Câncer nasal e dos seios paranasais relacionados à saúde ocupacional / Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer related to occupational health

Resumo: Esta pesquisa, apresentada no formato de artigo, está inserida na linha de pesquisa Processo de Cuidar em Saúde e Enfermagem, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, e integra o Grupo de Pesquisa Multiprofissional em Saúde do Adulto da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Introdução: o câncer nasal e dos seios paranasais corresponde a menos de 1% dos demais tipos de câncer, com fatores etiológicos decorrentes do meio ambiente, das atividades ocupacionais e dos hábitos de vida, com período de latência que pode variar até 20 anos para o aparecimento dos sintomas neoplásicos. Objetivos: caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico, clínico e ocupacional dos brasileiros com câncer nasossinusal; traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar o Questionario Sulla Storia di Lavoro e Sulle Abitudini di Vita utilizado pelo Registro Tumori Seni Nasali e Paranasali da Lombardia, Itália, para o contexto cultural brasileiro; examinar o perfil sociodemográfico, clínico e ocupacional dos pacientes com câncer nasossinusal e relacionar a ocupação com a exposição ao pó de couro, lenha, cromo e níquel. Artigo 1: é um estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo, utilizando os dados secundários do Integrador de Registro Hospitalar de Câncer no período de 2007 a 2019, com os CIDs: C30.0 e C31.0 a C31.9. Foram analisados 1.803 registros e destacou-se que 1.161 (64%) eram do sexo masculino, com faixa etária predominante entre 50 e 59 anos (26%; n=298), da raça/cor branca (46%; n=535), solteiros (55%; n=640) e com ensino fundamental incompleto (40%; n=461), que tinham incidência da neoplasia no seio maxilar (52%; n=943), com estadiamento clínico grau IV (32%; n=575). A ocupação foi registrada nos brasileiros com câncer nasossinusal no Grupo 6 (64,7%; n=701) - trabalhadores agropecuários, florestais e da pesca, e no Grupo 8 (26,7%; n=289) - trabalhadores da produção de bens e serviços industriais, principalmente no Estado da Bahia (11%; n=206) e Minas Gerais (18%; n=327). Artigo 2: descreve um estudo metodológico com as etapas de tradução, síntese, retrotradução, relatório de retrotradução, revisão, teste piloto e tradução final proposto pelo European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. O instrumento foi dividido em 11 domínios conforme a característica das perguntas do instrumento original. O pré-teste foi realizado num hospital de referência em oncologia do Estado do Paraná, Brasil, com 15 participantes que foram os pacientes com câncer nasal e dos seios paranasais e cinco familiares, entre julho e setembro de 2021. O instrumento obteve um índice de 94% de concordância entre os juízes, que fizeram sugestões de inclusão, manutenção semântica e substituição em 11 domínios. No pré-teste os participantes fizeram confirmação do entendimento sobre as perguntas e os domínios de 100% (n=15), entretanto, todos tiveram dificuldade de interpretação da palavra "popper", e 53% (n= 8) fizeram proposições de melhoria no questionário. Um participante solicitou a inclusão do narguilé nos hábitos de fumo. Artigo 3: consiste num relato de séries de casos de um hospital de oncologia do Estado do Paraná, no Sul do Brasil, no período de 2005 a 2021. Foram incluídos pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, com CID C30 e o grupo C31, que estavam em acompanhamento de saúde nos últimos 12 meses na instituição hospitalar, ou familiares (no caso de óbito do paciente) com idade superior ou igual a 18 anos. Os participantes foram entrevistados com o Questionário sobre o Histórico de Trabalho e os Hábitos de Vida, com os dados obtidos analisados por frequência simples e absoluta Resultados: O Artigo 3 teve 52 participantes eram do sexo masculino (56%; n= 29), casados (31%; n= 16), com ensino fundamental completo (23%; n= 12) e sem histórico de tabagismo (27%; n= 14), onde a localização prevalente foi C30.0 em homens (33%; n=17) com carcinoma de células escamosas (40,3%; n= 21). A exposição carcinogênica com poeira da madeira (29,8%; n=17), cromo e níquel (17,5%; n=10) e com couro e derivados (14%; n=8). Conclusão: a frequência do câncer nasal e dos seios paranasais foi maior no sexo masculino, com ensino fundamental, nos trabalhadores agropecuários e da indústria de transformação e tiveram exposição ao agente carcinogênico; o estudo poderá motivar as reflexões acerca do acometimento do câncer nasal e dos seios paranasais no contexto brasileiro, principalmente de origem ocupacional, conforme as monografias do International Agency for Research on Cancer, que enfatiza a importância de utilizar um instrumento de investigação com informações complexas e essenciais do histórico ocupacional e dos hábitos de vida direcionado para o câncer nasal e dos seios paranasais.

Abstract: This study, presented in the form of an article, is part of the Care Process in Health and Nursing research line of the Postgraduate Program in Nursing, and the Multiprofessional Research Group in Adult Health at the Universidade Federal do Paraná. Introduction: nasal and paranasal sinus cancer corresponds to less than 1% of other types of cancer, has etiological factors resulting from the environment, occupational activities and lifestyle, and a latency period varying up to 20 years for the onset of neoplastic symptoms. Objectives: to characterize the sociodemographic, clinical and occupational profile of Brazilians with sinonasal cancer; translate, culturally adapt and validate the Questionario Sulla Storia di Lavoro e Sulle Abitudini di Vita used by the Registro Tumori Seni Nasali e Paranasali from Lombardy, Italy, for the Brazilian cultural context; to examine the sociodemographic, clinical and occupational profile of patients with sinonasal cancer, and relate the occupation to exposure to leather dust,wood dust, chromium and nickel. Article 1: is an observational, descriptive, retrospective study using secondary data from the Hospital Cancer Registry Integrator from 2007 to 2019 with ICDs: C30.0 and C31.0 to C31.9. Analysis of 1,803 records was performed, highlighting that 1,161 (64%) were male, predominant age group of 50-59 years (26%; n=298), white race/color (46%; n=535) , single (55%; n=640), incomplete primary education (40%; n=461), with incidence of neoplasia in the maxillary sinus (52%; n=943), and clinical staging grade IV (32%; n=575). The occupations registered in Brazilians with sinonasal cancer were in Group 6 (64.7%; n=701) - agricultural, forestry and fishing workers, and in Group 8 (26.7%; n=289) - workers in the production of industrial goods and services, mainly in the states of Bahia (11%; n=206) and Minas Gerais (18%; n=327). Article 2: describes a methodological study with the steps of translation, synthesis, back-translation, back-translation report, review, pilot test and final translation proposed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. The instrument was divided into 11 domains according to characteristics of the questions in the original instrument. The pre-test was carried out between July and September 2021 in a reference hospital in oncology in the state of Paraná, Brazil, with 15 participants that were patients with nasal and paranasal sinus cancer, and five family members. The instrument obtained an index of 94% agreement among judges, who made suggestions for inclusion, semantic maintenance and replacement in 11 domains. In the pre-test, although participants confirmed their 100% (n=15) understanding of questions and domains, all had difficulty interpreting the word "popper", and 53% (n=8) made suggestions for improvements in the questionnaire. One participant requested the inclusion of hookah in smoking habits. Article 3: consists of a case series report from an oncology hospital in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, from 2005 to 2021. Patients of both sexes aged over 18 years, with ICD C30 and group C31, under healthcare in the last 12 months at the hospital, or family members (in the case of patient's death) aged 18 years or older were included. Participants were interviewed using the Work History and Lifestyle Questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed by simple and absolute frequency. Results: Article 3 had 52 participants that were male (56%; n= 29), married (31%; n= 16), with complete primary education (23%; n= 12) and no history of smoking (27 %; n=14), and the prevalent location was C30.0 in men (33%; n=17) with squamous cell carcinoma (40.3%; n=21). Carcinogenic exposure to wood dust (29.8%; n=17), chromium and nickel (17.5%; n=10), and leather and leather products (14%; n=8). Conclusion: the frequency of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer was higher in males with primary education, in agricultural workers and in the manufacturing industry who were exposed to the carcinogenic agent; the study may motivate reflections on the involvement of nasal and paranasal sinus cancer in the Brazilian context, mainly of occupational origin, according to monographs of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which emphasizes the importance of using a research instrument with complex and essential information of occupational history and lifestyle habits directed to nasal and paranasal sinus cancer.

Variétés histologiques des tumeurs bénignes du septum nasal une série documentaire de 30 cas

Contexte et objectif. Les variétés histologiques de tumeurs du septum nasal sont peu documentées dans les pays d'Afrique. La présenté étude avait pour objectif de décrire les variétés histologiques de tumeurs septales bénignes. Méthodes. C'était une analyse rétrospective de dossiers des patients admis pour tumeurs septales bénignes, entre janvier 1998 et aout 2021 ; à l'hôpital Dr Dorban en Algérie. Les variables d'intérêt englobaient les données cliniques et histopathologiques. Résultats. En 23 ans, seulement trente dossiers de tumeurs bénignes du septum nasal ont été colligés. Leur âge moyen était de 36,2 ans avec les extrêmes entre 13 et 70 ans avec une prédominance du sexe féminin (63,3 %). Les tumeurs vasculaires étaient prépondérantes (83,3 %) en particulier les hémangiomes capillaires (92 %) suivies des variétés épithéliales (13,3%) et un seul adénome pléomorphe septal. L'évolution clinique était émaillée par 3 récidives pour les hémangiomes, et absence de récidive pour l'adénome pléomorphe après 120 mois de recul. Trois autres cas étaient perdus. Conclusion: Les tumeurs bénignes du septum nasal sont rares et diversifiées sur le plan histologique. A coté des formes classiques et communes (hémangiomes, papillomes, adénomes), il existe des variétés rares et qui nécessitent une étude spécifique et une expertise dédiée.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced olfactory neuroblastoma in 25 cases / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in the treatment of locally advanced olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), and to explore the factors related to the efficacy of NACT. Methods: A total of 25 patients with ONB who underwent NACT in Beijing TongRen Hospital from April 2017 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 16 males and 9 females, with an average age of 44.9 years (ranged 26-72 years). There were 22 cases of Kadish stage C and 3 cases of stage D. After multiple disciplinary team(MDT) discussion, all patients were treated sequentially with NACT-surgery-radiotherapy. Among them, 17 cases were treated with taxol, cis-platinum and etoposide (TEP), 4 cases with taxol, nedaplatin and ifosfamide (TPI), 3 cases with TP, while 1 case with EP. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and survival analyses were calculated based on the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The overall response rate of NACT was 32% (8/25). Subsequently, 21 patients underwent extended endoscopic surgery and 4 patients underwent combined cranial-nasal approach. Three patients with stage D disease underwent cervical lymph node dissection. All patients received postoperative radiotherapy. The mean follow-up time was 44.2 months (ranged 6-67 months). The 5-year overall survival rate was 100.0%, and the 5-year disease-free survival rates was 94.4%. Before NACT, Ki-67 index was 60% (50%, 90%), while Ki-67 index was 20% (3%, 30%) after chemotherapy [M (Q1, Q3)]. The change of Ki-67 before and after NACT was statistically significant (Z=-24.24, P<0.05). The effects of age, gender, history of surgery, Hyams grade, Ki-67 index and chemotherapy regimen to NACT were analyzed. Ki-67 index≥25% and high Hyams grade were related to the efficacy of NACT (all P<0.05). Conclusions: NACT could reduce Ki-67 index in ONBs. High Ki-67 index and Hyams grade are clinical indicators sensitive to the efficacy of NACT. NACT-surgery-radiotherapy is effective for patients with locally advanced ONB.

Hemicraniectomía endonasal por estesioneuroblastoma: informe de un caso / Endonasal hemicraniectomy by esthesioneuroblastoma: report of a case

El estesioneuroblastoma es una neoplasia maligna que se origina del epitelio olfatorio. El tratamiento se establece de acuerdo con su extensión y el grado histológico de atipia y puede incluir cirugía, cirugía más radioterapia o más radioquimioterapia. Se han utilizado diferentes abordajes quirúrgicos que incluyeron incisiones faciales y craneotomía pero, con la mayor experiencia adquirida en cirugía endoscópica de senos paranasales y el trabajo en equipo con el neurocirujano, se han desarrollado técnicas endonasales que posibilitan realizar resecciones oncológicas en pacientes seleccionados, con menos morbilidad, internación breve y sin comprometer el control local de la enfermedad. Describimos el caso clínico de una paciente con un estesioneuroblastoma con invasión intracraneal, que fue tratada con éxito mediante una hemicraniectomía endonasal preservando el bulbo olfatorio contralateral. (AU)

Esthesioneuroblastoma is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the olfactory epithelium. Treatment is established according to its extension and the histological degree of atypia and may include surgery, surgery more radiotherapy or more chemoradiation therapy. Different surgical approaches have been used, including facial incisions and craniotomy, but with the greater experience acquired with endoscopic sinus surgery and teamwork with the neurosurgeon, endonasal techniques have been developed that make it possible to perform oncological resections in selected patients, with less morbidity, brief hospitalization and without compromising local control of the disease. We describe the clinical case of a patient with an esthesioneuroblastoma with intracranial invasion who was successfully treated by endonasal hemicraniectomy preserving the contralateral olfactory bulb. (AU)

Plasmocitoma extramedular solitario rinosinusal: reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the rhinosinusal cavity: a case report and literature review

Resumen El plasmocitoma extramedular solitario (PES) es una neooplasia maligna infrecuente caracterizada por una proliferación aislada de células plasmáticas monoclonales en tejido extramedular. La localización más frecuente es en cabeza y cuello con predominio en el territorio rinosinusal, sin embargo, estas lesiones malignas representan menos del 1% de los tumores de esta región anatómica. El diagnostico requiere una alta sospecha clínica, análisis histopatológico acucioso, estudios serológicos y exámenes radiológicos sistémicos de acuerdo a los criterios diagnósticos establecidos en la literatura internacional. Se analiza el caso de un paciente masculino con un PES que se presentó como un tumor de fosa nasal derecha y obstrucción nasal de meses de evolución con hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos inespecíficos. El diagnóstico definitivo se realizó mediante biopsia endoscópica nasal y estudio histopatológico. El tratamiento fue abordado de manera multidisciplinaria entre otorrinolaringología, hematología y radiooncología. De acuerdo a las guías internacionales, se decidió realizar radioterapia localizada con buen resultado clínico precoz. El PES requiere un abordaje multidisciplinario para lograr un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, siendo imprescindible la exclusión del mieloma múltiple debido a las diferencias terapéuticas y en pronóstico clínico. El tratamiento puede realizarse con radioterapia y/o cirugía, siendo la radioterapia el pilar de tratamiento.

Abstract Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma (SEP) is a rare malignant neoplasm characterized by isolated proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells in extramedullary tissue. The most frequent location is in the head and neck with a predominance in the rhinosinusal territory; however, these malignant lesions represent less than 1% of the tumors in this anatomical region. The diagnosis requires a high clinical suspicion, careful histopathological analysis, serological studies and systemic radiological examinations according to the diagnostic criteria established in the international literature. We analyze the case of a male patient with SEP that presented as a tumor of the right nostril and nasal obstruction of months of evolution with nonspecific clinical and imaging findings. The definitive diagnosis was made by nasal endoscopic biopsy and histopathological study. The treatment was approached by multidisciplinary teamwork. According to international guidelines, it was decided to perform localized radiotherapy with good early clinical results. SEP requires a multidisciplinary approach to achieve a timely diagnosis and treatment, being essential exclusion of multiple myeloma due to the therapeutic differences and prognosis. Treatment can be done with radiation therapy and/or surgery; radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment.

Anomalías congénitas nasales: Estudio retrospectivo y revisión de la literatura / Congenital Anomalies of the Nose: retrospective study and literature review

INTRODUCTION. Congenital malformations occur in 1 in 5,000 to 40,000 live births. They present as a morphological abnormality of the nasal pyramid or as a picture of moderate to severe nasal obstruction. OBJECTIVE. Evaluate the etiology, associated comorbidities, management and mortality of congenital malformations of the nose in neonates and infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional retrospective descriptive study, 105 medical records were reviewed, of which 26 corresponded to patients with congenital nasal malformations, at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital in Quito - Ecuador, between January 2009 and May 2022; the tabulation and analysis of data was carried out in the Excel program. The patients were classified according to Losee et al. in 4 types: hypoplasia, hyperplasia, clefts and tumors RESULTS. Nasal anomalies occurred in males in 73.07%, all presented nasal obstruction, the diagnosis was made by flexible nasofibroscopy; in 42.3% of the cases, the evaluation was complemented with computed tomography. The most frequent congenital pathology was stenosis - choanal atresia with 53.8%, followed by craniofacial clefts with 15.39%. In 42.3% of the cases there was an association with genetic syndromes, neurological, ocular and intestinal pathology. 69.23% of the patients received clinical treatment with nasal lavages, nasal corticosteroids and positive pressure by cannula, while 30.77% were resolved surgically, being: 2 unilateral choanal atresia, 1 middle fossa stenosis, 4 cleft lip and palate and 1 encephalocele. Mortality was 7.69% CONCLUSION. Hypoplasias and clefts are the predominant pathologies, flexible nasal nasofibroscopy is the diagnostic test of choice. The clinical treatment was successful in the initial management in 69.23% of cases. Surgery was performed for the repair of facial clefts; being the hypoplasias or masses managed by endoscopic approach.

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las malformaciones congénitas se presentan en 1 de cada 5.000 a 40.000 nacidos vivos. Se presentan como una anomalía morfológica de la pirámide nasal o como un cuadro de obstrucción nasal moderada a severo. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la etiología, comorbilidades asociadas, manejo y mortalidad de las malformaciones congénitas de nariz en neonatos y lactantes. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo transversal, se revisaron 105 historias clínicas de las cuales 26 correspondieron a pacientes con malformaciones congénitas nasales, en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de Quito - Ecuador, entre enero de 2009 a mayo de 2022; la tabulación y análisis de datos se realizó en el programa Excel. Los pacientes fueron clasificados según Losee et al. en 4 tipos: hipoplasia, hiperplasia, hendiduras y tumores. RESULTADOS. Las anomalías nasales se presentaron en el sexo masculino en el 73.07%, el motivo de consulta fue la obstrucción nasal, el diagnóstico se realizó mediante nasofibroscopía flexible; en el 42,3% de los casos se complementó la evaluación con tomografía computarizada. La patología congénita más frecuente fue la estenosis - atresia de coana con un 53,8%, seguida de hendiduras craneofaciales con un 15.39%. En el 42.3% de los casos existió asociación con síndromes genéticos, patología neurológica, ocular e intestinal. El 69,23% de los pacientes recibió tratamiento clínico con lavados nasales, corticoides por vía nasal y presión positiva por cánula, mientras que el 30,77% se resolvió quirúrgicamente, siendo: 2 atresia unilateral de coana, 1 estenosis de fosa media, 4 hendiduras labio palatinas y 1 encefalocele. La mortalidad fue del 7,69%. CONCLUSIÓN: Las hipoplasias y las hendiduras son las patologías que predominaron, la nasofibroscopia flexible nasal es el examen diagnóstico de elección. El tratamiento clínico fue exitoso en el manejo inicial en el 69,23% de casos. La cirugía se realizó para la reparación de hendiduras faciales; siendo las hipoplasias o masas manejadas por abordaje endoscópico.

Schwannoma septal, una causa infrecuente de obstrucción nasal / Septal schwannoma, an uncommon cause of nasal obstruction

Resumen Los schwannomas son neoplasias derivadas de las células de Schwann de la cubierta de los nervios periféricos. Su desarrollo en la región nasosinusal es poco frecuente, especialmente a nivel septal. Su diagnóstico diferencial es variado y debe establecerse con otras causas más habituales de masa nasal unilateral. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico. Describimos el caso de un varón de 47 años con una masa nasal derecha intervenida mediante cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal y con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de schwannoma septal.

Abstract Schwannomas are tumors that proceed from Schwann cells in the cover of peripheral nerves. It is uncommon in the sinonasal area, especially in the nasal septum. The differential diagnosis is extensive and requires contemplating other more frequent causes of unilateral nasal mass. The current treatment of septal schwannoma is surgical. We report a 47-year-old male with a right nasal mass operated by endoscopic sinonasal surgery with an anatomopathological diagnosis of a nasal septal schwannoma.

Nariz en silla de montar poscirugía transesfenoidal de hipófisis. Reconstrucción con cartílago costal / Saddle nose after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Reconstruction with rib cartilage

Durante los últimos años, la cirugía endoscópica transesfenoidal se ha convertido en el procedimiento quirúrgico de elección para el tratamiento de tumores hipofisarios. La técnica de abordaje actual es el resultado de una evolución histórica de vía por craneotomía a vía endonasal con ingreso a través del seno esfenoidal. Aunque la cirugía de tumores hipofisarios vía transesfenoidal endoscópica ha permitido disminuir las complicaciones graves asociadas a los abordajes externos, no está exenta de complicaciones, como la fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo. A nivel del abordaje nasal, hay escasas descripciones de complicaciones y el compromiso del cartílago septal con deformidad en silla de montar no es una complicación documentada. Se presenta un caso de rinodeformidad en silla de montar poscirugía transesfenoidal de hipófisis en una paciente de 32 años a quien se le practicó una reconstrucción nasal con cartílago costal autólogo. En nuestra búsqueda bibliográfica es el primer caso registrado en Iberolatinoamérica

In recent years, transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery has become the surgical procedure of choice for the treatment of pituitary tumors. The current approach technique is the result of an historical evolution from craniotomy surgery to an endonasal procedure with entry through the sphenoid sinus. Although endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery has made it possible to reduce serious complications associated with external approaches, it is not without complications, such as cerebrospinal fluid fistula. At the level of the nasal approach, there are few descriptions of complications and involvement of the septal cartilage with saddle deformity is not a documented complication. We present a case of saddle rhinodeformity after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in a 32-year-old patient who underwent nasal reconstruction with autologous costal cartilage. In our bibliographic search, it is the first case registered in IberoLatin America.

Nasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma after Radiotherapy: Case Report

Introduction Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a tumor originated from the epitheliumof the glandular excretory ducts and has highly variable biological potential. It is the most prevalent cancer of the salivary glands. The present report aims to describe a case of nasal mucoepidermoid carcinoma that developed after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) treatment of a recurrent pituitary macroadenoma. Case Report Male patient, 62 years old, presented with recurrent nasal epistaxis on the right, associated with intense pulsatile headache, visual analogical scale (VAS) 10/10, with improvement only with the use of opioids andmorphine. After undergoing oncological screening and study by imaging exams, the presence of an expansive seal lesion with suprasellar extension was seen, involving the medial wall of the cavernous segment of the right carotid artery and the anterior cerebral artery, as well as the presence of a new expansive lesion in the right nasal cavity, with ethmoid bone invasion superiorly and medial orbit wall invasion laterally, compressing the ipsilateral optic nerve canal. Discussion Sinonasal neoplasms represent a small portion of all malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract, accounting for<5% of these neoplasms. The development of MEC involves risk factors such as occupational issues, history of trauma and surgery involving the nasal area, and radiation exposure, as in previous RT. Conclusion Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasia and can be associated with RT treatment, as used in cases of recurrent pituitary macroadenoma. In general, surgical resection to obtain free margins of neoplastic tissue is the aimed treatment, seeking better prognosis.

Precise resection and defect repair of external nose malignant tumor / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To explore the methods for the accurate resection of malignant tumors of the external nose, and the accurate evaluation and repair of tissue defects. Methods: We collected 48 cases with nasal malignant tumors treated in 980 Hospital, Joint Support Force of the People's Liberation Army from January 2010 to June 2020, including 28 males and 20 females, aged 36-86 years. The pathological types of tumors included basal cell carcinomas (n=29), squamous cell carcinomas (n=11), trichilemmal carcinomas(n=6), denoid cystic carcinoma (n=1) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n=1). Tumor resection was mainly based on the traditional extended resection determined by the safety margin, and Mohs surgery was used to minimize the scope of resection, for the margin that significantly affected the repairing results, such as the lesion adjacent to the nasal alar margin, nasal columella or deep easy-penetrating margin. All cases obtained tumor resection and primary/secondary defect reconstruction. Results: According to the pathological type and tumor size, the safe resection margin was mainly 4-10 mm, and Mohs surgery was used in 24 cases. Limited-size defects in 38 cases were repaired with double-leaf flaps, kite flaps, nasal dorsum brow flaps, nasolabial flaps or free tissues. Among 10 cases with compound defects, 8 cases were repaired with frontal flaps, including 4 cases with single frontal flaps, 2 cases with additional titanium mesh stent reconstruction and 2 cases with over and out frontal flaps. During follow-up of 1 to 10 years, all the flaps survived without flap necrosis, and the postoperative nasal contour and ventilation were satisfactory. One patient had tumor recurrence 18 months after operation, 2 patients died of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and other patients survived without tumors. Conclusions: Mohs surgery can basically meet the requirements for precise resection of external nasal malignant tumors. Individualized application of adjacent tissue flaps and various frontal flaps is a reasonable choice to achieve the satisfactory outcome of external nasal repair and to take into account the complexity of operation.

Tumores de Fosa Pterigopalatina: Tipos de abordajes quirúrgicos y complicaciones / Pterygopalatine Fossa Tumors: Types of surgical approaches and complications

INTRODUCCIÓN. La fosa pterigopalatina es una zona anatómica de difícil acceso, que al presentar masas tumorales genera un alto riesgo de morbimortalidad en población juvenil y adulta, que precisa determinar las complicaciones asociadas a cirugía. OBJETIVO. Evaluar los tipos de abordaje quirúrgico, complicaciones e identificar la estirpe histológica de los tumores de fosa pte-rigopalatina. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio transversal retrospectivo. Población y muestra conocida de 29 Historias Clínicas de pacientes con hallazgos de imagen e histopatológico de tumores con invasión a fosa pterigopalatina divididos en dos grupos: A) resección de masa tumoral y B) biopsia de masa tumoral, operados en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el período de enero 2017 a diciembre de 2020. RESULTADOS. El 82,76% (24; 29) fueron hombres, con promedio de edad de 30,6 años. El 82,76% (24; 29) de las masas tumorales se originaron en nasofaringe; no se reportaron casos primarios. El tumor más frecuente fue el Angio-fibroma Nasofaringeo Juvenil 68,97% (20; 29), seguido por los tumores malignos con el 20,69% (6; 29), siendo usual el carcinoma adenoideo quístico. En el 62,07% (18; 29) el tumor invadió Fosa Infratemporal y en el 44,83% (13; 29) hacia esfenoides. En el grupo A, el abordaje quirúrgico empleado en el 20,83% (5; 24) fue mediante técnica abierta y en el 79,17% (19; 24) con técnica endoscópica, tanto uni 31,58% (6; 19) como multiportal 68,42% (13; 19). La complicación fue la hiposensibilidad facial en el 12,5% (3; 24), todos en abordajes abiertos. CONCLUSIÓN. Se evaluó los tipos abordaje quirúrgico y se identificó la estirpe histológica de los tumores de fosa pterigopalatina

INTRODUCTION. The pterygopalatine fossa is an anatomical area of difficult access, which when presenting tumor masses generates a high risk of morbimortality in the juvenile and adult popula-tion, which needs to determine the complications associated with surgery. OBJECTIVE. To eva-luate the types of surgical approach, complications and identify the histologic type of pterygopala-tine fossa tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Population and known sample of 29 Clinical Histories of patients with imaging and histopathological findings of tumors with invasion to pterygopalatine fossa divided into two groups: A) resection of tumor mass and B) biopsy of tumor mass, operated at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital in the period from january 2017 to december 2020. RESULTS. The 82,76% (24; 29) were men, with an average age of 30,6 years. 82,76% (24; 29) of the tumor masses originated in nasopharynx; no primary cases were reported. The most frequent tumor was juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma 68,97% (20; 29), followed by malignant tumors with 20,69% (6; 29), being usual the adenoid cystic carcinoma. In 62,07% (18; 29) the tumor invaded the Infratemporal Fossa and in 44,83% (13; 29) into the sphenoid. In group A, the surgical approach used in 20,83% (5; 24) was by open technique and in 79,17% (19; 24) by endoscopic technique, both uni 31,58% (6; 19) and multiportal 68,42% (13; 19). The complication was facial hyposensitivity in 12,5% (3; 24), all in open approaches. CONCLUSION. The types of surgical approach were evaluated and the histologic type of pterygo-palatine fossa tumors was identified.

Sinonasal inverted papilloma: rate of recurrence and malignant transformation in 44 operated patients / Papiloma invertido nasossinusal: taxa de recorrência e transformação maligna em 44 pacientes operados

Abstract Introduction: Although sinonasal inverted papillomas are benign lesions, they are locally aggressive and have a potential malignant transformation ranging from 5% to 15%, with a high recurrence rate. Objective: The aim of this article is to describe the rate of recurrence and malignant transformation in patients with a diagnosis of inverted papilloma who underwent surgery in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with sinonasal papilloma who had undergone surgery in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, between August 1998 and August 2017. A patient chart review was conducted to assess data of patients' demographics, tumors characteristics, follow-up appointments, recurrence and malignancy. Inverted papillomas were analyzed and classified under the Krouse staging system. Results: A total of 69 surgeries were performed in patients with diagnosis of sinonasal papilloma. Inverted papilloma was the most prevalent subtype (49 cases ‒ 80.33%), followed by exophytic papilloma (6 cases ‒ 9.84%) and by oncocytic papilloma (6 cases - 9.84%). The recurrence rate was 34.09% for inverted papilloma (15/44) and the mean time of recurrence was 24.6 months. Malignant transformation occurred in 6 patients (13.64%). Three of these patients presented carcinoma in the first surgery and three patients developed carcinoma during the follow-up. Conclusion: The high recurrence rate and malignancy potential allow us to consider inverted papillomas as aggressive tumors. In a tertiary hospital in São Paulo the recurrence rate the mean time to recurrence is 24.6 months. The recurrence after 10 years implies was 34.09% and the need for long-term follow up. It is possible that the high recurrence rate and the high malignant transformation rate we found are due to the large number of tumors discovered at an advanced stage (most of them staged T3 and T4), secondary to poor access to health system, in developing countries.

Resumo Introdução: Embora os papilomas invertidos nasossinusais sejam lesões benignas, eles são localmente agressivos e apresentam uma potencial transformação maligna que varia de 5% a 15%, com alta taxa de recorrência. Objetivo: Descrever a taxa de recorrência e transformação maligna em pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma invertido submetidos à cirurgia em um hospital terciário em São Paulo. Método: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes diagnosticados com papiloma nasossinusal submetidos a cirurgia em um hospital terciário em São Paulo, entre agosto de 1998 e agosto de 2017. Uma revisão de prontuários dos pacientes foi realizada para avaliar dados demográficos, características dos tumores, consultas de seguimento, recorrência e malignidade. Os papilomas invertidos foram analisados e classificados de acordo com o sistema de estadiamento de Krouse. Resultados: Foram realizadas 69 cirurgias em pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma nasossinusal. O papiloma invertido foi o subtipo mais prevalente (49 casos - 80,33%), seguido pelo papiloma exofítico (6 casos - 9,84%) e pelo papiloma oncocítico (6 casos - 9,84%). A taxa de recidiva foi de 34,09% para o papiloma invertido (15/44) e o tempo médio de recorrência foi de 24,6 meses. Transformação maligna ocorreu em seis pacientes (13,64%); três desses pacientes apresentaram carcinoma na primeira cirurgia e três pacientes desenvolveram carcinoma durante o seguimento. Conclusão: A alta taxa de recorrência e o potencial de malignidade nos permitem considerar os papilomas invertidos como tumores agressivos. Em um hospital terciário de São Paulo, a taxa de recorrência foi de 34,09% e o tempo médio de recorrência de 24,6 meses. A recorrência após 10 anos implica na necessidade de acompanhamento a longo prazo. É possível que a alta taxa de recorrência e a alta taxa de transformação maligna que encontramos sejam devidas à grande extensão dos tumores (a maioria deles nos estágios T3 e T4), decorrente do acesso precário ao sistema de saúde nos países em desenvolvimento.

Quiste dermoide nasofrontal: presentación de un caso y revisión narrativa / Nasofrontal dermoid cyst: case presentation

Las lesiones de la región nasofrontal en los niños son un reto diagnóstico debido a su rareza, y su potencial comunicación con el sistema nervioso central también aumenta su complicaciones. Dentro de las principales entidades de esta región se encuentran los quistes dermoides, los gliomas nasales y los encefaloceles. Un abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico inapropiado podría generar desde simples recurrencias hasta fistulas e infecciones en el sistema nervioso central, que podrían contribuir a mayores complicaciones o incluso, poner en riesgo la vida de los pacientes.

Injuries to the naso-frontal region in children are a diagnostic challenge, associated with their rarity, their complexity also implies their potential communication with the central nervous system. Dermoid cysts, nasal gliomas, and encephaloceles are among the main entities in this region. An inappropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approach could generate from simple recurrences (as in our case), to fistulas and infections of the central nervous system that could contribute to greater complications or even put the lives of patients at risk.

Tumores de nariz y senos paranasales en pacientes pediátricos: experiencia de un hospital pediátrico de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia, 2013-2018 / Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Tumours in the Pediatric Population: Experience from a Pediatric Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, 2013 ­ 2018

Introducción: los tumores en la cavidad nasal y los senos paranasales son un problema serio en la población pediátrica, principalmente por la inespecificidad de los síntomas que lleva a que pasen de meses a años antes de la sospecha de una patología neoplásica, con un impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente y su entorno. Al sospechar de la presencia de un tumor nasosinusal se requiere la realización de imágenes diagnósticas como la resonancia magnética y la tomografía computarizada de los senos paranasales. Cuando se tiene un diagnóstico etiológico, siempre se debe realizar un abordaje multidisciplinario. Materiales y métodos: realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal de la cohorte de pacientes con tumores de nariz y senos paranasales atendidos en un hospital pediátrico de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia, entre 2013-2018. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 54 pacientes con tumores malignos y benignos de nariz y senos paranasales, la mayoría fueron hombres con un promedio de edad de ocho años. Generalmente se presentaron con síntomas nasosinusales, el principal fue obstrucción nasal en el 80 % de los pacientes. El diagnóstico mas común fue craneofaringioma en un tercio de los pacientes, seguido por angiofibroma nasofaríngeo y linfoma de Burkitt. Conclusión: es importante conocer los síntomas y características clínicas de los pacientes pediátricos con tumores nasofaríngeos. Por esta razón, se considera importante presentar la casuística y características de los tumores de nariz y senos paranasales recogida durante 5 años, en un hospital pediátrico de cuarto nivel en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia

Introduction: Tumors in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in children is a serious problem in the pediatric population, mainly due to the non-specificity of the symptoms that leads to years or months passing before the suspicion of a neoplastic pathology. With an important impact in quality of life not only in the patient but also in its family environment. When suspecting a sinonasal tumor, diagnostic images such as magnetic resonance and computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses are required. When you have an etiological diagnosis always do a multidisciplinary approach. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the cohort of patients that had been diagnose with tumors of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses in a fourth level pediatric hospital in Bogota, Colombia between 2013 - 2018. Results: 54 patients were included, the majority of them were men, with an average age of eight years. They mainly presented with nasal symptoms, the main one being nasal obstruction in 80% of patients. The most common diagnosis was cranipharyngioma in one third of the patients, followed by nasopharyngeal angiofibroma and Burkitt lymphoma. Conclusion: We present this article with the objective of presenting the tumors of nose and paranasal sinuses casuistry collected during 5 years in a fourth level pediatric hospital in the city of Bogotá and the imaging characteristics for the diagnosis of these are reviewed with some clinical cases as examples.

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type with extensive cardiopulmonary involvement

Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL-NT) is a rare type of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which usually presents with extranodal involvement and affects the nasal/upper aerodigestive tract in the classical presentation. Herein, we report the case of a 31-year-old, previously healthy, male patient diagnosed with ENKTL-NT with the involvement of the lung parenchyma and heart. Unfortunately, due to the rapid disease progression, the diagnosis was performed only at the autopsy. The authors highlight the rare clinical presentation of this type of lymphoma, as well as the challenging anatomopathological diagnosis in necrotic samples.

Application of island flap and its combined flap on repairing nasal alae defects / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the application of island flap and combined flap in one-stage reconstruction of nasal alae defects after external nasal tumor resection. Methods: Data of 11 patients with perforating or full-thickness defects of the alae after nasal tumor resection in XuanWu Hospital, Capital Medical University between June 2016 and February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 7 males and 4 females, and the ages ranged from 51 to 89 years. Island flap, island flap combined with nasolabial flap or V-Y advancement flap, and island flap combined with bilobed flap were applied according to the range of defects. Descriptive statistical method was applied to analyze the treatment effects. Results: All flaps of the 11 patients were successful survival and the incisions were primary healing. Being followed up for 5 to 59 months, the patients had satisfying appearance and ventilation function, and no tumor relapsed. Conclusion: For the patients with nasal alae defects after external nose tumor resection, selecting suitable island skin flap or combined skin flap can be used to reconstruct the ideal nasal appearance and function of the nose.

Primary experience and discussion on the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To summarize the preliminary experience in the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) and to explore the effect of age, chemotherapy, modified Kadish stage and pathological grade on the prognosis of ENB. Methods: The clinical data of 87 ENB patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between June 2002 and November 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The modified Kadish stage was used to evaluate the extent of the lesions, and the Hyams grading system was used for pathological grading. The patients were followed up regularly to evaluate the recurrence and metastasis of the tumor. Cox proportional hazard model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Prognostic factors with P<0.05 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis. After controlling the confounding factors, the model coefficients were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The median follow-up time of ENB patients was 29 months, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 39.3%. In univariate analysis, age, chemotherapy, modified Kadish stage and pathology grade were independent predictors of overall survival, while gender, radiotherapy and surgery were not prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed that modified Kadish stage and pathology grade were independent predictors of overall survival rate after excluding confounding factors. Conclusions: Age, chemotherapy, modified Kadish stage and pathological grade are taking important role in the overall survival rate of patients with ENB. Modified Kadish stage and pathological grade are independent predictors of overall survival rate.

The endoscopic transnasal approach in management of the sinonasal tumor invading the anterior skull base / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of the endoscopic transnasal approach (ETA) and to analyze the outcomes and factors of this surgical technique in the management of the tumor invading the anterior skull base. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 42 patients (31 males and 11 females, with mean age of 49 years) with sinonasal tumor invading the anterior skull base, who underwent ETA from June 2015 to April 2019 in Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University. Pathologically, there were 15 cases of squamous carcinoma (14 patients with T4bN0M0 and 1 patient with T4bN1M0) and 27 of olfactory neuroblastomas with Kadish stage C. Anterior skull base reconstruction was performed using the vascular pedicled nasoseptal mucoperiosteal flap and fascia lata. Brain non-contrast-enhanced CT was performed on the first postoperative day to exclude massive pneumocephalus, relevant brain edema and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Sinonasal contrast-enhanced MR was performed to assess the extent of the tumor removal. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate the overall survival (OS) and Cox multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the prognostic factors. Results: The mean duration of the surgery was 452 minutes. Total resection was performed in 36 patients (85.7%), subtotal resection in 2 patients (4.8%) with orbital involvement, partial resection in one patient (2.4%) with injury of the internal carotid artery. One patient (2.4%) underwent the second resection because of the tumor residual, two patients (4.8%) with unsure tumor residual. Mean follow-up was 20 months, with 17 months of median follow-up. One-, two-and three-year overall survival was 86.5%, 76.9% and 64.5%, respectively. For squamous carcinoma, one-, two-and three-year overall survival was 86.2%, 86.2% and 57.4%, respectively. For olfactory neuroblastomas, One-, two-and three-year overall survival was 86.9%, 75.3% and 67.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor residual (P=0.001) and recurrence (P<0.01) were independent prognostic factors for survival. Conclusions: The ETA is safe and feasible in selected patients with sinonasal tumor invading the anterior skull base. Tumor residual and recurrence are independent prognostic factors for survival.