Intersectoriality of food and nutrition initiatives: relationship with the prevalence of obesity in the State of Paraíba / Intersetorialidade das ações de alimentação e nutrição: relação com a prevalência de obesidade no estado da Paraíba

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the managerial profile and forms of intersectoral articulation in the framework of food and nutrition carried out in Primary Health Care and verify its association with the prevalence of obesity in the three health macro-regions of the State of Paraíba. Methods: Cross-sectional survey carried out in 151 municipalities in Paraíba, nested in a national population-based survey. Variables related to the manager, managerial profile, intersectoral forms of articulation, and obesity rates among adults were evaluated according to data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. Results: All macro-regions presented a mean of adults obesity higher than the national reference for individual over 18 years of age described in the National Health Plan 2020-2023. The presence of the technician responsible for food and nutrition actions was associated with higher rates of obesity. The performance of food and nutrition education actions, and intersectoral practices related to the Food and Nutrition Security sector were associated with lower prevalence of obesity. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the actions cannot be guaranteed by the presence of a specific position for the actions. Food and Nutrition Education actions are recommended to reduce the prevalence of obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o perfil gerencial e as formas de articulação intersetorial relacionadas à área de alimentação e nutrição realizadas na Atenção Primária à Saúde e verificar sua associação com a prevalência de obesidade nas três macrorregiões de saúde do estado da Paraíba. Métodos: Pesquisa transversal realizada em 151 municípios paraibanos, aninhada em uma pesquisa nacional de base populacional. Foram avaliadas variáveis referentes ao gestor, perfil gerencial, formas de articulação intersetoriais, e índices de obesidade entre adultos de acordo com dados do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional. Resultados: Todas as macrorregiões apresentaram média de obesidade em adultos superior à referência nacional para pessoas acima de 18 anos de idade descrita no Plano Nacional de Saúde 2020-2023. A presença do responsável técnico para ações de alimentação e nutrição esteve associada a maiores índices de obesidade. A realização de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional, e práticas intersetoriais relacionadas ao setor de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional associaram-se a menores prevalências de obesidade. Conclusão: A eficácia das ações não pode ser garantida pela presença de cargo específico para as ações. Ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional são recomendadas para a redução da prevalência de obesidade.

Nutritional status of children under five years of age in Rondônia, Brazil Northern region and in Brazil: 2008 to 2019 / Estado nutricional das crianças menores de cinco anos em Rondônia, região Norte e Brasil: 2008 a 2019

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the nutritional profiles of children under five years of age in the state of Rondônia, comparing them with those from the Northern Region of Brazil and from Brazil. Methods This was a time series ecological study. Data were collected from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. The information concerned Body Mass Index by age, gender and place of residence. A time-trend analysis was performed using linear regression applying the Prais-Winsten technique and serial autocorrelation verification using the Durbin and Watson test in Stata®16.0. Results There was an annual increasing trend for the thinness, risk of overweight, overweight and obesity regardless of gender, age and location and for extreme thinness, with the exception of girls and for the age of 2 to 5 years, which revealed a stationary trend. Among boys and children of both genders under two years of age, annual growth trends were higher for non-eutrophic nutritional status when compared to the other groups. The growth rates of nutritional disorders found in the Northern region were higher than in the state of Rondônia and in Brazil. Conclusion It is necessary to review health policies aiming at the promotion and prevention of nutritional problems considering the current situation where extreme conditions such as thinness and obesity coexist, with special attention to male children under 2 years of age.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o perfil nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos no estado de Rondônia comparando com dados da Região Norte e do Brasil. Métodos Estudo ecológico do tipo série temporal. Os dados foram coletados do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional e utilizou-se o Índice de Massa Corporal por idade, sexo e local de moradia. Foi realizada análise de tendência temporal por meio de regressão linear aplicando a técnica de Prais-Winsten e verificação de autocorrelação serial por meio do teste de Durbin e Watson no Stata®16.0. Resultados Houve tendência anual crescente para a magreza, risco de sobrepeso, sobrepeso e obesidade independente do sexo, idade e local, e para a magreza extrema com exceção das meninas e para a idade de dois a cinco anos, que tiveram tendência estacionária. Entre os meninos e crianças menores de dois anos, as tendências de crescimento foram mais elevadas para o estado nutricional não eutrófico quando comparado aos outros grupos. As taxas de crescimento de agravos nutricionais encontradas na região Norte foram superiores ao estado de Rondônia e ao Brasil. Conclusão É necessário rever as políticas de saúde visando a promoção e prevenção de agravos nutricionais considerando a atualidade e onde coabitam extremos como a magreza e obesidade, com atenção especial às crianças com menos de dois anos e do sexo masculino.

Actualizando los abordajes socioculturales de la obesidad: propuestas a partir de Hacking, Bourdieu y Foucault / Updating the sociocultural approaches to obesity: proposals from Hacking, Bourdieu and Foucault / Atualizando abordagens socioculturais da obesidade: propostas baseadas em Hacking, Bourdieu e Foucault

Resumen El aumento de las tasas de obesidad y sus consecuencias negativas, tanto individuales como colectivas, reclama la necesidad de nuevos enfoques científicos, que permitan un abordaje multidisciplinar que integre los factores biológicos y socioculturales, explorando en profundidad tanto los aspectos objetivos como subjetivos de este problema. En este sentido, en el presente trabajo proponemos un conjunto de reflexiones teóricas, que puedan servir como marco crítico de actualización de las aportaciones de corte sociocultural en los debates científicos sobre la obesidad y el sobrepeso. Para ello, primero revisaremos las principales características de los enfoques biológico y sociocultural sobre el tema. Y después pasaremos a proponer dicho conjunto de reflexiones, realizando un análisis de los conceptos de tres teóricos sociales de corte crítico, vistos como modelos potencialmente fértiles pero poco usados en este tipo de tema por distintos motivos.

Abstract The increase in obesity rates and their negative consequences, both individually and collectively, call for the need for new scientific approaches, which allow for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates the biological and sociocultural, exploring in depth both aspects objectives as subjective of this problem. In this connection, in this work we propose a set of theoretical reflections, which can serve as a critical framework for updating sociocultural contributions to the scientific debates on obesity and overweight. In order to that first we will review the main characteristics of the biological and sociocultural approaches on the subject. And then we will propose this set of reflections, performing an analysis of the concepts of three critical social theorists, seen as potentially fruitful but little used models in this type of subject by different reasons.

Resumo O aumento das taxas de obesidade e suas consequências negativas, tanto individuais como coletivas, exigem novos enfoques científicos que permitam uma abordagem multidisciplinar que integre fatores biológicos e socioculturais, explorando em profundidade tanto aspectos objetivos como subjetivos desse problema. Neste sentido, no presente trabalho propomos um conjunto de reflexões teóricas que pode servir de marco crítico atualizado de contribuições de corte sociocultural para ou debate científico sobre obesidade e sobrepeso. Para isso, primeiro revisaremos as principais características dos enfoques biológicos e socioculturais deste tema. Depois, passaremos a propor este conjunto de reflexões, realizando uma análise dos conceitos de três teóricos sociais de corte crítico, vistos como modelos potencialmente frutífero que, no entanto, por diferentes motivos, são pouco utilizados nesta temática.

Relationship between educational level and long-term changes of body weight and waist circumference in adults in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the association of educational level with anthropometric measurements at different adult stages and their long-term changes in adults who participated in the second re-survey of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB). Methods: The present study excluded participants who were aged >65 years, with incomplete or extreme measurement values, or with major chronic diseases at baseline survey or re-survey. The weight at age 25 years was self-reported. Body height, body weight and waist circumference at baseline survey (2004-2008) and re-survey (2013-2014) were analyzed. Results: The present study included 3 427 men and 6 320 women. Both body weight and waist circumference (WC) increased with age. From age 25 years to baseline survey (mean age 45.2±6.5), the mean weight change per 5-year was (1.70±2.63) kg for men and (1.27±2.10) kg for women. From baseline survey to re-survey (53.2±6.5), the mean changes per 5-year for body weight were (1.12±2.61) kg for men and (0.90±2.54) kg for women; and that for WC was (3.20±3.79) cm for men and (3.83±3.85) cm for women. Among women, low educational level was consistently associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and WC at age 25 years, baseline survey and re-survey. Among men, low educational level was associated with higher BMI at age 25 years. At baseline survey and re-survey, the educational level in men was not statistically associated with BMI; but men who completed junior or senior high school showed slight higher WC and increase of WC from baseline survey to re-survey than other male participants. Conclusions: Body weight and WC increased with age for both men and women. The associations of educational level with BMI and WC were different between men and women.

Asociación entre el polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO y marcadores de adiposidad en población adulta chilena / Association between FTO (ns9939609) genotype and adiposity markers in Chilean adults

Background: Numerous studies have identified the role of Fat-mass-associated-gene (FTO) in the development of obesity. Aim: To investigate the association of FTO gene with adiposity markers in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: 409 participants were included in this cross-sectional study. The association between FTO (rs9939609) genotype and adiposity markers was determined using linear regression analyses. Adiposity markers included were: body weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist/hip ratio. Results: A fully adjusted model showed a significant association between FTO genotype and body weight (2.16 kg per each extra copy of the risk allele [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.45 to 3.87], p = 0.014), body mass index (0.61 kg.m-2 [95% CI: 0.12 to 1.20], p = 0.050) and fat mass (1.14% [95% CI: 0.39 to 1.89], p = 0.010). The greater magnitude of association was found between the FTO gene and fat mass when the outcomes were standardized to z-score. Conclusions: This study confirms an association between the FTO gene and adiposity markers in Chilean adults, which is independent of major confounding factors.

Cardiovascular Risk in Xavante Indigenous Population / Risco Cardiovascular na População Indígena Xavante

Abstract Background: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is little known in Brazilian indigenous populations. In the last two decades, important changes have occurred in the lifestyle and epidemiological profile of the Xavante people. Objective: to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Xavante adults in São Marcos and Sangradouro/Volta Grande reserves, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with 925 Xavante people aged ≥ 20 years between 2008 and 2012. The following indicators were assessed: triglycerides (TG), total, LDL and HDL-cholesterol, Castelli index I and II, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio, apo B / Apo A1 ratio, Framingham risk score, C-reactive protein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW), glycemia and blood pressure. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's t test and Chi-square test (χ2) were used for statistical analysis, and significance level was set at 5%. Results: High prevalence of elevated cardiovascular risk was observed in men and women according to HDL-cholesterol (66.2% and 86.2%, respectively), TG (53.2% and 51.5%), TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (60.0% and 49.1%), C-reactive protein (44.1% and 48.1%), BMI (81.3% and 81.7%), WC (59.1% and 96.2%), HW (38.0% and 50,6%) and glycemia (46.8% and 70.2%). Individuals aged 40 to 59 years had the highest cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: The Xavante have a high cardiovascular risk according to several indicators evaluated. The present analysis of cardiovascular risk factors provides support for the development of preventive measures and early treatment, in attempt to minimize the impact of cardiovascular diseases on this population.

Resumo Fundamento: A prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular ainda é pouco estudada em populações indígenas brasileiras. Nas duas últimas décadas, observaram- se importantes mudanças no estilo de vida e no perfil epidemiológico dos Xavante. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular na população adulta Xavante das Reservas Indígenas de São Marcos e Sangradouro/Volta Grande - MT. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 925 indígenas Xavante com 20 ou mais anos de idade, no período de 2008 a 2012. Foram considerados os indicadores: níveis séricos de triglicérides (TG), colesterol (total, LDL e HDL), Índices de Castelli I (CT/HDL-c) e II (LDL-c/HDL-c), razão TG/HDL-C, relação Apo B/Apo A1, escore de Framingham, proteína C reativa (PCR), Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), cintura hipertrigliceridêmica (CH), glicemia e pressão arterial. Foram utilizados os testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t de Student e Qui quadrado (χ2), sendo considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Verificaram-se altas prevalências de risco cardiovascular elevado, em homens e mulheres, respectivamente, segundo os indicadores HDL-colesterol (66,2% e 86,2%), TG (53,2% e 51,5%), razão TG/HDL-c (60,0% e 49,1%), PCR (44,1% e 48,1%), IMC (81,3% e 81,7%), CC (59,1% e 96,2%), CH (38,0% e 50,6%) e glicemia (46,8% e 70,2%). Os indivíduos de 40 a 59 anos foram os que apresentaram maior risco cardiovascular. Conclusões: Os Xavante apresentam elevado risco cardiovascular segundo vários indicadores avaliados. Este inquérito fornece subsídios para ações de prevenção e tratamento precoce, a fim de minimizar os potenciais danos causados por doenças cardiovasculares entre os Xavante.

Prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity in Chinese children aged 0-5 years / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To study the prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity among Chinese children aged 0-5 years, in 2010-2013. Methods: Data was from the'China Nutrition and Health Surveillance-0-5-Years-Old Children and Lactating Women'project in 2013. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 55 districts/counties from 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with the sample size of children as 32 862. Definition of overweight and obesity were according to both the WHO 2006 growth standard in children less than 5-year-old and the WHO 2007 growth reference in children of 5-years-old. Results: were calculated by complex weight based on national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. Results The overall prevalence of overweight was 8.4% among the 0-5-year-old in 2013, with 9.4% in boys and 7.2% in girls. Both of the rates from urban and rural areas were the same, as 8.4%. The prevalence rates of overweight in the 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48- and 60-71 months age groups appeared as 13.0%, 11.1%, 8.3%, 6.0%, 4.8%, 3.9% and 15.9%, respectively. The rates of overweight in low, medium and high income families were 8.0%, 8.8% and 8.9%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 3.1% among the 0-5-year-old, with 3.6% in boys and 2.5% in girls. There was no significant difference seen in urban (3.3%) and rural areas (2.9%). The prevalence rates for obesity in the 0-, 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48- and 60-71 months age groups were 5.8%, 3.8%, 2.5%, 1.6%, 1.2%, 1.3% and 7.8%, respectively. The rates of obesity in low, medium and high income families were 2.8%, 3.3% and 3.5%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence rates of both overweight and obesity were increasing among the 0-5-year-olds in China, suggesting that it is necessary to timely conduct the surveillance and intervention programs on overweight and obesity in this target population.

Epidemiological characteristics of overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-17 years / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, and to provide scientific basis for the development of prevention strategies on obesity. Methods: Data was from children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012 program. In children aged 6 years, criteria of overweight and obesity were followed the WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. In children and adolescents aged 7-17 years, overweight and obesity were defined by sex and age specific BMI, recommended by Guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity among school-age children and adolescents according to the Chinese guidelines. Results: The overall rates on overweight and obesity were 9.6% and 6.4% among the Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, with 11.0% (12.8% for boys and 9.0% for girls) in urban and 7.7% (boys 9.7%, girls 5.5%) in rural areas. The rates of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents were 8.4% (boys 9.3%, girls 7.4%) and 5.2% (boys 6.2%, girls 4.1%) in the rural areas. According to the levels of household income, the overweight rates of children in high, middle and low incomes were 12.3%, 10.7% and 8.2%, with obesity as 8.6%, 7.2% and 5.7% respectively. Conclusions: In 2012, the prevalence rates of overweight and obese were 9.6% and 6.4% among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, respectively, higher in urban than in rural areas and higher boys than in girls. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity seemed to be related to the levels of household income.

Prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents from 2013 to 2017 in Shenzhen / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To examine the status and trends of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 6-17 in Shenzhen between 2013 and 2017. Methods: Six primary schools, three junior high schools and three high schools were selected in Shenzhen from 2013 to 2017, through stratified cluster sampling method. Height and weight of the selected students were measured. Results: In total, 94 868 students were monitored from 2013 to 2017. The average prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 13.31% and 9.60%, respectively. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity appeared higher in boys (17.60% and 12.43%) than those in girls (10.27% and 5.93%). The prevalence of overweight was higher than obesity. Both prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were declining over the past five years. The maximal prevalence rates of overweight of boys and girls were from 10 to 12 and 13 to 15 years of age, while the obesity was from 6 to 9 years old, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were on the decline from 2013 to 2017, however, attention should be paid to the obesity problem in students.

Using the sequenced sample cluster analysis to study the body mass index distribution characteristics of adults in different age groups and genders / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To explore the characteristics of distribution on Chinese adult body mass index (BMI) in different age groups and genders and to provide reference related to obesity and related chronic diseases. Methods: Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009 were used. Sequential sample cluster method was used to analyze the characteristics of BMI distribution in different age groups and genders by SAS. Results: Our results showed that the adult BMI in China should be divided into 3 groups according to their age, as 20 to 40 years old, 40 to 65 years old, and> 65 years old, in females or in total when grouped by difference of 5 years. For groupings in male, the three groups should be as 20 to 40, 40 to 60 years old and>60 years old. There were differences on distribution between the male and female groups. When grouped by difference of 10 years, all of the clusters for male, female and total groups as 20-40, 40-60 and>60 years old, became similar for the three classes, respectively, with no differences of distribution between gender, suggesting that the 5-years grouping was more accurate than the 10-years one, and BMI showing gender differences. Conclusions: BMI of the Chinese adults should be divided into 3 categories according to the characteristics of their age. Our results showed that BMI was increasing with age in youths and adolescents, remained unchanged in the middle-aged but decreasing in the elderly.

Prevalence of cardio metabolic risk factors and related socio-demographic factors in adults aged 18-59 years in 15 provinces of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and co-prevalence of cardio metabolic (CM) risk factors in adults in China. Methods: The project data of 2015 Nutritional Status and Health Transition of Chinese Residents were used, and 5 456 adults aged 18-59 years with complete socio-demographic, anthropometric, and blood biochemical data were selected as the study subjects. The definition released by the International Diabetes Federation in 2005 were used to define each CM risk factors, including central obesity, elevated TG, reduced HDL-C, elevated blood pressure and elevated FPG. The co-prevalence of the risk factors was defined as adults having ≥2 risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between CM risk and socio-demographic factors. Results: About 80.8% of adults had at least 1 risk factor, and 54.0% had co-prevalence of risk factors. Gender, age, education level and living area were significantly associated with the prevalence of major metabolic risk factors. After adjusting for other factors, compared with men, women were more likely to have central obesity and reduced HDL-C, but not more likely to have elevated blood pressure, elevated FPG and elevated TG (P<0.01). Compared with adults aged 18-44 years, adults aged 45-59 years were more likely to have central obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated FPG and elevated TG (P<0.01). The odds of having central obesity, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose in the adults in eastern China were significantly higher than those in the central and western China. Conclusions: In 2015, less than 20% of the adults aged 18-59 years in China had no cardio metabolic risk factors, and more than half of them had two or more risk factors. Gender, age and living areas were the major influencing factors. It is necessary to take effective intervention measures targeting adults at high-risk for the early prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Associação entre cor/raça, obesidade e diabetes em idosos da comunidade: dados do Estudo FIBRA / Asociación entre color/raza, obesidad y diabetes, en ancianos de la comunidad: datos del Estudio FIBRA / Association between race, obesity and diabetes in elderly community dwellers: data from the FIBRA study

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da cor/raça em medidas indicadoras de adiposidade corporal (índice de massa corporal - IMC, circunferência de cintura - CC e relação cintura-quadril - RCQ), bem como sua relação com o diabetes, em idosos residentes na área urbana de sete localidades brasileiras, conforme o gênero. O estudo transversal foi realizado com uma amostra probabilística composta por 2.566 idosos de 65 anos ou mais, participantes do Estudo FIBRA (Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros). Foram utilizadas variáveis sociodemográficas autorrelatadas (gênero, idade, cor/raça, escolaridade e renda familiar), medidas antropométricas indicadoras de obesidade geral (IMC) e abdominal (CC e RCQ) e diabetes autorreferida. Ajustando-se para escolaridade e renda, a cor/raça branca associou-se a maiores valores de CC (p = 0,001) e RCQ (p > 0,001), no gênero masculino, independentemente do diabetes. Entretanto, ao considerar apenas a amostra de diabéticos, a cor/raça preta passou a associar-se à obesidade geral (IMC) (p = 0,007) e central (CC) (p > 0,001), apenas entre as mulheres.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el efecto del color/raza en las medidas indicadoras de adiposidad corporal (índice de masa corporal - IMC, circunferencia de cintura - CC y relación cintura-cadera - RCC), así como su relación con la diabetes, en ancianos residentes en el área urbana de siete localidades brasileñas, conforme género. El estudio transversal se realizó con una muestra probabilística compuesta por 2.566 ancianos de 65 años o más, participantes del Estudio FIBRA (Fragilidad en Ancianos Brasileños). Se utilizaron variables sociodemográficas autorrelatadas (género, edad, color/raza, escolaridad y renta familiar), medidas antropométricas indicadoras de obesidad general (IMC), abdominal (CC y RCC) y diabetes autorreferida. Ajustándose a la escolaridad y renda, el color/raza blanca se asoció a mayores valores de CC (p = 0,001) y RCQ (p > 0,001), en el género masculino, independientemente de la diabetes. No obstante, al considerar sólo la muestra de diabéticos, el color/raza negra pasó a asociarse a la obesidad general (IMC) (p = 0,007) y central (CC) (p > 0,001), solamente entre las mujeres.

Abstract: This study sought to investigate the effect of race on measures of body fat (body mass index - BMI, waist circumference - WC and waist-hip ratio - WHR), as well as its relationship with diabetes, among elderly individuals living in urban areas in seven places in Brazil, according to gender. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with a probabilistic sample comprising 2,566 individuals with 65 years of age or more who participated in the FIBRA Study (Frailty in Elderly Brazilians). We used several self-reported sociodemographic variables (gender, age, race, schooling and family income), anthropometric measures of general (BMI) and abdominal obesity (WC and WHR) and self-reported diabetes. Adjusting for schooling and income, white race was associated with higher WC values (p = 0.001) and WHR (p > 0.001) for male gender, regardless of diabetes status. However, when we considered only diabetic individuals, black race became associated with general (BMI) (p = 0.007) and central obesity (CC) (p > 0.001), only among women.

Combined effects of resistance training and carbohydrate-restrictive or conventional diets on weight loss, blood variables and endothelium function / Efeitos combinados do treinamento contrarresistência e dietas restritivas em carboidrato ou convencional na perda de peso, variáveis sanguíneas e função endotelial

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of either a carbohydrate-restrictive diets or a conventional hypoenergetic diet combined with resistance training. Methods: Twenty-one overweight and obese adults participated in an eight-week program consisting of progressive resistance training combined with carbohydrate-restrictive diets (initially set at <30 g carbohydrate; n=12) or conventional hypoenergetic diet (30% energetic restriction; carbohydrate/protein/lipid: 51/18/31% of total energy consumption; n=9). It was hypothesized that the carbohydrate-restrictive diets would induce greater weight loss but that both diets would elicit similar effects on selected health markers. Body mass, and body composition, blood variables and flow-mediated brachial artery dilation (flow-mediated brachial artery dilation; by ultrasound) were used to assess changes due to the interventions. Results: Significant within-group reductions in body mass (-5.4±3.5%; p=0.001 versus -3.7±3.0%; p=0.015) and body fat (body fat; -10.2±7.0%; p=0.005 versus -9.6±8.8%; p=0.017) were identified for carbohydrate-restrictive diets and conventional hypoenergetic diet, respectively, but there were no significant differences between groups as the result of the interventions. Fat free mass, blood variables and flow-mediated brachial artery dilation did not significantly change, except for the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, which was reduced 10.4±16.9% in carbohydrate-restrictive diets (p=0.037) and 0.5±11.3% in conventional hypoenergetic diet (p=0.398). Conclusion: Carbohydrate-restrictive diets associated with resistance training was as effective as conventional hypoenergetic diet in decreasing body mass and body fat, as well as maintaining fat free mass, blood variables and flow-mediated brachial artery dilation, however it was more effective at lowering the total cholesterol/low density lipoprotein ratio.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos entre a dieta com restrição de carboidratos e a dieta hipoenergética convencional combinadas com treinamento contrarresistência. Trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que as dietas com restrição em carboidratos poderiam acarretar maior perda de peso, mas que, no entanto, ambas causariam efeitos similares nos biomarcadores de saúde. Métodos: Vinte e um adultos com sobrepeso ou obesos participaram de um programa de 8 semanas de treinamento contrarresistência progressive combinado com dieta com restrição de carboidratos (inicialmente com <30 g de carboidrato; n=12) ou com dieta hipoenergética convencional (30% de restrição energética; carboidrato/proteína/lipídeos: 51/18/31% do valor energético total; n=9). Massa e composição corporais, variáveis sanguíneas (glicose, ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, lipemia sanguínea, proteína creativa de alta sensibilidade) e dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial (por ultrassom) foram acompanhadas para observar os efeitos das intervenções. Resultados: Foram identificadas reduções significativas na massa corporal (-5,4±3,5%; p=0,001 versus -3,7±3,0%; p=0,015) e na gordura corporal (-10,2±7,0%; p=0,005 versus -9,6±8,8%; p=0,017) de indivíduos em dieta com restrição de carboidratos e dieta hipoenergética convencional, respectivamente, sem diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Massa livre de gordura, variáveis sanguíneas e dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial não sofreram modificações significativas, exceto a razão colesterol total/lipoproteína de alta densidade, que reduziu 10,4±16,9% em dietas com restrição de carboidratos (p=0,037) e 0,5±11,3% em dieta hipoenergética convencional (p=0,398). Conclusão: A dieta com restrição de carboidratos associada ao treinamento contrarresistência foi tão efetiva quanto a dieta convencional em reduzir a massa e a gordura corporais, assim como em manter os valores da massa livre de gordura, das variáveis sanguíneas e da dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial. No entanto, foi mais efetiva na redução da razão colesterol total/lipoproteína de baixa densidade.

Factors associated with overweight among elementary schoolchildren in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil / Fatores associados ao excesso de peso em escolares do ensino fundamental em Campinas, São Paulo

ABSTRACT Objective To assess overweight/obesity of elementary schoolchildren in Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil, and its association with parental nutritional status, children's food consumption, food preferences, and level of physical activity, and familial socioeconomic status. Methods This case-control study included 509 schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years. Body mass index Z-score was used to determine nutritional status, defining cases (>+1 Z-score) and controls (³-2 ?+1 Z-score). To address association with overweight/obesity, a conceptual model was established and used for multiple analysis, performed by logistic regression. Results The children had an overweight/obesity frequency of 39.5%. Multiple analysis adjusted for socioeconomic level showed that overweight/obese children were more likely to eat at the mall (1.55; 95%CI=1.00-2.40), have overweight and obese parents (OR=1.71; 95%CI=1.08-2.71 and OR=3.55; 95%CI=2.18-5.80 respectively), report use of passive school transport (OR=1.57; 95%CI=1.04-2.36), and consume chicken nuggets on 3 or more days per week (OR=3.03; 95%CI=1.32-6.95). Conclusion These results support the urgent need of strategies to reduce overweight/obesity and promote its prevention in schoolchildren. Moreover, intervention studies involving parents and addressing environmental factors are important for the development of effective programs.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o sobrepeso/obesidade de escolares do ensino fundamental de Campinas, estado de São Paulo, e sua associação com: estado nutricional dos pais, consumo de alimentos, preferências alimentares, atividade física e condições socioeconômicas da família. Métodos Este estudo caso-controle incluiu 509 escolares de 7 a 10 anos de idade. O índice de massa corporal escore-Z foi utilizado para determinação do estado nutricional, definindo casos (>+1 escore-Z) e controles (³-2 ?+1 escore-Z). Para associação com o excesso de peso, um modelo conceitual foi criado e utilizado para a análise múltipla, realizada por meio de regressão logística. Resultados A frequência de excesso de peso foi de 39,5%. A regressão múltipla ajustada por nível econômico mostrou que crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade têm maior chance de comer em shopping center (1.55; 95%CI=1.00-2.40), ter pais com sobrepeso ou obesos (OR=1.71; 95%CI=1.08-2.71 e 3.55; 95%CI=2.18-5.80 respectivamente), utilizar meio de transporte escolar passivo (OR=1.57; 95%CI=1.04-2.36) e comer empanado de frango mais de três dias por semana (OR=3,03; IC95%=1,32-6,95). Conclusão Os resultados suportam a necessidade urgente de estratégias para redução e prevenção do excesso de peso entre os escolares. Além disso, estudos de intervenção que envolvam pais e abordem fatores ambientais são importantes para o desenvolvimento de programas eficazes.

Epidemiology of high blood pressure among the Kaingang people on the Xapecó Indigenous Land in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2013 / Epidemiologia da hipertensão arterial em indígenas Kaingang, Terra Indígena Xapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2013 / Epidemiologia da hipertensão arterial em indígenas Kaingang, Terra Indígena Xapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2013 / Epidemiología de la hipertensión en los indígenas Kaingang, Tierra Indígena Xapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2013

This cross-sectional study describes the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP; measured at one setting, and suggestive of a clinical diagnosis of arterial hypertension) and mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and their associations with socio-demographic and anthropometric variables among 355 Kaingang adults (≥ 20 years) on the Xapecó Indigenous Land in Brazil. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), SBP, and DBP were measured and socio-demographic data were collected. Prevalence of HBP was 53.2% (95%CI: 45.3; 61.1) in men and 40.7% (95%CI: 33.8; 47.6) in women. In women, age and WC were directly associated with HBP; age was associated with SBP and schooling with DBP. In men, HBP was statistically associated with high body mass index (BMI) and tile floor in the home (as a socioeconomic proxy); BMI and WC were associated with SBP; BMI and WC were associated with DBP. The study highlights the need for measures to control risk factors for HBP, especially due to its relevance for cardiovascular diseases and their consequences.

Estudo transversal, com objetivo de descrever a prevalência de níveis tensionais sugestivos de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (NTSHAS), e das médias de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), e suas associações com dados sociodemográficos e antropométricos, entre 355 adultos (20+ anos) Kaingang (Terra Indígena Xapecó). Foram aferidos peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC), PAS, PAD, e coletados dados sociodemográficos. A prevalência de níveis tensionais sugestivos de hipertensão foi 53,2% (IC95%: 45,3; 61,1) entre os homens e 40,7% (IC95%: 33,8; 47,6) entre as mulheres. Nas mulheres, a idade e CC se associaram positivamente aos NTSHAS; a idade se associou à PAS e a escolaridade à PAD. Nos homens com maior índice de massa corporal (IMC) e CC e casa com chão de cerâmica, registraram-se maiores prevalências de níveis tensionais sugestivos de hipertensão; a maior CC e maior IMC se associaram com valores mais altos de PAS; o IMC e a CC, diretamente com a PAD. Destaca-se a necessidade de ações para controle dos fatores de risco para NTSHAS, por causa da elevada prevalência encontrada entre os Kaingang e a contribuição na morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares.

Estudo transversal, com objetivo de descrever a prevalência de níveis tensionais sugestivos de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (NTSHAS), e das médias de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), e suas associações com dados sociodemográficos e antropométricos, entre 355 adultos (20+ anos) Kaingang (Terra Indígena Xapecó). Foram aferidos peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC), PAS, PAD, e coletados dados sociodemográficos. A prevalência de níveis tensionais sugestivos de hipertensão foi 53,2% (IC95%: 45,3; 61,1) entre os homens e 40,7% (IC95%: 33,8; 47,6) entre as mulheres. Nas mulheres, a idade e CC se associaram positivamente aos NTSHAS; a idade se associou à PAS e a escolaridade à PAD. Nos homens com maior índice de massa corporal (IMC) e CC e casa com chão de cerâmica, registraram-se maiores prevalências de NTSHAS; a maior CC e maior IMC se associaram com valores mais altos de PAS; o IMC e a CC, diretamente com a PAD. Destaca-se a necessidade de ações para controle dos fatores de risco para NTSHAS, por causa da elevada prevalência encontrada entre os Kaingang e a contribuição na morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares.

Estudio transversal, con el objetivo de describir la prevalencia de niveles tensionales sugestivos de la hipertensión arterial sistémica (NTSHAS), los niveles de presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), y su asociación con datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos, entre 355 adultos (20+años) Kaingang (Tierra Indígena Xapecó). Se midieron peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura (CC), PAS y PAD, y se recogieron datos sociodemográficos. La prevalencia de HAS fue 53,2% (IC95%: 45,3; 61,1) entre los hombres y 40,7% (IC95%: 33,8; 47,6) en las mujeres. En ellas, la edad y la CC se asociaron positivamente a NTSHAS; la edad se asoció con la PAS y la escolaridad con la PAD. En hombres de mayor índice de masa corporal (IMC) y CC, y con casa de pisos de cerámica, se registraron mayor prevalencia de HAS; la mayor CC y mayor IMC se asociaron con mayor PAS; y el IMC y CC, directamente asociados con la PAD. Destaca la necesidad de adoptar medidas dirigidas a controlar los factores de riesgo para la NTSHAS, en vista de la alta prevalencia entre los Kaingang y su contribución en la morbilidad y la mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular.

Genetic association of SNPs in the FTO gene and predisposition to obesity in Malaysian Malays

The common variants in the fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been previously found to be associated with obesity in various adult populations. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks in various regions of the FTO gene are associated with predisposition to obesity in Malaysian Malays. Thirty-one FTO SNPs were genotyped in 587 (158 obese and 429 non-obese) Malaysian Malay subjects. Obesity traits and lipid profiles were measured and single-marker association testing, LD testing, and haplotype association analysis were performed. LD analysis of the FTO SNPs revealed the presence of 57 regions with complete LD (D’ = 1.0). In addition, we detected the association of rs17817288 with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The FTO gene may therefore be involved in lipid metabolism in Malaysian Malays. Two haplotype blocks were present in this region of the FTO gene, but no particular haplotype was found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of obesity in Malaysian Malays.

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade dos inscritos em dois grandes centros de exercícios físicos do Rio de Janeiro / Prevalence of overweight and obesity in members of two large fitness clubs of the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: estabelecer a prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade em duas grandes academias no Rio de Janeiro; comparar os resultados com taxas demográficas nacionais e municipais de obesidade; e comparar a prevalência e magnitude de sobrepeso entre os sexos e grupos etários. O estudo analisou 12415 sujeitos (4932 homens e 7483 mulheres) selecionados a partir de um banco de dados de duas academias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Após categorização etária (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 e ? 70 anos), e por índice de massa corporal (IMC) (abaixo do peso e peso normal: < 25 kg/m2, e sobrepeso: ? 25 kg/m2) foram comparadas as prevalências com dados municipais e nacionais, e a prevalência e magnitude de sobrepeso entre sexos e grupos etários. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi maior em homens do que em mulheres. Comparando estes resultados com dados municipais e nacionais, foram encontrados valores de IMC significativamente maiores (p?0,01) para homens (7,7%) e menores para mulheres (21,6%). Uma ANOVA a dois caminhos (idade e sexo) comparando o IMC demonstrou valores significativamente menores para mulheres (21,4±1,8 kg/m2) do que para homens (22,6±1,8 kg/m2) para as classificações abaixo do peso e peso normal, mas não para sobrepeso (28,1±3,1 versus 28,2±3,0 kg/m2, para mulheres e homens respectivamente). Mulheres demonstram prevalência de sobrepeso três vezes menor entre os grupos etários de 20 a 49 anos, assemelhando-se aos homens após 50 anos. Novos estudos são sugeridos com frequentadores de academia para ratificar esses achados, ou verificar possíveis influências regionais e/ou socioeconômicas.

The objectives of this study were: to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity in two large fitness clubs of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; to compare its results with municipal and national demographic data; and to compare the prevalence and magnitude of overweight/obesity between genders and age groups. A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted with 12,415 subjects (4,932 men and 7,483 women), selected from the database of two fitness clubs of the city of Rio de Janeiro. After age categorization by decade (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and ? 70 years) and body mass index (BMI) classification (underweight and normal weight: < 25 kg/m2, and overweight: ? 25 kg/m2), prevalences were compared to municipal and national data. In addition, a comparison of the prevalence and magnitude of overweight was made between sexes and age groups. The prevalence of overweight was higher in men, regardless of age group. Comparing the results with municipal and national data, BMI values were significantly higher (p ?0.01) in men (7.7%) and lower in women (21.6%). The two-way analysis of variance (age and gender) found lower values in women (21.4±1.8 kg/m2), when compared to men (22.6±1.8 kg/m2) in the underweight and normal weight categories, but not in the overweight category (28,1±3,1 versus 28,2±3,0 kg/m2, for women and men respectively). Women showed a 3-fold lower prevalence of overweight in the 20 to 49 year age group, which became similar to that of men after the age of 50 years. New studies are needed to confirm these findings or to identify regional and socioeconomic influences.

Excesso de peso e obesidade em escolares: associação com fatores biopsicológicos, socioeconômicos e comportamentais / Overweight and obesity in school children: association between biopsychological, socioeconomic and behavioral factors

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação dos fatores biopsicológicos, socioeconômicos e comportamentais em escolares com excesso de peso e obesidade. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 393 escolares da rede pública e privada de florianópolis/sc, com idade 9,9 ± 1,7 anos, sendo 41% do sexo masculino. foi aplicado um questionário adaptado de oliveira e cols. em forma de entrevista e realizada a avaliação antropométrica (massa corporal e estatura) para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (imc) e classificação de excesso de peso e obesidade conforme conde e monteiro. RESULTADOS: Em relação à distribuição de obesidade e excesso de peso por sexo, verificou-se uma distribuição equitativa entre as meninas, enquanto nos meninos o excesso de peso representou 77% da amostra. houve associações entre sexo feminino, estrato econômico, etnia, escola e qualidade dietética, com valores de p variando de < 0,001 a 0,003. CONCLUSÃO: os fatores biopsicológicos, socioeconômicos e comportamentais parecem interferir no excesso de peso e na obesidade em escolares de florianópolis.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between the behavioral, biopsychological, and socioeconomic factors in overweight and obese students. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample involved 393 students from state and private schools in Florianópolis/SC, mean age of 9.9 ± 1.7, with 41% male subjects. A questionnaire adapted from Oliveira e cols. was applied in the interview; anthropometric information (body mass and height) was used to calculate the BMI, and individuals were classified in overweight and obese according to Conde and Monteiro. RESULTS: As for the distribution of obesity and overweight by gender, girls showed a similar degree, while among boys, overweight individuals represented 77% of the sample. There were associations between female gender, economic status, ethnicity, school, and type of food with p ranging from < 0.001 to 0.003. CONCLUSION: It was found that the behavioral, biopsychological, and socioeconomic factors seem to interfere with overweight and obesity in students of Florianópolis.

Cut-Off Values of Visceral Fat Area and Waist-to-Height Ratio: Diagnostic Criteria for Obesity-Related Disorders in Korean Children and Adolescents

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to study the appropriate cut-off value of visceral fat area (VFA) and waist-to-height ratio (WTHR) which increase the risk of obesity-related disorders and to validate the diagnostic criteria of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 314 subjects (131 boys and 183 girls) were included in this study. The subjects were selected from Korean children and adolescents who visited three University hospitals in Seoul and Uijeongbu from January 1999 to December 2009. All patients underwent computed tomography to measure VFA. RESULTS: The cut-off value of VFA associated with an increase risk of obesity-related disorder, according to the receiver operating characteristics curve, was 68.57 cm2 (sensitivity 59.8%, specificity 76.6%, p=0.01) for age between 10 to 15 years, and 71.10 cm2 (sensitivity 72.3%, specificity 76.5%, p<0.001) for age between 16 to 18 years. By simple regression analysis, the WTHR corresponding to a VFA of 68.57 cm2 was 0.54 for boys and 0.61 for girls, and the WTHR corresponding to a VFA of 71.10 cm2 was 0.51 for boys and 0.56 for girls (p=0.004 for boys, p<0.001 for girls). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, VFA which increases the risk of obesity-related disorders was 68.57 cm2 and the WTHR corresponding to this VFA was 0.54 for boys and 0.61 for girls age between 10-15 years, 71.70 cm2 and the WTHR 0.51 for boys and 0.56 for girls age between 16-18 years. For appropriate diagnostic criteria of abdominal obesity and obesity-related disorders in Korean children and adolescents, further studies are required.

Niveles de malnutrición por exceso en la población atacameña de una región rural y una urbana en el norte de Chile / Malnutrition causeing overweigth and obesity in urban and rural populations of atacameños from northern Chile

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son cada vez más prevalentes y colaboran a mayor riesgo cardiovascular. No existen estudios sobre estas patologías en la población atacameña, (tercer grupo más numeroso entre las etnias originarias en Chile). Objetivo: Evaluar niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad de la población de etnia atacameña y comparar el estado nutricional de atacameños ubicados en una región Rural (Alto el Loa), y una urbana (Calama). Metodología: Se analizaron exámenes de medicina preventiva del adulto (EMPA) de postas rurales de Alto El Loa, y del Centro Comunitario de Salud Familiar (CECOF) de Calama en los años 2007 y 2008. Se seleccionaron pacientes con ambos apellidos de origen ataca-meño, quienes además tuvieran padres y abuelos (maternos y paternos) con apellidos del mismo origen. Se midió peso, talla, IMC, circunferencia de cintura (CC), presión arterial (PA), glicemia y colesterol plasmáticos. Resultados: 43 sujetos de Alto el Loa (AL) y 98 sujetos de Calama cumplieron criterios de selección. En el grupo Alto El Loa el peso fue normal en 30 por ciento de los sujetos, hubo sobrepeso en 46,5 por ciento y obesidad en 23,5 por ciento. Los valores correspondientes para el grupo de Calama fueron 25 por ciento, 42,7 por ciento y 32,3 por ciento, respectivamente (N.S.). Al comparar ambos grupos, solo hubo diferencias significativas en colesterol plasmático (163 mg/dl AL vs 188 mg/dl Calama) y CC en hombres (110cm AL vs 99,3cm Calama) y mujeres (113cm AL vs 90,6cm Calama). Conclusión: Ambos grupos de atacameños presentaron más de un 70 por ciento de malnutrición por exceso. Solo hubo diferencias entre ambos grupos en CC y colesterol total. Destaca la CC mayor en Alto El Loa (zona de menor mestizaje), que sugieren un genotipo atacameño con tendencia a mayores niveles de grasa abdominal.

Background: Overweight and obesity are cardiovascular risk factors becoming more prevalent in later years. There are no studies related to this problem in the atacameña population, which is the third largest group among original inhabitants in Chile. Aim: to evaluate prevalence of overweight and obesity in "atacameños" of northern Chile and to compare these findings in a rural (Alto el Loa) and an urban locations (Calama). Methods: The data obtained from preventive medical examinations performed in primary care centers of Alto el Loan and Calama during 2007 and 2008 were used for the analysis. The subjects included had both paternal and maternal grand parents with "atacameños" surnames. Weigth, height, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose level and serum cholesterol were determined. Results: 43 subjects from Alto el Loa and 98 subjects from Calama were included. Weight was normal in 30 percent of subjects from Alto el Loa; overweight was present in 46.5 percent and obesity in 23.5 percent. Corresponding values for subjects from Calama were 25 percent, 42.7 percent and 32.3 percent (NS). The only significantly different variables were serum cholesterol (163 mg/dl in Alto el Loa vs 188 mg/dl in Calama) and waist circumference: (110cm in Alto el Loa vs 99,3 cm in Calama for males, and 113cm in Alto el Loa vs 90.6cm in Calama for women). Conclusion: malnutrition leading to overweight and obesity affected 70 percent of "atacameños". Lower serum cholesterol levels and increased waist circumference suggest the presence of factors leading to accumulation of abdominal fat in the rural population.