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1.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; 41(2): 104-115, Feb. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003533

ABSTRACT

Abstract Diabetes during pregnancy has been linked to unfavorable maternal-fetal outcomes. Human insulins are the first drug of choice because of the proven safety in their use. However, there are still questions about the use of insulin analogs during pregnancy. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of insulin analogs compared withhuman insulin in the treatment of pregnant women with diabetes througha systematic review withmeta-analysis. The search comprised the period since the inception of each database until July 2017, and the following databases were used:MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, ISIWeb of Science, LILACS, Scopus, SIGLE andGoogle Scholar.We have selected 29 original articles: 11 were randomized clinical trials and 18 were observational studies.We have explored data from 6,382 participants. All of the articles were classified as having an intermediate to high risk of bias. The variable that showed favorable results for the use of insulin analogs was gestational age, with a mean difference of - 0.26 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.03-0.49; p = 0.02), but with significant heterogeneity (Higgins test [I2] = 38%; chi-squared test [χ2] = 16.24; degree of freedom [DF] = 10; p = 0.09). This result, in the clinical practice, does not compromise the fetal well-being, since all babies were born at term. There was publication bias in the gestational age and neonatal weight variables. To date, the evidence analyzed has a moderate-to-high risk of bias and does not allow the conclusion that insulin analogs are more effective when compared with human insulin to treat diabetic pregnant women.


Resumo Diabetes durante a gestação tem sido relacionado a desfechos materno-fetais desfavoráveis. As insulinas humanas são a primeira escolha medicamentosa, devido à comprovada segurança no seu uso. Entretanto, ainda há questionamentos sobre o uso dos análogos da insulina na gestação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a efetividade dos análogos da insulina comparados às insulinas humanas no tratamento de gestantes com diabetes por meio de uma revisão sistemática com metanálise. A busca compreendeu desde o início de cada base de dados até julho de 2017, e foi realizada nos seguintes bancos de dados: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, LILACS, Scopus, SIGLE e Google Scholar. Selecionamos 29 artigos originais, sendo 11 ensaios clínicos randomizados e 18 estudos observacionais. Exploramos dados de 6.382 participantes. Todos os artigos foram classificados como sendo de intermediário a alto risco de viés. A variável que demonstrou resultado favorável ao uso dos análogos da insulina foi idade gestacional, com uma diferençamédia de - 0.26 (95% índice de confiança [IC]: 0.03-0.49; p = 0.02), porém com heterogeneidade significativa (teste de Higgins [I2] = 38%; teste do qui quadrado [χ2] =16.24; graus de liberdade [GL] =10; p = 0.09). Esse resultado, na prática clínica, não compromete o bem-estar fetal, uma vez que todos os bebês nasceram a termo. Houve viés de publicação nas variáveis idade gestacional e peso neonatal. Até o momento, as evidências analisadas possuem um risco de viés moderado a elevado e não permitem concluir que os análogos da insulina sejam mais efetivos em comparação às insulinas humanas para tratar gestantes diabéticas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Diabetes, Gestational/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/therapeutic use , Prenatal Care/methods , Birth Weight , Fetal Macrosomia/etiology , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Abortion, Spontaneous/etiology , Gestational Age , Treatment Outcome , Observational Studies as Topic , Insulin Aspart/therapeutic use , Insulin Lispro/therapeutic use , Insulin Glargine/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemia/chemically induced , Insulin/analogs & derivatives
2.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-222880

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity is increasing in Korea. Clinical studies in patients with T2DM have shown that combining the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide twice daily with basal insulin is an effective glucose-lowering strategy. However, these studies were predominantly conducted in non-Asian populations. METHODS: We conducted a subgroup analysis of data from a multinational, 30-week, randomized, open-label trial to compare the effects of exenatide twice daily (n=10) or three times daily mealtime insulin lispro (n=13) among Korean patients with T2DM inadequately controlled (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] >7.0%) on metformin plus optimized insulin glargine. RESULTS: Exenatide twice daily and insulin lispro both reduced HbA1c (mean −1.5% and −1.0%, respectively; P<0.01 vs. baseline). Fasting glucose and weight numerically decreased with exenatide twice daily (−0.7 mmol/L and −0.7 kg, respectively) and numerically increased with insulin lispro (0.9 mmol/L and 1.0 kg, respectively). Minor hypoglycemia occurred in four patients receiving exenatide twice daily and three patients receiving insulin lispro. Gastrointestinal adverse events were the most common with exenatide twice daily treatment. CONCLUSION: This analysis found treatment with exenatide twice daily improved glycemic control without weight gain in Korean patients with T2DM unable to achieve glycemic control on metformin plus basal insulin.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Fasting , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor , Glucose , Hypoglycemia , Insulin Glargine , Insulin Lispro , Insulin , Korea , Meals , Metformin , Obesity , Prevalence , Weight Gain
3.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-633363

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: In the management of type 2 diabetes, insulin is often started late, when there is failure to achieve good control on maximum oral agents. Clinical inertia to insulin initiation and intensification is widely prevalent in our local setting resulting in poor control of diabetes. This study looked into a stepwise insulin combinations treatment algorithm used in an Endocrinology referral clinic at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital (USTH). It aimed to demonstrate the clinical course of the patients , determine the degree of HbA1c reduction, and show the associated extent of hypoglycemia and weight gain. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review of 104 patients that used the following stepwise treatment: Oral regimen; Regimen A: basal+oral; Regimen B: basal+premeal bolus TID±oral; Regimen C: premixed aspart 70/30 or lispro 75/25 TID or BID with prelunch bolus, ± oral; Regimen D: premixed 70/30 BID+premeal bolus TID ± oral; Regimen E: premixed 70/30 BI +premeal bolus TID+basal ±oral. All received automatic snacking two hours after main meals to prevent hypoglycemia. Patients were educated on proper diet and exercise. Data was analyzed using paired t-test, frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: Most ended on the intensive insulin regimens D 57(55%), and E 18 (17%). Significant HbA1c reduction was demonstrated as follows: Regimen A (n=8):1.376±0.919 (p=0.000), Regimen B (n=18):2.320±2.177 (p=0.000), Regimen D (n=57):2.197±2.158 (p=0.000), Regimen E (n=18):2.684±1.689 (p =0.000). Overall mean weight gain was 1.070 ± 11.435 kg (p=0.335). Ten, nonsevere hypoglycemia events were reported. CONCLUSION: The use of this stepwise insulin combinations treatment algorithm exerted significant HbA1c reduction, with minimal events of hypoglycemia, and statistically insignificant weight gain. Hence, this is a feasible tool that may be used as a guide for intensification of insulin treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Middle Aged , Adult , Insulin Lispro , Insulin , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Weight Gain , Hypoglycemia , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols , Diet , Algorithms
4.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-219078

ABSTRACT

Increased plasma insulin levels are often observed in exogenous insulin overdose patients. However, plasma insulin level may decrease with time. We report a case of low plasma insulin level hypoglycemia after insulin lispro overdose. The patient was a 37-year-old man with no previous medical history who suspected insulin lispro overdose. Upon arrival, his Glasgow coma scale was 3 points and his blood sugar level (BSL) was 24 mg/dl. We found five humalog-quick-pen (insulin lispro) in his bag. There was no elevation of glucose level, despite an initial 50 ml bolus of 50% glucose and 150 cc/hr of 10% dextrose continuous intravenous infusion. He also suffered from generalized tonic-clonic seizure, which was treated with lorazepam and phenytoin. We conducted endotracheal intubation, after which he was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). There were recurrent events of hypoglycemia below BSL<50 mg/dl after admission. We repeatedly infused 50 ml 50% glucose 10 times and administered 1 mg of glucagon two times. The plasma insulin level was 0.2 uU/ml on initial blood sampling and 0.2 uU/ml after 5 hours. After 13 hours, his BSL stabilized but his mental status had not recovered. Diffuse brain injury was observed upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and severe diffuse cerebral dysfunction was found on electroencephalography (EEG). Despite 35 days of ICU care, he died from ventilator associated pneumonia.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Blood Glucose , Brain Injuries , Electroencephalography , Glasgow Coma Scale , Glucagon , Glucose , Hypoglycemia , Infusions, Intravenous , Insulin Lispro , Insulin , Intensive Care Units , Intubation, Intratracheal , Lorazepam , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Phenytoin , Plasma , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated , Seizures
5.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-633421

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. Improvement in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) remains below recommended targets for Filipino patients. Safe and effective therapies are needed for this population.OBJECTIVE: To investigate treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and change in HbA1c among Filipino patients with DM treated with insulin lispro mix 25/75 in a real-world setting.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, non-interventional, post-marketing surveillance study among 459 Filipinos aged 18 years or older with type 1 or 2 DM. Patients were treated with insulin lispro mix 25/75 according to the approved label, as prescribed by the investigators, and observed for 12 weeks. Occurrence of all TEAEs and change in HbA1c from baseline to final visit were reported.RESULTS: Mean (SD) treatment duration was 12.93 (5.7) weeks, and mean total daily dose was 0.62 (0.29) units/kg. Eighteen patients (3.9%) experienced 23 TEAEs, the majority of which were mild. None were reported to be related to treatment. No serious TEAEs or hypoglycemic episodes were reported. Mean (95% confidence interval) HbA1c was significantly reduced by -2.03% (-2.19%, -1.87%), and 36.3% of patients achieved HbA1c CONCLUSION: In this observational study, no treatmentrelated safety signals using insulin lispro mix 25/75 were detected among Filipino diabetic patients. HbA1c was significantly reduced in Filipino patients with DM at 12 weeks.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Adult , Insulin Lispro , Glycated Hemoglobin , Hypoglycemia , Diabetes Mellitus , Hypoglycemic Agents
6.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-153714

ABSTRACT

Allergic reaction to insulin is uncommon since the introduction of human recombinant insulin preparations and is more rare in pregnant than non-pregnant females due to altered immune reaction during pregnancy. Herein, we report two cases of allergic reaction to insulin in gestational diabetes that were successfully managed. One case was a 33-year-old female using isophane-neutral protamine Hagedorn human insulin and insulin lispro. She experienced dyspnea, cough, urticaria and itching sensation at the sites of insulin injection immediately after insulin administration. We discontinued insulin therapy and started oral hypoglycemic agents with metformin and glibenclamide. The other case was a 32-year-old female using insulin lispro and insulin detemer. She experienced pruritus and burning sensation and multiple nodules at the sites of insulin injection. We changed the insulin from insulin lispro to insulin aspart. Assessments including immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG, eosinophil, insulin antibody level and skin biopsy were performed. In the two cases, the symptoms were resolved after changing the insulin to oral agents or other insulin preparations. We report two cases of allergic reaction to human insulin in gestational diabetes due to its rarity.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Biopsy , Burns , Cough , Diabetes, Gestational , Dyspnea , Eosinophils , Glyburide , Hypersensitivity , Hypersensitivity, Immediate , Hypoglycemic Agents , Immunoglobulin E , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulins , Insulin Aspart , Insulin Lispro , Insulin , Metformin , Pruritus , Sensation , Skin , Urticaria
7.
Brasília; CONITEC; 2014. graf, tab.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, BRISA | ID: biblio-875372

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: O relatório em questão objetiva avaliar as insulinas análogas lentas e rápidas no tratamento do diabetes do tipo 1, em comparação às insulinas NPH e Regular, quanto aos parâmetros de eficácia, segurança, custo-efetividade e impacto orçamentário para o SUS. CONTEXTO: O diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), também conhecido como diabetes mellitus insulino dependente, é uma forma menos frequente do diabetes, atingindo 5% a 10% dos casos, em geral crianças e adolescentes, embora possa ocorrer em qualquer fase da vida. O DM1 caracteriza-se pela hiperglicemia crônica devido a uma deficiência absoluta da produção de insulina pelo pâncreas (destruição das células ß deste órgão), necessitando assim da administração de insulina exógena ao longo da vida para a sobrevivência do paciente. Trata-se de uma doença de grande relevância principalmente porque o não tratamento leva à morte e o seu descontrole agrava o quadro clínico, podendo levar a desfechos graves com complicações macro e microvasculares, oculares, renais e neurológicas. A insulina é sempre necessária no tratamento do DM1. Atualmente estão disponíveis no SUS para o tratamento do DM1 as insulinas de ação longa (insulina NPH) e de ação rápida (Insulina Regular), sendo ambas insulinas humanas recombinantes. As insulinas análogas de longa ação (detemir e glargina) e de ação rápida (lispro, aspart e glulisina), estão disponíveis no mercado farmacêutico e podem ser usadas como substitutas das insulinas humanas recombinantes NPH e Regular no controle do diabetes. A TECNOLOGIA: Constituem-se os análogos de insulina uma forma modificada do hormônio, com objetivo de alterar seu perfil farmacocinético de absorção, distribuição, metabolismo e excreção. Tais modificações, feitas utilizando-se da engenharia genética, se dão no nível da sequência de aminoácidos da insulina humana recombinante. Insulinas análogas de longa ação: As insulinas análogas de longa ação são resultantes de mudanças estruturais na molécula de insulina humana, utilizando a tecnologia do DNA-recombinante, com o objetivo de estender a duração do efeito e diminuir a variação intra-individual. São consideradas alternativas terapêuticas para o controle glicêmico basal, possuindo o mesmo objetivo da insulina NPH neste sentido, ou seja, destina-se a mimetizar a secreção basal pancreática. Após a inoculação, a droga é lentamente liberada durante um período que varia entre 8 e 24 horas. Neste grupo estão a insulina glargina e a insulina detemir. Insulinas análogas de curta ação (rápidas): A principal diferença das insulinas dessa classe está no seu perfil de absorção, em relação à insulina regular, sendo mais rapidamente absorvida em comparação com esta. Destina-se, pois, a fornecer controle glicêmico pós-prandial. As principais representantes deste grupo são as insulinas lispro, aspart e a glulisina. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Foram realizadas metanálises dos estudos identificados na busca estruturada. Não foram encontrados estudos que tivessem avaliado os desfechos mais importantes clinicamente: morte, infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), doença vascular periférica (DVP) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). A medida de efeito nas análises das hipoglicemias foi a razão entre as taxas cumulativas desse evento. Nas análises utilizando o resultado da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) ao final do seguimento, sempre por períodos mais curtos do que o recomendado, a medida de efeito utilizada foi a diferença média padronizada (g de Hedges ajustado). A presença de viés foi avaliada informalmente pela inspeção do gráfico de funil e formalmente pelo teste de Egger. No desfecho hipoglicemia total, o benefício dos análogos foi estatisticamente não significativo ou pequeno. Houve redução da hipoglicemia grave pelos análogos de ação rápida (especialmente o aspart). As estimativas agregadas também favoreceram as insulinas análogas (tanto as de ação rápida quanto as de ação lenta) nos desfechos hipoglicemia noturna e HbA1c ao final do seguimento. No entanto, a maioria dos ensaios é de baixa qualidade metodológica e em todos os desfechos houve heterogeneidade substancial ou grave. As fontes de heterogeneidade não foram identificadas nos testes estatísticos, o que demonstra a necessidade de realização de mais estudos para comprovar a eficácia desses medicamentos. Assim as evidências estudadas, não são suficientes para garantir que as insulinas análogas, de ação rápida e de longa ação, sejam inferiores, equivalentes ou superiores à terapia padrão utilizada atualmente. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os estudos identificados na busca, bem como as metanálises realizadas a partir dos desfechos de interesse sugerem que não é possível atestar inferioridade, similaridade ou superioridade entre as insulinas análogas de ação longa e rápida em relação aos seus comparadores existentes no SUS, insulina NPH e regular, respectivamente. Apesar de alguns desfechos parecerem favorecer as insulinas análogas (como menor risco de hipoglicemia noturna), a baixa qualidade metodológica e potenciais vieses da maioria dos estudos comprometem os resultados extraídos. Os análogos de insulina podem oferecer vantagens para o tratamento do DM1 em pacientes selecionados, mas nenhum estudo demonstrou maior benefício sobre os desfechos em longo prazo. O alto custo das insulinas análogas de longa e curta ação, aliado à falta de evidências que demonstrem a superioridade em desfechos clínicos finais (duros) contraindicam a incorporação das insulinas análogas para pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 no sistema de saúde público brasileiro. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na 24ª reunião ordinária do plenário do dia 09/04/2014, por unanimidade, ratificaram a deliberação de não recomendar a incorporação das insulinas análogas de curta ação (asparte, lispro e glulisina) e de longa ação (detemir e glargina) para o tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus tipo I. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 31, de 4 de setembro de 2014 - Torna pública a decisão de não incorporar as insulinas análogas para diabetes mellitus tipo I no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Insulin Lispro/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Lispro , Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Detemir/analogs & derivatives , Insulin Detemir , Unified Health System , Brazil , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics
8.
An. bras. dermatol ; 87(6): 917-919, Nov.-Dec. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-656621

ABSTRACT

Insulin, a crucial therapeutic agent for diabetes mellitus, has been rarely associated with hypersensitivity events. We present a 69-year-old type-2 diabetic patient with urticariform lesions on the sites of subcutaneous injection of insulin. The patient denied any known allergies, except for an unspecific cutaneous reaction after intramuscular penicillin administration in childhood. Prick tests revealed positive reactions to all tested human insulins and insulin analogues. Serum IgE levels were above normal range and RAST tests were positive for human, bovine and porcine insulins, as well as beta-lactams. Type 1 IgEmediated allergy to insulin analogues demands a prompt diagnosis and represents a significant therapeutic challenge in diabetic patients.


A insulina é um agente indispensável para o controlo da diabetes mellitus. Os efeitos adversos da sua administração, em particular fenómenos de hipersensibilidade, são raros. Apresentamos um doente de 69 anos, diabético do tipo 2, com episódios recorrentes de lesões urticariformes nos locais de administração subcutânea de insulina. Negava alergias medicamentosas, à excepção de reacção não especificada na infância após penicilina intramuscular. Foram realizados testes cutâneos por puntura (prick tests) com diversos tipos de insulina humana e análogos, todos com reacções positivas, associando elevação dos níveis de IgE sérica e provas RAST positivas para as insulinas humana, bovina e porcina e para os antibióticos beta-lactâmicos. A alergia a análogos de insulina exige um diagnóstico precoce, originando um desafio terapêutico importante no doente diabético.


Subject(s)
Aged , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Male , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Drug Hypersensitivity/etiology , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Immunoglobulin E/immunology , Insulin Lispro/adverse effects , beta-Lactams/adverse effects , /drug therapy , Drug Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Swine , Skin Tests/methods
9.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 72(3): 235-242, jun. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-657508

ABSTRACT

La información sobre el inicio de regímenes de insulina en poblaciones específicas con diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) es limitada. Se comparó eficacia y seguridad de dos regímenes de inicio: insulina lispro mix 25 (LM25) e insulina glargina basal (GL). Se evaluaron 193 pacientes no tratados previamente con insulina, en la fase de iniciación de 24 semanas del ensayo DURABLE; edades: 30-79 años, DT2 controlada inadecuadamente (HbA1c > 7.0%) con = 2 medicaciones orales antidiabéticas (MOAs), aleatorizados para LM25 (25% de insulina lispro, 75% de insulina lispro protamina en suspensión) dos veces/día, o GL (insulina glargina basal) una vez/ día, a las MOAs previas. La eficacia primaria se midió por HbA1c a las 24 semanas. Se midió eficacia secundaria por: proporción de pacientes que alcanzaron HbA1c= 6.5% y= 7.0%, cambio en peso corporal, valores de automonitoreo glucémico e índices de hipoglucemia. LM25 demostró mayor reducción de la HbA1c (- 2.4% ± 0.16 vs. -2.0% ± 0.16, P = 0.002), mayor proporción de pacientes alcanzaron HbA1c= 7.0% (P = 0.012) y niveles de glucemia menores después del desayuno (P = 0.028) y de la cena (P = 0.011), y a las 3 a.m. (P = 0.005) comparada con GL. La glucemia en ayunas (GA) y la proporción de pacientes que alcanzaron una HbA1c= 6.5% fueron similares. En ambos grupos hubo aumento del peso corporal, mayor en la valoración final con LM25 (6.35 kg vs. 4.23 kg, P < 0.001). No hubieron diferencias en índices de hipoglucemia entre grupos, ni eventos adversos serios en ninguno. Con LM25 fue mejor el control de glucosa, riesgo de hipoglucemia similar y mayor aumento de peso que GL.


Information on starting insulin regimens in specific populations with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited. This analysis compared efficacy and safety of two starter insulin regimens: insulin lispro mix 25 (LM25) and basal insulin glargine (GL) in patients from Argentina. This post-hoc analysis evaluated 193 insulin-naïve patients who participated in the DURABLE trial 24-week initiation phase. Patients 30-79 years with T2D inadequately controlled (HbA1c > 7.0%) with = 2 oral antihyperglycemic medications (OAMs), were randomized to add LM25 (25% insulin lispro, 75% insulin lispro protamine suspension) twice daily or GL (basal insulin glargine) once daily to pre-study OAMs. Primary efficacy was measured by HbA1c at 24-week endpoint. Secondary measures included: proportion of patients achieving HbA1c= 6.5% and= 7.0%, body weight change, self-monitored blood glucose (BG) values, and hypoglycemia rates. LM25 demonstrated greater HbA1c reduction (- 2.4% ± 0.16 vs. -2.0% ± 0.16, P = 0.002), a higher proportion of patients achieving HbA1c= 7.0% (P = 0.012), and lower BG levels after the morning (P = 0.028) and evening (P = 0.011) meals, and at 3:00AM (P = 0.005) compared with GL. Fasting BG and proportion of patients achieving HbA1c= 6.5% were similar between groups. Both groups increased body weight, although the gain was higher at endpoint with LM25 (6.35 kg vs. 4.23 kg, P < 0.001). No differences in hypoglycemia rates were observed between groups, and no serious adverse events were reported for either group. In this subgroup from Argentina, LM25 demonstrated greater improvement in glucose control with similar risk of hypoglycemia and more weight gain than GL.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , /drug therapy , Glycated Hemoglobin/drug effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage , Insulin Lispro/administration & dosage , Insulin, Long-Acting/administration & dosage , Argentina , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Hypoglycemia/etiology , Postprandial Period , Weight Gain/drug effects
10.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-96422

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The initial insulin dose is often determined by clinical experience or with a formula using the body weight. However, it may be difficult to determine the initial insulin dose because various factors such as insulin sensitivity and the glycemic status can influence the insulin requirement. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors that influence the initial insulin requirement in insulin naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total 128 patients who were admitted for glycemic control were investigated. The patients were managed with long-acting insulin glargine and rapid-acting insulin lispro. RESULTS: The basal insulin requirement was positively correlated with waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), the HbA1C, AST, ALT, fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), but it was negatively correlated with age and the stimulated C-peptide level. The daily insulin requirement was positively correlated with waist circumference, BMI, the HbA1C, AST, ALT, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose level and HOMA-IR, but it was negatively correlated with age. On the multiple linear regression analysis, the basal insulin requirement was independently associated with BMI (beta = 0.507, p < 0.001), the 2-hour postprandial glucose level (beta = 0.307, p < 0.001), the ALT level (beta = 0.214, P = 0.015) and the meal-stimulated C-peptide level (beta = -0.209, P = 0.010). The daily insulin requirement was independently associated with BMI (beta = 0.508, p < 0.001) and the 2-hour postprandial glucose level (beta = 0.404, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results show that the BMI and 2-hour postprandial glucose level are useful predictors of the initial insulin requirement in insulin naive type 2 diabetic patients. It may be prudent to consider the other various factors that influence the insulin requirement together when insulin therapy is required.


Subject(s)
Humans , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , C-Peptide , Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Fasting , Glucose , Homeostasis , Insulin , Insulin Lispro , Insulin Resistance , Insulin, Long-Acting , Insulin, Short-Acting , Linear Models , Plasma , Waist Circumference , Insulin Glargine
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