Cardiopatía isquémica. Consideraciones para la atención odontológica / Ischemic heart disease. Considerations for dental treatment

La cardiopatía isquémica es un padecimiento que se caracteriza por la falta de oxígeno del músculo cardiaco y es la principal causa de infarto de miocardio. Existen múltiples factores que predisponen al desarrollo de ésta como la obesidad, la hiperlipidemia, el sedenta- rismo, tabaquismo, diabetes e hipertensión. Dadas las características que configuran la fisiopatología de la cardiopatía isquémica, existen diversas consideraciones que deben ser tomadas en cuenta toda vez que el estomatólogo brinde atención a un paciente con este padecimiento. El objetivo del presente artículo es conocer todo lo relacionado con la fisiopatología de la cardiopatía isquémica, sus manifestaciones clínicas, su tratamiento médico y lo más importante, las consideraciones que deben tomarse en el consultorio dental cuando se atienda a un paciente que padezca esta condición (AU)

Ischemic heart disease is a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen in the heart muscle and is the main cause of myocardial infarction. There are multiple factors that predispose to the development of this, such as obesity, hiyperlipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diabetes and hypertension. Given the characteristics that make up the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease, there are various considerations that must be taken into account whenever the stomatologist provides care to a patient with this condition. The objective of this article is to know everything related to the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease, its clinical manifestation, its medical treatment and most importantly, the considerations that must be taken in the dental office when caring for a patient with this condition (AU)

Muerte Súbita Post Infarto: ¿Cuándo Implantar un Desfibrilador Automático? Breve revisión a propósito de un caso / Sudden Death After Infarction: when To Implant An Automatic Defibrillator? Brief review about a case

Sudden death is the most serious complication of acute coronary syndromes. The highest percentage occurs at home with a very low survival rate. The highest risk group are patients with ejection fraction under 40% after an acute myocardial infarction. So far the indication of the clinical practice guides are the implantation of ICD as a secondary prevention, and as a primary prevention when the systolic function is severely diminished, however there is an interval of 40 days in which the implant has not managed to demonstrate benefits. In this critical period patients should be managed with beta-blockers. So far, the absolute benefit of using portable cardioverter-defibrillators as a prophylactic bridge to the ICD implant has not been demonstrated. The following revision is based on the most relevant clinical practice guides in the field carried out in relation to a clinical case

Dispositivos de asistencia ventricular en el shock cardiogénico posinfarto: importancia del soporte hemodinámico: reporte de caso / Ventricular assist devices in post-infarction cardiogenic shock: importance of hemodynamic support: case report / Dispositivos de assistência ventricular no choque cardiogênico pós-infarto: importância do suporte hemodinâmico: relato de caso

El shock cardiogénico posinfarto caracterizado por un estado de insuficiencia circulatoria sistémica requiere de un tratamiento precoz en vistas a restablecer la estabilidad hemodinámica y la función ventricular. Este consta de la reperfusión coronaria mediante revascularización miocárdica; en algunos casos es necesaria la utilización de dispositivos de asistencia ventricular. El ECMO venoarterial es un sistema de circulación extracorpórea que permite un soporte biventricular oxigenando la sangre y reintroduciéndola mediante un flujo continuo hacia la circulación arterial sistémica. El uso de dicho dispositivo en pacientes con shock cardiogénico ha mostrado una mejoría significativa de la sobrevida a 30 días en comparación con el uso del balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. No obstante, sus potenciales complicaciones, como dificultad en el vaciamiento ventricular izquierdo, síndrome de Arlequín, sangrados e infecciones, hacen fundamental la formación y el trabajo en equipo del heart team. Un porcentaje no menor de estos pacientes presentarán una severa disfunción ventricular permanente, por lo que podrían ser candidatos a dispositivos de asistencia ventricular izquierda de larga duración tipo Heartmate III como puente al trasplante cardíaco, el cual ha mostrado resultados satisfactorios con una excelente sobrevida a mediano plazo.

Post-infarction cardiogenic shock characterized by a state of systemic circulatory failure requires early treatment in order to restore hemodynamic stability and ventricular function. This consists of coronary reperfusion through myocardial revascularization, requiring in some cases the use of ventricular assist devices. Veno-arterial ECMO is an extracorporeal circulation system that allows biventricular support by oxygenating the blood and reintroducing it through a continuous flow towards the systemic arterial circulation. The use of this device in patients with cardiogenic shock has shown a significant improvement in survival at 30 days compared to the use of intra-aortic balloon pump. However, its potential complications, such as difficulty in left ventricular emptying, Harlequin syndrome, bleeding and infections, make the training and teamwork of the heart team essential. A great percentage of these patients will present a severe permanent ventricular dysfunction, so they could be candidates for long-term mechanical circulatory support devices like Heartmate III as a bridge to transplant or myocardial recovery, or destination therapy, which has shown satisfactory results with excellent medium-term survival.

O choque cardiogênico pós-infarto caracterizado por um estado de insuficiência circulatória sistêmica requer tratamento precoce para restabelecer a estabilidade hemodinâmica e a função ventricular. Esta consiste na reperfusão coronariana por meio de revascularização miocárdica, necessitando, em alguns casos, do uso de dispositivos de assistência ventricular. A ECMO venoarterial é um sistema de circulação extracorpórea que permite o suporte biventricular oxigenando o sangue e reintroduzindo-o através de um fluxo contínuo para a circulação arterial sistêmica. O uso desse dispositivo em pacientes com choque cardiogênico mostrou melhora significativa na sobrevida em 30 dias em relação ao uso de contrapulsação com balão intra-aórtico. No entanto, suas potenciais complicações, como dificuldade de esvaziamento ventricular esquerdo, síndrome de Harlequin, sangramentos e infecções, tornam imprescindível o treinamento e o trabalho em equipe do time do coração. Não uma pequena porcentagem desses pacientes apresentará uma condição ventricular permanente grave, podendo ser candidatos a dispositivos de assistência ventricular esquerda de longa duração do tipo Heartmate III como ponte para o transplante cardíaco, que tem demonstrado resultados satisfatórios com excelente sobrevida em médio prazo.

Meta-analysis on efficacy of PCI treatment or conservative treatment among patients with chronic total occlusions / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To compare the efficacy between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and conservative medication treatment in chronic total occlusions (CTO) patients. Methods: It was a meta-analysis.Articles on drug therapy and PCI for complete coronary artery occlusion were retrieved from Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science databases. The search time was from the database construction to May 10, 2020, and the following search criteria were used for the search "chronic total occlusion" "percutaneous coronary intervention" and "medical therapy". References from searched literatures were also searched to identify more eligible studies. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cohort studies comparing efficacy of PCI versus oral medication as well as medication as initial therapy option for CTO patients with single or multiple lesions were included. The primary endpoints included all-cause death, cardiac death, recurrent myocardial infarction, re-revascularization, major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and stroke. Data were analyzed with ReviewManager5.3.0 software. Pooled effect size RR and 95%CI were calculated by randomization effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated by I2. Bege test was used to evaluate publication bias. Subgroup analyses were performed for RCT and cohort studies. Results: A total of 1 079 articles were retrieved and 16 studies (RCT=4, cohort study=12) were included with 12 223 patients. Fourteen publications (RCT=4, cohort study=10) reported all-cause death post PCI and/or drug therapy. Results showed that risk of all-cause death was significantly lower in PCI group than in drug therapy group (RR=0.45,95%CI 0.39-0.53,P<0.001);subgroup analysis showed that risk of all-cause death was significantly lower in PCI group than in drug therapy group from cohort studies (RR=0.44,95%CI 0.38-0.52,P<0.001),but comparable in RCT (P=0.27). Thirteen studies (RCT=3, cohort study=10) reported cardiac death post PCI and/or drug therapy. Results showed that risk of cardiac death was significantly lower in PCI group than in drug therapy group (RR=0.44,95%CI 0.35-0.55,P<0.001);subgroup analysis showed that risk of cardiac death was significantly lower in PCI group than in drug therapy group in cohort studies (RR=0.43,95%CI 0.34-0.54,P<0.001),but not in RCT (P=0.25). Fourteen publications (RCT=4, cohort study=10) reported recurrent myocardial infarction post PCI and/or drug therapy. Results showed that risk of recurrent myocardial infarction was significantly lower in PCI group than in drug therapy group (RR=0.62,95%CI 0.44-0.88,P=0.007);subgroup analysis showed that risk of recurrent myocardial infarction was significantly lower in PCI group than in drug therapy group from cohort studies (RR=0.56,95%CI 0.40-0.78,P=0.000 5),but comparable in RCT (P=0.17). Fourteen publications (RCT=4, cohort study=10) reported re-revascularization post PCI and/or drug therapy. Results showed that risk of re-revascularization was comparable between PCI group and drug therapy group (P=0.91);subgroup analysis showed that risk of re-revascularization was comparable between PCI group and drug therapy group both in cohort study and RCT (P=0.60 and 0.41, respectively). Eleven publications (RCT=3, cohort study=8) reported MACE post PCI and/or drug therapy. Results showed that risk of MACE was significantly lower in PCI group than in drug therapy group (RR=0.74,95%CI 0.59-0.93,P=0.03);subgroup analysis showed that risk of MACE was significantly lower in PCI group than in drug therapy group in cohort studies (RR=0.72,95%CI 0.56-0.93,P=0.01), but not in RCT (P=0.8). Six publications (RCT=2, cohort study=4) reported stroke post PCI and/or drug therapy. Results showed that risk of stroke was comparable between PCI and drug therapy groups (RR=0.62,95%CI 0.32-1.20, P=0.15);subgroup analysis showed that risk of stroke was comparable between PCI and drug therapy groups both in cohort studies and RCT (P=0.48 and 0.32, respectively). Conclusion: Compared with oral drug therapy, PCI may have better efficacy for CTO patients based on results from this cohort study.

Dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária em gestação gemelar no terceiro trimestre: relato de caso / Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a twin pregnancy in the third trimester: a case report

O infarto agudo do miocárdio no período gravídico-puerperal é uma condição rara em que a principal causa é a dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária. É um evento comumente subdiagnosticado, com pouca literatura disponível e elevado índice de morbimortalidade. Esse relato descreve o caso de uma gestante de 36 semanas de gravidez gemelar, monocoriônica-diamniótica, com infarto agudo do miocárdio secundário à dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária. As equipes de cirurgia cardíaca e obstetrícia optaram pela realização de parto cesariano e histerectomia subtotal, seguido da revascularização da artéria mamária descendente anterior. Discutem-se as orientações adotadas na dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária, bem como a abordagem terapêutica e a conduta obstétrica, quando essa condição ocorre durante a gravidez.(AU)

Acute myocardial infarction in the pregnancy-puerperal period is a rare condition the main cause of which is the spontaneous coronary artery dissection. A commonly underdiagnosed event with little available literature and a high rate of morbidity and mortality. This case reports a 36-week pregnant woman of mono-chorionic-diamniotic pregnancy who had a myocardial infarction secondary to a spontaneous coronary artery dissection. In a joint discussion between the team of cardiac surgery and obstetrics, it was decided to perform a cesarean delivery and subtotal hysterectomy followed by revascularization of the mammary anterior descendant. It discusses the conducts to be adopted in a case of spontaneous coronary artery dissection as well as therapeutic approaches and obstetric conducts to be taken in a case of dissection during pregnancy.(AU)

Pterostilbeno Reduz o Estresse Oxidativo no Pulmão e no Ventrículo Direito Induzido por Infarto do Miocárdio Experimental / Pterostilbene Reduces Experimental Myocardial Infarction-Induced Oxidative Stress in Lung and Right Ventricle

Resumo Fundamento O pterostilbeno (PS), um composto polifenólico natural e antioxidante, surge como uma intervenção promissora para minimizar danos do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do PS na promoção da homeostase redox nos pulmões e no ventrículo direito (VD) de animais infartados. Métodos Ratos Wistar machos (60 dias de idade) foram randomizados em três grupos: SHAM, IAM (infarto) e IAM+PS (IAM + pterostilbeno). Sete dias após o procedimento de IAM, os ratos foram tratados com PS (100 mg/kg/dia) por gavagem por oito dias. Os animais foram depois sacrificados e os pulmões e VD foram coletados para análise do balanço redox (diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05). Resultados Nossos resultados mostram que o IAM desencadeia a interrupção redox no VD e nos pulmões, o que pode contribuir para danos induzido pelo IAM nesses órgãos. Consistentemente, o PS mitigou o estresse oxidativo e restaurou as defesas antioxidantes (Glutationa - GSH nos pulmões: SHAM = 0,79 ± 0,07; IAM = 0,67 ± 0,05; IAM + PS = 0,86 ± 0,14; p<0,05), indicando seu papel protetor neste cenário. Conclusão Nosso trabalho evidencia o potencial do uso de PS como abordagem terapêutica adjuvante após IAM para proteção dos tecidos pulmonares e cardíacos direitos.

Abstract Background Pterostilbene (PS), a natural and antioxidant polyphenolic compound emerges as a promising intervention in improving the myocardial infarction (MI) damages. Objetives This study aimed to evaluate PS actions in promoting redox homeostasis in lungs and right ventricle (RV) of infarcted animals. Methods Male Wistar rats (60 day-old) were randomized into three groups: SHAM, MI (infarcted), and MI+PS (MI+pterostilbene). Seven days after MI procedure, rats were treated with PS (100 mg/kg/day) via gavage for eight days. Animals were euthanized and the lungs and RV were harvested for analyses of redox balance (Differences were considered significant when p<0.05). Results Our results show that MI triggers a redox disruption scenario in RV and lungs, which can contribute to MI-induced damage on these organs. Consistently, PS mitigated oxidative stress and restored antioxidant defenses (GSH in lungs: SHAM= 0.79±0.07; MI=0.67±0.05; MI+PS=0.86±0.14; p<0.05), indicating its protective role in this scenario. Conclusions Our work evidences the PS potential use as an adjuvant therapeutic approach after MI focusing on protecting pulmonary and right-sided heart tissues.

Rotura del septum interventricular post infarto agudo al miocardio: una complicación potencialmente letal Revisión de la literatura a propósito de un caso clínico / Ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction: a potentially lethal complication Case report and literature review

Rupture of the ventricular septum with the appearance of an interventricular communication is an infrequent and life-threatening mechanical complication after acute myocardial infarction. The advent of coronary reperfusion therapies has reduced the incidence of this complication, but mortality remains high. The clinical presentation varies from mild compromise with exertional dyspnea to severe compromise with cardiogenic shock. In this pathology, early diagnosis is fundamental and surgical repair is the treatment of choice. In this article we report an interesting clinical case about a 77-year-old woman who was belatedly referred to our hospital and diagnosed with postinfarction rupture of the ventricular septum with an unfortunately fatal evolution. Relevance of this case lies in its atypical clinical presentation which led to a delay in diagnosis and a missed opportunity for early reperfusion therapy. An updated literature review about rupture of the ventricular septum complicating acute myocardial infarction was carried out.

Association between Periodontitis and Myocardial Infarction: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract The association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction remains unclear in the literature. Few studies have addressed periodontitis exposure as a predisposing factor for the development of myocardial infarction. Therefore, the present systematic review aims to analyze the association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction. This meta-analysis systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, SCIELO, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature for studies estimating the association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction. Quality of evidence was assessed for all studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models. Four of the six studies selected were included in the meta-analysis, including 1,035,703 subjects. The association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction was: RR: 5.99 (95% CI: 1.17-30.68), but with high heterogeneity (I2 = 100%; p <0.01). The results including only the highest quality articles, was lower: RR: 2.62 (95% CI: 1.47-4.70 3.83), but with lower heterogeneity (I2 = 85.5%; p < 0.01).The present systematic review with meta-analysis showed an association between periodontitis and acute myocardial infarction, but with a high level of heterogeneity.

Infarto simultáneo cardio-cerebral agudo: a propósito de un caso / Acute cardio-cerebral simultaneous infarction: a purpose of a case

OBJETIVO Informar Sobre Un Caso De Infarto Simultáneo Cardio-Cerebral Y Sus Características, Comparado Con Lo Descrito En La Actualidad. CASO CLÍNICO Paciente Femenina De 64 Años, Con Infarto Simultáneo Cardio-Cerebral (Isquemia En Territorio De Arteria Cerebral Media Derecha Y Elevación Del Segmento St En Cara Antero Inferior), Tratada Con Fibrinólisis. RESULTADOS Evoluciona Con Sensorio Fluctuante, Requiriendo Intubación Orotraqueal Y Manejo En Unidad De Terapia Intensiva Por Sangrado Cerebral CONCLUSIONES El infarto simultáneo cardio-cerebral es infrecuente y representa un desafío para el equipo de salud a fin de evitar que el manejo temprano de una condición retrase la otra

OBJETIVE To Report On A Case Of Simultaneous Cardio-Cerebral Infarction And Its Characteristics, Compared With What Is Currently Described. CLINICAL CASE A 64-year-old female patient with simultaneous cardio-cerebral infarction (ischemia in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery and elevation of the st segment in the lower anterior aspect), treated with fibrinolysis. RESULTS It evolves with fluctuating sensory, requiring orotracheal intubation and management in intensive therapy unit due to cerebral bleeding. CONCLUSIONS The Simultaneous Cardio-Cerebral Infarction Is Infrequent And Represents A Challenge For The Health Team In Order To Avoid That The Early Management Of One Condition Delays The Other

Association between Mean Platelet Volume-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and the Presence of Apical Mural Thrombus in Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients

Abstract Background Left ventricular apical thrombus (AT) is generally associated with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. The thrombo-inflammatory process plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes and post-myocardial thromboembolic complications. Mean platelet volume (MPV) has been linked to poor prognosis following myocardial infarction. Recently, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) has emerged as a new marker of worse outcomes linking inflammation and thrombosis. Objective We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of the marker - mean platelet volume to lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR) in patients with AT. Methods Fifty-six patients with left ventricular AT after an anterior myocardial infarction and 51 patients without left ventricular AT after an anterior myocardial infarction were enrolled in this study retrospectively. Admission MPVLR was compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify whether MPVLR is an independent predictor of AT. The receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to show the optimal cut-off for MPVLR to predict AT. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Age, gender, frequency of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and atrial fibrillation, and ejection fraction values did not differ between the groups. MPVLR was higher in patients with AT than patients without AT (7.91±2.5 vs 5.1±2.1, p<0.001). ROC analysis revealed moderate diagnostic value in predicting the presence of AT with a MPVLR cut-off > 4.75 (82.1% sensivity and 70.2% specifity (area under the curve=0.811, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.731-0.891, p<0.001). MPVLR was found to be an independent risk factor for the formation of AT (B:0.441, p.0.001). Conclusion MPVLR is a simple, cheap and easily accessible test that can predict left ventricular AT formation. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Associação entre o índice de massa corporal e a gravidade e complexidade das lesões coronarianas em pacientes pós-infarto / Association of body mass index and coronary lesions severity and complexity in post-myocardial infarction patients

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o índice de massa corporal e a gravidade das lesões coronarianas em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Coorte aninhada ao Catarina Heart Study que avaliou 350 indivíduos durante o primeiro evento de infarto agudo do miocárdio e o 30º dia pós-infarto. As variáveis qualitativas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Após o resultado da distribuição, a avaliação de variáveis quantitativas foi feita pelo teste de t de Student, pela correlação de Pearson, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e pela correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Indivíduos com obesidade G2 (15,4%) tiveram maior probabilidade de trombose em 30 dias em comparação a indivíduos com índice de massa corporal normal (1,1%), com p=0,005. Indivíduos com obesidade grau 1 (6,0%) e obesidade grau 2 (7,7%) tiveram mais eventos de infarto agudo do miocárdio em 30 dias em comparação a indivíduos com índice de massa corporal normal (0,0%), com p=0,019 e p=0,009, respectivamente. Nenhuma associação significativa foi encontrada em termos de fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, mortalidade e complexidade das lesões coronarianas (escore SYNTAX e TIMI frame count). Conclusão: A obesidade em diversos graus está diretamente associada a fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia e tabagismo. Não houve associação entre o índice de massa corporal com a gravidade das lesões coronarianas ou a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Não houve diferença na mortalidade comparando-se indivíduos com índice de massa corporal elevado a pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal. Pacientes com obesidade tiveram mais desfechos cardiovasculares, como trombose e novo evento de infarto agudo do miocárdio em 30 dias, ao serem comparados a pacientes com índice de massa corporal normal. Outros desfechos de seguimento em 30 dias não estiveram associados ao índice de massa corporal.

Objective: To evaluate the association between body mass index and severity of coronary lesions in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: A cohort nested to Catarina Heart Study, which evaluated 350 individuals during the first event of myocardial infarction and the 30th day post-infarction. Qualitative variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. After the distribution result, the evaluation of quantitative variables was done through Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation, Mann Whitney's test, and Spearman's correlation. Results: Individuals with G2 obesity (15.4%) had a greater probability of having thrombosis in 30 days compared to individuals with normal body mass index (1.1%), p=0.005. Individuals with G1 obesity (6.0%) and G2 obesity (7.7%) had more events of myocardial infarction in 30 days compared to individuals with normal body mass index (0.0%), with p=0.019 and p=0.009, respectively. No significant association was found in terms of left ventricle ejection fraction, mortality, and complexity of coronary lesions (SYNTAX score and TIMI frame count). Conclusion: Obesity in several degrees is directly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking. There was no association between the body mass index and the severity of coronary lesions or left ventricle ejection fraction. There was no difference in mortality comparing individuals with high body mass index to patients with normal body mass index. Patients with obesity had more cardiovascular outcomes, such as thrombosis and a new event of myocardial infarction in 30 days when compared to patients with normal body mass index. Other follow-up outcomes in 30 days were not associated with body mass index

Associação entre a razão de monócitos por HDL e TIMI frame count e a trombose de stent em pacientes com primeiro infarto do miocárdio / Association of the monocyte to HDL ratio and TIMI frame count and stent thrombosis in patients with first myocardial infarction

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre marcadores de gravidade e complexidade, assim como de desfechos em 30 dias, com a razão de monócitos por HDL em pacientes com primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Foram selecionados 580 pacientes com primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos a questionário durante a internação e seguimento em 30 dias. Os dados laboratoriais foram obtidos de 312 pacientes na entrada e de 237 em 72 horas. A gravidade e a complexidade foram avaliadas pelo TIMI frame count, pela fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e pelo escore Syntax. Resultados: O estudo evidenciou correlação positiva entre a razão de monócitos por HDL em 72 horas e o TIMI frame count, com r de 0,219 (p=0,018). Também evidenciou maior mediana de razão de monócitos por HDL nos pacientes que apresentaram trombose de stent em até 30 dias da internação ­ 35,8 (30,0-43,9) ­ comparados àqueles que não apresentaram, com 18,27 (12,98-26,74), p=0,038. Não houve correlação significativa entre a razão de monócitos por HDL da entrada com TIMI frame count, escore SYNTAX ou fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Conclusão: Houve correlação positiva entre a razão de monócitos por HDL em 72 horas e o TIMI frame count em pacientes com primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos à angioplastia primária. Verificou-se, também, associação entre maiores níveis de razão de monócitos por HDL na entrada com trombose de stent em 30 dias.

Objective: To investigate the association between complexity and severity markers, as well as 30-day outcomes with the monocytes to HDL-cholesterol ratio in patients with first myocardial infarction. Methods: A total of 580 patients with first myocardial infarction was selected and answered a questionnaire during hospitalization and 30-day follow up. Laboratory data were obtained at admission for 312 patients and for 237 in 72 hours. Severity and complexity were assessed by TIMI frame count, left ventricular ejection fraction, and Syntax score. Results: The study showed that the monocyte to HDL ratio in 72 hours was significantly positively correlated with TIMI frame count, with r of 0.219 (p=0.018). It also showed higher monocyte to HDL ratio median in patients presenting stent thrombosis within 30 days of hospitalization ­ 35,8 (30,0-43,9) ­ compared to those who did not develop it 18,27 (12,98-26,74), p=0.038. No correlation was found between admission monocytes to HDL ratio and TIMI frame count, Syntax score, or left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between Monocytes to HDL ratio in 72 hours and TIMI frame count in patients with first myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. An association between higher levels of admission monocyte to HDL ratio and stent thrombosis in 30 days was also observed.

Associação de índices hematológicos com fatores de risco, gravidade e complexidade da lesão no infarto agudo do miocárdio / Association of hematological índices with risk factors, severity and complexity of lesion in the acute myocardium infarction

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre os índices hematológicos e os fatores de risco, a complexidade e a gravidade do infarto em relação aos desfechos cardiovasculares. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva, aninhada ao Catarina Heart Study e realizada em um hospital público da Grande Florianópolis. Resultados: Entre 2016 e 2019, foram analisados 580 participantes. Os indivíduos diabéticos apresentaram valores de hemoglobina de 13,0g/dL (12,0 a 14,1g/dL), inferior aos não diabéticos, com valores de 14,0g/dL (12,7 a 15,0g/dL; p<0,001). Indivíduos dislipidêmicos apresentavam valores de hemoglobina e segmentados, respectivamente, de 13,3g/dL (12,1 a 14,4g/dL) e 6.910mm³ (5.990 a 7.807mm³), inferiores aos sem dislipidemia, que possuíam, respectivamente, 14,0g/dL (12,8 a 15,0g/dL; p<0,001) e 7.205mm³ (6.300 a 8.030mm³; p=0,038). A contagem de plaquetas foi maior nos que possuíam dislipidemia, 224.000mm³ (178.000 a 273.500mm³), quando comparados aos que não possuíam, 210.000mm³ (173.000 a 255.000mm³; p=0,029). Houve correlação entre o SYNTAX e a contagem de leucócitos (r=0,143; p=0,001) e segmentados (r=0,222; p<0,001). Houve correlação negativa entre a fração de ejeção ventricular e a contagem de leucócitos (r=-0,173; p<0,001) e dos segmentados (r=-0,255; p<0,001). Indivíduos reinternados em 30 dias apresentaram valores de segmentados de 7.440mm³ (6.590 a 8.360mm³), maior em relação aos não reinternados, com 7.100mm³ (6.100 a 8.022mm³), sendo p=0,05. Os participantes que morreram por qualquer causa possuíam hemoglobina de 12,0g/dL (11,4 a 13,7g/dL), inferior aos indivíduos que permaneceram vivos em 30 dias, cujos valores foram de 13,7g/dL (12,5 a 14,9g/dL), sendo p=0,021. Conclusão: A contagem maior de plaquetas está associada à dislipidemia. Valores de hemoglobina baixas estão associados a um pior prognóstico em 30 dias e aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia. A contagem maior de leucócitos está associada à reinternação em 30 dias e correlacionada à gravidade e à complexidade da lesão do infarto.

Objective: To evaluate the association of hematological indices with risk factors, complexity, and severity of the acute myocardial infarction regarding cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: This is a prospective cohort, nested to Catarina Heart Study, performed in a public hospital of Florianópolis. Results: Between 2016 and 2019, 580 participants were analyzed. Diabetic individuals had hemoglobin levels of 13.0g/dL (12.0 to 14.1g/dL), lower than those in non-diabetic individuals, with values of 14.0g/dL (12.7 to 15.0g/dL; p<0.001). Individuals with dyslipidemia had hemoglobin and segmented leukocytes of, respectively, 13.3g/dL (12.1 to 14.4g/dL) and 6,910mm³ (5,990 to 7,807mm³), lower than in non-dyslipidemic individuals, who had, respectively, 14.0g/dL (12.8 to 15.0g/dL; p<0.001) and 7,205mm³ (6,300 to 8,030mm³; p=0.038). Platelet count was higher in those who had dyslipidemia, 224,000mm³ (178,000 to 273,500mm³), when compared to non-dyslipidemic, 210,000mm³ (173,000 to 255,000mm³; p=0.029). There was a correlation between Syntax and leukocyte count (r=0.143, p=0.001) and segmented (r=0.222; p<0.001). There was a negative correlation between ventricular ejection fraction and leukocytes count (r=-0.173; p<0.001) and segmented (r=-0.255; p<0.001). Individuals readmitted in 30 days had segmented values of 7,440mm³ (6,590 to 8,360mm³), higher compared to non-readmitted, with 7,100mm³ (6,100 to 8,022mm³), p=0,05. Individuals who died of any cause had hemoglobin of 12.0g/dL (11.4 to 13.7g/dL), lower than those that remained alive in 30 days, with values of 13.7g/dL (12.5 to 14.9g/dL), p=0.021. Conclusion: Higher platelet count is associated with dyslipidemia. Low hemoglobin values are associated with worse outcomes in 30 days and with cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Higher leukocyte count is associated with readmission in 30 days and is also correlated to the severity and complexity of acute myorcardial infarction.

Acute myocardial infarction in older adult patients / Infarto agudo do miocárdio em pacientes idosos

OBJECTIVES: To assess clinical and coronary angiographic characteristics, previous medical history, and clinical course, by age group, in older adults after myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). METHODS: Single-center, cohort study that enrolled all patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent pPCI at a specialized cardiology reference center in the South of Brazil. Older adults were defined as age ≥60 years, as set out in Brazilian legislation. Patients in the following age groups were compared: 60 to 64 years, 65 to 69 years, 70 to 74 years, 75 to 79 years, and ≥80 years. Patients' clinical course was assessed at initial hospital admissions and after 2 years of clinical follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19, and significance was established at p <0.05. RESULTS: From December 2015 to December 2018, a total of 636 patients were enrolled consecutively. Angiographic success rates were around 90% in all age groups. There were no differences in medications used, except for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, which were more frequently used in patients of lower age groups. Older patients had more in-hospital acute renal failure and higher in-hospital mortality. Predictors of mortality were age over 75, chronic renal failure, need for ventilatory support, severe arrhythmia, and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: pPCI in older adult patients is a safe procedure with a high success rate.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar características clínicas e angiográficas, história clínica pregressa e evolução clínica, por faixa etária, em idosos submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea primária (ICPp) após infarto do miocárdio. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de coorte, de centro único, que incluiu todos os pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST submetidos ICPp em um centro de referência especializado em cardiologia no sul do Brasil. Os idosos foram definidos como aqueles com idade ≥60 anos, conforme estabelecido na legislação brasileira. Os pacientes nas seguintes faixas etárias foram comparados: 60 a 64 anos, 65 a 69 anos, 70 a 74 anos, 75 a 79 anos e ≥80 anos. O curso clínico dos pacientes foi avaliado nas admissões hospitalares iniciais e após 2 anos de acompanhamento clínico. Os dados foram analisados usando o SPSS 19, e p <0,05 foi considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: De dezembro de 2015 a dezembro de 2018, 636 pacientes foram incluídos consecutivamente. As taxas de sucesso angiográfico foram de cerca de 90% em todas as faixas etárias. Não houve diferenças nos medicamentos utilizados, com exceção dos inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa, que foram mais frequentemente utilizados em pacientes em faixas etárias mais baixas. Pacientes mais velhos apresentaram mais insuficiência renal aguda intra-hospitalar e maior mortalidade hospitalar. Os preditores de mortalidade foram: idade superior a 75 anos, insuficiência renal crônica, necessidade de suporte ventilatório, arritmia grave e sepse. CONCLUSÕES: O ICPp em pacientes idosos é um procedimento seguro e com alta taxa de sucesso.

Gender difference in efficacy of intra-aortic balloon pump in acute myocardial infarction patients complicating with cardiogenic shock / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of gender on the efficacy of intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP) applied in patients with cardiogenic shock complicated by acute myocardial infarction(AMI). Methods: A total of 209 patients diagnosed as cardiogenic shock complicated by AMI admitted in Fuwai Hospital from June 2012 to May 2018 were enrolled in our study. We collected the data from medical records and investigated their clinical manifestation and laboratory examination and IABP support, as well as 28-day (from diagnosis of cardiogenic shock) mortality retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the 28-day survival rates of patients of different genders/with or without IABP treatment. Adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, dual antiplatelet, coma, APACHEⅡ score and SAPSⅡ score, Cox regression analysis was used to detect the affect of IABP treatment on the risk of all-cause mortality in different crowd, and using Z test to evaluate the modification effect of gender on IABP treatment efficacy. Results: A total of 209 patients were included in this study, with 148 males (80 (54.05%) cases received IABP support) and 61 females (22 (36.06%) cases received IABP support). A total of 102 patients received IABP treatment. The 28-day survival rate of male patients was higher than that of females (39.2% (58/148) vs. 26.2% (16/61), Log-rank P=0.034). The 28-day survival rate of patients receiving IABP was significantly higher than that of non-IABP groups (46.1% (47/102) vs. 25.2% (27/107), Log-rank P=0.001 7). Among female patients, there was no statistically significant difference in 28-day survival rate between those who received IABP and those who did not receive IABP (P=0.889). While in male patients, the 28-day survival rate of those who received IABP was higher than that of those who did not receive IABP (51.2% (41/80) vs. 25.0% (17/68), P=0.001). The survival rate of male patients treated with IABP was higher than that of male patients who did not receive IABP, female patients who did not receive IABP and female patients who received IABP (all P<0.05). After multiple regression analysis and adjustment of confounding factors, it was found that IABP implantation can significantly reduce the 28-day mortality risk in male patients (HR=0.44, 95%CI 0.25-0.77 P=0.004). While it had no inpact on the death risk in female patients(P= 0.401). The impact of IABP implantation in patients of different genders was significantly different (Z=-2.32, P=0.020). Conclusion: In AMI patients complicating cardiogenic shock, there is a gender difference in the impact of IABP implantation on the 28-day mortality risk, and protective effects are seen only in men.

Adult's perception of health care after myocardial infarction / Percepción del cuidado a la salud de adultos después del infarto de miocardio / Percepção do cuidado à saúde de adultos após o infarto do miocárdio

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the Adult's perception of healthcare after Myocardium Infarction. Methods: qualitative descriptive analysis carried out with 12 adults who had myocardial infarction and conducted from February to May 2018. The research design was based on the "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". Data collection was performed through semi-structured questionnaire, interview script and field diary. The interviews were encoded, and their content was analyzed using software support. Results: three classes were obtained: "Fear, (un) certainty and (un) awareness"; "Lifestyle and beliefs of illness" and "Health care search". Unhealthy lifestyle habits, lack of health prevention / promotion, difficulties in accessing services and lack of knowledge about the disease generated fear and uncertainty about the future. Final Considerations: the perception of acute myocardial infarction is related to the trajectory of illness, lifestyle and the belief that the infarction only affects others.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir las percepciones del cuidado a la salud de adultos después del infarto de miocardio. Métodos: investigación cualitativa descriptiva analítica realizada de febrero a mayo de 2018 con 12 adultos que tuvieron infarto de miocardio. El dibujo ha sido basado en el "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". La recogida de datos ha sido realizada mediante cuestionario semiestructurado, guion de entrevista y diario de campo. Las entrevistas han sido codificadas, y su contenido ha sido analizado con auxilio de software. Resultados: se obtuvieron tres clases: "Medo, duda y (des)conocimiento"; "Estilo de vida y creencias de enfermedad" y "Búsqueda por el cuidado de salud". Los hábitos de vida no saludables, la falta de prevención/promoción de la salud, las dificultades de acceso a los servicios y el desconocimiento de la enfermedad generaron medo y duda cuanto al futuro. Consideraciones Finales: la percepción del infarto agudo relacionase con la trayectoria de la enfermedad, estilo de vida y creencia de que el infarto solo acomete al otro.

RESUMO Objetivos: das percepções do cuidado à saúde de adultos após o infarto do miocárdio. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa descritiva analítica realizada com 12 adultos que tiveram infarto do miocárdio, de fevereiro a maio de 2018. O desenho baseou-se no "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante questionário semiestruturado, roteiro de entrevista e diário de campo. As entrevistas foram codificadas, e seu conteúdo foi analisado com auxílio de software. Resultado: obtiveram-se três classes: "Medo, (in)certeza e (des)conhecimento"; "Estilo de vida e crenças do adoecimento" e "Busca pelo cuidado de saúde". Os hábitos de vida não saudáveis, a falta de prevenção/promoção da saúde, as dificuldades de acesso aos serviços e o desconhecimento da doença geraram medo e incerteza quanto ao futuro. Considerações Finais: a percepção do infarto agudo se relaciona com a trajetória do adoecimento, estilo de vida e crença de que o infarto só acomete o outro.

Manejo del Trauma Cardiaco en el Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. 2015 -2017 / Management of cardiac trauma at the Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital. 2015-2017

Introducción: las lesiones cardiacas son entidades desafiantes en la ci-rugía de emergencia, su alta mortalidad obliga a tomar decisiones rápidas y precisas. Metodología: serie de casos que analizó las historias clínicas de pacien-tes con trauma cardiaco atendidos en el Centro de Trauma y Emergencia del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso (HVCM) durante el período noviembre del 2015 ­ abril 2017. Objetivos: presentar el manejo de esta patología, así como su mortalidad en nuestro medio Resultados: durante el período analizado se atendieron 18 pacientes con trauma cardiaco, 12 por lesión penetrante, 2 iatrogénicas y 4 contusos. El sexo masculino fue el más expuesto a estas lesiones. Dentro de las lesiones por violencia la más frecuente fue: lesión por arma blanca 8 casos y fuego 4. La incisión más utilizada para la reparación cardiaca fue la toracotomía lateral izquierda. El ventrículo izquierdo fue el más afectado en 6 pacientes y el derecho en 5. La mortalidad en este grupo de pacientes fue del 17%. Conclusión: la mortalidad en esta serie de casos fue del 17%, el aborda-je quirúrgico fue preferentemente por toracotomía lateral izquierda en un 67%.(AU).

Introduction: cardiac injuries are challenging entities in emergency surgery, their high mortality forces to make prompt and precise decisions.Methodology: there was a series of cases that analyzed the medical records of patients with cardiac trauma treated at the Trauma and Emergency Center of the Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital (HVCM) during the period November 2015 - April 2017.Objectives: to expose the management of this pathology, as well as its mortality in our environment Results: a total of 18 patients with cardiac trauma, 12 due to penetrating injury, 2 iatrogenic and 4 contusions were treated during the analyzed period. The male sex was the most exposed to these injuries. Among the violence injuries, the most frequent was: 8 white weapon injuries and 4 gunshot. The incision most used for cardiac repair was the left lateral thoracotomy. The left ventricle was the most affected in 6 patients and the right ventricle in 5 patients. The mortality in this group of patients was 17%.Conclusion: the mortality in these cases was 17%, the surgical approach was preferably by left lateral thoracotomy in 67%.(AU)

Prevalence of carotid stenosis and incidence of ischemic stroke in patients undergoing non-coronary cardiac surgery

Abstract Introduction: Many publications on coronary surgery and carotid stenosis (CS) can be found, but we do not have enough information about the relationship between ischemic stroke, CS and non-coronary cardiac surgery. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with the stroke and CS ≥50% in patients undergoing non-coronary surgeries. Objectives: We assessed 241 patients, aged 40 years or older, between 2009 and 2016, operated in Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ponta Grossa-PR, Brazil. We perform carotid Doppler in patients 40 years of age or older before any cardiac surgery as a routine. The incidence and possible risk factors for CS ≥50% and perioperative stroke were analyzed by univariate statistical analysis. Results: 11 patients (4.56%) presented perioperative stroke. The risk factor for stroke was CS ≥50%: OR=5.3750 (1.2909-22.3805), P=0.0208. Eighteen patients (7.46%) had CS ≥50% and their risk factors were extracardiac arteriopathy: OR=18.6607 (6.3644-54.7143), P<0.0001; COPD: OR=3.9040 (1.4491-10.5179), P=0.0071; diabetes mellitus: OR=2.9844 (1.0453-8.5204), P=0.0411; recent myocardial infarction: OR=13.8125 (1.8239-104.6052), P=0.0110; EuroSCORE II higher P=0.0056. Conclusion: The incidences of stroke and CS ≥50% were 4.56% and 7.46%, respectively. The risk factor for stroke was CS ≥50% and for CS ≥50% were extracardiac arteriopathy, COPD, diabetes mellitus, recent myocardial infarction and higher EuroSCORE II.

Clinical Course of Patients Undergoing Myocardial Revascularization Surgery in a Public Cardiology Referral Hospital in Pará, Brazil

Myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) is the most frequently performed cardiac surgery in Brazil. However, data on mortality rates among patients undergoing MRS in hospitals other than the main referral centers in the northern Brazil are scarce. Objective: To describe the clinical course of patients that submitted to MRS in the major public cardiology referral hospital in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods: Retrospective cohort analysis, by review of medical records of patients who had undergone MRS at Hospital das Clínicas Gaspar Vianna (FHCGV) from January 2013 to June 2014. Results: A total of 179 patients were evaluated. Mortality rate was 11.7% until 30 days after surgery. Waiting time for surgery ≥ 30 days (OR 2.59, 95%CI 1.02 - 6.56, p = 0.039), infection during hospitalization (OR 3.28, 95%CI 1.15 - 9.39, p = 0.021) and need for hemodialysis after surgery (OR 9.06 95%CI 2.07 - 39.54, p = 0.001) were predictors of mortality after CABG. Conclusion: A high mortality rate in the study population was found, higher than that reported in the literature and in other regions of Brazil