Adenoma paratiroideo mediastínico gigante. Abordaje cervical y toracoscópico. Caso clínico / Gigant Mediastinal Parathyroid Adenoma. Cervical and Thoracoscopic Approach. Case Report

El hiperparatiroidismo primario es el tercer trastorno endocrino más común, alrededor del 85% de los casos se debe a adenomas paratiroideos. El tratamiento definitivo es la paratiroidectomía, siendo la causa más común de fracaso la resección inadecuada y la localización de tejido ectópico, representando un desafío para el cirujano. En el presente trabajo se presenta el caso de un paciente con diagnóstico de adenoma paratiroideo mediastínico gigante, siendo este el de mayor longitud descrito en la literatura en los últimos 10 años. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 70 años de edad quien consulta por presentar convulsiones, polidipsia y poliuria. Se determinan niveles elevados de PTH, hipercalcemia e hipofosfatemia. Estudios de imagen describen lesión alargada localizada en espacio paratraqueal derecho extendiéndose hasta el polo inferior de lóbulo tiroideo derecho. Se decide resolución quirúrgica, mediante la realización de cervicotomía y toracoscopia con evolución satisfactoria del paciente. Conclusión: Los adenomas paratiroideos ectópicos constituyen una causa común de falla quirúrgica e hiperparatiroidismo persistente, su sospecha es de gran importancia. El tratamiento definitivo es la cirugía. La localización preoperatoria por pruebas de imagen es fundamental para seleccionar correctamente la técnica quirúrgica y garantizar el éxito de la cirugía. El abordaje cervical y toracoscópico es una alternativa segura y eficaz(AU)

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the third most common endocrine disorder, about 85% of cases are due to parathyroid adenomas. The definitive treatment is parathyroidectomy, being the most frequent cause of failure the inadequate resection and the location of ectopic tissue. The ectopic parathyroid adenomas represent a challenge for the surgeon. In this paper a case of a patient diagnosed with giant mediastinal parathyroid adenoma is presented, and is the largest reported in the literature in the last 10 years. Clinical case: 70-year-old male patient presented with seizures, polydipsia and polyuria, reason for which he consults. Elevated PTH levels, hypercalcemia, and hypophosphatemia are determined. Imaging studies report an elongated lesion located in the right paratracheal space that extends to the lower pole of the right thyroid lobe. Surgical resolution was decided, by performing cervicotomy and thoracoscopy with satisfactory recovery of the patient. Conclusion: Ectopic parathyroid adenomas are a common cause of surgical failure and persistent hyperparathyroidism; their suspicion is of great importance. The definitive treatment is surgery. Preoperative localization through imaging tests is essential to correctly select the surgical technique and guarantee the success of the surgery, the cervical and thoracoscopic approach is a safe and effective alternative(AU)

Crisis hipercalcémica, presentación inusual de adenoma paratiroideo: reporte de 2 casos / Hypercalcemic crisis, unusual presentation of parathyroid adenoma

La crisis hipercalcémica (CH) es una emergencia endocrina inusual, definida por la presencia de calcemia > 14 mg/dl asociada a disfunción renal, alteraciones cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y del sensorio; también podría considerarse en pacientes con síntomas graves y calcemia menor. El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) y las neoplasias malignas son las etiologías más comunes de la hipercalcemia (90% de los casos); sin embargo, rara vez el primero se presenta como CH. Debido a la alta mortalidad asociada a esta entidad, es de gran importancia establecer diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces. Presentamos dos pacientes con crisis hipercalcémica como primera manifestación del HPTP, el 1.° con bloqueo auriculoventricular (AV) completo y el 2.° con pancreatitis aguda. La anatomía patológica (AP) reveló adenoma oxifílico en ambos casos, que es una variante histológica poco frecuente y puede manifestarse clínicamente de forma grave. Conclusiones: los adenomas paratiroideos son causa poco frecuente de CH. Consideramos el tipo histológico observado (adenoma oxifílico) como probable factor condicionante. La pancreatitis y especialmente el bloqueo AV son manifestaciones poco frecuentes de la CH. Resaltamos la importancia de la determinación de los niveles de calcio dentro de la evaluación inicial de todo paciente con bloqueo AV. (AU)

Hypercalcemic crisis (HC) is an unusual endocrine emergency, defined as the presence of serum calcium > 14 mg/dl related to kidney dysfunction, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and sensory disturbances. It could also be considered in patients with severe symptoms and lower serum calcium levels. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and malignant neoplasms are the most common hypercalcemia etiologies (90% of cases), nevertheless, the former hardly ever occurs as HC. Due to the high mortality associated with HC, it is crucial to establish early diagnosis and treatment.We report two patients with HC as the first manifestation of PHPT; the former with atrioventricular (AV) block and the latter with acute pancreatitis. Pathology revealed oxyphilic adenoma in both cases, which is an infrequent histological variant that can have a severe clinical manifestation. Conclusions: parathyroid adenomas are a rare cause of HC. We consider the histological type observed (oxyphilic adenoma) as a probable conditioning factor. Pancreatitis and especially AV block are rare manifestations of HC. We emphasize the importance of determining calcium levels in the initial evaluation of all patients with AV block. (AU)

Manejo quirúrgico de carcinoma de paratiroides: a propósito de un caso / Surgical management of parathyroid carcinoma: a case report

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que el carcinoma de paratiroides es uno de los cánceres menos frecuentes del mundo, es importante tenerlo en cuenta al plantear el diagnóstico diferencial del hiperparatiroidismo primario, ya que su diagnóstico temprano tiene repercusiones en el tratamiento y el pronóstico vital del paciente. Caso Clínico: A continuación, se expone un caso clínico de un paciente con sintomatología abigarrada de hiperfunción paratiroidea que, dada la sospecha clínica de carcinoma de paratiroides y la no infiltración de estructuras adyacentes, fue tratado con una paratiroidectomía. Conclusión: Esta cirugía supone una menor morbilidad, sin suponer un detrimento para la supervivencia global del paciente.

Introduction: Parathyroid carcinoma should be taken into consideration among the differential diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism, even though it is one of the less common malignant tumours in the world, because an early diagnosis is essential for the treatment and the prognosis of the patient. Case Report: We present the case of a patient whose symptoms were compatible with hyperfunction of parathyroid gland. Due to the malignant disease suspicion and the non-invasion of adjacent tissue, he was treated with a parathyroidectomy. Conclusión: This type of treatment supposes a lower morbidity without decrease in overall survival, according to bibliography.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario por adenoma gigante de paratiroides. Abordaje quirúrgico selectivo / Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by giant parathyroid adenoma. Selective surgical approach / Hiperparatireoidismo primário devido a um adenoma gigante da paratireoide. Abordagem cirúrgica seletiva

Resumen: Introducción: el hiperparatiroidismo primario por un adenoma gigante de paratiroides es infrecuente. Los adenomas de mayor tamaño reportados ocurrieron sobre paratiroides ectópicas (mediastinales). Comparte con el carcinoma su gran tamaño y elevadas cifras de calcemia y de hormona paratiroidea, hecho que dificulta el diagnóstico. Su tratamiento quirúrgico es la paratiroidectomía mediante una cervicotomía transversa centrada en la región infrahioidea. Objetivo: presentar un caso clínico de hiperparatiroidismo primario por un adenoma gigante de paratiroides tratado quirúrgicamente mediante un abordaje selectivo. Caso clínico: paciente de 53 años, sexo femenino, con antecedentes de litiasis ureteral, dolores óseos y tumoración infrahiodea de 4 cm de diámetro que imagenológicamente presentó las características de un adenoma paratiroideo inferior izquierdo. La valoración funcional confirmó hiperparatiroidismo. Con diagnóstico de hiperparatiroidismo primario por adenoma gigante se trató quirúrgicamente a través de una incisión pequeña y centrada en la tumoración, realizándose la paratiroidectomía inferior izquierda con la cual remitió la sintomatología y normalizó la funcionalidad paratiroidea. Discusión: el hiperparatiroidismo primario por adenoma gigante de paratiroides tiene indicación quirúrgica y es curativo. El caso presentado demuestra la factibilidad y seguridad de un abordaje selectivo a lo que suma una menor afectación cosmética, dejando indemne la logia tiroidea contralateral ante futuras cirugías sobre ésta.

Summary: Introduction: primary hyperparathyroidism caused by giant parathyroid adenoma is a rather unusual condition. Reported large adenomas occurred in ectopic parathyroid glands (mediastinal). Just like carcinomas, they are large, present high calcemia and parathyroid hormone values, what complicates diagnosis. Surgical treatment consists in parathyroidectomy by means of transversal cervicotomy around the infrahyoid region. Objective: the study presents the clinical case of primary hyperparathyroidism caused by giant parathyroid adenoma that was treated by selective surgery approach. Clinical case: 53 year-old female patient with a history of uretheral lithiasis, bone pain and 4-cm-diameter infrahyoid tumor. Imagenology studies revealed the characteristics of lower left parathyroid adenoma. Functional assessment confirmed hyperparathyroidism. Upon the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism caused by giant parathyroid adenoma it was surgically addressed by means of a small cut around the tumour and performing a lower left parathyroidectomy, what resulted in the remission of symptoms and normalized parathyroid functionality. Discussion: primary hyperparathyroidism caused by giant parathyroid adenoma has an indication for surgery and is therapeutic. The case presented shows the feasibility and safety of a selective approach, as well as its smaller cosmetic harm, managing to keep the contralateral thyroid loggia intact, in view of future surgeries involving it.

Resumo: Introdução: o hiperparatireoidismo primário devido a adenoma de paratireoide gigante é raro. Os maiores adenomas relatados ocorreram em paratireoides ectópicas (mediastinais). Compartilha com o carcinoma seu grande tamanho e altos níveis de cálcio e hormônio da paratireoide, o que torna o diagnóstico difícil. Seu tratamento cirúrgico é a paratireoidectomia por meio de cervicotomia transversa com foco na região infra-hióidea. Objetivo: apresentar um caso clínico de hiperparatireoidismo primário por adenoma gigante da paratireoide tratado cirurgicamente por abordagem seletiva. Caso clínico: paciente do sexo feminino, 53 anos, com história de litíase ureteral, dor óssea e tumor infra-hióideo de 4 cm de diâmetro que apresentava características de imagem de adenoma de paratireoide inferior esquerdo. A avaliação funcional confirmou hiperparatireoidismo. Com diagnóstico de hiperparatireoidismo primário por adenoma gigante, foi tratada cirurgicamente por meio de pequena incisão focada no tumor, realizando paratireoidectomia inferior esquerda com remissão dos sintomas e normalização da funcionalidade da paratireoide. Discussão: o hiperparatireoidismo primário devido ao adenoma gigante da paratireoide tem indicação cirúrgica e é curativo. O caso apresentado demonstra a viabilidade e segurança de uma abordagem seletiva que apresenta um menor envolvimento estético, deixando o espaço contralateral da tireoide sem danos para futuras cirurgias.

Puesta al día: carcinoma paratiroideo / An update on parathyroid carcinoma

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare malignant disease that presents as a sporadic or familial primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). The latter is associated with some genetic syndromes. It occurs with equal frequency in both sexes, unlike PHP caused by parathyroid adenoma that is more common in women. It should be suspected in cases of severe hypercalcemia, with high parathyroid hormone levels and a palpable cervical mass. Given the difficulty in distinguishing between parathyroid carcinoma and adenoma prior to the surgery, the diagnosis is often made after parathyroidectomy. The only curative treatment is complete surgical resection with oncologic block resection of the primary tumor to ensure free margins. Adjuvant therapies with chemotherapy or radiation therapy do not modify overall or disease-free survival. Recurrences are common and re-operation of resectable recurrent disease is recommended. The palliative treatment of symptomatic hypercalcemia is crucial in persistent or recurrent disease after surgery since morbidity and mortality are more associated with hypercalcemia than with tumor burden.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario: conceptos para el cirujano general / Primary hyperparathyroidism: concepts for the general surgeon

Durante las últimas décadas, la incidencia del hiperparatiroidismo primario ha venido en aumento, muy probablemente relacionado con la mayor accesibilidad a los estudios diagnósticos; sin embargo, la forma más común de presentación clínica del hiperparatiroidismo primario es asintomática, en más del 80 % de los pacientes. En la actualidad, es menos frecuente el diagnóstico por las complicaciones renales (urolitiasis) u óseas (osteítis fibrosa quística) asociadas. Un tumor benigno de la glándula paratiroides (adenoma único), es la principal causa de esta enfermedad. Por tanto, su tratamiento usualmente es quirúrgico. A pesar de ello, no es frecuente el manejo de esta patología por el cirujano general. En este artículo se revisan conceptos claves para el diagnóstico y manejo de esta enfermedad para el médico residente y especialista en Cirugía general

During the last decades, the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism has been increasing, most probably related to the greater accessibility to diagnostic studies; however, the most common form of clinical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism is asymptomatic in more than 80% of patients. Diagnosis is less frequent due to associated renal (urolithiasis) or bone (osteitis fibrosa cystica) complications. A benign tumor of the parathyroid gland (single adenoma) is the main cause of this disease. Therefore, its treatment is usually surgical. Despite this, the management of this pathology by the general surgeon is not frequent. This article reviews key concepts for the diagnosis and management of this disease for the resident physician and specialist in General Surgery

Tumor pardo del paladar, presentación atípica de hiperparatiroidismo primario en adolescente: buena evolución y normalización de la masa ósea tras paratiroidectomía / Brown tumor of the palate, atypical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism in an adolescent: good evolution and bone mass normalization after parathyroidectomy

El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) es poco frecuente en niños y adolescentes. Hay escasos datos para el manejo de estos pacientes en pediatría. Las glándulas paratiroideas son glándulas endocrinas que secretan hormona paratiroidea (PTH) y regulan el metabolismo del calcio y del fósforo. La sobreexpresión de PTH se llama hiperparatiroidismo, que se clasifica en primario, secundario y terciario. En los adolescentes, 80 a 92% de los hiperparatiroidismos primarios se deben a adenoma paratiroideo. Presentamos el caso clínico de una adolescente con una primera manifestación atípica de HPTP, la presencia de un tumor pardo del paladar, presentación rara de adenoma paratiroideo, acompañado de hipercalcemia, marcada elevación de PTH y varias lesiones óseas. (AU)

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in children and adolescents is uncommon. Guidelines for management in pediatric patients are limited. Parathyroid glands are endocrine glands that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) and regulate calciumphosphate metabolism. The overexpression of PTH is called hyperparathyroidism, and is classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. In adolescents, 80 to 92% of PHPT cases are due to a parathyroid adenoma. We present here a case report of an adolescent with a brown tumor of the palate as the first manifestation of the disease, atypical and rare presentation of parathyroid adenoma in an adolescent. She had hypercalcemia, marked elevation of PTH and bone lesions. (AU)

Giant Parathyroid Adenoma versus Parathyroid Carcinoma: Differentiating two entities / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#Giant parathyroid adenoma (GPA) is defined as adenoma larger than 3.5 g. Twenty-one cases of parathyroid mass >3.5 g in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy in Hospital Putrajaya, Malaysia were identified. Most cases presented with nephrolithiasis. Two cases are reported as parathyroid cancer. GPA has significantly higher serum calcium and iPTH levels and can be asymptomatic. Parathyroid carcinoma patients are frequently symptomatic, with large tumors. Differentiating GPA from parathyroid cancer is important as it determines the subsequent surgical intervention.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario por carcinoma paratiroideo: caso problema y revisión / Primary hyperparathyroidism by parathyroid cancer: case report and review

El carcinoma paratiroideo (CP) es una neoplasia maligna con una incidencia de 0,015 cada 100.000 habitantes por año. Representa el 1% de los diagnósticos de hiperparatiroidismo primario y se manifiesta entre la 4.a y 5.a década de la vida, con una incidencia similar entre hombres y mujeres. La etiología del CP es incierta, ha sido asociada a formas esporádicas o familiares. Está caracterizado por altos niveles séricos de calcio y PTH y el desafío clínico-quirúrgico es el diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades benignas como el adenoma o la hiperplasia de paratiroides. Aunque el diagnóstico de certeza es anatomopatológico, la sospecha clínica y el uso de métodos de baja complejidad (ecografía) con operadores avezados permite una correcta localización y abordaje pertinente del paciente para dirigir el tratamiento quirúrgico adecuado (resección en bloque) evitando persistencias y recurrencias de enfermedad. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino que ingresa por síndrome de impregnación asociado a hipercalcemia, su abordaje diagnóstico, tratamiento y manejo interdisciplinario con discusión y revisión bibliográfica. (AU)

Parathyroid carcinoma (CP) is a malignant disease with an incidence of 0.015 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. It accounts for 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism diagnoses and occurs between the 4th and 5th decade of life, with a similar incidence between men and women. The etiology of CP is uncertain and has been associated with sporadic or family forms. CP is characterized by high serum calcium and PTH levels and the clinical-surgical challenge is the differential diagnosis with other benign entities such as parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia. Although the diagnosis of certainty is achieved by pathological anatomy examination, the clinical suspicion and the use of low complexity methods (ultrasound) by experienced operators allows a correct localization and a patient-specific approach to direct the appropriate surgical treatment (block resection), avoiding persistence and recurrences of disease. The clinical case of a male patient admitted for severe hypercalcemia with multiple organ disfunction, the diagnostic approaches, treatment, and interdisciplinary management, together with review and discussion of the current literature are presented. (AU)

Parathyroid hemangioma

Background Hemangiomas are benign neoplasms of capillary proliferation that arise from a developmental anomaly where angioblastic mesenchyme fails to form canals. Most hemangiomas arise in the head and neck region, either superficially in the skin or deeper within endocrine organs such as the parotid gland. Parathyroid hemangiomas, however, are extremely rare, with only five cases previously reported in the literature. Case presentation Herein, we present a case of a 68-year-old man with a hemangioma almost completely replacing the right upper parathyroid gland, grossly measuring 1.3 × 1.3 × 1.2 cm and weighing 700 mg, associated with primary hyperparathyroidism. Conclusions Parathyroid gland enlargement due to vascular neoplasms such as hemangiomas can mimic, both clinically and radiographically, hyperplasias and/or adenomas. Surgeons need to be aware of the presence of this entity and should consider it in the differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism or parathyroid gland enlargement.

Preeclampsia as an inaugural manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism: A case report / Pré-eclâmpsia como manifestação inaugural de hiperparatiroidismo primário: Um caso clínico

Abstract Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by hypercalcemia and elevated or inappropriately normal levels of parathyroid hormone. The diagnosis is based on a biochemical evaluation, and a neck ultrasound is the first choice during pregnancy to access the parathyroid glands. Manifestations during pregnancy are rare and can be present with life-threatening complications, so the diagnosis is challenging. The conservative treatment is limited, and there is not enough data about its safety and efficacy during pregnancy. Surgery is the only curative treatment, and a parathyroidectomy performed during the second or third trimesters is considered safe. Recently, some authors suggested an association between primary hyperparathyroidism and preeclampsia. We describe a case of preeclampsia with severe features at 27 weeks of gestational age. The severity of the preeclampsiamotivated an early termination of the pregnancy by cesarean section. During the postpartum period, the patient presented life-threatening complications, such as severe hypercalcemia and acute pancreatitis. An ultrasound exam found two parathyroid nodules, suggestive of parathyroid adenomas. The patient recovered after the pharmacological correction of the calcemia levels.

Resumo O hiperparatiroidismo primário é umdistúrbio endócrino caraterizado pela elevação do cálcio sérico associada a níveis de paratormona elevados ou inapropriadamente normais. O diagnóstico é baseado em análises bioquímicas, e, na gravidez, o exame de imagem de primeira linha é a ecografia cervical. É uma doença rara na gravidez, e pode se apresentar com complicações ameaçadoras de vida, pelo que o seu diagnóstico é desafiante. O tratamento médico disponível é limitado, havendo poucos dados relativos à sua eficácia e segurança na gravidez. A cirurgia é o único tratamento curativo, e pode ser realizada no segundo ou terceiro trimestres. Tem sido descrita uma relação entre hiperparatiroidismo primário e pré-eclâmpsia. Apresenta-se um caso de uma grávida de 27 semanas com pré-eclâmpsia com critérios de gravidade, o que obrigou ao término da gravidez por cesariana. Verificou-se agravamento clínico no período pós-parto, com aparecimento de complicações graves, tais como hipercalcemia grave e pancreatite aguda. Ecograficamente, constataram-se duas massas paratiróideias sugestivas de adenomas da paratiroide. A doente recebeu tratamento médico, e teve melhora apenas após a correção dos níveis de cálcio sérico.

Bilateral Genu valgum in an adolescent with primary hyperparathyroidism / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#Primary hyperparathyroidism in children and adolescents is rare and often symptomatic at presentation. A 15-year-old boy presented with bilateral genu valgum for two years. Biochemical results were consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism. Calcium levels normalized two months after removal of a left inferior parathyroid adenoma.

Rare PTH Gene Mutations Causing Parathyroid Disorders: A Review

Since parathyroid hormone (PTH) was first isolated and its gene (PTH) was sequenced, only eight PTH mutations have been discovered. The C18R mutation in PTH, discovered in 1990, was the first to be reported. This autosomal dominant mutation induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis in parathyroid cells. The next mutation, which was reported in 1992, is associated with exon skipping. The substitution of G with C in the first nucleotide of the second intron results in the exclusion of the second exon; since this exon includes the initiation codon, translation initiation is prevented. An S23P mutation and an S23X mutation at the same residue were reported in 1999 and 2012, respectively. Both mutations resulted in hypoparathyroidism. In 2008, a somatic R83X mutation was detected in a parathyroid adenoma tissue sample collected from a patient with hyperparathyroidism. In 2013, a heterozygous p.Met1_Asp6del mutation was incidentally discovered in a case-control study. Two years later, the R56C mutation was reported; this is the only reported hypoparathyroidism-causing mutation in the mature bioactive part of PTH. In 2017, another heterozygous mutation, M14K, was detected. The discovery of these eight mutations in the PTH gene has provided insights into its function and broadened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mutation progression. Further attempts to detect other such mutations will help elucidate the functions of PTH in a more sophisticated manner.

Performance of F-18 Fluorocholine PET/CT for Detection of Hyperfunctioning Parathyroid Tissue in Patients with Elevated Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Negative or Discrepant Results in conventional Imaging

Tumor pardo multifocal como manifestación inicial de carcinoma paratiroideo. Presentación de caso / Multifocal Brown Tumor as A Manifestation Of Primary Parathyroid Carcinoma. A Case Report

El carcinoma de paratiroides es una causa excepcional de hiperparatiroidismo primario. Los tumores pardos se desarrollan como manifestaciones esqueléticas de hiperparatiroidismo primario en el contexto de una enfermedad avanzada. Son lesiones óseas líticas, altamente vasculares con un proceso celular reparador en lugar de un proceso neoplásico. Pueden identificarse en las formas secundarias de la enfermedad; sin embargo, son más frecuentes en el hiperparatiroidismo primario. Se presenta el caso de múltiples tumores pardos secundarios a un carcinoma de paratiroides. La manifestación inicial del hiperparatiroidismo primario fue una fractura patológica secundaria a tumor pardo asociado con hipercalcemia y niveles elevados de hormona paratiroidea (PTH), lo cual es infrecuente debido a que en las últimas décadas la incorporación del calcio sérico en las pruebas de rutina de laboratorio detecta esta enfermedad en estadios asintomáticos o mínimamente sintomáticos. Por ultrasonido se detectó lesión sólida vascularizada en sitio anatómico de paratiroides inferior izquierda y nefrocalcinosis. Se sometió a resección quirúrgica de la lesión en hemicuello izquierdo y la biopsia reportó carcinoma de paratiroides. Los tumores pardos son lesiones no neoplásicas que no tienen potencial maligno por lo que se consideran granulomas reparadores.

Parathyroid carcinoma is an exceptional cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Brown tumors develop as skeletal manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism in the context of advanced disease. They are highly vascular, lytic bone lesions with a reparative cellular process instead of a neoplastic process. They can be identified in the secondary forms of the disease, however, they are more frequent in primary hyperparathyroidism. We present a case of multiple brown tumors secondary to parathyroid carcinoma. The initial manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism was a pathological fracture secondary to brown tumor associated with hypercalcemia and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is rare due to the fact that in recent decades the incorporation of serum calcium in routine laboratory tests detects this disease in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic stages. Ultrasound detected a vascularized solid lesion in the anatomical site of the left lower parathyroid and nephrocalcinosis. The lesion was surgically resected in the left hemicolumn and the biopsy reported parathyroid carcinoma. Brown tumors are non-neoplastic lesions that do not have malignant potential and are therefore considered repairing granulomas.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario: reporte de caso clínico / Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Case report

Antecedentes: El hiperparatiroidismo primario, tercer trastorno metabólico más común a nivel mundial, provoca un aumento del calcio sérico y de la hormona paratiroidea, causado por una hiperactividad de las glándulas paratiroideas. En el 85% de los casos, se debe a un adenoma paratiroideo. Es predominantemente asintomático (>80%), pero sus manifestaciones pueden ser musculo-esqueléticas, neurológicas, psiquiátricas, renales, cardiovasculares, y gastrointestinales. Descripción del Caso Clínico: Paciente femenina de 53 años de edad, con antecedente de hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigoto e hipertensión arterial; presenta insomnio, náuseas, pérdida de peso, mialgias, astenia, relujo gastroesofágico e irritabilidad. Ante indicación de exámenes de labo-ratorio muestra hipercalcemia leve. Se comprueba un adenoma paratiroideo derecho y nódulos tiroideos coloides benignos en lóbulo izquierdo mediante gammagrafía Tc99m MIBI, siendo sometida a su resección con posterior evolución satisfactoria. Conclusiones: Considerando la predilección asintomática del hiperparatiroidismo primario y su preferencia de presentación como adenoma, resulta indispensable su sospecha ante toda hipercalcemia. Requiere entonces una concientización amplia no solo en el ámbito médico sino también en la comunidad, ampliando esfuerzos entre el clínico, cirujano, y patólogo. Se recomienda medir el calcio y fósforo sérico de forma rutinaria en la evaluación clínica cotidiana de cada paciente para su detección...(AU)

Medición de hormona paratiroidea intraoperatoria y su relación con el riesgo de enfermedad persistente post-paratiroidectomía por hiperparatiroidismo primario / Measurement of intraoperative parathyroid hormone and its relation to the risk of persistent post-parathyroidectomy disease due to primary hyperparathyroidism

Introducción: La monitorización con hormona tiroidea intraoperatoria (IOPTH) es utilizada en la práctica médica para predecir la cura bioquímica durante la paratiroidectomía del hiperparatiroidismo primario. Sin embargo, existen diversos criterios utilizados para predecir la normocalcémica luego de una paratiroidectomía. El propósito de este estudio es determinar cuál criterio es aquel que se corresponde con el menor riesgo de presentar un hiperparatiroidismo persistente luego de una paratiroidectomía por hiperparatiroidismo primario. Material y métodos: Se han analizado publicaciones realizadas en los últimos 10 años tomando como fuente de recopilación la base de datos de Pub-Med, trabajos publicados en Journal of the American Medical Associatiion y World Journal of Surgery. Conclusión: El criterio de IOPTH final en valores por debajo de los 65 pg/mL, y en especial, por debajo de los 40 pg/mL parece comportarse como mejor predictor de bajo riesgo de enfermedad persistente en comparación con el criterio de disminución de IOPTH por debajo del 50% del valor basal (AU)

Introduction: Monitoring with intraoperative thyroid hormone (IOPTH) is used in medical practice to predict the biochemical cure during the parathyroidectomy of primary hyperparathyroidism. However, there are several criteria used to predict normocalcemia after a parathyroidectomy. The purpose of this study is to determine which criterion is the one that correspons to the lowest risk of presenting a persistent hyperparathyroidism after a parathyroidectomy due to primary hyperparathyroidism. Materials and methods: Publications made in the last 10 years have been analyzed taking as a source of compilations the PubMed database, works published in Journal of the American Medical Association and World Journal of Surgery. Conclusiion: The final IOPTH criterion in values below 65 pg/mL, and especially below 40 pg/mL, seems to be the best predictor of low risk of persistent disease compared to the IOPTH decrease criterior Below 50% of the basal value (AU)

Granuloma Periférico de Células Gigantes e Hiperparatiroidismo. Presentación de un Caso / Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma and Hyperparathyroidism. Case Report

RESUMEN: Se presenta el caso de un paciente sexo femenino 31 años, insuficienciente renal crónica en hemodiálisis, hipertensa secundaria, consulta por aumento de volumen oral en relación a encía marginal vestibular izquierda, 6 meses de evolución. Al examen se observa aumento de volumen de 15 mm en relación a piezas. 3.6 y 3.7. Radiografía muestra compromiso periodontal pieza 3.7. Se realiza biopsia excisional y exodoncia pieza 3.7. Histopatología informa granuloma periférico de células gigantes. Se solicitan exámenes de laboratorio para estudio de hiperparatiroidismo (PTH elevada, calcemia fosfatemia normales). Evoluciona favorablemente. Sin signos de recidiva a los 3 meses. El diagnóstico histopatológico de lesión de células gigantes debe ser complementado con la clínica, exámenes de laboratorio e imagenología, el objetivo final es definir si tal diagnóstico corresponde a un tumor pardo, a un granuloma central de células gigantes o a un granuloma periférico de células gigantes. En la literatura los reportes de asociación entre granuloma periférico de células gigantes e hiperparatiroidismo son escasos. Este caso corresponde a granuloma periférico células gigantes, asociado a hipersecreción de paratohormona.

ABSTRACT: A 31-year-old female patient with chronic renal insufficiency in hemodialysis and secondary hypertension consulted due to an enlarging intraoral lesion in relation to the left marginal vestibular gingival, with 6 months of evolution. A 15mm mass in relation to mandibular left molars was noted. Radiograph showed periodontal involvement of mandibular left second molar. Excisional biopsy and tooth 3.7 extraction were performed. Histopathology reported a peripheral giant cell granuloma. Laboratory tests were requested for suspected hyperparathyroidism (aiding in the diagnosis) (high PTH, normal phosphatemia and calcemia). Evolution was favorable, without signs of reappearance after 3 months. The histopathological diagnosis of giant cell lesions should be complemented with clinical, laboratory and imaging tests. The final objective is to make the differential diagnosis between brown tumor, central giant cell granuloma and peripheral giant cell granuloma because the treatment varies considerably. There are few reports in the literature about the association between peripheral giant cell granuloma and hyperparathyroidism. This case corresponds to peripheral giant cell granuloma, possibly associated with parathormone hypersecretion.

Pancreatitis aguda por hipercalcemia en el embarazo: caso clínico / Acute pancreatitis due to hypercalcemia during pregnancy: report of one case

Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy is uncommon and usually associated with gallstones. However other etiologies must be considered. We report a 24 years old woman with a 32 weeks pregnancy consulting for abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. She had elevated lipase and amylase levels, a corrected serum calcium of 13.1 mg/dl and a serum phosphate of 1.6 mg/dl. A magnetic resonance colangiopancreatography showed an enlarged pancreas with inflammatory changes and a normal Wirsung duct. A parathyroid nodule was found on cervical ultrasonography. The patient was treated initially with cinacalcet with partial response. A parathyroidectomy was performed at 39 weeks of pregnancy with a good maternal and fetal evolution.