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Objective: this study aims to identify the factors influencing menstrual period management among vulnerable and non-vulnerable patients treated at the Emergency Department of a public hospital. Methods: the sample comprised patients who sought care at the Emergency Department of Santa Casa de São Paulo between July 2022 and August 2023. Participants were stratified by gender (women, trans men, or non-binary individuals who menstruate) and social vulnerability (homeless, living in non-permanent housing such as shelters, without fixed income, or earning less than the minimum wage). Inclusion criteria were women, trans men, or non-binary individuals who menstruate, aged 18 years or older, and those who signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF). Exclusion criteria were individuals not menstruating or unable to sign the informed consent. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-Square Test. Results: seventy (70) patients participated in this study, 34 of whom were classified as vulnerable and 36 as non-vulnerable. Key differences between the groups included hygiene practices during menstruation, frequency and ability to purchase menstrual products and medications, type of material used, duration of exposure to the material, and health conditions during menstruation. Similarities between the groups were observed in the most commonly used materials, contraceptive methods, menstrual flow volume, and experiences of embarrassment. Conclusion: the study reveals both differences and similarities between the groups. Understanding these factors allows for the proper management of the menstrual period in vulnerable patients, supporting the development of public policies aimed at improving gynecological health outcomes for these populations.

Objetivo: este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores que influenciam o manejo do período menstrual entre pacientes vulneráveis e não vulneráveis atendidas no Pronto Socorro de um hospital público. Métodos: a amostra foi composta por pacientes que procuraram atendimento no Pronto Socorro da Santa Casa de São Paulo entre julho de 2022 e agosto de 2023. Os participantes foram estratificados por sexo (mulheres, homens trans ou indivíduos não binários que menstruam) e vulnerabilidade social (situação de rua, vivendo em moradias não permanentes, como abrigos, sem renda fixa ou ganhando menos que um salário mínimo). Os critérios de inclusão foram mulheres, homens trans ou indivíduos não binários que menstruam, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos e que assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Os critérios de exclusão foram indivíduos que não menstruam ou incapazes de assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do Teste Qui-Quadrado. Resultados: participaram deste estudo setenta (70) pacientes, sendo 34 classificados como vulneráveis e 36 como não vulneráveis. As principais diferenças entre os grupos incluíram práticas de higiene durante a menstruação, frequência e capacidade de compra de produtos e medicamentos menstruais, tipo de material utilizado, duração da exposição ao material e condições de saúde durante a menstruação. Semelhanças entre os grupos foram observadas nos materiais mais utilizados, métodos contraceptivos, volume do fluxo menstrual e experiências de constrangimento. Conclusão: o estudo revela diferenças e semelhanças entre os grupos. A compreensão desses fatores permite o manejo adequado do período menstrual em pacientes vulneráveis, apoiando o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que visam melhorar os resultados de saúde ginecológica dessas populações.

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ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of menstrual hygiene products and genital hygiene practices among female university students. Method: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Data were collected using the Descriptive Information Form and the Genital Hygiene Behaviors Scale (GHBS). The Independent Samples t-test, ANOVA, and Post-hoc Tukey tests were used for data analysis. Results: Significant associations were found between GHBS scores and variables such as year in school, marital status, perceived income status, attending a health-related department, willingness to receive training in menstruation and genital hygiene (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is recommended that regular educational programs, inter-institutional collaborations, and awareness-raising activities be implemented to promote students' reproductive health behaviors. Health policies should also aim to improve young people's access to menstrual products.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar como as meninas que estudavam em uma universidade usavam produtos de higiene menstrual e como eram suas comportamentos de higiene genital. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. O Formulário de Informações Descritivas e a Escala de Comportamentos de Higiene Genital (ECHG) foram utilizados para a coleta de dados. Os dados foram analisados usando a amostra independente t-test, ANOVA, e o teste Tukey post-hoc, um teste de múltiplas comparações. Resultados: A relação entre as pontuações médias obtidas pelas estudantes a partir do ECHG e as variáveis como ano na escola, estado civil, situação de renda percebida, receber educação em um departamento relacionado à saúde, estar disposto a receber treinamento em menstruação e higiene genital foi estatisticamente significativa (p < 0.05). Conclusões: É recomendado que programas frequentes de formação, colaborações interinstitucionais e atividades que promovam a consciência, sejam aplicadas com o objetivo de munir os estudantes de comportamentos que melhorem a saúde reprodutiva e que se desenvolvam políticas que facilitem o acesso das jovens aos produtos menstruais.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Este estudio tenía la finalidad de determinar cómo utilizaban los productos de higiene menstrual las adolescentes que estudiaban en una universidad y cómo eran sus comportamientos de higiene genital. Método: Este es un estudio transversal. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó Formulario de Información Descriptiva y la Escala de Comportamientos de Higiene Genital (ECHG). Resultados: La relación entre las puntuaciones medias que los alumnos obtuvieron en la ECHG y las variables año de escolarización, estado civil, nivel de ingresos percibidos, RECIBIR educación en un departamento relacionado con la salud, estar dispuestos a recibir formación sobre menstruación e higiene genital fue muy significativa desde los indicadores estadísticos arrojados (p < 0.05). Conclusión: Se recomienda realizar programas regulares de entrenamiento, colaboraciones interinstitucionales y actividades que aumenten la concientización para dotar a los estudiantes de comportamientos que mejoren la salud reproductiva y desarrollar políticas de salud que faciliten el desarrollo de los jóvenes acceso a productos menstruales.

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Los anticonceptivos orales combinados constituyen hoy en día uno de los métodos anticonceptivos más populares a nivel mundial. Su composición consiste en una combinación de análogos de hormonas sexuales femeninas que se administran en bajas dosis diarias, manteniendo constante su concentración sanguínea y evitando de esta forma los cambios en el eje endócrino que estimulan la ovulación. Con el objetivo de recrear los procesos fisiológicos, la mayoría de las formulaciones comprenden un intervalo de 4 a 7 días libres de hormonas en el cual se genera el sangrado por deprivación.A partir de una viñeta clínica en la que una paciente sana desea posponer su hemorragia por deprivación, y tras realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica que prioriza las investigaciones más recientes y de mejor calidad, la autora revisa la evidencia sobre el uso de hormonas sin intervalo libre, especialmente su efectos sobre la eficacia y la incidencia de efectos adversos. (AU)

Nowadays, combined oral contraceptives are one of the most popular contraceptive methods worldwide. Its composition consists of a combination of similar female sex hormones administered in low daily doses, keeping their blood concentration constant and thus avoiding changes in the endocrine axis that stimulate ovulation. In order to recreate physiological processes, most formulations include an interval of 4 to 7 hormone-free days in which withdrawal bleeding occurs.Starting from a clinical vignette in which a healthy patient desires to postpone her withdrawal bleeding, and after conducting a bibliographic search that prioritizes the most recent and best-quality research, the author reviews the evidence about the use of hormones without free interval, especially their effects on efficacy and the incidence of adverse effects. (AU)

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Objetivo: sintetizar la evidencia disponible relacionada con el acceso y las prácticas de higiene menstrual en América Latina y el Caribe. Método: revisión de alcance de la literatura con protocolo de investigación registrado en el Open Science Framework, realizada en las bases de datos bibliográficas: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva simple y análisis temático. Resultados: se incluyeron 15 publicaciones, la mayoría de las cuales trataban sobre adolescentes en Brasil: 12 artículos, dos informes técnicos y una monografía de trabajo de conclusión de curso. Como temas recurrentes en las publicaciones se destacan: acceso a condiciones dignas para el manejo de la higiene menstrual; necesidad de acceso a información sobre el manejo de la higiene menstrual; y prácticas para el manejo de la higiene menstrual. Conclusión: adolescentes informan dificultades para acceder a baños, agua y materiales absorbentes, y falta de información sobre la salud menstrual, incluso en las escuelas, lo que lleva al ausentismo escolar. De esta manera, las lagunas en la literatura científica latinoamericana revelan desigualdades y diversidad en las experiencias menstruales interseccionadas por categorías como género, clase social y etnia.

Objective: to synthesize available evidence related to menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America and the Caribbean. Method: literature scoping review with research protocol registered in the Open Science Framework, carried out in the bibliographic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results: 15 publications were included, the majority of which addressed adolescents in Brazil: 12 articles, two technical reports and a course conclusion monograph. As recurring themes in the publications, the following stand out: Access to dignified conditions for managing menstrual hygiene; Need for access to information on menstrual hygiene management; and Practices for managing menstrual hygiene. Conclusion: adolescents report difficulties in accessing toilets, water and absorbent materials, and lack of information about menstrual health, including in schools, leading to school absenteeism. Thus, gaps in the Latin American scientific literature reveal inequalities and diversity in menstrual experiences intersected by categories such as gender, social class and ethnicity

Objetivo: sintetizar evidências disponíveis relacionadas ao acesso e práticas de higiene menstrual na América Latina e Caribe. Método: revisão de escopo da literatura com protocolo de pesquisa registrado no Open Science Framework, realizada nas bases de dados bibliográficas: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva simples e análise temática. Resultados: foram incluídas 15 publicações, cuja maioria abordava adolescentes no Brasil: 12 artigos, dois relatórios técnicos e uma monografia de trabalho de conclusão de curso. Como temas recorrentes nas publicações, destacam-se: acesso a condições dignas para o manejo da higiene menstrual; necessidade de acesso à informação sobre manejo da higiene menstrual; e práticas para manejo da higiene menstrual. Conclusão: adolescentes relatam dificuldades de acesso a sanitários, água e materiais absorventes, e falta de informação sobre saúde menstrual, inclusive nas escolas, levando ao absenteísmo escolar. Assim, lacunas na literatura científica latino-americana revelam desigualdades e diversidade nas experiências menstruais interseccionadas por categorias como gênero, classe social e etnia.

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La creación de una vacuna para enfrentar la pandemia de COVID-19 conllevó un vacío de información sobre las posibles alteraciones del ciclo menstrual. El objetivo fue verificar las posibles alteraciones que se pudiesen haber generado en el ciclo menstrual de las mujeres posterior a la inoculación de la vacuna contra la COVID-19. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases bibliografías Medline, Medline Complete, LILACS, CINAHL y ScIELO, utilizando los descriptores “Women”, “Woman”, “Fertile period”, “Vaccination”, “Mass vaccination”, “Immunization”, “COVID-19 vaccines”, “SARS-CoV-2 infection”, “COVID-19”, “Menstrual cycle”, “Menstruation”, “Endometrial cycle”, “Dysmenorrhea” y “Menstruation disturbances”. Mediante la utilización del protocolo PRISMA, de los 319 artículos localizados, 17 fueron incluidos en el análisis. La mayoría de los estudios incluyeron, principalmente, las vacunas Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca y Johnson&Johnson/Janssen con una a tres dosis administradas. El porcentaje de ciclos menstruales alterados fue del 8,0% al 77,8%, y la alteración con mayor frecuencia referida fue la duración del ciclo menstrual, que fue desde 0,3 hasta 12 días de retraso de la menstruación. Todos los estudios refieren cambios en el ciclo menstrual con diversas prevalencias, con y sin significación estadística; sin embargo, también concluyen que estas alteraciones son reversibles y en un corto periodo de tiempo.

The creation of a vaccine to face the COVID-19 pandemic, led to an information gap on possible alterations of the menstrual cycle. The objective was to verify the possible alterations that could have been generated in the menstrual cycle of women, after the inoculation of the vaccine against COVID-19. A systematic review was carried out in the Medline, Medline Complete, LILACS, CINAHL and ScIELO bibliographic databases, using the descriptors “Women”, “Woman”, “Fertile period”, “Vaccination”, “Mass vaccination”, “Immunization”, “COVID-19 vaccines”, “SARS-CoV-2 infection”, “COVID-19”, “Menstrual cycle”, “Menstruation”, “Endometrial cycle”, “Dysmenorrhea” and “Menstruation disturbances”. Using the PRISMA protocol, of the 319 articles located, 17 were included in the analysis. Most of the studies mainly included the Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson&Johnson/Janssen vaccines with one to three doses administered. The percentage of altered menstrual cycles ranged from 8.0% to 77.8%, and the most frequently reported alteration was the length of the menstrual cycle, which occurred from 0.3 to 12 days late in menstruation. All the studies refer to changes in the menstrual cycle with different prevalences, with and without statistical significance; however, the same studies also conclude that these alterations are reversible and in a short period of time.

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Objetivo: Establecer utilidad de la medición de la longitud del sacro fetal para la predicción de la edad gestacional. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal y prospectivo, entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2022 en mujeres con embarazos simples de bajo riesgo, entre 14 y 40 semanas de gestación, que acudieron a la consulta prenatal del Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo. Se midieron los valores de diámetro biparietal, circunferencia abdominal, longitud del fémur y longitud del sacro fetal durante el embarazo. Resultados: Para el análisis final fueron seleccionados los datos de 215 mujeres sanas. Se realizaron un total de 3033 evaluaciones, siendo el menor número de evaluaciones a las 38 semanas con 104 y el mayor número fue de 139 a las 22 semanas. Al analizar la correlación entre la longitud del sacro con la edad gestacional por fecha de última menstruación y el resto de las variables ecográficas utilizadas, se encontraron correlaciones fuertes, positivas y significativas (p < 0,0001). La diferencia promedio entre la edad gestacional por fecha de ultima menstruación y la obtenida por el modelo fue de ± 0,3 semanas. El valor del coeficiente de determinación del modelo de edad gestacional predicha por la medición fue de 0,975. Al combinar los cuatro parámetros ecográficos estudiados en el modelo resultante fue de 0,990. Conclusión: La medición de la longitud del sacro fetal es útil para predecir la edad gestacional con alta precisión(AU)

Objective: To establish the usefulness of fetal sacral length measurement for the prediction of gestational age. Methods: A longitudinal and prospective study was conducted between January 2016 and December 2022 in women with low-risk singleton pregnancies, between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation, who attended prenatal consultation at the Central Hospital "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo. Biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, and fetal sacrum length were measured during pregnancy. Results: For the final analysis, data from 215 healthy women was selected. A total of 3,033 total evaluations were performed, with the lowest number of evaluations at 38 weeks with 104 and the highest number of 139 at 22 weeks. When analyzing the correlation between sacral length and gestational age by date of last menstrual period and the rest of the ultrasound variables used, strong, positive, and significant correlations were found (p < 0.0001). The average difference between the gestational age determined by the date of the last menstrual period and that obtained by the model was +/- 0.3 weeks. The value of the coefficient of determination of the model of gestational age predicted by measurement was 0.975. When combining the four ultrasound parameters studied in the resulting model, it was 0.990. Conclusion: Measurement of fetal sacral length by ultrasonography is useful for predicting gestational age with high precision(AU)

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Objective: To investigate the familial heritability of endometriosis and to compare the clinical characteristics of patients with or without a family history of endometriosis. Methods: From January 2020 to June 2022, 850 patients with endometriosis confirmed by laparotomy or laparoscopy in Peking University Third Hospital were included in this study. Clinical data were collected, family history was followed up, and the differences of clinical indicators between patients with and without family history of endometriosis were compared. Results: A total of 850 patients were enrolled, with an average age of (33.8±7.0) years old, 315 (37.1%, 315/850) patients in stage Ⅲ and 496 (58.4%, 496/850) patients in stage Ⅳ. There were 100 patients with family history of endometriosis, accounting for 11.8% (100/850). Most of the 113 relatives involved were mothers, daughters and sisters (76.1%, 86/113), 81.5% (22/27) of the second and third degree relatives were maternal relatives. The median ages of patients with and without family history of endometriosis were 30 and 33 years old respectively at the time of diagnosis. The unmarried rate of patients with family history was higher [42.0% (42/100) vs 26.3% (197/750)]. The percentage of dysmenorrhea patients with family history was higher [89.0% (89/100) vs 55.5% (416/750)]. The medians of dysmenorrhea score in patients with and without family history were 6 and 2, and the median durations of dysmenorrhea were 10 and 1 years. There were significant differences in age, marital status, percentage of dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhea score and duration (all P<0.001). The median levels of serum cancer antigen (CA) 125 in patients with family history and patients without family history at the time of diagnosis were 57.5 and 46.9 kU/L respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in nationality, bady mass index, menarche age, menstrual cycle, menstrual period, menstrual volume, serum CA19-9 level, cyst location and size, stage, history of adverse pregnancy and childbirth, infertility, adenomyosis and deep infiltrating endometriosis (all P>0.05). By comparing the specific conditions of dysmenorrhea patients with and without family history of endometriosis, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the age of onset of dysmenorrhea, duration of dysmenorrhea, primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, and progressive aggravation of dysmenorrhea (all P>0.05). The difference in the degree of dysmenorrhea in dysmenorrhea patients with family history of endometriosis was significant (P<0.001). Conclusions: The incidence of endometriosis has a familial tendency, and most of the involved relatives are the first degree relatives. Compared with patients without family history of endometriosis, endometriosis patients with family history are diagnosed at an earlier age, with higher percentage of dysmenorrhea, had more severe dysmenorrhea and higher serum CA125 level.

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OBJECTIVES@#To establish the menstrual blood identification model based on Naïve Bayes and multivariate logistic regression methods by using specific mRNA markers in menstrual blood detection technology combined with statistical methods, and to quantitatively distinguish menstrual blood from other body fluids.@*METHODS@#Body fluids including 86 menstrual blood, 48 peripheral blood, 48 vaginal secretions, 24 semen and 24 saliva samples were collected. RNA of the samples was extracted and cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription. Five menstrual blood-specific markers including members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family MMP3, MMP7, MMP11, progestogens associated endometrial protein (PAEP) and stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) were amplified and analyzed by electrophoresis. The results were analyzed by Naïve Bayes and multivariate logistic regression.@*RESULTS@#The accuracy of the classification model constructed was 88.37% by Naïve Bayes and 91.86% by multivariate logistic regression. In non-menstrual blood samples, the distinguishing accuracy of peripheral blood, saliva and semen was generally higher than 90%, while the distinguishing accuracy of vaginal secretions was lower, which were 16.67% and 33.33%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The mRNA detection technology combined with statistical methods can be used to establish a classification and discrimination model for menstrual blood, which can distignuish the menstrual blood and other body fluids, and quantitative description of analysis results, which has a certain application value in body fluid stain identification.

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Abstract Objective To evaluate the continuation rates of the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) during the first 5 years of use, reasons for its discontinuation, bleeding patterns, and new contraceptive choice after the 5th year, in adolescents and young women. Methods The present study was a 5-year prospective cohort conducted in a Family Planning Service of a tertiary hospital in Brazil. We selected 100 healthy women between 15 and 24 years old who used 52-mg LNG-IUS for contraception. The clinical follow-up of these women took place from June 2017 to December 2022. The study evaluated the continuation rates of the method, reasons for its discontinuation, bleeding patterns, and new contraceptive choice after the 5th year. Continuous data were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and range (minimum-maximum). Categorical variables were described as percentages. Results The continuation rates of LNG-IUS were 89.1% (82/92), 82.9% (72/87), 75.3% (64/85), 70.5% (60/85), and 64.2% (54/84) in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th years of use, respectively. The main reason for discontinuation was acne (11/30). Amenorrhea rates were 50, 54.1, 39, 35.7, and 51.8% at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months, respectively. All patients who completed the study and needed contraception after the 5th year opted for long-acting contraceptive methods (LARC). Conclusion The LNG-IUS showed high continuation rates in adolescents and young women in the first 5 years of use. Most patients who completed the study chose a LARC method after the 5th year.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as taxas de continuação do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) 52 mg durante os primeiros 5 anos de uso, razões de sua descontinuação, padrões de sangramento e nova escolha contraceptiva após o 5° ano, em adolescentes e mulheres jovens. Métodos O estudo foi uma coorte prospectiva de 5 anos realizada em um Serviço de Planejamento Familiar de um hospital terciário no Brasil. Selecionamos 100 mulheres saudáveis entre 15 e 24 anos que usaram o SIU-LNG 52 mg para contracepção. O acompanhamento clínico dessas mulheres ocorreu de junho de 2017 a dezembro de 2022. O estudo avaliou as taxas de continuação do método, razões de sua descontinuação, padrões de sangramento e nova escolha contraceptiva após o 5° ano. Os dados contínuos foram relatados como média ± DP e intervalo (mínimo-máximo). As variáveis categóricas foram descritas como porcentagens. Resultados As taxas de continuação do SIU-LNG foram 89,1% (82/92), 82,9% (72/87), 75,3% (64/85), 70,5% (60/85) e 64,2% (54/84) no 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° e 5° anos de uso, respectivamente. O principal motivo de descontinuação foi a acne (11/30). As taxas de amenorreia foram de 50, 54,1, 39, 35,7 e 51,8% aos 12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 meses, respectivamente. Todas as pacientes que completaram o estudo e necessitaram de contracepção após o 5° ano optaram por métodos contraceptivos de longa duração (LARC). Conclusão O SIU-LNG apresentou altas taxas de continuação em adolescentes e mulheres jovens nos primeiros 5 anos de uso. A maioria das pacientes que completou o estudo escolheu um método LARC após o 5° ano.

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Objetivos: investigar as repercussões da pobreza menstrual para as mulheres e pessoas que menstruam. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science e CINAHL. Foram incluídos artigos na íntegra, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol e com recorte temporal de sete anos (2017-2023) para responder a pergunta norteadora: Quais são as repercussões da pobreza menstrual na vida das mulheres e pessoas que menstruam? A inclusão dos artigos foi feita por dois revisores independentes e com consenso por um terceiro. Resultados: foram incluídos 15 artigos e observou-se três principais repercussões da pobreza menstrual: absenteísmo escolar, aumento do risco de infecções do trato genital e repercussões emocionais. Conclusão: a pobreza menstrual traz repercussões negativas para as mulheres e pessoas que menstruam, comprometendo a saúde física, mental e a esfera social, motivo pelo qual o tema precisa ser amplamente visibilizado e combatido.

Objetivos: investigar las repercusiones de la pobreza menstrual para las mujeres y las personas que menstruan. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science y CINAHL. Se incluyeron artículos en su totalidad, en los idiomas portugués, inglés y español y con recorte temporal de siete años (2017-2023) para responder a la pregunta orientadora: ¿Cuáles son las repercusiones de la pobreza menstrual en la vida de las mujeres y personas que menstruan? La inclusión de los artículos fue hecha por dos revisores independientes y con consenso por un tercero. Resultados: se incluyeron 15 artículos y se observaron tres principales repercusiones de la pobreza menstrual: absentismo escolar, aumento del riesgo de infecciones del tracto genital y repercusiones emocionales. Consideraciones finales: la pobreza menstrual trae repercusiones negativas para las mujeres y personas que menstruan, comprometiendo la salud física, mental y la esfera social, por lo que el tema necesita ser ampliamente visibilizado y combatido.

Objective: to investigate the repercussions of period poverty for women and people who menstruate. Method: an integrative review of the literature, performed in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. The sample included complete articles, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, and with a timeframe of seven years (2017-2023) to answer the guiding question: What are the repercussions of period poverty in the lives of women and people who menstruate? The inclusion of the articles was done by two independent reviewers and with consensus by a third party. Results: 15 articles were included and three main repercussions of period poverty were observed: school absenteeism, increased risk of genital tract infections and emotional repercussions. Final considerations: period poverty brings negative repercussions for women and people who menstruate, compromising physical, mental and social health, which is why the theme needs to be widely publicized and combated.

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Este ensaio teórico-reflexivo tem como objetivo discutir sobre as contribuições dos estudos da criminologia e sua crítica para as diversas formas de aprisionamento feminino, e mais atualmente para o encarceramento em massa no sistema prisional, além de abrir espaço para o debate sobre as diferentes perspectivas feministas e as relações com os estudos criminológicos, sobretudo com os posicionamentos da chamada criminologia crítica. Reconhecem-se importantes avanços e conquistas feministas no debate sobre a estruturação masculinizada do direito penal e do seu fazer jurídico, mas também a manutenção de diversas formas de violência de gênero que configuram um sistema penal antropocêntrico, seletivo, racista e discriminatório. Indica-se a urgência de estudos interseccionais que considerem as particularidades e reinvindicações das mulheres no cárcere e suas formas de militância, sobretudo diante de população carcerária feminina composta majoritariamente por mulheres negras, pobres e periféricas. Faz-se visível a necessidade de uma análise dos fatores que atravessam o encarceramento feminino por uma ótica feminista plural, adequada às realidades que se estudam e atenta às múltiplas perspectivas que podem existir dentro do feminismo.(AU)

This theoretical-reflexive essay aims to discuss the contributions of criminological studies and their critique of the various forms of imprisonment of women, and more recently of mass incarceration in the prison system, in addition to opening space for the debate on the different feminist perspectives and their relations with criminological studies, especially with the positions of the so-called critical criminology. Important feminist advances and conquests are recognized in the debate about the masculinized structure of penal law and its legal practice, but also the maintenance of diverse forms of gender violence that configure an anthropocentric, selective, racist, and discriminatory penal system. It indicates the urgency of intersectional studies that consider the particularities and claims of women in prison and their forms of militancy, especially in the face of the female prison population composed mostly of black, poor, and peripheral women. The need for an analysis of the factors that cross women's imprisonment from a plural feminist perspective, adequate to the realities under study and attentive to the multiple perspectives that may exist within feminism, becomes visible.(AU)

Este ensayo teórico-reflexivo pretende discutir las aportaciones de los estudios criminológicos y su crítica a las distintas formas de encarcelamiento femenino, y más recientemente de encarcelamiento masivo en el sistema penitenciario, además de generar debate sobre las distintas perspectivas feministas y sus relaciones con los estudios criminológicos, especialmente con las posiciones de la Criminología Crítica. Se reconocen importantes avances y logros feministas en el debate sobre la estructuración masculinizada del derecho penal y su práctica jurídica, además del mantenimiento de diversas formas de violencia de género que configuran un sistema penal antropocéntrico, selectivo, racista y discriminatorio. Se necesitan estudios interseccionales que consideren las particularidades y reivindicaciones de las mujeres en prisión y sus formas de militancia, principalmente ante la población penitenciaria femenina compuesta mayoritariamente por mujeres negras, pobres y periféricas. Se hace evidente la necesidad de analizar los factores que inciden en el encarcelamiento femenino desde una perspectiva feminista plural, adecuada a las realidades que se estudian y atenta a las múltiples perspectivas que pueden existir dentro del feminismo.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the differences in the factors associated with endometriosis between Chinese and British patients.@*METHODS@#This case-control study was conducted in 387 patients with endometriosis and 199 non-endometriosis patients admitted to John Radcliffe Hospital (Oxford, UK) and in 101 patients with endometriosis and 50 non-endometriosis patients admitted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. The clinical data including height, weight, body mass index, marital status, employment, menstruation, fertility, and operation reasons were collected via a standardized WERF EPHect questionnaire.@*RESULTS@#Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that body mass index, surgery for dysmenorrhea, history of pregnancy, counts of previous surgeries for endometriosis and status of employment were all significantly associated with endometriosis in the UK (P < 0.05), while a history of dysmenorrhea was significantly correlated with endometriosis in Chinese patients (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Dysmenorrhea may be the most important common factor associated with endometriosis in China and the UK, but the other factors contributing to endometriosis may differ between these two countries.

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Abstract Dysmenorrhea is a common condition among females that is characterized by painful cramps before or during menstruation. It is considered as a common gynecological complaint that affects the quality of women's life. The study evaluated prevalence of dysmenorrhea, its impact, associated risk factors, and the management strategies adopted by female university students in Taif city, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 562 female students aged 18-30 years at the university level. The results showed a high prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea (79.4%) among the students. The most common risk factors were family history (87.4%) and length of menstruation (79%). Half (50.2%) of the respondents were absent at the university at least 1 day every month. The most widely used medications by the respondents were ibuprofen (42%) and paracetamol (40%), whereas only 3% used mefenamic acid, despite that they experienced complete pain relief with mefenamic acid. High prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea associated with risk factors such as family history and length of menstruation, was found among university students. However, pain and associated symptoms affect the quality of life.

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Background. Factors associated with menstrual hygiene management (MHM) and practices affect school absenteeism, with up to 7 million girls missing 25% of their given school year each month in South Africa (SA). Objective. To identify the most significant factors associated with MHM and practices affecting school absenteeism among adolescents in Johannesburg, SA. Methods. A secondary data analyses of a cross sectional study among 489 adolescent girls from 30 schools in Johannesburg, SA was conducted. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Logistical regression analysis was conducted for all variables affecting school absenteeism using STATA version 14. Results. Female adolescents who had pre-menarcheal training were more likely to attend school (odds ratio (OR) 1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 - 3.73; p= 0.038). Those who disposed of their absorbent materials by burning, throwing them by the roadside or on farmland were almost 2× more likely to be absent from school (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.05 - 4.08; p= 0.038). Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) was associated with higher likelihood of being absent from school (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.29 - 5.29; p=0.008). Conclusion. This present study reveals that MHM and practices related to school absenteeism extend beyond the availability of sanitary materials. These findings can be used to create dialogue between various stakeholders about best practices for reducing school absenteeism related to MHM

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in the ten (10) regions of Ghana. The findings showed that most girls in Public Senior High Schools in Ghana had prior knowledge about menstruation from their mothers and sisters prior to menarche. It was revealed that majority of the girls mentioned hormones as the cause of menstruation, whilst others mentioned the uterus, bladder, vagina, and other parts of the female reproductive system. A few of them had no idea what causes menstruation. The findings again revealed that most girls use sanitary pads, while some use other materials during menstruation. Less than half of the sample of girls in this study were able to change their pads twice daily or more. About half of the girls cleansed their genital parts only when bathing during menstruation using soup and water mostly. Half of the schools used public tap/standpipe as their main source of water and the rest used other sources of water. Also, most schools have toilet facilities. Some useful recommendations are proffered with the aim of improving MHM in public high schools in Ghana

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Introducción: el climaterio representa el inicio del cese de la menstruación y el final de la vida reproductiva de la mujer, e involucra procesos fisiológicos, endocrinos, psicosexuales, sociales y familiares. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la calidad de vida en la etapa del climaterio y la funcionalidad familiar de las usuarias adscritas a una Unidad de Medicina Familiar (UMF) en Culiacán, Sinaloa. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y correlacional, que incluyó mujeres de 40 a 59 años que asisten a consulta en una UMF. Se utilizaron una cédula de datos personales, la Menopause Rating Scale (MRS-11) y la escala Adaptación, Participación, Gradiente de recurso personal, Afecto y Recursos familiares (APGAR-5) familiar. Los datos fueron analizados con el paquete estadístico SPSS. El estudio se apegó a lo dispuesto en la Ley General de Salud en materia de investigación. Resultados: el 42.6% presentó molestias moderadas, el 30.1% leves y el 21.3% graves. El 33% tiene familia funcional, el 29% disfunción familiar leve, el 20% moderada y el 18% severa. Se encontró asociación en la calidad de vida por grupo etario, somática, psicológica y urogenital (p = 0.01); el grupo de 50 a 60 años presentó molestias moderadas y graves. Las participantes tienen (OR=1.5, IC 95%, 1.02- 2.44, p=0.04) y (OR=1.5, IC 95%, 1.02 - 2.44, p=0.04) de disfunción familiar con dispareunia y líbido disminuida. Existe correlación negativa y significativa entre la calidad de vida y funcionalidad familiar (rs= -.349, p=0.01). Existe correlación negativa y significativa entre la calidad de vida y la funcionalidad familiar (rs = −0.349; p = 0.01). Conclusiones: las usuarias viven con molestias moderadas, el grupo de 50-59 vive con molestias psicológicas y urogenitales leves a moderadas, y existe correlación negativa y significativa entre la calidad de vida y la funcionalidad familiar.

Introduction: The climacteric represents the beginning of the cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive life in women, it involves physiological, endocrine, psychosexual, social and family processes. Objective: To determine the relationship between the quality of life in the climacteric stage and the family functionality of the users assigned to a family medicine unit (FMU) in Culiacán, Sinaloa. Methods: Descriptive, observational, crosssectional, and correlational study, included women between 40 and 59 years old who attend a consultation in a FMU. A personal data card, the menopause rating scale (MRS-11) and family APGAR were used. The data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical package. The study adhered to the provisions of the general health law regarding research. Results: 42.6% presented moderate discomfort, 30.1% mild, 21.3% severe. 33% have a functional family, 29% mild family dysfunction, 20% moderate, 18% severe. An association was found in quality of life by age group, somatic, psychological and urogenital (p = 0.01); the group of 50 to 60 years presented moderate and severe discomfort.The participants had (OR = 1.5, 95% CI, 1.02-2.44, p = 0.04) and (OR = 1.5, 95% CI, 1.02 - 2.44, p = 0.04) of family dysfunction with dyspareunia and decreased libido.There is a negative and significant correlation between quality of life and family functionality (rs= −0.349; p = 0.01). Conclusions: The users live with moderate discomfort, the group of 50-59 lives with mild to moderate psychological and urogenital discomfort; there is a negative and significant correlation between quality of life and family functionality

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OBJECTIVE@#To observe the influence of regulating menstruation and promoting pregnancy acupuncture therapy on negative emotions in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients with POI were randomly divided into an acupuncture group and a western medication group, 30 cases in each group. The acupuncture group was treated with regulating menstruation and promoting pregnancy acupuncture therapy at Baihui (GV 20), Shenting (GV 24), Guanyuan (CV 4), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Shenshu (BL 23), Ciliao (BL 32), etc. once a day, 5 times a week for 3 months. The western medication group was treated by oral administration of climen. The drug was given 1 tablet a day for 21 days and was stopped for 1 week as a course. The treatment was required 3 consecutive courses. The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) score, modified Kupperman index (KI) score, agitated and depressive symptom scores in KI and serum level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the SAS scores, KI scores and serum levels of FSH in the two groups and the scores of agitated and depressive symptom in the acupuncture group were lower than those before treatment (@*CONCLUSION@#Regulating menstruation and promoting pregnancy acupuncture therapy can effectively improve the negative emotions of patients with POI and reduce serum level of FSH .

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O término do ciclo fértil das mulheres está historicamente atrelado a sua capacidade reprodutiva, demarcando de maneira significativa o início do processo de envelhecimento. O climatério, momento de transição entre o período fértil e a menopausa (que é a última menstruação), é percebido em nossa sociedade como uma questão médica. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como os hormônios, considerados produtos atuantes em dinâmicas humanas, agenciam modos de subjetivação entre mulheres que passam pela menopausa na nossa sociedade, que valoriza a produtividade e a juventude. Nesta pesquisa, inspirada na cartografia de controvérsias proposto por Bruno Latour, foram analisados sete vídeos disponibilizados no Youtube pela indústria farmacêutica Bayer que abordavam direta ou indiretamente a "reposição hormonal" para mulheres. Identificamos que as mudanças hormonais na velhice são compreendidas como um desequilíbrio, causador de calores, problemas de libido, osteoporose, problemas cardíacos, secura vaginal etc. Tais percepções levam à busca por soluções médicas, como a reposição hormonal, para que o corpo alcance novamente o equilíbrio perdido com o envelhecimento. Concluímos que os hormônios são prescritos pelos médicos com a promessa de as mulheres se manterem jovens e sexualmente atraentes para seus parceiros do sexo masculino dentro de uma perspectiva que reitera o machismo e a heteronormatividade na sociedade.(AU)

Historically, the end of women' fertile years is intrinsically associated with their reproductive capacity, marking the beginning of their aging process. In our society, the climacteric (transition period between fertility and menopause, consisting of the last menstruation) is perceived as a medical question. Thus, this article aimed to discuss how hormones, considered as active products in human dynamics, act as subjectivation modes among women who undergo menopause in a society such as ours, which values youth and productivity. Inspired by Bruno Latour's cartography of controversies, this research analyzed seven videos made available by the Bayer pharmaceutical company on YouTube, approaching "hormone replacement" for women either directly or indirectly. The results indicate that age-related hormonal changes are understood as an imbalance that triggers hot flashes, decreased libido, osteoporosis, heart diseases, and vaginal dryness. Such understanding drives the search for medical interventions aiming to regain the body balance lost with aging. Thus, doctors prescribe hormones under the guise of keeping women young and sexually attractive to their male partners, reiterating a logic of machismo and heteronormativity within our society.(AU)

El final del ciclo fértil femenino históricamente relacionado a la capacidad reproductiva marca de manera significativa el inicio del proceso de envejecimiento de las mujeres. El climatérico, momento de transición entre el período fértil a la menopausia caracterizado por la última menstruación, es percibido por nuestra sociedad como una cuestión médica. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo las hormonas, consideradas como productos activos en la dinámica humana, actúan en los modos de subjetivación entre las mujeres, que atraviesan la menopausia, en una sociedad que valora la productividad y la juventud. En esta investigación, inspirada en la cartografía de controversias propuesta por Bruno Latour, se analizaron siete vídeos disponibles en YouTube por la industria farmacéutica de Bayer, los cuales plantean directa o indirectamente la terapia de "reemplazo hormonal" para las mujeres. Se identificó que los cambios hormonales en las personas mayores se entienden como un desequilibrio que provocaría calores, problemas en la libido, osteoporosis, problemas cardíacos, sequedad vaginal, etc. Tales hallazgos implican en la búsqueda de orientación médica para que el cuerpo alcance de nuevo el equilibrio perdido con el envejecimiento. Se concluye que las hormonas son prescriptas por médicos con la promesa de que las mujeres seguirán siendo jóvenes y sexualmente atractivas para su pareja masculina, dentro de una perspectiva que reitera el machismo y la heteronormatividad de nuestra sociedad.(AU)