de Campo e de Equipe viabilizaram o aprofundamento das temáticas administrativa, formativa, teórica e terapêutica. Percebeu-se resistência e desejo de remodelações, mediante inovação e diálogo intersetorial. A relação entre as categorias profissionais e ser sanitarista foi desafiadora. Oportunizou-se, também, habilidades de gestão, autonomia e governança, com pluralidade formativa e riqueza de atuação. A vivência favoreceu a percepção do programa de residência como processo formativo plural e significativo. O elemento político se destacou como base para a formação dos residentes e fortalecimento do sistema de saúde, e a residência integrada em saúde, como modalidade diferenciada de formação, com desafios e potencialidades.
The object of this study was to report the experience of immersion in the specialization as an integrated residency with emphasis on Public Health. A descriptive, qualitative study, of the experience report type, using participant observation, affective memory, logbook and textualization as theoretical references for description. It was developed in the Integrated Residency in Health, of the School of Public Health. emphasis on Public Health, during two years, in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The practice scenarios were sectors related to Primary Health Care, Epidemiological, Sanitary and Environmental Surveillance, Endemic and Zoonosis Control, Immunization, in addition to management, assistance and social control spaces. The immersion in the specialization in a residency character has enabled tools for the experience, through continuous interprofessionalism and integration, and the realization of activities, circulation of information, understanding of experiences, understanding of macro processes, policies and indicators. Field and team meetings made it possible to deepen the administrative, formative, theoretical, and therapeutic themes. Resistance and a desire for remodeling was perceived, through innovation and intersectoral dialogue. The relationship between the professional categories and being a sanitarian was challenging. It also provided opportunities for management skills, autonomy, and governance, with formative plurality and richness of action. The experience favored the perception of the residency program as a plural and significant formative process. The political element stood out as the basis for training residents and strengthening the health system, and the integrated health residency as a differentiated training modality, with challenges and potentialities.
El objeto de este estudio fue relatar la experiencia de inmersión en la especialización como residencia integrada con énfasis en Salud Pública. Estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, del tipo relato de experiencias, utilizando la observación participante, la memoria afectiva, la bitácora y la textualización como referentes teóricos para la descripción. Se desarrolló en la Residencia Integrada en Salud, de la Escuela de Salud Pública. énfasis en Salud Pública, durante dos años, en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Los escenarios de la práctica fueron sectores relacionados con la Atención Primaria de Salud, Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Sanitaria y Ambiental, Control de Endemias y Zoonosis, Inmunización, además de espacios de gestión, asistencia y control social. La inmersión en la especialización en carácter de residencia ha posibilitado herramientas para la experiencia, a través de la continua interprofesionalidad e integración, y la realización de actividades, circulación de información, comprensión de experiencias, entendimiento de macro procesos, políticas e indicadores. Reuniones de campo y de equipo posibilitaron la profundización de los temas administrativos, formativos, teóricos y terapéuticos. Se percibieron resistencias y deseos de remodelación, a través de la innovación y el diálogo intersectorial. La relación entre las categorías profesionales y el ser sanitario fue desafiante. También proporcionó oportunidades para la capacidad de gestión, autonomía y gobernanza, con pluralidad formativa y riqueza de acción. La experiencia favoreció la percepción del programa de residencia como un proceso formativo plural y significativo. Se destacó el elemento político como base para la formación de residentes y fortalecimiento del sistema de salud, y la residencia integrada en salud como modalidad formativa diferenciada, con desafíos y potencialidades.
Subject(s)
Public Health , Interprofessional Education , Internship and Residency , Primary Health Care , Public Policy , Specialization , Zoonoses , Immunization , LearningABSTRACT
Em março de 2020 a situação causada pela covid-19 foi elevada à categoria de pandemia, impactando de inúmeras formas a vida em sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os impactos da pandemia na atuação e saúde mental do psicólogo hospitalar, profissional que atua nos espaços de saúde e tem experienciado mais de perto o sofrimento dos doentes e dos profissionais de saúde frente à covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo com 131 psicólogos que atuam em hospitais. Os profissionais foram convidados a participar através de redes sociais e redes de contatos das pesquisadoras, utilizando-se a técnica Bola de Neve. Foram utilizados dois questionários, disponibilizados na plataforma Google Forms, um abordando os impactos da pandemia sentidos pelos profissionais e outro referente ao sofrimento psíquico. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Foram observados impactos na atuação de quase a totalidade dos participantes, constatada a necessidade de preparação dos profissionais para o novo cenário, a percepção de pouco apoio institucional e quase metade da população estudada referiu-se a sintomas de sofrimento psíquico considerável desde o início da pandemia. É fundamental dar atenção a sinais e sintomas de sofrimento psíquico, procurando evitar o adoecimento de uma categoria profissional que se encontra na linha de frente do combate aos danos psicológicos da pandemia e cuja própria saúde mental é pouco abordada na literatura.(AU)
In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic breakout hugely impacted life in society. This study analyzes how the pandemic impacted hospital psychologists' mental health and performance, professional who more closely experienced the suffering of patients and health professionals in this period. An exploratory and descriptive study was conducted with 131 hospital psychologists. Professionals were invited to participate through the researchers' social and contact networks using the Snowball technique. Data were collected by two questionnaires available on the Google Forms platform, one addressing the impacts felt by professionals and the other regarding psychic suffering, and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that almost all participants had their performance affected by the need to prepare for the new scenario, the perceived little institutional support. Almost half of the study sample reported considerable psychological distress symptoms since the beginning of the pandemic. Paying attention to signs and symptoms of psychic suffering is fundamental to avoid compromising a professional category that is on the front line of combating the psychological damage caused by the pandemic and whose own mental health is little addressed by the literature.(AU)
En marzo de 2020, la situación provocada por el COVID-19 se caracterizó como pandemia e impactó el mundo de diversas maneras. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los impactos de la pandemia en la salud mental y la actuación del psicólogo en los hospitales, uno de los profesionales que trabaja en espacios sanitarios y que ha experimentado más de cerca el sufrimiento de pacientes y profesionales sanitarios frente al COVID-19. Este es un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, realizado con 131 psicólogos que trabajan en hospitales. Los profesionales recibieron la invitación a participar a través de las redes sociales y redes de contactos de las investigadoras, mediante la técnica snowball. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios disponibles en la plataforma Google Forms: uno sobre los impactos de la pandemia en los profesionales y el otro sobre el sufrimiento psíquico. Los datos se analizaron a partir de estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Se observaron impactos en el trabajo de casi todos los participantes, la necesidad de preparación de los profesionales para este nuevo escenario, la percepción de poco apoyo institucional, y casi la mitad de la población estudiada reportaron sentir síntomas de considerable angustia psicológica desde el inicio de la pandemia. Es esencial prestar atención a los signos y síntomas del sufrimiento psíquico, buscando evitar la enfermedad de una categoría profesional que está a la vanguardia de la lucha contra el daño psicológico de la pandemia y cuya propia salud mental se aborda poco en la literatura.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Psychology , Mental Health , Coronavirus Infections , Pandemics , Orientation , Physicians , Protective Clothing , Respiration , Respiratory Tract Infections , Attention , Social Isolation , Stress, Physiological , Stress, Psychological , Awareness , Software , Immunoglobulin M , Adaptation, Psychological , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Irritable Mood , Family , Carrier State , Epidemiologic Factors , Public Health Practice , Quarantine , Sanitation , Hygiene , Public Health , Epidemiology , Risk , Disease Outbreaks , Data Collection , Survival Rate , Mortality , Transportation of Patients , Triage , Contact Tracing , Occupational Health , Immunization , Universal Precautions , Infection Control , Immunization Programs , Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient , Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional , Coronavirus , Comprehensive Health Care , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Remote Consultation , Pulmonary Ventilation , Emergency Plans , Disaster Vulnerability , Declaration of Emergency , Disaster Management , Death , Trust , Air Pollution , Ethanol , Economics , Emergencies , Emergency Services, Psychiatric , Empathy , Ethics, Professional , Obligatory Vaccination , Professional Training , Surveillance of the Workers Health , Family Relations , Family Therapy , Resilience, Psychological , Infectious Disease Incubation Period , Fear , Social Networking , Binge Drinking , Epidemiological Monitoring , Personal Protective Equipment , Emotional Adjustment , Emergency Medical Dispatch , Survivorship , Family Separation , Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological , Embarrassment , Sadness , Teleworking , Physical Distancing , COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing , SARS-CoV-2 , Suicide Prevention , Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome , Health Services Research , Immune System , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders , Anger , Loneliness , Masks , Mass Media , Nurses, MaleABSTRACT
Partindo da pergunta "Como tem sido ser mulher e mãe em tempos de pandemia?", o presente estudo convidou mulheres que são mães, em redes sociais virtuais, a partilhar um relato de suas experiências com a readaptação parental em função do distanciamento social causado pela pandemia de covid-19. O objetivo foi refletir sobre a experiência de ser mulher e mãe em tempos de covid-19 e distanciamento social, apontando algumas ressonâncias do cenário pandêmico na subjetividade dessas mulheres. O estudo teve como base o referencial psicanalítico, tanto na construção da pesquisa e análise dos relatos quanto na sua discussão. A análise dos cerca de 340 relatos coletados, os quais variaram de uma breve frase a longos parágrafos, apontou para uma série de questionamentos, pontos de análise e reflexões. A pandemia, e o decorrente distanciamento social, parece ter colocado uma lente de aumento sobre as angústias das mulheres que são mães, evidenciando sentimentos e sofrimentos sempre presentes. Destacaram-se, nos relatos, a sobrecarga das mulheres com as tarefas de cuidado dos filhos e da casa, a culpa, a solidão, a exaustão, e o sentimento de que não havia espaço nesse contexto para "ser mulher", sendo isso entendido especialmente a questões estéticas e de vaidade.(AU)
Starting from the question "How does it feel to be a woman and a mother in pandemic times?", this study invited women who are mothers, in virtual social networks, to share their experiences regarding parental adaptations due to social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective was to reflect on the experience of being a woman and a mother in the context of COVID-19 and of social distancing, pointing out some resonances of the pandemic scenario in the subjectivity of these women. The study was based on the psychoanalytical framework, both in the construction of the research and analysis of the reports and in their discussion. The analysis of about 340 collected reports, which ranged from a brief sentence to long paragraphs, pointed to a series of questions, analysis topics, and reflections. The pandemic, and the resulting social distancing, seems to have placed a magnifying glass over the anguish of women who are mothers, showing ever-present feelings and suffering. The reports highlighted women's overload with child and house care tasks, the guilt, loneliness, exhaustion, and the feeling that there was no space in this context to "be a woman," and it extends to aesthetic and vanity related questions especially.(AU)
A partir de la pregunta "¿cómo te sientes siendo mujer y madre en tiempos de pandemia?", este estudio invitó por las redes sociales a mujeres que son madres a compartir un relato de sus experiencias sobre la readaptación parental en función del distanciamiento social causado por la pandemia del covid-19. Su objetivo fue reflexionar sobre la experiencia de ser mujer y madre en tiempos del covid-19 y el distanciamiento social, señalando algunas resonancias del escenario pandémico en la subjetividad de estas mujeres. Este estudio se basó en el marco psicoanalítico, tanto en la construcción de la investigación y análisis de los informes como en su discusión. El análisis de los casi 340 relatos, que variaron de una pequeña frase a largos párrafos, generó en las investigadoras una serie de cuestionamientos y reflexiones. La pandemia y el consecuente distanciamiento social parece haber agrandado las angustias de las mujeres que son madres, evidenciando sentimientos y sufrimientos siempre presentes. En los relatos destacan la sobrecarga de las mujeres con las tareas de cuidado de los hijos y del hogar, la culpa, la soledad, el cansancio, así como el sentimiento de que no hay espacio em este contexto para "ser mujer", relacionado principalmente a cuestiones estéticas y de vanidad.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Psychoanalysis , Women , Parenting , Pandemics , COVID-19 , Anxiety , Parent-Child Relations , Paternal Behavior , Paternity , Prenatal Care , Psychology , Psychology, Social , Relaxation , Self Care , Self Concept , Social Adjustment , Social Responsibility , Socialization , Socioeconomic Factors , Stereotyping , Stress, Physiological , Stress, Psychological , Women's Rights , Body Image , Burnout, Professional , Activities of Daily Living , Pregnancy , Adaptation, Biological , Family , Marriage , Child , Child Development , Child Rearing , Quarantine , Hygiene , Mental Health , Family Health , Immunization , Sex Characteristics , Universal Precautions , Employment, Supported , Cost of Illness , Confusion , Feminism , Self Efficacy , Affect , Culture , Parturition , Depression , Postpartum Period , Educational Status , Ego , Employment , Fear , Femininity , Sexism , Work-Life Balance , Occupational Stress , Freedom , Self-Neglect , Body Dissatisfaction , Psychological Distress , Social Comparison , Teleworking , Physical Distancing , Gender Equity , Family Support , Guilt , Health Promotion , Household Work , Identification, Psychological , Identity Crisis , Income , Individuation , Anger , Leisure Activities , Loneliness , Love , Maternal Behavior , Maternal Welfare , MothersABSTRACT
O distanciamento social ocasionado pela pandemia de Covid-19 levou a profundas mudanças na rotina das famílias com crianças pequenas, aumentando o estresse no ambiente doméstico. Este estudo analisou a experiência de planejamento e implementação de um projeto de extensão universitária que ofereceu orientação a pais com filhos de 0 a 11 anos por meio de chamadas de áudio durante a pandemia. O protocolo de atendimento foi desenvolvido para atender às necessidades de famílias de baixa renda e listava problemas específicos relacionados ao confinamento em casa e ao fechamento das escolas seguidos por uma variedade de estratégias de enfrentamento. A análise de 223 queixas relatadas pelos usuários em 130 ligações revelou que 94% dos problemas referidos pelos pais foram contemplados pelo protocolo de atendimento e estavam relacionados aos problemas externalizantes (39%) ou internalizantes (26%) das crianças ou ao declínio do bem-estar subjetivo dos pais (29%). Serviços de apoio devem orientar os pais quanto ao uso de práticas responsivas e assertivas que promovam o bem-estar emocional da criança e estabeleçam expectativas comportamentais em contextos estressantes. A diminuição dos conflitos entre pais e filhos resultante do uso dessas estratégias tende a reduzir o sofrimento dos pais, aumentando sua sensação de bem-estar subjetivo. Recomenda-se ampla divulgação dessas iniciativas e seguimento dos casos.(AU)
The social distancing the COVID-19 pandemic entailed has led to profound changes in the routine of families with young children, increasing stress in the home environment. This study analyzed the experience of planning and implementing a university extension program that offered support to parents with children from 0 to 11 years old via audio calls during the COVID-19 pandemic. The service protocol was developed to meet the needs of low-income families and listed specific problems related to home confinement and school closure followed by a variety of coping strategies. The analysis of 223 complaints reported by users in 130 calls revealed that 94% of the problems reported by parents were addressed by the protocol and were related to children's externalizing (39%) or internalizing (26%) problems or to the decline in parents' subjective well-being (29%). Support services should guide parents on the use of responsive and assertive practices that promote the child's emotional well-being and set behavioral expectations in stressful contexts. The reduction in conflicts between parents and children resulting from the use of these strategies tends to reduce parents' suffering, increasing their sense of subjective well-being. Wide dissemination of these initiatives and case follow-up are recommended.(AU)
La distancia social causada por la pandemia de COVID-19 condujo a cambios profundos en la rutina de las familias con niños pequeños, aumentando el estrés en el entorno del hogar. Este estudio analizó la experiencia de planificar e implementar un proyecto de extensión universitaria que ofreció orientación a los padres con niños de cero a 11 años a través de llamadas de audio durante la pandemia COVID-19. El protocolo de atención se desarrolló para satisfacer las necesidades de las familias de bajos ingresos y enumeró problemas específicos relacionados con el confinamiento en el hogar y el cierre de la escuela, seguido de una variedad de estrategias de afrontamiento. El análisis de 223 quejas informadas por los usuarios en 130 llamadas reveló que el 94% de los problemas informados por los padres fueron abordados por el protocolo de atención y estaban relacionados con los problemas de externalización (39%) o internalización (26%) de los niños o la disminución del bienestar subjetivo de los padres (29%). Los servicios de apoyo deberían aconsejar a los padres sobre el uso de prácticas receptivas y asertivas que promuevan el bienestar emocional del niño y establezcan expectativas de comportamiento en contextos estresantes. La reducción de los conflictos entre padres e hijos como resultado del uso de estas estrategias tiende a reducir el sufrimiento de los padres, aumentando su sensación de bienestar subjetivo. Se recomienda una amplia difusión de estas iniciativas y seguimiento de casos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Orientation , Parents , Personal Satisfaction , Child , Problem Behavior , COVID-19 , Anxiety , Parent-Child Relations , Appetite , Play and Playthings , Problem Solving , Psychology , Psychomotor Agitation , Quality of Life , Reading , Recreation , Remedial Teaching , Respiratory Tract Infections , Safety , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , School Health Services , Self Concept , Autistic Disorder , Sleep , Social Adjustment , Social Conditions , Social Conformity , Social Environment , Social Isolation , Social Problems , Socialization , Socioeconomic Factors , Task Performance and Analysis , Telephone , Temperament , Therapeutics , Time , Unemployment , Violence , Behavior Therapy , Work Hours , Health Policy, Planning and Management , Child Abuse, Sexual , Boredom , Neurosciences , Virus Diseases , Activities of Daily Living , Bereavement , Exercise , Divorce , Child Abuse , Child Development , Mental Health , Mass Vaccination , Relaxation Therapy , Immunization , Self-Injurious Behavior , Civil Rights , Parenting , Panic Disorder , Interview , Cognition , Domestic Violence , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Lecture , Disabled Children , Wit and Humor , Internet , Creativity , Crisis Intervention , Crying , Disaster Vulnerability , Psychosocial Impact , Personal Autonomy , Death , Friends , Aggression , Depression , Drive , Economics , Education, Special , Educational Status , Emotions , Empathy , Faculty , Family Conflict , Family Relations , Fear , Binge Drinking , Meals , Return to Work , Hope , Optimism , Pessimism , Self-Control , Phobia, Social , Psychosocial Support Systems , Work-Life Balance , Adverse Childhood Experiences , Screen Time , Disgust , Sadness , Solidarity , Psychological Distress , Psychosocial Intervention , Teleworking , Financial Stress , Food Insecurity , Sentiment Analysis , Sociodemographic Factors , Social Vulnerability , Family Support , Government , Guilt , Holistic Health , Homeostasis , Hospitalization , Household Work , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders , Anger , Learning , Learning Disabilities , Leisure Activities , Loneliness , Mental DisordersABSTRACT
Abstract Improving vaccine immunity and reducing antigen usage are major challenges in the clinical application of vaccines. Microneedles have been proven to be painless, minimally invasive, highly efficient, and have good patient compliance. Compared with traditional transdermal drug delivery, it can effectively deliver a large-molecular-weight drug into the skin, resulting in a corresponding immune response. However, few studies have examined the relationship between microneedle loading dose and immune effects. In this study, the hyaluronic acid (HA) conical and pyramidal dissolving microneedles were prepared by the two-step vacuum drying method, respectively. The model drug ovalbumin (OVA) was added to HA to prepare dissolving microneedles with different loading amounts. The mass ratios of HA to OVA were 5:1, 5:3, and 5:5. The mechanical properties of the dissolving microneedles were characterized using nanoindentation and in vitro puncture studies. The immune effects of the matrix and drug content were studied in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Finally, the diffusion behavior of OVA and the binding mode of HA and OVA in the microneedles were simulated using Materials Studio and Autodocking software. The experimental results showed that the conical microneedles exhibited better mechanical properties. When the mass ratio of HA to OVA was 5:3, the immune effect can be improved by 37.01% compared to subcutaneous injection, and achieved a better immune effect with relatively fewer drugs. This conclusion is consistent with molecular simulations. This study provides theoretical and experimental support for the drug loading and efficacy of microneedles with different drug loadings
Subject(s)
Injections, Subcutaneous/adverse effects , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Vaccines/analysis , Immunization/classification , Mechanical Tests/instrumentation , Hyaluronic Acid/agonists , Antigens/adverse effectsABSTRACT
In order to increase the ability of oil-emulsion adjuvant to stimulate cellular immunity, chitosan hydrochloride with positive charge was selected to stabilize oil-in-water emulsion (CHE). In this paper, model antigen ovalbumin was selected to prepare vaccines with emulsion adjuvant, commercial adjuvant or no adjuvant. The emulsion was characterized by measuring the particle size, electric potential and antigen adsorption rate. BALB/c mice were immunized by intramuscular injection. Serum antibody levels, the numbers of IL-4-secreting cells in splenocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, and the expression of central memory T cells were measured to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect. The results showed that chitosan hydrochloride can effectively stabilize the emulsion. The emulsion size is about 600 nm, and the antigen adsorption rate is more than 90%. After immunization, CHE could increase serum antibodies levels and increase IL-4 secretion. Expression of CTL surface activation molecules was also increased to stimulate CTL response further and to increase the CD44+CD62L+ in T cells proportion. CHE as adjuvant can stimulate humoral and cellular immunity more efficiently, and is expected to extend the duration of protection.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Chitosan , Interleukin-4 , Emulsions , Immunization , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Antigens , Mice, Inbred BALB CABSTRACT
Objective: To study the link between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination status and adherence to public health and social measures in Members of the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Algeria. Methods: We analysed two rounds of a large, cross-country, repeated cross-sectional mobile phone survey in JuneJuly 2021 and OctoberNovember 2021. The rounds included 14 287 and 14 131 respondents, respectively, from 23 countries and territories. Questions covered knowledge, attitudes and practices around COVID-19, and demographic, employment, health and vaccination status. We used logit modelling to analyse the link between self-reported vaccination status and individuals' practice of mask wearing, physical distancing and handwashing. We used propensity score matching as a robustness check. Findings: Overall, vaccinated respondents (8766 respondents in round 2) were significantly more likely to adhere to preventive measures than those who were unvaccinated (5297 respondents in round 2). Odds ratios were 1.5 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.31.8) for mask wearing; 1.5 (95% CI: 1.31.7) for physical distancing; and 1.2 (95% CI: 1.01.4) for handwashing. Similar results were found on analysing subsamples of low- and middle-income countries. However, in high-income countries, where vaccination coverage is high, there was no significant link between vaccination and preventive practices. The association between vaccination status and adherence to public health advice was sustained over time, even though self-reported vaccination coverage tripled over 5 months (19.4% to 62.3%; weighted percentages). Conclusion Individuals vaccinated against COVID-19 maintained their adherence to preventive health measures. Nevertheless, reinforcement of public health messages is important for the public's continued compliance with preventive measures.
Subject(s)
Therapeutics , Hand Disinfection , Public Health , Patient Compliance , Physical Distancing , COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Cross-Sectional Studies , Immunization , Algeria , Facial MasksABSTRACT
La séroprévalence des anticorps anti hépatite A (correspondant au taux d'immunisation) était de 100% à Sétif (Algérie), chez les personnes âgées entre 10 et 14 ans en 1986. Elle est passée à 70,4% en 2011. Partant de ce fait, les auteurs se proposent de prévoir cette séroprévalence, dans la même wilaya en 2024, à travers le modèle 'Logit binaire multiple', sur la base des données d'une enquête réalisée en 2011. La séroprévalence globale chez les sujets âgés entre 5 et 19 ans serait, selon les résultats de ce modèle, de 67% en 2024; les principaux facteurs associés à cette séroprévalence seraient l'âge, l'habitat, la taille des ménageset l'antécédent d'ictère. En conséquence, un programme de vaccination pourrait s'imposer comme une nouvelle stratégie de lutte contre la maladie dans la wilaya de Sétif.
The seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis A antibodies (corresponding to the immunization rate) was 100% in Sétif, in people aged between 10 and 14 years in 1986. It has declined to 70.4% in 2011. Starting from this fact, the authors propose to predict this seroprevalence, in the same wilaya (district) in 2024, through the 'multiple binary logit' model, based on data from a survey carried out in 2011. The overall seroprevalence in subjects aged between 5 and 19 years would be, according to the results of this model, 67% in 2024; the main factors associated with this seroprevalence would be age, habitat, household size and a history of jaundice. As a result, a vaccination program could establish itself as a new disease control strategy in Sétif.
Subject(s)
Seroepidemiologic Studies , Immunization , Vaccination , Hepatitis A Antibodies , Hepatitis AABSTRACT
Guided by the principle of leaving no one behind by improving equitable access and use of new and existing vaccines, the Immunization Agenda 2030 aims, among other things, to halve the incidence of "zero-dose" at the national level. This study aimed at studying the tends of the prevalence of "zerodose" children from 2000 to 2017 and making predictions for 2030. The study consisted of secondary data analyses from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in Togo. The study population consisted of children aged 12-23 months surveyed during MICS2 in 2000, MICS3 in 2006, MICS4 in 2010 and MICS6 in 2017. The dependent variable was the "zero-dose" vaccination status (1=Yes vs 0=No). The explanatory variables were related to the child, mother, household and environment. The study generated the overall annual percentage changes (APC) and by the independent variables. As a result, the prevalence of children with "zero-dose" expected for 2030 was estimated using Excel 2013 and Stata 16.0 software. In total, 636, 864, 916 and 952 children aged 12-23 months were included for MICS2, MICS3, MICS4 and MICS7, respectively. The prevalence of "zerodose" children decreased from 37.15% in 2000 to 31.72% in 2006, then 30.10% in 2010 and 26.86% in 2017, with an overall APC= - 1.89%. The highest relative annual decrease was from 2000 to 2006. If the historical rate of decrease remains unchanged, we predict that percentage of "zero-dose" children aged 12-23 months will be 20.96% in 2030, with a decrease of 22% compared to 2017, against a target of 50%. We suggest that strengthening strategies to increase full immunization coverage of children will contribute to reducing the percentage of zero dose children. A prerequisite will be a better understanding of the predictors of the "zero-dose" phenomenon in children
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child Health , Vaccination Coverage , Immunization , VaccinationABSTRACT
Supplementary immunization activities campaigns provide children with an additional dose of vaccine and deliver other interventions. However, there is dearth of information on knowledge, attitude and perception of mothers of under-five towards vaccination during supplementary immunization activities. A descriptive cross-sectional study which employed multistage sampling technique was designed to fill this gap. Four wards were randomly selected from eleven wards in Ibadan North-West Local Government Area and houses were enumerated from the selected wards, systematic random sampling was used to select houses and then respondents. A semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to elicit information on three hundred and five respondents. Knowledge scores of ≤4, 5-8, and ≥ 9 were rated poor, fair and good, respectively. Attitude scores of ≤5 and >5 was rated negative and positive attitude, respectively while perception scores ≤4 and >4 were rated negative and positive perception, respectively. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 25 using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test at 5% level of significance. The mean age of respondents was 30.6±6.1years, the highest level of education for most (68.5%) was secondary school. Their mean parity and number of under-five were 2.5±1.4 and 1.2±0.4, respectively. Knowledge was generally poor, more than half (53.1%) had poor knowledge, majority (88.2%) have positive attitude while 84.6% have a positive perception. One-fourth (24.6%) and one-fifth are of the opinion that frequent vaccination will make the vaccine ineffective and overload immune system, respectively. There was generally poor knowledge of supplementary immunizations and mothers need to be educated on the importance.
Subject(s)
Humans , Public Health , Immunization , Vaccination , Vaccination Coverage , MothersABSTRACT
Background: Globally, the covid-19 pandemic has seriously impacted access to healthcare facilities across the world, although there is little evidence on how the pandemic affects the use of essential healthcare in the world. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on antenatal indicators in the region of Guelmim Oued Noun, Morocco. Methods: The aggregated data was delivered by regional health authorities covering the period from January 2017 to December 2020. The interrupted time series was mobilized to conduct statistical analysis. Results: The descriptive results revealed a steady decline after the Covid-19 pandemic in Antenatal indicators. The results of the regression model showed a negative impact of the pandemic on the antenatal recruitment rate (ß2 = - 16.14; p < 0.01), recruitment rate of women in antenatal visits the 1st quarter of pregnancy (ß2 = -2.09; p < 0.01), antenatal visit completion rate (ß2 = -18.10, p>0.05), average number of visits/pregnancies (ß2 = -15.65, p<0,05). Conclusion: The effect of the covid-19 pandemic on antenatal rates was significant for almost the indicators studied. Future studies should be focused on the impact of the pandemic on postnatal and immunization services on the national scale.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Immunization , Delivery of Health Care , Facilities and Services Utilization , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Prenatal CareABSTRACT
Este trabalho pretende analisar como o discurso antivacina sobre a covid-19 impactou o discurso sobre vacinação infantil no contexto da mídia social, a partir das estratégias e narrativas de legitimação construídas. Para isso, realizamos uma análise de mais de 260 mil publicações sobre vacinação infantil no Facebook (Meta) entre os anos de 2019 e 2022, com o objetivo de compreender: quais foram as estratégias discursivas utilizadas para legitimar o discurso antivacina e pró-vacina nesses anos; quais as principais narrativas construídas; e como a pandemia de covid-19 impactou nessa discussão. Os resultados indicam um crescimento e uma polarização do debate sobre vacinação infantil na mídia social, com a circulação de discursos desinformativos e conspiratórios. No contexto da pandemia, observamos que o discurso antivacina saiu da vacinação infantil contra a covid-19 e se espalhou para o debate sobre a vacinação infantil para outras doenças. Essas mudanças têm um impacto no discurso pró-vacina que se modifica para tentar responder ao movimento antivacinação.
This work intends to analyze how the anti-vaccination discourse on covid-19 impacted the discourse on childhood vaccination in the context of social media, based on the strategies and narratives of legitimation constructed. In order to do this, we carried out an analysis of more than 260 thousand publications about childhood vaccination on Facebook (Meta) between 2019 and 2022, focusing on understanding: what dis-cursive strategies were used to legitimize the anti-vaccine and pro-vaccine discourse during this period; what are the main narratives constructed; and how the covid-19 pandemic impacted this discussion. The results indicate a growth and polarization of the debate about childhood vaccination on social media, with the circulation of misinformative and conspiratorial discourses. In the context of the pandemic, we noted that the anti-vaccine discourse spread from childhood vaccination against covid-19 and started a debate on childhood vaccination for other diseases. These changes have an impact on the pro-vaccine discourse, that changes itself to try to respond to the anti-vaccination movement.
Este trabajo pretende analizar cómo el discurso antivacunas sobre la covid-19 impactó en el discurso sobre la vacunación infantil en el contexto de las redes sociales, a partir de las estrategias y narrativas de legiti-mación construidas. Para ello, realizamos un análisis de más de 260 mil publicaciones sobre vacunación infantil en Facebook (Meta) entre 2019 y 2022, con los objetivos de comprender qué estrategias discursivas se utilizaron para legitimar el discurso antivacunas y provacunas sobre los años; cuáles fueron las prin-cipales narrativas construidas; y cómo la pandemia de covid-19 impactó esta discusión. Los resultados indican un crecimiento y una polarización del debate sobre la vacunación infantil en las redes sociales, con la circulación de discursos desinformativos y conspirativos. En el contexto de la pandemia, observamos que el discurso antivacunas dejó la vacunación infantil contra el covid-19 y se extendió al debate sobre la vacunación infantil para otras enfermedades. Estos cambios tienen un impacto en el discurso provacunas, que cambia para responder al movimiento antivacunación.
Subject(s)
Humans , Obligatory Vaccination , Social Networking , Anti-Vaccination Movement , COVID-19 , Child Health , Immunization , Address , PandemicsABSTRACT
Na atualidade, fotografar ou gravar o instante da imunização contra a Covid-19 se tornou rotina compartilhada nas redes sociais. Essa exposição instigou a observação de uma questão relevante: a técnica de aplicação está correta? Com a veiculação de imagens, é possível visualizar as vacinas sendo administradas em diferentes áreas do músculo deltoide, o que pode acarretar efeitos adversos. A otimização da qualificação técnica e pedagógica dos profissionais que elaboram e ministram as capacitações, bem como o envolvimento efetivo dos vacinadores nos treinamentos para injeção intramuscular é uma necessidade constante para evitar mais danos à saúde da população
Currently, photographing or recording the instant of immunization against Covid-19 has become a shared routine on social networks. This exposition prompted the observation of a relevant question: is the application technique correct? With the transmission of images, it is possible to visualize the vaccines being administered in different areas of the deltoid muscle, which can cause adverse effects. The optimization of the technical and pedagogical qualification of the professionals who design and deliver the training, as well as the effective involvement of vaccinators in training for intramuscular injection, is a constant need to avoid further damage to the health of the population
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccines , Immunization , Process Optimization , Deltoid Muscle , InjectionsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Analisar a taxa de cobertura vacinal da poliomielite em relação às metas de vacinação de 95% da população-alvo, estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Saúde, com base nos registros de imunização do DATASUS nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, que compõem a região sul do Brasil, e na cidade de Pato Branco, PR. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa referente à cobertura vacinal da Poliomielite nos estados da região sul e no município de Pato Branco, PR com resultados da cobertura avaliados quanto ao alcance das metas estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Saúde e comparado o desempenho entre os estados e o município no período de 2009 a 2019. Os dados foram recolhidos da seção de Imunizações do DATASUS, o departamento de informática do Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil. Resultados: No período analisado, o município de Pato Branco se manteve com uma taxa satisfatória em relação à meta estabelecida pelo Ministério da Saúde, exceto nos anos de 2017 e 2018, onde ficou abaixo da meta em cerca de 3% e 11%, respectivamente. Em relação aos estados do sul, o estado do Paraná mostrou-se abaixo da meta de cobertura vacinal recomendada na maioria dos anos estudados, com a menor cobertura ocorrendo em 2017, ficando 15% abaixo do esperado; o estado de Santa Catarina, apesar de apresentar queda desde o ano de 2014, apresentou os melhores índices de cobertura vacinal, com a maior taxa de queda de cobertura no ano de 2018 com cerca de 7%; e o estado do Rio Grande do Sul se apresentou como o estado com o pior desempenho na região, demonstrando quedas significativas da cobertura desde 2010, com menor taxa de vacinação em 2017, ficando 18% abaixo do esperado. Conclusões: Pode-se observar uma queda nos valores da cobertura vacinal entre os anos de 2009 a 2019, tanto no município de Pato Branco, PR, quanto nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, algo que é motivo de crescente preocupação pelos serviços de saúde do país devido à possibilidade de reintrodução da doença no território nacional. Ressalta-se, então, a necessidade de criação de estratégias eficazes para o combate das quedas das taxas de cobertura vacinal no país.
Objective: To analyze the rate of polio vaccination coverage in relation to the vaccination goals of 95% of the target population, set by the Ministry of Health, based on DATASUS immunization records in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, which make up the southern region of Brazil, and in the city of Pato Branco, PR. Methods: A descriptive study of quantitative approach regarding the vaccination coverage of Poliomyelitis in the states of the southern region and in the municipality of Pato Branco, PR with coverage results evaluated as to the achievement of the goals set by the Ministry of Health and compared performance between the states and the municipality in the period from 2009 to 2019. The data were collected from the Immunizations section of DATASUS, the computer department of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Results: In the period analyzed, the municipality of Pato Branco remained with a satisfactory rate in relation to the target set by the Ministry of Health, except in the years 2017 and 2018, where it was below the target by about 3% and 11%, respectively. Regarding the southern states, the state of Paraná showed below the recommended vaccine coverage target in most of the years studied, with the lowest coverage occurring in 2017, being 15% below expected; the state of Santa Catarina, despite showing a drop since the year 2014, showed the best rates of vaccine coverage, with the highest rate of drop in coverage in the year 2018 with about 7%; and the state of Rio Grande do Sul presented itself as the state with the worst performance in the region, showing significant drops in coverage since 2010, with the lowest rate of vaccination in 2017, being 18% below expectations. Conclusions: A drop in vaccination coverage values can be observed between the years 2009 and 2019, both in the municipality of Pato Branco, PR, and in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, something that is a cause of growing concern for the country's health services due to the possibility of reintroduction of the disease in the national territory. Therefore, the need to create effective strategies to combat the declines in vaccination coverage rates in the country is highlighted.
Objetivo: Analizar la tasa de cobertura de vacunación antipoliomielítica en relación con las metas de vacunación del 95% de la población objetivo, establecidas por el Ministerio de Salud, a partir de los registros de inmunización DATASUS en los estados de Paraná, Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul, que conforman la región sur de Brasil, y en la ciudad de Pato Branco, PR. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de abordaje cuantitativo referente a la cobertura vacunal de la Poliomielitis en los estados de la región sur y en el municipio de Pato Branco, PR con resultados de la cobertura evaluados en cuanto al alcance de las metas establecidas por el Ministerio de Salud y comparado el rendimiento entre los estados y el municipio en el período de 2009 a 2019. Los datos se recogieron de la sección de Inmunizaciones de DATASUS, el departamento de informática del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil. Resultados: En el período analizado, el municipio de Pato Branco se mantuvo con una tasa satisfactoria en relación a la meta establecida por el Ministerio de Salud, excepto en los años 2017 y 2018, donde estuvo por debajo de la meta en cerca de 3% y 11%, respectivamente. En lo que respecta a los estados del sur, el estado de Paraná se mostró por debajo de la meta de cobertura vacunal recomendada en la mayoría de los años estudiados, siendo la cobertura más baja la que se produjo en el año 2017, estando un 15% por debajo de lo esperado; el estado de Santa Catarina, a pesar de mostrar una caída desde el año 2014, mostró los mejores índices de cobertura vacunal, siendo la mayor tasa de caída de la cobertura en el año 2018 con cerca de un 7%; y el estado de Río Grande do Sul se presentó como el estado con peor desempeño en la región, demostrando caídas significativas en la cobertura desde 2010, con la tasa de vacunación más baja en 2017, siendo un 18% por debajo de lo esperado. Conclusiones: Se observa una caída en los valores de las coberturas de vacunación entre los años 2009 y 2019, tanto en el municipio de Pato Branco, PR, como en los estados de Paraná, Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul, algo que es motivo de creciente preocupación para los servicios de salud del país debido a la posibilidad de reintroducción de la enfermedad en el territorio nacional. Por lo tanto, se destaca la necesidad de crear estrategias eficaces para combatir el descenso de las tasas de cobertura de vacunación en el país.
Subject(s)
Humans , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination Coverage/supply & distribution , Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Unified Health System , Immunization/statistics & numerical data , Health Strategies , Quality Indicators, Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Health ServicesABSTRACT
El objetivo de la revisión fue actualizar la revisión que sintetizó la evidencia científica publicada respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de tres vacunas contra la viruela símica. Se identificaron tres vacunas recomendadas para uso frente a viruela símica: ACAM200, JYNNEOS y LC16. ACAM2000 es una vacuna de virus vivo, competente para la replicación, aprobada contra la viruela. JYNNEOS (Imvamune, Imvanex, MVA-BN ó Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)) es una vacuna de virus vivo atenuado no replicante y está aprobada para viruela y viruela símica. LC16 es una vacuna de tercera generación, mínimamente replicante que contiene la cepa Lister del virus vaccinia atenuado, mínimamente replicante, aprobada para la viruela en Japón. El informe del grupo asesor de inmunizaciones del CDC identificó siete ensayos clínicos y treinta y tres estudios observacionales. Los ensayos clínicos incluyeron a participantes sanos sin comorbilidades. La mayoría de ensayos incluyeron participantes que no habían recibido una vacunación previa para la viruela.
Subject(s)
Safety , Vaccinia virus , Smallpox , Vaccines , Immunization , MonkeypoxABSTRACT
Introdução: No ensino médico, o uso da simulação clínica enquanto estratégia pedagógica tem sido cada vez mais presente nos currículos. Entretanto, ainda há uma lacuna sobre o uso da estratégia no ensino de tópicos de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Ao reconhecer as atribuições do profissional médico nesse contexto, torna-se necessário, cada vez mais, a oferta de experiências clínicas simuladas. Objetivo: O estudo teve por objetivo construir e validar três cenários de simulação clínica em imunização para o ensino médico. Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de construção e validação. Foram construídos e validados três cenários voltados à imunização na Atenção Primária à Saúde, a saber: imunização do adulto, da criança e da gestante. Todos os cenários foram elaborados com base em sete critérios: conhecimento prévio do aprendiz, objetivos de aprendizagem, fundamentação teórica, preparo do cenário, desenvolvimento do cenário, debriefing e avaliação. Participaram do estudo dezesseis profissionais de saúde. O Índice de Validação de Conteúdo (IVC) adotado foi de 0,80. Resultados: Os cenários obtiveram, em todos os itens, IVC entre 87,50% a 100%, julgados por médicos ou enfermeiros com experiência em simulação e titulação mínima de mestre na área da saúde. Conclusão: Os cenários poderão ser replicados tanto em pesquisas quanto no desenvolvimento de habilidades médicas em estudantes e profissionais. Desde que adaptados, esses cenários poderão, também, ser utilizados para o ensino em outros cursos e profissionais da área da saúde (AU)
Introduction: In medical education, the use of clinical simulation as a pedagogical strategy has been increasingly present in curricula. However, there is still a gap in the use of the strategy in teaching Primary Health Care topics. By recognizing the attributions of the medical professional in this context, it becomes increasingly necessary to offer simulated clinical experiences. Objective: The study aimed to construct and validate three clinical simulation scenarios in immunization for medical education. Material and methods: This is a descriptive, construction, and validation study. Three scenarios focused on immunization in Primary Health Care were built and validated, namely: immunization of adults, children, and pregnant women. All scenarios were developed based on seven criteria: prior knowledge of the learner, learning objectives, theoretical background, scenario preparation, scenario development, debriefing, and evaluation. Sixteen health professionals participated in the study. The adopted Content Validation Index (CVI) was 0.80. Results: The scenarios obtained, in all items, CVI between 87.50% to 100%, judged by physicians or nurses with experience in simulation and a minimum master's degree in health care. Conclusion: The scenarios may be replicated both in research and in the development of medical skills in students and professionals. Provided they are adapted, these scenarios may also be used for teaching other healthcare courses and professionals.Keywords: Immunization, Simulation training, Primary health care, Validation study (AU)
Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Immunization , Simulation Exercise , Education, Medical , Simulation TrainingABSTRACT
Introducción: La vacunación constituye el arma preventiva más efectiva para las enfermedades trasmisibles que conoce la humanidad. Hacer que las vacunas aplicadas sean realmente inmunizantes resulta la responsabilidad de los profesionales de la atención primaria. Del mismo modo, es importante que se acepte, sin recelo, la vacunación, sobre todo en la situación epidemiológica actual. Objetivo: Describir las implicaciones sociales, económicas y éticas relacionadas con la existencia de vacunas teóricamente no inmunizantes. Métodos: Se emplearon los resultados de un programa de intervención educativa en edades pediátricas en el Policlínico 13 de marzo. Se utilizó la prueba de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon, con índice de confianza del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Inicialmente, predominó el nivel inadecuado de conocimiento, que luego mejoró significativamente. Se recuperaron 48 niños no vacunados y 29 vacunaciones no inmunizados. Conclusiones: No existe correspondencia entre las coberturas vacunales y la inmunización. Están instauradas, como correctas, falsas contraindicaciones para la vacunación. La intervención educativa fue efectiva, y se hizo patente la pertinencia de programas de pregrado y posgrado que perfeccionen la formación de los profesionales y la calidad en el desempeño profesional(AU)
Introduction: Vaccination is the most effective preventive weapon for communicable diseases known to humanity. It is the responsibility of primary health care professionals to ensure that the administered vaccines are truly immunizing. Likewise, it is important that vaccination be accepted without hesitations, especially in the current epidemiological situation. Objective: To describe the social, economic and ethical implications related to the existence of theoretically nonimmunizing vaccines. Methods: The results of an educational intervention program in pediatric ages at 13 de Marzo Policlinic were used. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used, with a confidence index of 95 percent. Results: Initially, an inadequate level of knowledge predominated, which later improved significantly. Forty-eight unvaccinated children and 29 unimmunized children recovered. Conclusions: There is no correspondence between vaccination coverage and immunization. False contraindications for vaccination are established as correct. The educational intervention was effective, while the relevance became evident for undergraduate and postgraduate programs to improve the training of professionals and the quality of professional performance(AU)