Exposición a temperaturas extremas y su efecto en la gestación en un departamento de Colombia / Exposure to extreme temperatures and its effect on pregnancy in a department of Colombia

Introducción: Diversas investigaciones han establecido la relación entre temperatura y duración del embarazo, la exposición a temperaturas altas durante el embarazo plantea interrogantes en especial el papel que esta juega frente a los partos prematuros y partos de bajo peso, es indispensable determinar si las temperaturas altas o bajas tienen un comportamiento protector o de riesgo sobre el feto durante la gestación en regiones tropicales. Objetivo: describir la relación entre la exposición a temperaturas altas y bajas durante el embarazo y su efecto en la edad gestacional y peso al momento del parto en los recién nacidos del departamento del Guaviare-Colombia. Metodología: Estudio tipo observacional, analítico, retrospectivo de corte transversal que busco determinar la relación entre exposición a temperaturas altas y bajas durante el embarazo y su efecto en la edad gestacional y peso al momento del parto en los recién nacidos, el universo estuvo conformado por 10.137 nacidos vivos, de los cuales 9.932 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se determinó Odds Ratio para estimar la asociación entre las variables. Resultados: Dentro de la semana de retraso 3 el estar expuesto a temperaturas máximas percentil 90 es un factor protector para la ganancia ponderal de peso OR < 1, la exposición a temperaturas mínimas percentil 10 se asoció como factor protector para el parto prematuro en la semana de retraso 1 y 2 OR < 1.Conclusión: A pesar del beneficio de las altas y bajas temperaturas durante el embarazo en la ganancia ponderal de peso y disminución del parto prematuro, es recomendable prevenir la exposición a temperaturas extremas durante el periodo de gestación[AU]

Introduction: Various investigations have established the relationship between temperature and duration of pregnancy. Exposure to high temperatures during pregnancy raises questions, especially the role it plays in premature births and low-weight births. It is essential to determine whether high temperatures or low have a protective or risky behavior on the fetus during pregnancy in tropical regions.Objective: to describe the relationship between exposure to high and low temperatures during pregnancy and its effect on gestational age and weight at the time of delivery in newborns in the department of Guaviare-Colombia.Methodology:Observational, analytical, retrospective cross-sectional study that sought to determine the relationship between exposure to high and low temperatures during pregnancy and its effect on gestational age and weight at the time of delivery in newborns. The universe was made up of 10,137 births. alive, of which 9,932 met the inclusion criteria. Odds Ratio was determined to estimate the association between the variables.Results:Within the 3rd week of delay, being exposed to maximum temperatures at the 90th percentile is a protective factor for weight gain OR < 1, exposure to minimum temperatures at the 10th percentile was associated as a protective factor for premature birth in the week. of delay 1 and 2 OR < 1. Conclusion: Despite the benefit of high and low temperatures during pregnancy in weight gain and reduction in premature birth, it is advisable to prevent exposure to extreme temperatures during the gestation period[AU]

Introdução: Várias investigações estabeleceram a relação entre temperatura e duração da gravidez. A exposição a altas temperaturas durante a gravidez levanta questões, especialmente o papel que desempenha nos partos prematuros e nos nascimentos de baixo peso. É essencial determinar se as temperaturas altas ou baixas têm um comportamento protetor ou de risco para o feto durante a gravidez em regiões tropicais. Objetivo:descrever a relação entre a exposição a altas e baixas temperaturas durante a gravidez e seu efeito na idade gestacional e no peso no momento do parto em recém-nascidos no departamento de Guaviare-Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, analítico, retrospectivo e transversal que buscou determinar a relação entre a exposição a altas e baixas temperaturas durante a gravidez e seu efeito na idade gestacional e no peso no momento do parto em recém-nascidos. O universo foi composto por 10.137 nascimentos. vivos, dos quais 9.932 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O Odds Ratio foi determinado para estimar a associação entre as variáveis. Resultados:Na 3ª semana de atraso, a exposição a temperaturas máximas no percentil 90 é fator de proteção para ganho de peso OR < 1, a exposição a temperaturas mínimas no percentil 10 foi associada como fator de proteção para parto prematuro na semana. de atraso 1 e 2 OR < 1.Conclusão:Apesar do benefício das altas e baixas temperaturas durante a gravidez no ganho de peso e redução do parto prematuro, é aconselhável evitar a exposição a temperaturas extremas durante o período de gestação[AU]

Association between congenital hypothyroidism and in-hospital adverse outcomes in very low birth weight infants / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To investigate the association between congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and the adverse outcomes during hospitalization in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). Methods: This prospective, multicenter observational cohort study was conducted based on the data from the Sino-northern Neonatal Network (SNN). Data of 5 818 VLBWI with birth weight <1 500 g and gestational age between 24-<37 weeks that were admitted to the 37 neonatal intensive care units from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2022 were collected and analyzed. Thyroid function was first screened at 7 to 10 days after birth, followed by weekly tests within the first 4 weeks, and retested at 36 weeks of corrected gestational age or before discharge. The VLBWI were assigned to the CH group or non-CH group. Chi-square test, Fisher exact probability method, Wilcoxon rank sum test, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between CH and poor prognosis during hospitalization in VLBWI. Results: A total of 5 818 eligible VLBWI were enrolled, with 2 982 (51.3%) males and the gestational age of 30 (29, 31) weeks. The incidence of CH was 5.5% (319 VLBWI). Among the CH group, only 121 VLBWI (37.9%) were diagnosed at the first screening. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that CH was associated with increased incidence of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) (OR=1.31(1.04-1.64), P<0.05) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) of stage Ⅲ and above (OR=1.74(1.11-2.75), P<0.05). However, multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed no significant correlation between CH and EUGR, moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, grade Ⅲ to Ⅳ intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis in stage Ⅱ or above, and ROP in stage Ⅲ or above (OR=1.04 (0.81-1.33), 0.79 (0.54-1.15), 1.15 (0.58-2.26), 1.43 (0.81-2.53), 1.12 (0.70-1.80), all P>0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between CH and in-hospital adverse outcomes, possibly due to timely diagnosis and active replacement therapy.

Infección congénita por citomegalovirus en neonatos muy bajo peso / Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in very low birth weight neonates

Introducción: La infección congénita por el citomegalovirus en neonatos menores de 1500 gramos puede ser causa de morbilidad, mortalidad y discapacidad. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de la infección congénita por citomegalovirus en un servicio de neonatología. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal con 61 neonatos. Se les realizó detección de citomegalovirus en la primera semana de vida en suero y orina, mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, para determinar infección congénita. Se evaluaron variables perinatales en todos los neonatos, así como elementos clínicos y resultados de exámenes complementarios en los infectados. Resultados: La incidencia de infección congénita fue de un 10 por ciento (6/61). El 5 por ciento de los estudios fueron positivos (6/122). Ninguna muestra de orina resultó positiva (0/61) y en el 10 por ciento de las muestras de suero (6/61) se detectó el genoma del virus. Se encontró asociación entre valoración nutricional al nacer e infección por citomegalovirus (p< 0,05). El 83 por ciento de los neonatos infectados presentaron algún signo clínico y el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria fue el más frecuente (67 por ciento). En todos los neonatos con infección congénita el ultrasonido cerebral fue normal y en el 33 por ciento se detectó retinopatía de la prematuridad en el fondo de ojo. Conclusiones: La incidencia de infección congénita por citomegalovirus es alta en este grupo de riesgo. Los signos clínicos encontrados y los resultados del fondo de ojo en neonatos con infección congénita se relacionaron con la prematuridad y la valoración nutricional de hipotrófico se asoció con esta infección(AU)

Introduction: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in neonates weighing less than 1500 grams can be a cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability. Objective: To describe the behavior of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a neonatal service. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 61 neonates. Cytomegalovirus was detected in the first week of life in serum and urine, by polymerase chain reaction, to determine congenital infection. Perinatal variables were evaluated in all neonates, as well as clinical elements and results of complementary examinations in infected infants. Results: The incidence of congenital infection was 10 percent (6/61). 5 percent of the studies were positive (6/122). No urine samples were positive (0/61) and the virus genome was detected in 10 percent of serum samples (6/61). An association was found between nutritional assessment at birth and cytomegalovirus infection (p < 0.05). A total of 83 percent of infected neonates had some clinical sign, with respiratory distress syndrome being the most common (67 percent). In all neonates with congenital infection, brain ultrasound was normal, and retinopathy of prematurity was detected in 33 percent of patients with fundus retinopathy. Conclusions: The incidence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection is high in this risk group. The clinical signs found and the results of the fundus in neonates with congenital infection were related to prematurity and the nutritional assessment of hypotrophic was associated with this infection(AU)

Colostrum immunotherapy and length of hospital stay in preterm infants: an intervention study / Imunoterapia de colostro e tempo de internamento de prematuros: estudo de intervenção

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the effect of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy on the length of hospital stay in preterm newborns with very low birth weight. Methods: interventional ambispective study, which consisted of eight daily administrations of 0.2 ml (four drops) of colostrum, totaling up to 56 syringes (for up to seven days). The control was historic. The main independent variable: length of hospital stay (days). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier Method and the survival effect was estimated - Log Rank Test (Mantel-Cox) and Breslow Test (Generalized Wilcoxon). A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: of the 109 mother/child pairs, 56 were part of the treatment and 53 were part of the control group. There was no association between oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy and length of stay for preterm newborns with very low birth weight in the general sample. However, after stratification, a shorter hospital stay (42 versus 51 days, HR= 1.78, CI95%=1.02-3.09, p=0.04) was demonstrated among premature infants with ≥28 gestational weeks undergoing oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy. Conclusions: we found an association between oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy and shorter median length of hospital stay in the subgroup of premature infants ≥ 28 weeks of gestational age, but we did not find significant differences in those <28 weeks.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o efeito da imunoterapia orofaríngea de colostro no tempo de internamento hospitalar de recém-nascidos pré-termos de muito baixo peso. Métodos: estudo de intervenção, ambispectivo, que consistiu em oito administrações diárias de 0,2 ml (quatro gotas) de colostro, totalizando até 56 seringas (por até sete dias). O controle foi histórico. A variável independente principal: tempo de permanência hospitalar (dias). Realizada análise de sobrevivência pelo Método de Kaplan-Meier e estimado o efeito da sobrevida - Teste de Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) e Teste de Breslow (Wilcoxon Generalizado). Adotou-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: das 109 duplas mães/filho, 56 fizeram parte da análise do grupo tratamento e 53 do controle. Não houve associação entre imunoterapia orofaríngea de colostro e tempo de internamento de recém-nascidos pré-termos de muito baixo peso na amostra geral. Após estratificação demonstrou-se menor tempo de permanência hospitalar (43 versus 51 dias, HR=1,78, IC95%= 1,02-3,09, p=0,04) entre os prematuros com ≥28 semanas gestacionais submetidos a imunoterapia orofaríngea de colostro. Conclusões: encontrou-se associação entre imunoterapia orofaríngea de colostro e menor mediana de tempo de internamento hospitalar no subgrupo de prematuros ≥ 28 semanas de idade gestacional, porém não foram encontradas diferenças significativas naqueles < 28 semanas.

Evolución 2010-2019 de la mortalidad neonatal en la cuenca Matanza Riachuelo. Comparación con Argentina, provincia de Buenos Aires y Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 2019 / Evolution of neonatal mortality in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin between 2010 and 2019. A comparison of Argentina, the province of Buenos Aires, and the City of Buenos Aires, 2019

Introducción. La tasa de mortalidad neonatal (TMN) es un indicador de condiciones socioeconómicas, ambientales y sanitarias. La cuenca Matanza Riachuelo (CMR) es la más contaminada de Argentina. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución de la mortalidad neonatal (MN) en la CMR entre los años 2010 y 2019, sus características, y compararla con datos globales de Argentina, de la provincia de Buenos Aires (PBA) y de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) en 2019. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de estadísticas vitales del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Resultados. En 2019, la TMN en la CMR fue del 6,4 ‰; en Argentina, del 6,2 ‰; en PBA, del 6 ‰, y en CABA, del 5,1 ‰. El riesgo de MN en la CMR fue mayor que en CABA (RR: 1,32; IC95% 1,08-1,61). Entre 2010 y 2019, disminuyó la TMN en la CMR, en PBA y en Argentina; pero no en CABA. El riesgo de MN por afecciones perinatales en la CMR fue mayor que en CABA (RR: 1,30; IC95% 1,011,67). El riesgo de muerte para nacidos vivos (NV) con muy bajo peso al nacer (MBPN) en la CMR fue mayor que en CABA (RR: 1,70; IC95% 1,33-2,18) y menor que en Argentina (RR: 0,78; IC95% 0,70-0,87). Conclusión. La evolución 2010-2019 de la TMN fue similar en la CMR, en Argentina y en PBA. En 2019 la estructura de causas y el riesgo de MN fueron similares en la CMR, en PBA y en Argentina, con mayor riesgo por afecciones perinatales y de los NV con MBPN. La TMN de NV de MBPN fue menor en la CMR que en Argentina.

Introduction. The neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is an indicator of socioeconomic, environmental, andhealth care conditions. The Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin (MRRB) is the most polluted in Argentina.Objective. To analyze neonatal mortality (NM) in the MRRB between 2010 and 2019 and compare itwith overall data for Argentina, the province of Buenos Aires (PBA), and the City of Buenos Aires (CABA)in 2019.Population and methods. Descriptive study based on vital statistics provided by the Ministry of Health. Results. In 2019, the NMR was 6.4‰ in the MRRB, 6.2‰ in Argentina; 6‰ in PBA; and 5.1‰ in CABA.The risk of NM in the MRRB was higher than in CABA (RR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08­1.61). Between 2010and 2019, the NMR decreased in the MRRB, PBA, and Argentina; but not in CABA.The risk of NM due to perinatal conditions in the MRRB was higher than in CABA (RR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.01­1.67).The risk of death among very low birth weight (VLBW) live births (LBs) in the MRRB was higher than in CABA(RR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.33­2.18) and lower than in Argentina (RR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70­0.87).Conclusion. The evolution of NMR between 2010 and 2019 was similar in the MRRB, Argentina, andPBA. In 2019, the structure of causes and the risk of NM were similar in the MRRB, PBA, and Argentina,with a higher risk due to perinatal conditions and among VLBW LBs. The NMR among VLBW LBs waslower in the MRRB than in Argentina

VIH/SIDA en embarazadas: evaluación hematológica e inmunológica y peso de sus neonatos / HIV/AIDS in pregnant women: hematological and immunological evaluation and weight of their neonates

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana y el efectos sobre el peso del neonato, en embarazadas que acuden al Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Métodos: Se incluyeron las gestantes seropositivas para infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Se practicó Elisa para infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, Webstern blot, hematología y química, linfocitos CD3, CD4 y CD8 por citometría, carga viral, se registró el peso de 204 neonatos y el esquema de tratamiento recibido. Resultados: La frecuencia de infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en gestantes aumentó desde el año 2000; la mayoría ocurre durante el tercer trimestre. El 68,55 % de las gestantes en segundo y tercer trimestre presentaron hemoglobina mayor a 11 g y el 31,45 % tuvo hemoglobina de 7 a 10 g. La relación CD4/CD8 estuvo disminuida. Los niveles de CD4 del segundo trimestre fueron más bajos en pacientes con hemoglobina entre 7 y 10 gramos. Esta relación no se vio en el tercer trimestre, quizás por el grado de supresión viral por el tratamiento; las madres del 95,7 % de los neonatos con bajo peso al nacer recibieron terapia antirretroviral combinada, no hubo neonatos con bajo peso al nacer hijos de madres que recibieron monoterapia. Conclusión: La prevalencia de infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana fue 1,6 %. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 31,45 %. La relación CD4/CD8 estaba disminuida. Hubo 11,3 % de neonatos con bajo peso al nacer, en 95,7 % las madres recibieron terapia antirretroviral combinada(AU)

Objective: To determine the incidence of infection by human immunodeficiency virus and the effects on the weight of the newborn, in pregnant women who attend the University Hospital of Caracas. Methods: Seropositive pregnant women for human immunodeficiency virus infection were included. Elisa was performed for human immunodeficiency virus infection, Websternblot, hematology and chemistry, CD3, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes by cytometry, viral load, the weight of 204 neonates and the treatment scheme received were recorded. Results: The frequency of infection by human immunodeficiency virus in pregnant women has increased since the year 2000; most occur during the third trimester. 68.55% of pregnant women in the second and third trimester had hemoglobin greater than 11 g and 31.45% had hemoglobin between 7 and 10 g. The CD4/CD8 ratio was decreased. Second trimester CD4 counts were lowest in patients with hemoglobin between 7 and 10 grams. This relationship was not seen in the third trimester, perhaps because of the degree of viral suppression by treatment; mothers of 95.7% of low birth weight infants received combination antiretroviral therapy, there were no low birth weight infants born to mothers who received monotherapy. Conclusion: The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection was 1.6%. The prevalence of anemia was 31.45%. The CD4/CD8 ratio was decreased. There were 11.3% of neonates with low birth weight, in 95.7% the mothers received combination antiretroviral therapy(AU)

Impact of the environmental layout of the neonatal intensive care unit on clinical outcomes and neurological development in very/extremely preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the impact of the environmental layout of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on clinical outcomes and neurological development in very/extremely preterm infants.@*METHODS@#A total of 304 very/extremely preterm infants admitted to Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2021 and June 2022 within 24 hours after birth were included in this retrospective cohort study. Based on different environmental layouts in the NICU, the infants were divided into two groups: centralized layout group (n=157) and decentralized layout group (n=147). The clinical outcomes and Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) scores at corrected gestational age between 34 to 51+6 weeks were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The decentralized layout group had lower incidence rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (44.9% vs 62.4%, P<0.05) and intracranial hemorrhage (17.7% vs 28.0%, P<0.05) than the centralized layout group. The cure rate was higher in the decentralized layout group compared to the centralized layout group (68.7% vs 56.7%, P<0.05). The decentralized layout group had higher TIMP scores than the centralized layout group at corrected gestational age between 34 to 51+6 weeks (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The decentralized layout of the NICU exhibits positive effects on the clinical outcomes and early neurological development compared to the centralized layout in very/extremely preterm infants.

Recent research on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

With the increase in the survival rate of very preterm infants, the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of such infants have attracted more and more attention. Very preterm infants tend to develop movement disorders and psychological and behavioral problems, including cerebral palsy, developmental coordination disorders, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, specific learning disorders, and intellectual developmental disorders. It is of vital importance to improve the long-term prognosis of very preterm infants, and early comprehensive intervention measures can minimize disability and achieve optimal parenting outcomes. This article provides a review of the research progress on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the evidence base multi-discipline critical strategies on the temperature and clinical outcomes in very preterm infants / 中华预防医学杂志

To evaluate the effectiveness of intervention plans developed by the evidence base multi-discipline critical strategies (EBPCS) on temperature and clinical outcomes in very preterm infants (VPIs) born at<32 weeks. Clinical data were collected from VPIs born in the delivery room/operating room of Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital from May 1, 2021, to May 31, 2022, who required immediate temperature management and were transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the hospital. The study population was randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group based on the random number table method, with 108 cases in each group. The control group implemented the conventional temperature management recommended by domestic guidelines, while the intervention group adopted EBPCS interventions compared to the control group. The differences in body temperature and clinical outcomes between the two groups were compared after the implementation of different temperature management strategies. A total of 216 VPIs were included. The intervention group had a lower incidence of hypothermia (30.55% vs. 87.03%, P<0.001), higher mean body temperature admitted to the NICU [(36.56±0.31) ℃ vs. (35.77±0.53) ℃, P<0.001], a lower dose of pulmonary surfactant [(115.94±36.96) mg/kg vs. (151.41±54.68) mg/kg, P=0.014], shorter duration of mechanical ventilation [(5.77±1.26) days vs. (14.19±4.63) days, P=0.006], and lower incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage (12.04% vs. 23.15%, P=0.032). The implementation of temperature intervention strategies developed by the EBPCS for VPIs after birth could prevent and reduce the incidence of hypothermia and improve clinical outcomes.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the evidence base multi-discipline critical strategies on the temperature and clinical outcomes in very preterm infants / 中华预防医学杂志

To evaluate the effectiveness of intervention plans developed by the evidence base multi-discipline critical strategies (EBPCS) on temperature and clinical outcomes in very preterm infants (VPIs) born at<32 weeks. Clinical data were collected from VPIs born in the delivery room/operating room of Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital from May 1, 2021, to May 31, 2022, who required immediate temperature management and were transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the hospital. The study population was randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group based on the random number table method, with 108 cases in each group. The control group implemented the conventional temperature management recommended by domestic guidelines, while the intervention group adopted EBPCS interventions compared to the control group. The differences in body temperature and clinical outcomes between the two groups were compared after the implementation of different temperature management strategies. A total of 216 VPIs were included. The intervention group had a lower incidence of hypothermia (30.55% vs. 87.03%, P<0.001), higher mean body temperature admitted to the NICU [(36.56±0.31) ℃ vs. (35.77±0.53) ℃, P<0.001], a lower dose of pulmonary surfactant [(115.94±36.96) mg/kg vs. (151.41±54.68) mg/kg, P=0.014], shorter duration of mechanical ventilation [(5.77±1.26) days vs. (14.19±4.63) days, P=0.006], and lower incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage (12.04% vs. 23.15%, P=0.032). The implementation of temperature intervention strategies developed by the EBPCS for VPIs after birth could prevent and reduce the incidence of hypothermia and improve clinical outcomes.

Investigation of extrauterine growth restriction in very preterm infants in Chinese neonatal intensive care units / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To comprehensively assess the current status of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in very preterm infants (VPI) and its associated factors in Chinese neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Methods: In this cohort study, 6 179 preterm infants born at <32 weeks' gestation were included, who were admitted to 57 hospitals in the China Neonatal Network in 2019 and hospitalized for ≥7 days. EUGR was evaluated by a cross-sectional definition (weight at discharge<10th percentile for postmenstrual age), a longitudinal definition (decline in weight Z score>1 from birth to discharge), and weight growth velocity. The comparison between infants with and without EUGR was conducted by t-test, Mann-Whitney U test or χ2 test as appropriate. Multivariable Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between EUGR with different definitions and maternal and neonatal factors, clinical practices, and neonatal morbidities. Results: A total of 6 179 VPI were enrolled in the study, with a gestational age of (29.8±1.5) weeks and birth weight of (1 365±304) g; 56.2% (3 474) of them were male. Among them, 48.4% (2 992 VPI) were cross-sectional EUGR and 74.9% (4 628 VPI) were longitudinal EUGR. Z score of weight was (0.13±0.78) at birth and decrease to (-1.35±0.99) at discharge. The weight growth velocity was 10.13 (8.42, 11.66) g/(kg·d). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that among the influential factors that could be intervened after birth, late attainment of full enteral feeds (ORadjust=1.01, 95%CI 1.01-1.02, P<0.001; ORadjust=1.01, 95%CI 1.01-1.02, P<0.001), necrotizing enterocolitis≥Ⅱstage (ORadjust=2.64, 95%CI 1.60-4.35, P<0.001; ORadjust=1.62, 95%CI 1.10-2.40, P<0.001) and patent ductus arteriosus (ORadjust=1.94, 95%CI 1.50-2.51, P<0.001; ORadjust=1.63, 95%CI 1.29-2.06, P<0.001) were all associated with increased risks of both cross-sectional and longitudinal EUGR. In addition, late initiation of enteral feeds (ORadjust=1.06, 95%CI 1.02-1.09, P=0.020) and respiratory distress syndrome (ORadjust=1.45, 95%CI 1.24-1.69, P<0.001) were all associated with cross-sectional EUGR. Breast milk feeding (ORadjust=1.33, 95%CI 1.05-1.68, P<0.001) was associated with a higher risk of longitudinal EUGR. Conclusions: The incidence of EUGR in VPI in China is high. Some modifiable risk factors provide priorities to improve postnatal growth for VPI. Nutritional management of VPI and the efforts to decrease the incidence of complications are still the focus of clinical management in China.

Treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in very preterm infants in China / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To describe the current status and trends in the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) among very preterm infants (VPI) admitted to the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of the Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) from 2019 to 2021, and to compare the differences in PDA treatment among these units. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on the CHNN VPI cohort, all of 22 525 VPI (gestational age<32 weeks) admitted to 79 tertiary NICU within 3 days of age from 2019 to 2021 were included. The overall PDA treatment rates were calculated, as well as the rates of infants with different gestational ages (≤26, 27-28, 29-31 weeks), and pharmacological and surgical treatments were described. PDA was defined as those diagnosed by echocardiography during hospitalization. The PDA treatment rate was defined as the number of VPI who had received medication treatment and (or) surgical ligation of PDA divided by the number of all VPI. Logistic regression was used to investigate the changes in PDA treatment rates over the 3 years and the differences between gestational age groups. A multivariate Logistic regression model was constructed to compute the standardized ratio (SR) of PDA treatment across different units, to compare the rates after adjusting for population characteristics. Results: A total of 22 525 VPI were included in the study, with a gestational age of 30.0 (28.6, 31.0) weeks and birth weight of 1 310 (1 100, 1 540) g; 56.0% (12 615) of them were male. PDA was diagnosed by echocardiography in 49.7% (11 186/22 525) of all VPI, and the overall PDA treatment rate was 16.8% (3 795/22 525). Of 3 762 VPI who received medication treatment, the main first-line medication used was ibuprofen (93.4% (3 515/3 762)) and the postnatal day of first medication treatment was 6 (4, 10) days of age; 59.3% (2 231/3 762) of the VPI had been weaned from invasive respiratory support during the first medication treatment, and 82.2% (3 092/3 762) of the infants received only one course of medication treatment. A total of 143 VPI underwent surgery, which was conducted on 32 (22, 46) days of age. Over the 3 years from 2019 to 2021, there was no significant change in the PDA treatment rate in these VPI (P=0.650). The PDA treatment rate decreased with increasing gestational age (P<0.001). The PDA treatment rates for VPI with gestational age ≤26, 27-28, and 29-31 weeks were 39.6% (688/1 737), 25.9% (1 319/5 098), and 11.4% (1 788/15 690), respectively. There were 61 units having a total number of VPI≥100 cases, and their rates of PDA treatment were 0 (0/116)-47.4% (376/793). After adjusting for population characteristics, the range of standardized ratios for PDA treatment in the 61 units was 0 (95%CI 0-0.3) to 3.4 (95%CI 3.1-3.8). Conclusions: From 2019 to 2021, compared to the peers in developed countries, VPI in CHNN NICU had a different PDA treatment rate; specifically, the VPI with small birth gestational age had a lower treatment rate, while the VPI with large birth gestational age had a higher rate. There are significant differences in PDA treatment rates among different units.

The Bayley Social-Emotional Scale and the Assessment of Preterm Infants: a systematic review / Escala Socioemocional Bayley e Avaliação de Bebês Prematuros: uma revisão sistemática / Escala Socioemocional de Bayley y Evaluación para Bebés Prematuros: una revisión sistemática

The Bayley scale is one of the most widely used instruments for assessing infant development. This article aimed to systematically review the contribution of the Bayley social-emotional scale in the assessment of social-emotional development in preterm infants. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. According to the inclusion criteria, 19 articles were selected from electronic databases. The results indicate reduced rates in evaluating the scale for children with lower gestational age, birth weight, and the association with environmental, biological, and hospital clinical factors. However, no analysis was found between the axes that guide the social-emotional development milestones present in the Bayley assessment and the developmental outcomes of preterm children. Bayley's social-emotional scale and other assessment methods can jointly compose a detailed and sensitive protocol for preterm infants regarding early childhood emotional health care. (AU)

A escala Bayley é um dos instrumentos mais utilizados para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil. O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre a contribuição da escala socioemocional, pertencente à Bayley, na avaliação de crianças prematuras. A revisão seguiu as recomendações PRISMA e foi registrada no PROSPERO. Conforme critérios de inclusão, 19 artigos foram selecionados a partir de bancos de dados eletrônicos. Os resultados indicam índices reduzidos na avaliação da escala para crianças com menor idade gestacional, peso ao nascer e a associação com fatores ambientais, biológicos e clínicos hospitalares. No entanto, não foram encontradas análises entre os eixos que orientam os marcos de desenvolvimento socioemocional, presentes na avaliação Bayley e os resultados do desenvolvimento das crianças prematuras. A escala socioemocional da Bayley e outros métodos de avaliação podem conjuntamente compor um protocolo detalhado e sensível destinado ao cuidado da saúde emocional de crianças nascidas prematuras. (AU)

La escala Bayley es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para la evaluación del desarrollo infantil. El propósito del artículo fue revisar sistemáticamente la contribución de la escala socioemocional de Bayley en la evaluación de bebés prematuros. La revisión siguió las recomendaciones PRISMA y fue registrada en PROSPERO. Según los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron 19 artículos de bases de datos electrónicas. Los resultados indican índices reducidos en la evaluación de la escala para niños con menor edad gestacional, peso al nacer asociaciados con factores ambientales, biológicos y clínicos hospitalarios. Sin embargo, no se encontraron análisis entre los ejes que orientan los hitos del desarrollo socioemocional, presentes en la evaluación Bayley, y los resultados del desarrollo de los niños prematuros. La Escala Socioemocional de Bayley y otros métodos de evaluación pueden formar en conjunto un protocolo detallado y sensible para el cuidado de la salud emocional de niños prematuros. (AU)

Early death, morbidity and pharmacotherapy in extremely premature and very premature in neonatal intensive care units / Morte precoce, morbidade e farmacoterapia em prematuros extremos e muito prematuros em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the evolution of extremely preterm and very preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units, regarding the use of ventilatory support, morbidities, medication use, death, survival and viability. Methods: a non-concurrent cohort study, with 163 very premature and extreme newborns hospitalized in three neonatal intensive care units, during 2016 and 2017. A descriptive analysis of the data obtained from the medical records was performed. The outcomes studied were the use of ventilatory support, morbidities, medication use, death and causes of death. A survival curve was constructed and a viability limit was defined. Results: in the study, 28.2% were extreme and 71.8% were very premature. In this order of subgroups, the need for mechanical ventilation was higher for the extremes (65.2% and 41.0%) and the main diagnosis was early sepsis (78.6% and 82.6). Off-label (60.5% and 47.9%) and off-license (25.3% and 29.0%) medications were used. Most deaths (57.8%) occurred between the extremes, mainly due to septic shock. Survival was lower for the lowest gestational ages and the limit of viability was between 26 and 27 weeks. Conclusions: the main morbidities were from the respiratory system, with high use of off-label and unlicensed medications. Extremes had a greater demand for intensive care in addition to needing more drugs and progressing more to death.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a evolução dos prematuros extremos e muito prematuros internados em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, quanto ao uso de suporte ventilatório e de medicamentos, óbito, sobrevida e viabilidade. Métodos: estudo de coorte não concorrente, com 163 recém-nascidos muito prematuros e extremos internados em três unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, durante 2016 e 2017. Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados obtidos dos prontuários. Os desfechos estudados foram o uso de suporte ventilatório, morbidades, uso de medicamentos, óbito e causas de óbito. Foi construída curva de sobrevivência e delimitado um limite de viabilidade. Resultados: no estudo, 28,2% eram extremos e 71,8% muito prematuros. Nessa ordem de subgrupos, a necessidade de ventilação mecânica foi maior para os extremos (65,2% e 41,0%) e o principal diagnóstico foi sepse precoce (78,6% e 82,6).Medicamentos off-label (60,5% e 47,9%) e sem-licença (25,3% e 29,0%) foramutilizados. A maioria dos óbitos (57,8%) ocorreu entre os extremos, principalmente por choque séptico. A sobrevivência foi menor para as menores idades gestacionais e o limite de viabilidade ficou entre 26 e 27 semanas. Conclusões: as principais morbidades foram do sistema respiratório, com alto uso de medicamentos off-label e sem licença. Extremos tiveram maior demanda de cuidados intensivos além de necessitarem de mais medicamentos e evoluírem mais ao óbito.

Trajetória do crescimento e composição corporal das crianças nascidas menores que 32 semanas de idade gestacional ou com peso inferior a 1500 gramas até 4 a 7 anos de idade: estudo de coorte / Growth trajectory and body composition of children born under 32 weeks gestational age or weighing less than 1500 g until 4 to 7 years of age: a cohort study

Introdução: Os recém-nascidos muito pré-termo e com muito baixo peso, apresentam na idade corrigida do termo, uma menor massa livre de gordura e maior adiposidade, em relação aos nascidos a termo. O aumento da gordura corporal na idade corrigida do termo pode ser fisiológico devido a uma adaptação do recém-nascido pré-termo a vida extrauterina. Entretanto, o déficit de massa livre de gordura pode persistir ao longo da vida e reflete uma capacidade metabólica reduzida e, portanto, o maior risco de doenças metabólicas no futuro. Os estudos sobre a composição corporal na idade pré-escolar e escolar de crianças nascidas pré-termo evidenciam resultados conflitantes na literatura. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a composição corporal e o crescimento de crianças nascidas muito pré-termo ou muito baixo peso, entre 4 e 7 anos. Esta pesquisa apresenta como objetivos específicos comparar a composição corporal e o crescimento entre crianças que nasceram pequenas e adequadas para idade gestacional e avaliar associações entre a composição corporal nos primeiros 3 meses de vida com a massa livre de gordura e percentual de gordura entre 4 e 7 anos. Métodos: Estudo de coorte de recém-nascidos menores de 32 semanas de idade gestacional ou peso inferior a 1500 g, no Instituto Nacional em Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira/Fiocruz. Os dados antropométricos e da composição corporal, com o uso da pletismografia por deslocamento de ar, foram coletados nas idades corrigidas do termo e 3 meses, e na idade entre 4 e 7 anos. O teste t de Student e o teste qui-quadrado foram utilizados para comparar o crescimento e a composição corporal entre recém-nascidos pequenos, e adequados para idade gestacional, nas idades corrigidas do termo e 3 meses e na idade entre 4 e 7 anos. A análise de regressão linear múltipla foi realizada para avaliar as associações entre a composição corporal e o sexo masculino nos primeiros 3 meses de vida com a massa livre de gordura e o percentual de gordura na idade entre 4 e 7 anos. Para todas as análises foi considerado o nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Os recém-nascidos muito pré-termo, pequenos para idade gestacional, na idade corrigida do termo, apresentaram menor massa livre de gordura e massa de gordura (gramas, percentual e índices) e menor peso, comprimento e perímetro cefálico do que os nascidos adequados para idade gestacional. Aos 3 meses, a massa livre de gordura, índice de massa livre de gordura, peso e comprimento permaneceram menores no grupo dos nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional. Entre 4 e 7 anos a composição corporal e a antropometria foram similares entre os grupos. Na idade corrigida do termo, a massa livre de gordura apresentou associação positiva, e o percentual de gordura associação negativa com a massa livre de gordura aos 4 a 7 anos de idade. Aos 3 meses, a massa livre de gordura apresentou associação positiva com a massa livre de gordura na idade de 4 a 7 anos. O ganho de massa livre de gordura entre o período do termo e 3 meses também apresentou associação positiva com a massa livre de gordura aos 4 a 7 anos de idade. Conclusão: As diferenças na composição corporal observadas nos primeiros 3 meses de vida entre as crianças nascidas pré-termo pequenas e adequadas para idade gestacional, não se mantiveram entre 4 e 7 anos. A composição corporal na idade de 4 a 7 anos, apresentou associações com a massa livre de gordura nos primeiros 3 meses de idade corrigida, sendo este um período sensível para o risco de doenças metabólicas ao longo da vida. Os estudos longitudinais de longo prazo são necessários para melhor avaliar a trajetória da qualidade do crescimento das crianças nascidas muito pré-termo.

Introduction: Very preterm and very low birth weight infants have less fat-free mass and higher adiposity at term corrected age, than those born at term. The increase in fat mass may be physiological due to an adaptation of the preterm newborn to extrauterine life. However, the deficit of fat-free mass may persist throughout life and reflects a reduced metabolic capacity and therefore, increasing the risk of metabolic diseases in the future. Studies on body composition at preschool and school ages of children born preterm show conflicting results in the literature. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the body composition and growth of children born very preterm and/or very low birth weight, between 4 and 7 years of age. This research presents as specific objectives the comparison of body composition and growth between children born small and adequate for gestational age and to evaluate associations between body composition in the first 3 months of life with fat-free mass and fat percentage between 4 and 7 years of age. Methods: Cohort study of infants younger than 32 weeks of gestational age or less than 1500 g, at the Instituto Nacional em Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira / Fiocruz. Anthropometric and body composition data, using air displacement plethysmography, were collected at term and 3-month corrected ages, and at 4 to 7 years of age. Student's t test and chi-square test were used to compare growth and body composition between small and appropriate for gestational age infants at term and 3-month corrected ages, and at 4 to 7 years of age. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between body composition and male sex in the first 3 months of life with fat-free mass and fat percentage at 4 to 7 years of age. For all analyses, a significance level of 0.05 was considered. Results: The very preterm, small for gestational age infants had had lower fat-free mass and fat mass (grams, percentual and indexes), and lower weight, length, and head circumference than the appropriate for gestational age infants. At 3 months, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, weight and length remained lower in the small for gestational age group. Between 4 and 7 years, body composition and anthropometry were similar between the groups. At term corrected age, the fat-free mass showed a positive association and the percentage of fat mass a negative association with fat-free mass at 4 to 7 years. At 3 months, fat-free mass showed a positive association with fat-free mass at ages 4 to 7 years. Also, the gain in fat-free mass between term to 3 months was positively associated with fat-free mass ate 4 to 7 years at age. Conclusion: The differences in body composition and anthropometry observed in the first 3 months of life between children born very preterm small and appropriate for gestational age, were not maintained at 4 to 7 years of age. Body composition at preschool and school age shows associations with fat-free mass and % fat mass in the first 3 months of corrected age, and this is a sensitive period for the risk of metabolic diseases. Long-term longitudinal studies are needed to better assess the trajectory of growth quality in children born very preterm.

Administración de surfactante mediante técnica mínimamente invasiva en neonatos / Administration of Surfactants by Minimally Invasive Technique in Neonates

Introducción: La administración de surfactante pulmonar tradicionalmente se realiza mediante un tubo endotraqueal, pero desde hace años existen técnicas menos invasivas como la administración mediante másscara laríngea, aerosolización y cateterización traqueal. Objetivos: Demostrar la evolución de tres neonatos que recibieron surfactante pulmonar mediante una cateterización traqueal y describir la técnica empleada para su administración. Presentación de casos: Se atendieron tres recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer, que ingresaron en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales del Hospital General Docente Iván Portuondo, San Antonio de los Baños, con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del prematuro. Todos se trataron con surfactante pulmonar exógeno, Surfacen®, el cual se administró mediante cateterización traqueal empleando un catéter umbilical. Se trata de una técnica mínimamente invasiva que se realizó sin dificultades y siempre en el primer intento. Los tres pacientes mostraron mejoría clínica, gasométrica y radiográfica con esta forma de administración y solo uno de ellos tuvo una complicación durante el proceder, que no constituyó una limitante para su realización. Este método permitió mantener una ventilación no invasiva, y fue innecesaria la intubación endotraqueal en los neonatos. Los profesionales encargados de la ejecución de esta técnica recibieron entrenamiento previo. Conclusiones: La administración mínimamente invasiva de surfactante pulmonar resultó un método eficaz con el que se consiguió la resolución total del cuadro de dificultad respiratoria en los neonatos. El procedimiento empleado permitió una administración rápida y segura del Surfacen®(AU)

Introduction: Pulmonary surfactant administration is traditionally performed by endotracheal tube, but for years there have been less invasive techniques such as administration by laryngeal mask, aerosolization and tracheal catheterization. Objectives: To demonstrate the evolution of three neonates who received pulmonary surfactant via tracheal catheterization and to describe the technique used for its administration. Case presentation: Three very low birth weight newborns were attended and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Iván Portuondo General Teaching Hospital, at San Antonio de los Baños municipality, with preterm respiratory distress syndrome. All were treated with exogenous pulmonary surfactant, Surfacen®, which was administered by tracheal catheterization using an umbilical catheter. This is a minimally invasive technique that was performed without difficulty and always on the first attempt. The three patients showed clinical, gasometric and radiographic improvement with this form of administration and only one of them had a complication during the procedure, which did not constitute a limitation for its performance. This method allowed maintaining non-invasive ventilation, and endotracheal intubation was unnecessary in neonates. The professionals in charge of performing this technique received previous training. Conclusions: Minimally invasive administration of pulmonary surfactant was an effective method that achieved total resolution of respiratory distress in neonates. The procedure used allowed rapid and safe administration of Surfacen®(AU)

Estrategias de mejora de calidad en lactancia en recién nacidos muy bajo peso: revisión del tema / Breastfeeding quality improvement strategies in very low birth weight newborns / Revisao das estratégias de melhoria da qualidade na amamentação de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso

El abordaje nutricional en los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacimiento constituye un desafío en la práctica clínica de los neonatólogos, y muchas veces se aborda fuera del período crítico. Existe evidencia contundente de que la optimización nutricional precoz impacta en forma directamente proporcional en la sobrevida y sobrevida sin morbilidades mayores para este grupo. La implementación de lactancia materna precoz en este contexto debe ser una prioridad del equipo asistencial, siendo la mejora de calidad una herramienta de demostrada utilidad para mejorar los resultados en términos de mortalidad y morbilidad neonatal.

The nutritional approach of the very low birth weight infant poses a great challenge to most neonatologists in their clinical practice, and it is frequently delayed until de newborn is in stable clinical conditions. Currently, scientific evidence supports that early nutritional optimization impacts directly on this group's survival and on their survival without major morbidities. Initiatives fostering early breastfeeding should be prioritized by the healthcare team. Quality improvement has shown to be a very useful resource to improve outcomes regarding neonatal mortality and morbidities.

A abordagem nutricional do recém-nascido de muito baixo peso representa um grande desafio para a maioria dos neonatologistas em sua prática clínica, sendo frequentemente postergada até que o recém-nascido esteja em condições clínicas estáveis. Atualmente, evidências científicas sustentam que a otimização nutricional precoce impacta diretamente na sobrevivência desse grupo e na sobrevivência sem maiores morbidades. Iniciativas de incentivo ao aleitamento materno precoce devem ser priorizadas pela equipe de saúde. A melhoria da qualidade tem se mostrado um recurso muito útil para melhorar os desfechos em relação à mortalidade e morbidades neonatais.

Resultados en el neurodesarrollo en la edad preescolar y escolar de los recién nacidos pretérminos asistidos en el CTI neonatal de la Asociación Médica de San José / Neurodevelopmental preschool and school results of preterm newborns assisted at the neonatal ICU of the San José department medical provider in Uruguay / Resultados neuro desenvolvimento em idade pré-escolar e escolar de recém-nascidos pré-termos atendidos na UTI neonatal da assistência médica do departamento do São José no Uruguai

Uruguay acompaña la tendencia mundial al descenso de la natalidad con un descenso de la mortalidad concomitante, siendo la primera causa de mortalidad infantil la prematurez. Enfocados en la prematurez, es de nuestro interés conocer qué ocurre con estos niños luego del alta de la unidad neonatal. Se realizó el estudio de una cohorte de niños entre 4 y 8 años, nacidos con 32 semanas o menos de edad gestacional y/o con pesos al nacer de 1.500 g o menos, asistidos en su período neonatal en la Asociación Médica de San José, a quienes se les realizó el test de Battelle. Se logró identificar las áreas con mayor dificultad en el desarrollo para cada grupo de edad, concluyendo que se pueden realizar planes específicos de acción para promover el desarrollo de estos niños en la edad preescolar y escolar.

Uruguay follows the global declining trend in birth rates along with decreasing mortality, being prematurity the main cause of infant mortality. We studied premature children who had undergone the Battelle Test and had been discharged from the neonatal unit, a cohort of children between 4 and 8 years of age, born at 32 weeks or less of gestational age and/or having a birth weight of 1500g or less, assisted in their neonatal period at the San José Department Medical Center. We could identify the main areas affecting development for each age group, and concluded that specific action plans can be carried out to promote the development of these children at preschool and school age.

O Uruguai acompanha a tendência mundial de declínio das taxas de natalidade com uma concomitante diminuição da mortalidade, sendo a prematuridade a principal causa de mortalidade infantil. Nos focamos na prematuridade e no estudo do que acontece com essas crianças após a alta da unidade neonatal. Realizamos um estudo de uma coorte de crianças entre 4 e 8 anos que tinham sido submetidas ao Teste de Battelle, nascidas com 32 semanas ou menos de idade gestacional e/ou com peso de nascimento igual ou inferior a 1500g, atendidas no período neonatal na Assistência Médica do Departamento de São José no Uruguai. Foi possível identificar as áreas de maior dificuldade de desenvolvimento para cada faixa etária, e concluir que podem se realizar planos de ação específicos para promover o desenvolvimento dessas crianças em idade pré-escolar e escolar.

Mortalidad en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR: causalidad y temporalidad / Mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in South American NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network: timing and causes

Introducción. La mortalidad de los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso de nacimiento (RNMBPN) se ha mantenido en ~26 % en los últimos 16 años en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Objetivo. Determinar la causa de muerte de los RNMBPN y su temporalidad en el período 20072016 en la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional de cohorte multicéntrica; análisis retrospectivo de datos obtenidos prospectivamente. Se incluyeron recién nacidos entre 24 y 31+6 semanas de edad gestacional y peso de nacimiento de 500-1500 g, en 26 centros de la Red Neonatal NEOCOSUR. Las causas de muerte se analizaron según ocurriera en sala de partos (SP) o durante la estadía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). La edad posnatal de muerte se determinó a través de análisis de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 11.753 RNMBPN con una mortalidad global del 25,6 %. Las causas de muerte predominantes en SP fueron malformaciones congénitas (43,3 %), enfermedades respiratorias (14,3 %) y prematuridad (11,4 %). Las causas de muerte predominantes en UCIN fueron las respiratorias (24,2 %) e infecciosas (24,1 %). La edad promedio de muerte fue de 10,2 días y mediana de 4 días. El 10,2 % de las muertes ocurrieron en SP; el 21,5 %, durante el primer día; el 52 % ocurrió en los primeros 4 días y el 63,8 %, durante la primera semana de vida. Conclusiones. Se encuentran importantes diferencias en las causas de muerte de RNMBPN según ocurra en SP o en UCIN. Las infecciosas y respiratorias son las más relevantes luego del ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

Introduction. Mortality in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) has remained at ~26% in the past 16 years in the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network. Objective. To determine the cause of death of VLBWIs and its temporality in the 2007-2016 period in the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network. Population and methods. Observational, multicenter cohort study; retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively. Newborn infants born between 24 and 31+6 weeks of gestation age with a birth weight between 500 and 1500 g in the 26 sites of the NEOCOSUR Neonatal Network were included. The causes of death were analyzed depending on whether they occurred in the delivery room (DR) or in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The postnatal age at time of death was determined using the KaplanMeier test. Results. A total of 11 753 VLBWIs were included; overall mortality was 25.6%. The prevailing causes of death in the DR were congenital malformations (43.3%), respiratory diseases (14.3%), and prematurity (11.4%). The prevailing causes of death in the NICU were respiratory diseases (24.2%) and infections (24.1%). The average and median age at death were 10.2 and 4 days, respectively. Also, 10.2% of deaths occurred in the DR; 21.5% on day 1, 52% in the first 4 days, and 63.8% in the first week of life. Conclusions. Important differences were observed in the causes of death of VLBWIs depending on their occurrence in the DR or the NICU. Infectious and respiratory conditions were the most relevant factors following admission to the NICU.

Evaluación neurológica durante el primer año en niños muy bajo peso al nacer con infección por citomegalovirus / Neurological evaluation during the first year in very low birth weight children with cytomegalovirus infection

Introducción: La infección congénita por citomegalovirus es causa de pérdida auditiva y alteraciones cognitivas. La infección perinatal por este virus es más frecuente en neonatos< 1500 g y produce menos secuelas neurológicas. Objetivo: Describir la evaluación neurológica en el primer año de vida en niños muy bajo peso al nacer con infección por citomegalovirus. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y longitudinal en el que se incuyeron 14 neonatos< 1500 g, con diagnóstico de infección congénita o perinatal por citomegalovirus; a los cuales se les realizó evaluación del neurodesarrollo, ultrasonido craneal, potenciales evocados auditivos de tallo cerebral y potenciales visuales a las 40 semanas, a los seis meses y al año de edad gestacional corregida. En la primera evaluación se realizó además, electroencefalograma. Resultados: El 43 por ciento tuvo infección congénita y 57 por ciento infección perinatal. A las 40 semanas se evaluaron completamente 79 % de los casos, a los seis meses 64 por ciento y al año 36 por ciento. No se observaron anormalidades en el ultrasonido craneal, ni en el electroencefalograma. Al año de edad corregida, se detectaron alteraciones ligeras del neurodesarrolo en 33,3 por ciento del total de casos (2/6) y con igual porcentaje en los niños con infección congénita (1/3) y perinatal (1/3). En ningún paciente evaluado se detectó sordera neurosensorial, ni daño del nervio visual. Conclusiones: Las alteraciones del neurodesarrollo encontradas al año de edad corregida pueden estar relacionadas con la prematuridad o la infección por citomegalovirus. El seguimiento a mediano y largo plazo es necesario para detectar otras secuelas neurológicas de debut tardío(AU)

Introduction: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is a cause of hearing loss and cognitive impairments. Perinatal infection by this virus is more frequent in neonates< 1500 g and produces fewer neurological sequelae. Objective: To describe neurological evaluation in the first year of life in very low birth weight children with cytomegalovirus infection. Methods: A descriptive and longitudinal study involving 14 neonates< 1500 g, with a diagnosis of congenital or perinatal cytomegalovirus infection; to which neurodevelopmental evaluation, cranial ultrasound, auditory brain stem evoked potentials and visual potentials were performed at 40 weeks, six months and one year of corrected gestational age. In the first evaluation, electroencephalogram was also performed. Results: 43 percent had congenital infection and 57 percent perinatal infection. At 40 weeks, 79 percent of cases were fully evaluated, at six months 64 percent and at one year 36 percent. No abnormalities were observed on the cranial ultrasound or electroencephalogram. At one year of corrected age, slight alterations in neurodevelopment were detected in 33.3 percent of all cases (2/6) and with the same percentage in children with congenital (1/3) and perinatal (1/3) infection. In no patient evaluated, sensorineural deafness or visual nerve damage was detected. Conclusions: The neurodevelopmental alterations found at one year of corrected age may be related to prematurity or cytomegalovirus infection. Medium- and long-term follow-up is necessary to detect other late-onset neurological sequelae(AU)