Simulação in situ de parada cardíaca em fibrilação ventricular para o treinamento de profissionais de enfermagem / In-situ simulation of cardiac arrest in ventricular fibrillation for professional nursing training

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência e a percepção dos profissionais de enfermagem com a utilização de simulação in situnão anunciada de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) em ritmo de fibrilação ventricular no ambiente intra-hospitalar. Métodos: Manequim (Laerdal®) de alta fidelidade foi colocado no leito de isolamento de uma Unidade Coronariana que dispõe de central de monitoramento, sem o conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem que estavam assumindo o plantão. Um técnico de enfermagem do turno anterior de trabalho passou o caso como um paciente fictício recém-admitido com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Após a passagem do plantão, modificou-se o ritmo cardíaco do manequim de ritmo sinusal para fibrilação ventricular. Registrou-se o tempo (em minutos e segundos) desde a modificação do ritmo até algum profissional da enfermagem desencadear uma ação efetiva relacionada ao fato. Após o profissional perceber que se tratava de um manequim, ele foi orientado a desencadear as intervenções adequadas como se fosse um paciente real. Após o final da simulação, um questionário para avaliação da percepção desses profissionais em relação à atividade foi aplicado. Resultado: Quinze profissionais participaram da simulação in situ. O tempo para reação foi 28 segundos no turno diurno, dois minutos e seis segundos no turno vespertino e quatro minutos e três segundos no período noturno. Todos profissionais (100%) reconheceram a importância do treinamento, todos (100%) acharam que este treinamento aumenta a segurança do profissional e do paciente, a maioria (90%) achou que pode melhorar a comunicação entre a equipe, e todos (100%) acharam que atividades como esta deveriam ser repetidas. Conclusão: A simulação in situ parece ser uma alternativa viável para o treinamento dos profissionais de enfermagem no atendimento inicial da PCR em um hospital de emergência brasileiro. Esta atividade foi avaliada positivamente pelos participantes (AU).

Objective: Report the experience and perception of nursing professionals with an unannounced in-situ simulation of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in ventricular fibrillation in an in-hospital environment. Methods: A high-fidelity mannequin (Laerdal®) was placed on the isolation bed of a Coronary Care Unit with a monitoring center without the knowledge of the nursing professionals taking over the shift. A nurse technician from the previous shift was told to report the case as a fictitious newly admitted patient with acute myocardial infarction. After the care transition, the cardiac rhythm was changed from sinus rhythm to ventricular fibrillation. The time was recorded (in minutes and seconds) from the onset of ventricular fibrillation until a nursing professional triggered an effective action. After the professionals realized it was a mannequin, they were instructed to initiate the appropriate interventions as if the mannequin were an actual patient. After the end of the simulation, a questionnaire was used to assess the professionals' perception of the activity. Results: Fifteen professionals participated in this in-situ simulation. The reaction time was 28 seconds on the morning shift, two minutes and six seconds on the afternoon shift, and four minutes and three seconds on the night shift. All professionals (100%) recognized the importance of this training, and all thought it increased professional and patient safety. Most participants (90%) thought it could improve communication among the team. All professionals (100%) felt that such activities should be repeated. Conclusion: In-situ simulation is a feasible alternative to train nursing professionals in the initial CPA management in a Brazilian emergency hospital. Participants positively evaluated this activity (AU).

Atendimento a pacientes infartados submetidos à angioplastia antes e durante a COVID-19: estudo transversal / Care of infarcted patients undergoing angioplasty before and during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study

OBJETIVO: Comparar o atendimento de infartados submetidos à angioplastia antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19. MÉTODO: Pesquisa transversal, de abordagem retrospectiva, com 498 pacientes, por meio de prontuários eletrônicos e físicos, referente a atendimentos antes e durante a pandemia, no serviço de hemodinâmica de hospital de referência para doenças cardiovasculares. Dados analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: Em 2019, pré-pandemia, realizaram-se 157 procedimentos de intervenção coronária percutânea. Em 2020, início da pandemia, 166 procedimentos, aumento de 5,73%. Em 2021, ocorreram 175 procedimentos, acréscimo de 11,46% em comparação a 2019. CONCLUSÃO: Houve aumento no número de procedimentos de ATC, em 11,46% de 2019 a 2021, com consequente elevação da assistência de enfermagem e multiprofissional durante a pandemia da COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the care provided to infarcted patients submitted to angioplasty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Cross-sectional research, with a retrospective approach, conducted with 498 patients through the assessment of electronic and physical medical records, referring to care provided before and during the pandemic in the hemodynamics clinic of a reference hospital for cardiovascular diseases. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. RESULTS: In 2019, pre-pandemic period, 157 percutaneous coronary angioplasties were performed. In 2020, at the pandemic's beginning, 166 procedures were performed ­ an increase of 5.73%. In 2021, there were 175 procedures ­an increase of 11.46% compared to 2019. CONCLUSION: There was an increase in percutaneous coronary angioplasties by 11.46% from 2019 to 2021, with a consequent increase in nursing and multidisciplinary care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Predictive value of hemoglobin to serum creatinine ratio combined with serum uric acid for in-hospital mortality after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical value of hemoglobin to serum creatinine ratio (Hb/SCr) combined with blood uric acid (SUA) in predicting in-hospital mortality after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of AMI patients who underwent emergency PCI in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The general information, underlying medical history, blood routine, liver and kidney function, blood coagulation routine, SUA and other indicators were collected from patients. The primary composite endpoint was defined as in-hospital death, including in-hospital all-cause death during PCI and 15-day post-procedure hospitalization. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with in-hospital death after emergency PCI in patients with AMI. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the independent related factors and construct a risk prediction model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow method and receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) were used to test the goodness of fit and predictive effect of the model and correlates, respectively.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1 976 patients were enrolled, 92 died in hospital and 1 884 survived. SUA was higher in the death group than that in the survival group (μmol/L: 476.88±132.04 vs. 354.87±105.31, P < 0.01), and the Hb/SCr ratio was significantly lower than that in the survival group (13.84±5.48 vs.19.20±5.74, P < 0.01). Pearson analysis showed a linear negative correlation between SUA and Hb/SCr ratio (r = -0.502, P < 0.01). Logistic regression risk model analysis finally included age [odds ratio (OR) = 0.916], Hb/SCr ratio (OR = 0.182), white blood cell count (WBC, OR = 2.733), C-reactive protein (CRP, OR = 3.611), SUA (OR = 4.667), blood glucose (Glu, OR = 2.726), homocysteine (Hcy, OR = 2.688) 7 factors to construct a risk prediction model, which were independent correlation factors for in-hospital death in AMI patients after emergency PCI (all P < 0.05). Hosmer-Lemeshow test verified the fitting effect of the model, and the result showed P = 0.447. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the model for predicting in-hospital death in AMI patients after emergency PCI was 0.764 [95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 0.712-0.816, P = 0.001]. When the cut-off value was 0.565 8, the sensitivity was 70.7%, the specificity was 70.2%, and the Yoden index was 0.410. When Hb/SCr ratio+SUA, SUA, Hb/SCr ratio, Hb and SCr were used to predict in-hospital death in AMI patients after emergency PCI, the AUC of Hb/SCr ratio+SUA was the largest, which was 0.810. When the optimal cut-off value was -0.847, the sensitivity was 77.7%, the specificity was 74.5%, and the Youden index was 0.522.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Age, SUA, Hb/SCr ratio, WBC, CRP, Glu, and Hcy are independent risk factors for in-hospital death after emergency PCI in AMI patients. The lower the Hb/SCr ratio and the higher the SUA at admission, the higher the risk of in-hospital death after emergency PCI in AMI patients. Hb/SCr ratio combined with SUA has a higher predictive value for in-hospital death after emergency PCI in AMI patients than single index, which is helpful for early identification of high-risk patients.

Chinese emergency expert consensus on bedside temporary cardiac pacing (2023) / 中华危重病急救医学

Temporary cardiac pacing is an essential technique in the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias. Due to its urgency, complexity, and uncertainty, it is necessary to develop an evidence-based emergency operation norms. Currently, there is no specific consensus guidelines at home or abroad. The Emergency Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to draft the Chinese emergency expert consensus on bedside temporary cardiac pacing (2023) to guide the operation and application of bedside cardiac pacing. The formulation of the consensus adopts the consensus meeting method and the evidentiary basis and recommendation grading of the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine in the United States. A total of 13 recommendations were extracted from the discussion on the methods of bedside temporary cardiac pacing, the puncture site of transvenous temporary cardiac pacing, the selection of leads, the placement and placement of leads, pacemaker parameter settings, indications, complications and postoperative management. The recommended consensus includes the choice between transcutaneous and transvenous pacing, preferred venous access for temporary transvenous pacing, the target and best guidance method for implantation of bedside pacing electrodes, recommended default pacemaker settings, recommended indications for sinoatrial node dysfunction, atrioventricular block, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. They also recommended ultrasound guidance and a shortened temporary pacing support time to reduce complications of temporary transvenous cardiac pacing, recommended bedrest, and anticoagulation after temporary transvenous pacing. Bedside temporary cardiac pacing is generally safe and effective. Accurate assessment, correct selection of the pacing mode, and timely performance of bedside temporary cardiac pacing can further improve the survival rate and prognosis of related emergency patients.

Impact of VA-ECMO combined with IABP and timing on outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the impact of combined use and timing of arterial-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) on the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock (AMICS). Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock who received VA-ECMO support from the Heart Center of Lanzhou University First Hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 in the registration database of the Chinese Society for Extracorporeal Life Support were enrolled. According to combination with IABP and time point, patients were divided into VA-ECMO alone group, VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group. Data from 3 groups of patients were collected, including the demographic characteristics, risk factors, ECG and echocardiographic examination results, critical illness characteristics, coronary intervention results, VA-ECMO related parameters and complications were compared among the three groups. The primary clinical endpoint was all-cause death, and the safety indicators of mechanical circulatory support included a decrease in hemoglobin greater than 50 g/L, gastrointestinal bleeding, bacteremia, lower extremity ischemia, lower extremity thrombosis, acute kidney injury, pulmonary edema and stroke. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to analyze the survival outcomes of patients within 30 days of follow-up. Using VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group as reference, multivariate Cox regression model was used to evaluate the effect of the combination of VA-ECMO+IABP at different time points on the prognosis of AMICS patients within 30 days. Results: The study included 68 AMICS patients who were supported by VA-ECMO, average age was (59.8±10.8) years, there were 12 female patients (17.6%), 19 cases were in VA-ECMO alone group, 34 cases in VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group and 15 cases in VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group. The success rate of ECMO weaning in the VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group was significantly higher than that in the VA-ECMO alone group and the VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (all P<0.05). Compared with the ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group, the other two groups had shorter ECMO support time, lower rates of acute kidney injury complications (all P<0.05), and lower rates of pulmonary edema complications in the ECMO alone group (P<0.05). In-hospital survival rate was significantly higher in the VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group (28 patients (82.4%)) than in the VA-ECMO alone group (9 patients) and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (7 patients) (all P<0.05). The survival rate up to 30 days of follow-up was also significantly higher surviving patients within were in the ECMO+IABP concurrent group (26 cases) than in VA-ECMO alone group (9 patients) and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (4 patients) (all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared with the concurrent use of VA-ECMO+IABP, the use of VA-ECMO alone and non-concurrent use of VA-ECMO+IABP were associated with increased 30-day mortality in AMICS patients (HR=2.801, P=0.036; HR=2.985, P=0.033, respectively). Conclusions: When VA-ECMO is indicated for AMICS patients, combined use with IABP at the same time can improve the ECMO weaning rate, in-hospital survival and survival at 30 days post discharge, and which does not increase additional complications.

Impact of VA-ECMO combined with IABP and timing on outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the impact of combined use and timing of arterial-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) on the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock (AMICS). Methods: This was a prospective cohort study, patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock who received VA-ECMO support from the Heart Center of Lanzhou University First Hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 in the registration database of the Chinese Society for Extracorporeal Life Support were enrolled. According to combination with IABP and time point, patients were divided into VA-ECMO alone group, VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group. Data from 3 groups of patients were collected, including the demographic characteristics, risk factors, ECG and echocardiographic examination results, critical illness characteristics, coronary intervention results, VA-ECMO related parameters and complications were compared among the three groups. The primary clinical endpoint was all-cause death, and the safety indicators of mechanical circulatory support included a decrease in hemoglobin greater than 50 g/L, gastrointestinal bleeding, bacteremia, lower extremity ischemia, lower extremity thrombosis, acute kidney injury, pulmonary edema and stroke. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to analyze the survival outcomes of patients within 30 days of follow-up. Using VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group as reference, multivariate Cox regression model was used to evaluate the effect of the combination of VA-ECMO+IABP at different time points on the prognosis of AMICS patients within 30 days. Results: The study included 68 AMICS patients who were supported by VA-ECMO, average age was (59.8±10.8) years, there were 12 female patients (17.6%), 19 cases were in VA-ECMO alone group, 34 cases in VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group and 15 cases in VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group. The success rate of ECMO weaning in the VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group was significantly higher than that in the VA-ECMO alone group and the VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (all P<0.05). Compared with the ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group, the other two groups had shorter ECMO support time, lower rates of acute kidney injury complications (all P<0.05), and lower rates of pulmonary edema complications in the ECMO alone group (P<0.05). In-hospital survival rate was significantly higher in the VA-ECMO+IABP concurrent group (28 patients (82.4%)) than in the VA-ECMO alone group (9 patients) and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (7 patients) (all P<0.05). The survival rate up to 30 days of follow-up was also significantly higher surviving patients within were in the ECMO+IABP concurrent group (26 cases) than in VA-ECMO alone group (9 patients) and VA-ECMO+IABP non-concurrent group (4 patients) (all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared with the concurrent use of VA-ECMO+IABP, the use of VA-ECMO alone and non-concurrent use of VA-ECMO+IABP were associated with increased 30-day mortality in AMICS patients (HR=2.801, P=0.036; HR=2.985, P=0.033, respectively). Conclusions: When VA-ECMO is indicated for AMICS patients, combined use with IABP at the same time can improve the ECMO weaning rate, in-hospital survival and survival at 30 days post discharge, and which does not increase additional complications.

Utilidad de la tomografía de coherencia óptica como guía en el tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo: reporte de un caso / Utility of optical coherence tomography to guide treatment in acute coronary syndromes: case report / Utilidade da tomografia de coerência óptica como guia no tratamento da síndrome coronariana aguda: relato de um caso

La tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) es una técnica de imagen endovascular con elevada resolución espacial que permite evaluar las diferentes estructuras que componen la pared de las arterias coronarias, caracterizar morfológicamente la placa aterosclerótica y establecer el mecanismo fisiopatológico subyacente en los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA). Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio, donde la OCT evidenció que la reducción de la luz arterial estaba determinada principalmente por la presencia de trombo, a la vez que demostró una disrupción endotelial (ruptura de placa) como mecanismo fisiopatológico subyacente. Se adoptó una estrategia invasivo-conservadora, donde finalmente no se implantó stent. La información surgida de la OCT en este caso particular fue fundamental en la toma de decisiones.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an endovascular imaging technique with high spatial resolution. It allows to evaluate the different structures that compose coronary arteries' wall, morphologically characterize atherosclerotic plaques and establish the underlying pathophysiological mechanism in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The case of a patient with acute myocardial infarction is presented, in which OCT showed that the reduction of arterial lumen was determined mainly by the presence of thrombus, while also demonstrated endothelial disruption (plaque rupture) as the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. An invasive-conservative strategy was adopted and finally stent was not implanted. The information that emerged from the OCT in this particular case was fundamental in decision-making.

A tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) é uma técnica de imagem endovascular com alta resolução espacial que permite a avaliação das diferentes estruturas que compõem a parede das artérias coronárias, a caracterização morfológica da placa aterosclerótica e o estabelecimento do mecanismo fisiopatológico subjacente de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Apresentamos o caso clínico de um paciente com enfarte agudo do miocárdio, onde a OCT mostrou que a redução do lúmen arterial foi determinada principalmente pela presença de trombo, ao mesmo tempo que demonstrou uma ruptura endotelial (ruptura da placa) como causa fisiopatológica subjacente. Adotou-se uma estratégia invasiva-conservadora, onde finalmente o stent não foi implantado. As informações obtidas da OCT neste caso específico foram fundamentais na tomada de decisão.

Otimização da Terapia de Reperfusão no Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST por Meio de Telemedicina Baseada no WhatsApp® / Reperfusion Therapy Optimization in Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation using WhatsApp®-Based Telemedicine

Resumo Fundamento Cerca de 40% dos pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnível do segmento ST (IAMCSST) no Brasil não recebem terapia de reperfusão. Objetivo A utilização de uma rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp® poderia aumentar a porcentagem de pacientes que recebem terapia de reperfusão. Métodos Estudo transversal do tipo antes e depois da organização de uma rede de telemedicina para envio e análise do eletrocardiograma através do WhatsApp® dos pacientes suspeitos de IAMCSST oriundos dos 25 municípios integrantes do Departamento Regional de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto (DRS−XIII), para hospital terciário que poderia autorizar a transferência imediata do paciente utilizando o mesmo sistema. O desfechos analisados foram a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfusão e a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Considerou-se valor de p <0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Foram comparados 82 pacientes antes desta rede (1º de fevereiro de 2016 a 31 de janeiro de 2018) com 196 pacientes depois da implantação da mesma (1º de fevereiro de 2018 a 31 de janeiro de 2020). Após a implantação da rede, houve aumento significativo da proporção de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfusão (60% vs. 92%), risco relativo (RR): 1,594 [intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% 1,331 - 1,909], p <0,0001 e redução da mortalidade intra-hospitalar (13,4% vs. 5,6%), RR: 0,418 [IC 95% 0,189 - 0,927], p = 0,028. Conclusão Rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp® associou-se a aumento da porcentagem de pacientes com IAMCSST que receberam terapia de reperfusão e a redução na mortalidade intra-hospitalar.

Abstract Background About 40% of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Brazil do not receive reperfusion therapy. Objective The use of a telemedicine network based on WhatsApp® could increase the percentage of patients receiving reperfusion therapy. Methods A cross-sectional study analyzed outcomes before and after the organization of a telemedicine network to send the electrocardiogram via WhatsApp® of patients suspected of STEMI from 25 municipalities that are members of the Regional Health Department of Ribeirão Preto (DRS−XIII) to a tertiary hospital, which could authorize immediate patient transfer using the same system. The analyzed outcomes included the percentage of patients who received reperfusion therapy and the in-hospital mortality rate. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study compared 82 patients before (February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2018) with 196 patients after this network implementation (February 1, 2018 to January 31, 2020). After implementing this network, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients who received reperfusion therapy (60% vs. 92%), relative risk (RR): 1.594 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.331 - 1.909], p < 0.0001 and decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate (13.4% vs. 5.6%), RR: 0.418 [95%CI 0.189 - 0.927], p = 0.028. Conclusion The use of WhatsApp®-based telemedicine has led to an increase in the percentage of patients with STEMI who received reperfusion therapy and a decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate.

Consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on myocardial infarction reperfusion therapy and prognosis / Consecuencias de la pandemia COVID-19 en la reperfusión y pronóstico del infarto de miocardio

ABSTRACT Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic affected the prompt diagnosis and treatment of Acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Aim: To characterize the clinical profile of patients with AMI during the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing them with a historical cohort. Material and Methods: A case-control study of 96 patients with AMI transferred to a high-volume percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) hospital between March and July 2020, and a historical cohort of 269 patients transferred during the same period in 2019. Results: When comparing patients transferred during the pandemic with those of the historical cohort, the former were younger (63 ± 12 vs 68 ± 12 years, p 12 hours from the onset of symptoms (44 vs 0%, p < 0.01), a higher median door-to-device time (4 vs 3 hours, p < 0.01), a higher use of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (97 vs 71%, p < 0.01), and higher frequencies of cardiogenic shock (20 vs 4%, p < 0.01) and mechanical complications (10% vs 2%, p < 0.01). Patients during COVID pandemic had a higher thirty-day overall (20 vs 1.4%, p < 0.01) and cardiovascular mortality (13 vs 1%, p < 0.01). During the outbreak, 40% of patients had positive COVID-19 status, which was a predictor for thirty-day overall mortality (Risk ratio 2.90; 95% confidence intervals 1.14-7.36). Conclusions: During the pandemic patients with AMI exhibited delays in consultations and treatment, higher morbidity, and increased mortality. COVID-19 positivity was associated to worse thirty-day overall survival.

Antecedentes: La pandemia COVID-19 afectó el tratamiento oportuno del infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil clínico de pacientes con IAM durante la pandemia COVID-19 y compararlos con una cohorte histórica. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio caso-control de 96 pacientes con IAM transferidos a un hospital de alto volumen de intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) entre marzo julio de 2020 y una cohorte histórica de 269 pacientes transferidos en el mismo período de 2019 (n = 269). Resultados: Al comparar los pacientes transferidos durante pandemia y la cohorte histórica, los primeros eran más jóvenes (63 ± 12 y 68 ± 12 años respectivamente, p 12 h desde iniciados síntomas de IAM con elevación ST (44,4 y 0% respectivamente, p < 0,01), una mediana de tiempo puerta-guía mayor (4 y 3 horas respectivamente, p < 0,01), un mayor uso de ICP primaria (97 y 71% respectivamente, p < 0,01), mayor frecuencia de shock cardiogénico (19,8 y 4,1% respectivamente, p < 0.01) y complicaciones mecánicas (10,4 y 1,7% respectivamente, p < 0,01). A treinta días, los primeros tuvieron mayor mortalidad general (19,8 y 1,4% respectivamente p < 0.01) y cardiovascular (12,5 y 1,4% respectivamente, p < 0,01). Durante la pandemia, 40% de los pacientes presentó positividad para COVID-19, siendo un factor predictivo de mortalidad general (razón de riesgo 2,90; intervalos de confianza 95% 1,14-7,36). Conclusiones: Durante la pandemia, hubo retrasos en tiempos de consulta y tratamiento y mayor morbimortalidad del IAM. La positividad de COVID-19 se asoció a peor sobrevida general a treinta días.

Efeitos do Exercício Aeróbico Tardio na Remodelação Cardíaca de Ratos com Infarto do Miocárdio Pequeno / Effects of Late Aerobic Exercise on Cardiac Remodeling of Rats with Small-Sized Myocardial Infarction

Resumo Fundamento: O exercício físico tem sido considerado uma importante terapia não farmacológica para a prevenção e tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares. No entanto, seus efeitos na remodelação cardíaca leve não são claros. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do exercício aeróbico sobre a capacidade funcional, estrutura cardíaca, função ventricular esquerda (VE) e expressão gênica das subunidades da NADPH oxidase em ratos com infarto do miocárdio pequeno (IM). Métodos: Três meses após a indução do IM, ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos: Sham; IM sedentário (IM-SED); e IM exercício aeróbico (IM-EA). Os ratos se exercitaram em uma esteira três vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. Um ecocardiograma foi realizado antes e após o treinamento. O tamanho do infarto foi avaliado por histologia e a expressão gênica por RT-PCR. O nível de significância para análise estatística foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: Ratos com IM menor que 30% da área total do VE foram incluídos no estudo. A capacidade funcional foi maior no IM-EA do que nos ratos Sham e IM-SED. O tamanho do infarto não diferiu entre os grupos. Ratos infartados apresentaram aumento do diâmetro diastólico e sistólico do VE, diâmetro do átrio esquerdo e massa do VE, com disfunção sistólica. A espessura relativa da parede foi menor no grupo IM-SED do que nos grupos IM-EA e Sham. A expressão gênica das subunidades NADPH oxidase NOX2, NOX4, p22phox e p47phox não diferiu entre os grupos. Conclusão: Infarto do miocárdio pequeno altera a estrutura cardíaca e a função sistólica do VE. O exercício aeróbico tardio pode melhorar a capacidade funcional e a remodelação cardíaca por meio da preservação da geometria ventricular esquerda. A expressão gênica das subunidades da NADPH oxidase não está envolvida na remodelação cardíaca, nem é modulada pelo exercício aeróbico em ratos com infarto do miocárdio pequeno.

Abstract Background: Physical exercise has been considered an important non-pharmacological therapy for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its effects on minor cardiac remodeling are not clear. Objective: To evaluate the influence of aerobic exercise on the functional capacity, cardiac structure, left ventricular (LV) function, and gene expression of NADPH oxidase subunits in rats with small-sized myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Three months after MI induction, Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Sham; sedentary MI (MI-SED); and aerobic exercised MI (MI-AE). The rats exercised on a treadmill three times a week for 12 weeks. An echocardiogram was performed before and after training. The infarction size was evaluated by histology, and gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR. The significance level for statistical analysis was set at 5%. Results: Rats with MI lower than 30% of the LV total area were included in the study. Functional capacity was higher in MI-AE than in Sham and MI-SED rats. The infarction size did not differ between groups. Infarcted rats had increased LV diastolic and systolic diameter, left atrial diameter, and LV mass, with systolic dysfunction. Relative wall thickness was lower in MI-SED than in the MI-AE and Sham groups. Gene expression of the NADPH oxidase subunits NOX2, NOX4, p22phox, and p47phox did not differ between groups. Conclusion: Small-sized MI changes cardiac structure and LV systolic function. Late aerobic exercise is able to improve functional capacity and cardiac remodeling by preserving the left ventricular geometry. NADPH oxidase subunits gene expression is not involved in cardiac remodeling or modulated by aerobic exercise in rats with small-sized MI.

Effect of electroacupuncture on expression of IL-23/IL-17 axis and TLR4 in infarcted tissue in rats with myocardial infarction / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on expression of interleukin (IL) -23/IL-17 axis and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the infarcted tissue in rats with myocardial infarction (MI), and to explore the mechanism of EA on alleviating MI injury.@*METHODS@#Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, a sham-operation plus EA group, a model group and an EA group, 10 rats in each group. The MI models were established by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery in the model group and EA group, while only threading was performed in the sham-operation group and sham-operation plus EA group. The rats in the sham-operation plus EA group and EA group were treated with EA at "Neiguan" (PC 6), disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/100 Hz, 2 mA, once a day, 20 min each time, for 3 days. After the intervention, the ejection fraction (EF) was measured by echocardiography to evaluate the cardiac function; the infarct area was measured by TTC staining; the HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes of myocardial tissue; the levels of IL-23 and IL-17 in infarcted tissue were detected by ELISA; the protein expression of TLR4 in infarcted tissue was detected by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the sham-operation group, the EF was decreased (@*CONCLUSION@#EA may alleviate the excessive inflammatory response after MI by inhibiting the expression of IL-23/IL-17 axis in MI rats, and TLR4 may be involved during the process.

Infarto simultáneo cardio-cerebral agudo: a propósito de un caso / Acute cardio-cerebral simultaneous infarction: a purpose of a case

OBJETIVO Informar Sobre Un Caso De Infarto Simultáneo Cardio-Cerebral Y Sus Características, Comparado Con Lo Descrito En La Actualidad. CASO CLÍNICO Paciente Femenina De 64 Años, Con Infarto Simultáneo Cardio-Cerebral (Isquemia En Territorio De Arteria Cerebral Media Derecha Y Elevación Del Segmento St En Cara Antero Inferior), Tratada Con Fibrinólisis. RESULTADOS Evoluciona Con Sensorio Fluctuante, Requiriendo Intubación Orotraqueal Y Manejo En Unidad De Terapia Intensiva Por Sangrado Cerebral CONCLUSIONES El infarto simultáneo cardio-cerebral es infrecuente y representa un desafío para el equipo de salud a fin de evitar que el manejo temprano de una condición retrase la otra

OBJETIVE To Report On A Case Of Simultaneous Cardio-Cerebral Infarction And Its Characteristics, Compared With What Is Currently Described. CLINICAL CASE A 64-year-old female patient with simultaneous cardio-cerebral infarction (ischemia in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery and elevation of the st segment in the lower anterior aspect), treated with fibrinolysis. RESULTS It evolves with fluctuating sensory, requiring orotracheal intubation and management in intensive therapy unit due to cerebral bleeding. CONCLUSIONS The Simultaneous Cardio-Cerebral Infarction Is Infrequent And Represents A Challenge For The Health Team In Order To Avoid That The Early Management Of One Condition Delays The Other

Hospitalização por Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio: Um Registro de Base Populacional / Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Population-Based Registry

Resumo Fundamento: O infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (STEMI) é uma das principais apresentações clínicas da cardiopatia isquêmica. Dados de base populacional são relevantes para entendimento contemporâneo da epidemiologia da doença. Objetivo: Descrever incidência, manejo terapêutico, desfechos clínicos hospitalares e eventos cardiovasculares do primeiro ano de seguimento dos indivíduos hospitalizados por STEMI. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva de base populacional com registro consecutivo das hospitalizações por STEMI em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil entre 2011 e 2014. Foram incluídos indivíduos com STEMI que apresentaram sintomas de isquemia miocárdica aguda nas últimas 72 horas. Os valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: A incidência anual de hospitalizações por STEMI foi de 108 casos por 100.000 habitantes. A incidência ajustada foi maior entre os mais velhos (risco relativo 64,9; IC95% 26,9 - 156,9; p para tendência linear < 0,001) e entre os homens (risco relativo 2,8; IC95% 2,3 - 3,3; p < 0,001). Ocorreram 530 hospitalizações durante o período avaliado e a taxa de reperfusão foi de 80,9%. A mortalidade hospitalar e a taxa de eventos cardiovasculares em 1 ano foram, respectivamente, 8,9% e 6,1%. Os mais velhos apresentaram maior mortalidade hospitalar (risco relativo 3,72; IC95% 1,57 - 8,82; p para tendência linear = 0,002) e mais eventos cardiovasculares em 1 ano (hazard ratio 2,35; IC95% 1,12 - 4,95; p = 0,03). Conclusão: Este registro demonstra abordagem terapêutica e mortalidade hospitalar semelhante às observadas em países desenvolvidos. Entretanto, a taxa de hospitalizações foi maior comparada com esses países.

Abstract Background: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is one of the main clinical manifestations of ischemic heart disease. Population-based data are relevant to better understand the current epidemiology of this condition. Objective: To describe the incidence, therapeutic management, hospital clinical outcomes and cardiovascular events in the first year of follow-up of individuals hospitalized for STEMI. Methods: Population-based prospective cohort study with consecutive registries of hospitalization for STEMI in a city in southern Brazil from 2011 to 2014. It included patients with STEMI who presented acute myocardial ischemia symptoms in the last 72 hours. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The annual incidence of STEMI hospitalizations was 108 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Adjusted incidence was higher among older individuals (relative risk 64.9; 95% CI 26.9-156.9; p for linear trend < 0.001) and among men (relative risk 2.8; 95% CI 2.3-3.3; p < 0.001). There were 530 hospitalizations in the period under evaluation and the reperfusion rate reached 80.9%. Hospital mortality and the one-year follow-up cardiovascular event rate were, respectively, 8.9% and 6.1%. The oldest patients had higher hospital mortality (relative risk 3.72; 95% CI 1.57-8.82; p for linear trend = 0.002) and more one-year follow-up cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 2.35; 95% CI 1.12-4.95; p = 0.03). Conclusion: This study shows that both the therapeutic approach and hospital mortality are similar to the ones found in developed countries. However, the hospitalization rate was higher in these countries.

Gaps between supply and demand of acute myocardial infarction treatment in Mexico / Brechas entre la oferta y la demanda del tratamiento de infarto agudo al miocardio en México

Abstract Objective: To analyze acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admissions and in-hospital mortality rates and evaluate the competence of the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals to provide AMI treatment. Materials and methods: We used a mixed-methods approach: 1) Joinpoint analysis of hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality trends between 2005 and 2017; 2) a nation-wide cross-sectional MOH hospital survey. Results: AMI hospitalizations are increasing among men and patients aged >60 years; women have higher mortality rates. The survey included 527 hospitals (2nd level =471; 3rd level =56). We identified insufficient competence to diagnose AMI (2nd level 37%, 3rd level 51%), perform pharmacological perfusion (2nd level 8.7%, 3rd level 26.8%), and mechanical reperfusion (2nd level 2.8%, 3rd level 17.9%). Conclusions: There are wide disparities in demand, supply, and health outcomes of AMI in Mexico. It is advisable to build up the competence with gender and age perspectives in order to diagnose and manage AMI and reduce AMI mortality effectively.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las tendencias de admisiones y mortalidad hospitalaria por infarto agudo al miocardio (IAM) y evaluar la competencia hospitalaria de la Secretaría de Salud (SS) para tratarlo. Material y métodos. Enfoque de métodos mixtos: Jointpoint análisis de tendencias de hospitalizaciones y mortalidad hospitalaria entre 2005 y 2017, y encuesta en hospitales de la SS. Resultados: Las hospitalizaciones por IAM están aumentando entre hombres y pacientes >60 años. Las mujeres tienen mayor mortalidad. La encuesta incluyó 527 hospitales (2º nivel =471, 3er nivel =56). Los hospitales tienen competencias insuficientes para diagnosticar IAM (2º nivel 37%, 3er nivel 51%), realizar perfusión farmacológica (2º nivel 8.7%, 3er nivel 26.8%) y reperfusión mecánica (2º nivel 2.8%, 3er nivel 17.9%). Conclusiones: Existen disparidades en demanda, oferta y resultados en salud del IAM. Es aconsejable fortalecer las competencias, con perspectivas de género y edad, para diagnosticar y tratar IAM, y reducir su mortalidad efectivamente.

Acute myocardial infarction in older adult patients / Infarto agudo do miocárdio em pacientes idosos

OBJECTIVES: To assess clinical and coronary angiographic characteristics, previous medical history, and clinical course, by age group, in older adults after myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). METHODS: Single-center, cohort study that enrolled all patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent pPCI at a specialized cardiology reference center in the South of Brazil. Older adults were defined as age ≥60 years, as set out in Brazilian legislation. Patients in the following age groups were compared: 60 to 64 years, 65 to 69 years, 70 to 74 years, 75 to 79 years, and ≥80 years. Patients' clinical course was assessed at initial hospital admissions and after 2 years of clinical follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19, and significance was established at p <0.05. RESULTS: From December 2015 to December 2018, a total of 636 patients were enrolled consecutively. Angiographic success rates were around 90% in all age groups. There were no differences in medications used, except for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, which were more frequently used in patients of lower age groups. Older patients had more in-hospital acute renal failure and higher in-hospital mortality. Predictors of mortality were age over 75, chronic renal failure, need for ventilatory support, severe arrhythmia, and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: pPCI in older adult patients is a safe procedure with a high success rate.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar características clínicas e angiográficas, história clínica pregressa e evolução clínica, por faixa etária, em idosos submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea primária (ICPp) após infarto do miocárdio. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de coorte, de centro único, que incluiu todos os pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST submetidos ICPp em um centro de referência especializado em cardiologia no sul do Brasil. Os idosos foram definidos como aqueles com idade ≥60 anos, conforme estabelecido na legislação brasileira. Os pacientes nas seguintes faixas etárias foram comparados: 60 a 64 anos, 65 a 69 anos, 70 a 74 anos, 75 a 79 anos e ≥80 anos. O curso clínico dos pacientes foi avaliado nas admissões hospitalares iniciais e após 2 anos de acompanhamento clínico. Os dados foram analisados usando o SPSS 19, e p <0,05 foi considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: De dezembro de 2015 a dezembro de 2018, 636 pacientes foram incluídos consecutivamente. As taxas de sucesso angiográfico foram de cerca de 90% em todas as faixas etárias. Não houve diferenças nos medicamentos utilizados, com exceção dos inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa, que foram mais frequentemente utilizados em pacientes em faixas etárias mais baixas. Pacientes mais velhos apresentaram mais insuficiência renal aguda intra-hospitalar e maior mortalidade hospitalar. Os preditores de mortalidade foram: idade superior a 75 anos, insuficiência renal crônica, necessidade de suporte ventilatório, arritmia grave e sepse. CONCLUSÕES: O ICPp em pacientes idosos é um procedimento seguro e com alta taxa de sucesso.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del infarto de miocardio agudo en un hospital peruano de referencia / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute myocardial infarction in a referral peruvian hospital

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con infarto de miocardio agudo (IMA), se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 175 pacientes de un hospital peruano de referencia. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 68,7 años y el 74,8% fueron de sexo masculino. La principal estrategia de reperfusión utilizada fue la angioplastia coronaria transluminal percutánea + stent, aunque su uso primario resultó ser bajo; además, el porcentaje de revascularización quirúrgica fue alto. Casi el 60% de los pacientes tuvo una estancia hospitalaria mayor a siete días. La mortalidad intra hospitalaria fue de 3,4%, siendo el shock cardiogénico la causa más frecuente de muerte. Se concluye que el IMA afecta principalmente a varones mayores de 60 años y que la principal estrategia de reperfusión es la angioplastia, además, los tiempos para la realización de la reperfusión son mayores a lo recomendado con porcentajes altos de revascularización quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT To determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarc tion, a descriptive study was conducted in 175 patients in a referral hospital in Lima. The average age of the patients was 68.7 ± 10.8 years and 74.8% were male. The main reperfusion strategy used was percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty + stent, however, the use of primary angioplasty was low (19.5% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction). Time to reperfusion therapies (angio plasty or fibrinolysis) were longer than recommended and the percentage of surgical revascularization was high. Almost 60% of the patients had a length of stay longer than seven days. In-hospital mortality was 3.4%, with cardiogenic shock being the most frequent cause of death. Myocardial infarction mainly affects men over 60 years, the clinical and epidemiological variables are like other regional reports. The main reperfusion strategy is angioplasty, although the use of primary angioplasty is low. Time to perfor ming reperfusion is longer than recommended and the percentage of surgical revascularization is high.

Adult's perception of health care after myocardial infarction / Percepción del cuidado a la salud de adultos después del infarto de miocardio / Percepção do cuidado à saúde de adultos após o infarto do miocárdio

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the Adult's perception of healthcare after Myocardium Infarction. Methods: qualitative descriptive analysis carried out with 12 adults who had myocardial infarction and conducted from February to May 2018. The research design was based on the "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". Data collection was performed through semi-structured questionnaire, interview script and field diary. The interviews were encoded, and their content was analyzed using software support. Results: three classes were obtained: "Fear, (un) certainty and (un) awareness"; "Lifestyle and beliefs of illness" and "Health care search". Unhealthy lifestyle habits, lack of health prevention / promotion, difficulties in accessing services and lack of knowledge about the disease generated fear and uncertainty about the future. Final Considerations: the perception of acute myocardial infarction is related to the trajectory of illness, lifestyle and the belief that the infarction only affects others.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir las percepciones del cuidado a la salud de adultos después del infarto de miocardio. Métodos: investigación cualitativa descriptiva analítica realizada de febrero a mayo de 2018 con 12 adultos que tuvieron infarto de miocardio. El dibujo ha sido basado en el "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". La recogida de datos ha sido realizada mediante cuestionario semiestructurado, guion de entrevista y diario de campo. Las entrevistas han sido codificadas, y su contenido ha sido analizado con auxilio de software. Resultados: se obtuvieron tres clases: "Medo, duda y (des)conocimiento"; "Estilo de vida y creencias de enfermedad" y "Búsqueda por el cuidado de salud". Los hábitos de vida no saludables, la falta de prevención/promoción de la salud, las dificultades de acceso a los servicios y el desconocimiento de la enfermedad generaron medo y duda cuanto al futuro. Consideraciones Finales: la percepción del infarto agudo relacionase con la trayectoria de la enfermedad, estilo de vida y creencia de que el infarto solo acomete al otro.

RESUMO Objetivos: das percepções do cuidado à saúde de adultos após o infarto do miocárdio. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa descritiva analítica realizada com 12 adultos que tiveram infarto do miocárdio, de fevereiro a maio de 2018. O desenho baseou-se no "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research". A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante questionário semiestruturado, roteiro de entrevista e diário de campo. As entrevistas foram codificadas, e seu conteúdo foi analisado com auxílio de software. Resultado: obtiveram-se três classes: "Medo, (in)certeza e (des)conhecimento"; "Estilo de vida e crenças do adoecimento" e "Busca pelo cuidado de saúde". Os hábitos de vida não saudáveis, a falta de prevenção/promoção da saúde, as dificuldades de acesso aos serviços e o desconhecimento da doença geraram medo e incerteza quanto ao futuro. Considerações Finais: a percepção do infarto agudo se relaciona com a trajetória do adoecimento, estilo de vida e crença de que o infarto só acomete o outro.

A intervenção precoce do paciente com síndrome coronariana aguda e sua implicação na redução da morbimortalidade cardiovascular / The early intervention of acute coronary disease and its implication in the reduction of cardiovascular morbimortality

Introdução. O infarto agudo do miocárdio apresenta significativas taxas de morbimortalidade. A reperfusão precoce por angioplastia primária é a intervenção que reduz a mortalidade e as complicações, e deve ser iniciada em até 12 horas, a fim de impedir a perda muscular irreversível. O tempo entre chegada do paciente ao hospital e a abertura da artéria acometida, tempo porta-balão, determina a morbimortalidade do paciente. Objetivo. Esse estudo busca analisar o potencial benefício do tratamento da reperfusão coronariana precoce, os fatores de risco, as possíveis complicações e o Killip em pacientes que sofreram infarto agudo do miocárdio relacionando-os a sua morbimortalidade. Materiais e métodos. Estudo observacional transversal realizado por meio de coleta de dados dos prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a angioplastia primária de um hospital privado. Resultados. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a variável mais prevalente (75%), e que houve predomínio no sexo masculino (71%) e associação com a progressão da idade. 61% dos pacientes apresentaram um tempo porta balão menor que 90 minutos. Houve significância estatística entre o tempo porta balão e a evolução do Killip, evidenciando um tempo porta-balão maior que 90 minutos na maioria dos pacientes que obtiveram aumento da pontuação do Killip. Conclusão. A precocidade da intervenção no paciente com IAM impacta na morbimortalidade, visto que o tempo porta balão está diretamente associado a evolução da do Killip. Logo, deve-se identificar os fatores que interferem no atendimento, a fim de proporcionar uma intervenção otimizada. (AU)

Introduction. Acute myocardial infarction has significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Early reperfusion by primary angioplasty is the intervention that reduces mortality and complications, and should be started within 12 hours in order to prevent irreversible muscle loss. The time between the patient's arrival at the hospital and the opening of the affected artery, door-to-balloon time, determines the patient's morbidity and mortality. Objective. The proposition of this study is to analyze the potential benefits of early coronary reperfusion, associated with the risk factors, possible complications, and the Killip score in patients whit acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the relation of those factors with the morbidity and mortality. Materials and methods. This is a transversal observational study and uses data collected of medical records of patients subjected to primary angioplasty in a private hospital. Results. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent one (75%), it was more common in males (71%) and associated with a higher age. In 61% of the patients port-balloon time was less than 90 minutes. There was statistical significance between port-balloon time and Killip score evaluation, that showed a higher score in patient with a port-balloon time that exceeded 90 minutes. Conclusion. Early intervention in patients with AMI impacts morbimortality, once that the port-balloon time is directly associated with the Killip score results. Therefore, all factors that can lead to a delay in their care of those patients should be identified with the objective of optimize the intervention. (AU)