Características epidemiológicas de las consultas pediátricas en el servicio de emergencia de un hospital público del interior del país: Uruguay 2019 / Epidemiological characteristics of pediatric consultations at the emergency services of a public hospital in the interior of Uruguay in 2019 / Características epidemiológicas das consultas pediátricas no serviço de emergência de um hospital público do interior do Uruguai no ano 2019

El Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú es un centro de referencia departamental y regional con un Servicio de Emergencia único. Asiste a 68.000 usuarios, 25% pediátrico. Objetivos: describir la epidemiología global de las consultas durante el año 2019 en el Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú y las características de la población pediátrica que concurre al mismo. Analizar los principales motivos de consulta, demanda asistencial, nivel de gravedad, rol del médico que asiste al paciente pediátrico y destino del paciente. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de la demanda asistencial durante el año 2019. Descripción y análisis de las consultas pediátricas entre el 1 de enero y el 30 de junio de 2019. Resultados: 47.647 consultas, 11.411 pediátricas. Meses de mayor consulta: julio, agosto y octubre. N: 4.905, 34,4% preescolares. 89% de las consultas se clasificaron como nivel 4 y 5. La patología respiratoria predominó en todas las franjas etarias y meses del año. Los pacientes nivel 1 se derivaron a cuidados moderados o CTI, y uno falleció. Discusión y conclusiones: mayor demanda asistencial en los meses fríos por patologías respiratorias. 1 de cada 100 consultas corresponden a emergencia-urgencia y 1 de cada 5 menos urgentes. Inadecuado uso del Servicio de Emergencia con sobrecarga asistencial. Se confirma utilidad del triage como herramienta en un Servicio de Emergencia mixto

The School Hospital Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú is a departmental and regional reference center with a unique Emergency Service. It serves 68,000 users, 25% of which are pediatric users. Objectives: to describe the total epidemiology consultations in 2019 at the Emergency Service of the Hospital Escuela del Litoral de Paysandú and the characteristics of its emergency pediatric population. Analyze the key reasons for consultation, care demand, level of severity, the role of doctors who receive pediatric patients and patients' referral. Material and methods: retrospective descriptive study of the demand for care in 2019. Description and analysis of pediatric consultations between January 1 and June 30, 2019. Results: 47,647 consultations, 11,411 pediatric. Months of greater consultation: July, August and October. N: 4905. 34.4% preschool. 89% of the consultations were classified as level 4 and 5. Respiratory pathology prevailed in all age groups and months of the year. Level 1 patients were referred to moderate care or ICU and one died. Discussion and conclusions: higher demand for care in Winter months due to respiratory pathologies. 1 out of every 100 consultations belonged to Emergency-Urgency Services and 1 out of 5 were less urgent. Inadequate use of the Emergency Service with care overload. We confirm the effectiveness of Triage as a tool in a mixed Emergency Services patients' referral process.

O Hospital Escola do Litoral de Paysandú é um centro de referência departamental e regional com um Serviço de Emergência único. Atende 68.000 usuários, 25% pediátricos. Objetivos: descrever a epidemiologia geral das consultas durante o ano de 2019 no Serviço de Emergência do Hospital Escola de Paysandú e as características da população pediátrica que atende o Serviço de Emergência. Analisar os principais motivos de consulta, demanda de atendimento, grau de gravidade, atuação dos médicos que atendem os pacientes pediátricos e destino do paciente. Material e métodos: estudo descritivo retrospectivo da demanda de atendimento durante o ano de 2019. Descrição e análise das consultas pediátricas entre 1º de janeiro e 30 de junho. de 2019 Resultados: 47.647 consultas, 11.411 pediátricas. Meses de maior consulta: julho, agosto e outubro. N: 4.905. 34,4% pré-escolar. 89% das consultas foram classificadas como nível 4 e 5. A patologia respiratória prevaleceu em todas as faixas etárias e meses do ano. Pacientes nível 1 foram encaminhados para cuidados moderados ou UTI e um faleceu. Discussão e conclusões: maior procura de cuidados nos meses frios devido a patologias respiratórias. 1 em cada 100 consultas corresponde a Urgência-Emergência e 1 em cada 5 corresponde a consultas menos urgentes. Uso inadequado do Serviço de Emergência com sobrecarga de atendimento. Confirma-se a utilidade da Triagem como ferramenta em um Serviço de Emergência misto.

Perfil epidemiológico e clínico de crianças hospitalizadas com cardiopatias congênitas / Perfil epidemiológico y clínico de niños hospitalizados con cardiopatias congénitas / Clinical and epidemiological profile of hospitalized children with congenital heart diseases

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e clínico de crianças com cardiopatias congênitas admitidas entre 2018 e 2019 em um hospital de referência em Pernambuco. Métodos: Trata-se de um corte transversal envolvendo 310 crianças com cardiopatias congênitas. Foram obtidos dados epidemiológicos e clínicos em prontuários através de formulários padronizados. Houve tabulação em planilha Excel e análise estatística descritiva por meio do Software SPSS 25. Resultados: Verificou-se média de 21,69 meses de idade e predominância do sexo masculino (55,5%). Os principais fatores de risco maternos foram infecção durante a gestação (21,3%) e idade avançada (15,8%). Dentre as doenças crônicas, destacaram-se hipertensão arterial (6,1%) e diabetes mellitus (4,2%). Os predisponentes do paciente foram prematuridade (16,1%), baixo peso ao nascer (17,7%), trissomia do 21 (17,7%) e malformações extracardíacas (7,1%). Sinais e sintomas respiratórios constituíram o principal motivo de hospitalização, sendo registradas dispneia (55,8%), tosse (30,3%) e alterações de ausculta pulmonar (16,1%). Também motivou o internamento a presença de cianose (20,3%). O sopro cardíaco se apresentou na maioria dos pacientes (80,0%). Em percentual relevante dos casos, o diagnóstico ocorreu durante a hospitalização (16,8%). Conclusão: O conhecimento acerca do perfil das cardiopatias congênitas auxilia o diagnóstico, sendo necessária a ampliação do conhecimento científico nesta temática... (AU)

Objetivo: Describir el perfil epidemiológico y clínico de niños con cardiopatías congénitas ingresados entre 2018 y 2019 en un hospital de referencia de Pernambuco. Métodos: estudio transversal con 310 niños con cardiopatías congénitas. Los datos epidemiológicos y clínicos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas mediante formularios estandarizados. Se realizó tabulación en planilla de Excel y análisis estadístico descriptivo con el Software SPSS 25. Resultados: La edad media fue 21,69 meses y predominio del sexo masculino (55,5%). Los principales factores de riesgo maternos fueron infección durante el embarazo (21,3%) y edad avanzada (15,8%). Las principales enfermedades crónicas fueron hipertensión arterial (6,1%) y diabetes mellitus (4,2%). Los predisponentes del paciente fueron prematuridad (16,1%), bajo peso al nacer (17,7%), trisomía 21 (17,7%) y malformaciones extracardiacas (7,1%). Signos y síntomas respiratorios fueron el principal motivo de hospitalización, con disnea (55,8%), tos (30,3%) y alteraciones en la auscultación pulmonar (16,1%). Cianosis (20,3%) también motivó la hospitalización. El soplo cardíaco estuvo presente en la mayoría de los pacientes (80,0%). En un porcentaje relevante de casos, el diagnóstico se produjo durante la hospitalización (16,8%). Conclusión: El conocimiento sobre el perfil de las cardiopatías congénitas ayuda al diagnóstico, siendo necesario ampliar el conocimiento científico sobre este tema... (AU)

Objective: Describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of children with congenital heart diseases admitted between 2018 and 2019 to a referencial hospital in Pernambuco. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 310 children with congenital cardiopathy. The data was obtained in the medical charts, using standardized forms. Tabulation was made in an Excel spreadsheet and descriptive statistical analysis done through SPSS 25 Software. Results: The average age was 21,69 months and most patients were male (55,5%). The main risk factors were infection during pregnancy (21,3%) and advanced age (15,8%). Among chronic diseases, hypertension (6,1%) and diabetes mellitus (4,2%) stood out. Predisposing factors related to the patient were prematurity (16,1%), low weight at birth (17,7%), trisomy 21 (17,7%) and extracardiac malformations (7,1%). Respiratory signs and symptoms were the main cause of hospitalization, such as dyspnea (55,8%), cough (30,3%) and changes in pulmonary auscultation (16,1%). Cyanosis also motivated admission (20,3%). Most patients presented heart murmur (80%). In a significant amount of cases, the diagnosis was made during the hospital admission (16,8%). Conclusion: the awareness about the profile of congenital heart diseases helps the diagnosis, and is necessary to expand scientific knowledge on this topic... (AU)

Bourse aiguë de l'enfant en chirurgie pédiatrique du chu Gabriel touré / Acute bursa of the child in pediatric surgery at the teaching hospital Gabriel Touré

La bourse aiguë est une urgence médico-chirurgicale de part ses nombreuses étiologies menaçant le pronostic fonctionnel des testicules et leurs annexes. Objectifs : Identifier les causes des bourses aiguës de l'enfant et décrire leurs aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques. Matériels et méthode : Il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive retroprospective allant du 1er janvier 2010 au 31 Décembre 2015 portant sur tous les enfants âgés de 0 à 15 ans reçus et traités pour bourse aiguë dans le service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique du CHU Gabriel Touré. Résultats: En 6 ans, nous avons enregistré 42 patients soit une fréquence de 1,4% des urgences chirurgicales. L'âge moyen était de 2,98 ans (24jours-14 ans). La prématurité a représenté 11,9 % des cas. La tuméfaction scrotale douloureuse était le principal motif de consultation (76,2%), Les principales étiologies étaient la HISE (90,5%), le traumatisme scrotal (4,7%), l'orchiépididymite (2,4%) et la torsion testiculaire (2,4%). Le traitement était chirurgical dans 97,6% des cas. L'évolution après 3 mois était simple dans 97,6% des cas. Conclusion: La bourse aigue de l'enfant est une pathologie peu fréquente touchant surtout les nourrissons. La hernie inguino-scrotale étranglée était la principale étiologie. Le diagnostic doit être précoce et le traitement adéquat afin de reduire la morbi-mortalité

Acute bursa is a medico-surgical emergency because of its many etiologies threatening the functional prognosis of the testes and their appendages. Objectives: Identify the causes of acute bursaries in the child and describe their clinical and therapeutic aspects. Materials and method: This were a retrospective descriptive study from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015, on all children aged 0 to 15 years received and treated for acute scholarship in the Pediatric Surgery department at the teaching hospital Gabriel Touré. Results: In 6 years, we registered 42 patients, ie a frequency of 1.4% of surgical emergencies. The mean age was 2.98 years (24 days-14 years). Prematurity represented 11.9% of cases. Painful scrotal tumefaction was the main reason for consultation (76.2%), The main a etiologies were HISE (90.5%), scrotal trauma (4.7%), orchi epididymitis (2.4%) and testicular torsion (2.4%). The treatment was surgical in 97.6% of cases. The course after 3 months was simple in 97.6% of cases. Conclusion: Acute bursa in children is an uncommon condition, especially affecting infants. Strangulated inguino-scrotal hernia was the main aetiology. The diagnosis must be early and the treatment adequate in order to reduce morbidity and mortality

The characterization of a hospitalized population at the pediatric emergency service of mother and child hospital, Marrakech, Morocco

Introduction: the pediatric emergency department is the first contact between the population and the hospital. Consequently, its dysfunction influences the quality of general health care. However, any successful policy must first be based on convincing results hence the need to better explore this service, diagnose the various dysfunctions, and survey disease trends to identify the needs of the local population. In this perspective, we propose to describe the epidemiological profile of children hospitalized at the emergency service of the Mother-Child hospital, University Hospital Centre Marrakech, and establish the prevalence table for childhood pathologies. Methods: a retrospective study was carried out in pediatric emergency services for 1658 hospitalized patients between March 2015 and December 2018. The collected data concerns mainly the socio-demographic, clinical profile, evolution status, mode of admission, and medical history. Results: the characterization of the studied population by sex and age showed a predominance of Male with a sex ratio of 1.36, infants with 625 patients. Concerning the final diagnosis, the most frequent pathologies affected the respiratory system in 28% of cases, then the digestive system (11.3%), while infectious pathologies represented 10.7% of admissions. The death rate in the emergency department was 7.4%. Multivariate analysis of the data showed a statistically significant relationship between the final diagnosis (16 diseases by a system according to The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) and age, season, and weight. Thus, for the association between Diseases of the digestive system and weight (aOR=1.052, 95% CI= 1.019-1.086, p=0.02). While for Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and the autumn season (aOR=11.37, 95% CI= 1.272-<101.777, p=0.03) and age has a negative significance for most diseases. Conclusion: the epidemiological profile study will allow knowledge of patient´s pathologies typology for a well-supported and better definition of needs.

Cambios en las consultas traumatológicas de urgencias pediátricas durante la pandemia SARS-CoV-2 / Changes in pediatric emergency trauma consultations during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

In pediatrics urgency room, one of the main causes of consultation are traumatological problems, including those caused by school accidents and car accidents. We analyzed the change in these causes during SARS-CoV-2 pandemics at a regional hospital in Talca, Chile . We saw a clear droop in traumatological consultations due to sanitary restrictions. This clearly shows the impact that sanitary restrictions had on population behavior

Epidemiología de los casos pediátricos en la sala de emergencias de un hospital general / Epidemiology of pediatric cases in the emergency room of a general hospital

Objetivos El objetivo de este estudio es determinar a qué tipo de patologías nos enfrentamos. Utilizamos la Clasificación Internacional de Atención Primaria para asegurar una nomenclatura objetiva y comparable. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo de una muestra de 108102 consultas de atención primaria de pacientes que acudieron a Urgencias de nuestro hospital para evaluar la epidemiología de la atención pediátrica brindada entre 2011 y 2019. Utilizamos el sistema de clasificación diagnóstica ICPC-2. Resultados El número de asistencias fue mayor en enero, febrero y marzo, así como los fines de semana. Tras ser atendidos, el 6,7% de los pacientes ingresaron en nuestro hospital. Las patologías más frecuentes fueron las infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior, gastroenteritis, fiebre y traumatismos / lesiones. Las patologías que con mayor frecuencia dieron lugar a ingresos hospitalarios fueron fiebre, bronquitis, gastroenteritis y vómitos (p> 0,001). En los ingresos hospitalarios de menores de 1 año, la bronquitis fue la patología más frecuente, mientras que entre los de 1 a 6 años fue la gastroenteritis y entre los de 7 a 14 años fue la apendicitis aguda (p <0,001). Conclusiones Las patologías pediátricas suponen un porcentaje importante de las visitas a urgencias, destacando las infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior, las infecciones intestinales y la fiebre. Sería aconsejable incrementar los recursos de personal en los fines de semana. Es necesario enfatizar en la educación sanitaria de la población para ajustar la demanda de asistencia en los servicios públicos. Se requiere más investigación para adaptar mejor la terminología ICPC-2.

Objectives The aim of this study is to determine what type of pathologies we are facing. We use the International Classification of Primary Care to ensure an objective and comparable nomenclature. Methods We carried out a descriptive, observational, and retrospective study of a sample comprising 108102 primary care encounters of patients presenting at our hospital's Emergency Room to assess the epidemiology of the pediatric care provided between 2011 and 2019. We used the ICPC-2 diagnosis classification system. Results The number of attendances was higher in January, February, and March, as well as at weekends. After being seen, 6.7% of patients were admitted to our hospital. The most frequent pathologies were upper respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, fever and trauma/injury. Pathologies most frequently resulting in hospital admissions were fever, bronchitis, gastroenteritis and vomiting (p>0.001). In hospital admissions involving patients under 1 year of age, bronchitis was the most frequent pathology, while among those aged between 1 and 6 years, it was gastroenteritis and among those aged between 7 and 14 years it was acute appendicitis (p<0.001). Conclusions Pediatric pathologies account for a significant percentage of visits to the emergency room, highlighting infections of the upper respiratory tract, intestinal infections, and fever. It would be necessary to increase staff resources on the weekends. It is highly recommended to emphasize the health education of the population to adjust the demand for assistance in public services. More research is required to better adapt the ICPC-2 terminology.

Tratamiento conservador del quilotórax posquirúrgico en paciente pediátrico / Conservative treatment of post-surgical chylothorax in pediatric patient

INTRODUCCIÓN. El quilotórax resulta de un daño al conducto torácico por ruptura, laceración, desgarro o compresión. Es una patología rara de derrame pleural en la edad pediátrica, pero frecuente como complicación posterior a cirugía cardiotorácica. La base del tratamiento conservador se ha fundamentado en: drenaje inicial, modificación de la dieta, uso de somatostatina o análogos sintéticos como octreotide, cirugía, prevención y manejo de complicaciones. Fue preciso describir la experiencia institucional clínica así como su abordaje. CASO CLÍNICO. Paciente masculino de 4 meses de edad, que ingresó a la Unidad Pediátrica Área de Emergencias del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, el 13 de septiembre de 2019 con antece-dente quirúrgico de atresia de esófago corregida en etapa neonatal. Acudió con dificultad respiratoria, radiografía de tórax que evidenció derrame pleural derecho, toracentesis diagnóstica con salida de líquido de aspecto turbio y lechoso; se colocó tubo de tórax derecho. Se prescribió ayuno inicial, nutrición parenteral durante 4 semanas hasta comprobar resolución del quilotórax. Fue dado de alta en condición estable tras 43 días de hospitalización. DISCUSIÓN. La evidencia científica registró que el tratamiento conservador del quilotórax se basó en: drenaje, reposo digestivo inicial, nutrición parenteral, modificación cualitativa de la dieta enteral y uso de octreotide; el mismo que fue aplicado al paciente de este caso clínico con evolución favorable. CONCLUSIÓN. El tratamiento conservador y multidisciplinario en el abordaje del qui-lotórax fue exitoso y no necesitó manejo quirúrgico.

INTRODUCTION. Chylothorax results from damage to the thoracic duct by rupture, la-ceration, tear or compression. It is a rare pathology of pleural effusion in pediatric age, but frequent as a complication after cardiothoracic surgery. The basis of conservative treatment has been based on: initial drainage, diet modification, use of somatostatin or synthetic analogues such as octreotide, surgery, prevention and management of complications. It was necessary to describe the clinical institutional experience as well as its approach. CLINICAL CASE. A 4-month-old male patient was admitted to the Emergency Area Pediatric Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital on september 13, 2019 with a surgical history of esophageal atresia corrected in the neonatal stage. He went with respiratory distress, chest X-ray that showed right pleural effusion, diagnostic thoracentesis with outflow of cloudy and milky fluid; a right chest tube was placed. Initial fasting was prescribed, parenteral nutrition for 4 weeks until resolution of the chylothorax was verified. He was discharged in stable condition after 43 days of hospitalization. DISCUSSION. The scientific evidence recorded that the conservative treatment of chylothorax was based on: drainage, initial digestive rest, parenteral nutrition, qualitative modification of enteral diet and use of octreotide; the same that was applied to the patient of this clinical case with favorable evolu-tion. CONCLUSION. Conservative and multidisciplinary treatment in the approach to chylothorax was successful.

Aplicação da nota de transferência e do Paediatric Early Warning Score no serviço de emergência pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre / Aplication of transference note and Paediatric Early Warning Score in the pediatric emergency department of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre

Objetivo: avaliar a adesão dos enfermeiros ao preenchimento da Nota de Transferência com emissão do Paediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) em pacientes pediátricos do Serviço de Emergência. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal e retrospectivo. O estudo foi realizado a partir da análise de 1.219 prontuários de pacientes de uma unidade de emergência pediátrica, no ano de 2018. Resultados: na avaliação da nota de transferência e PEWS, houve adesão de, respectivamente, 86,8% e 75,2% ao longo do ano. Os motivos de hospitalização variam conforme época do ano. Os pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Emergência foram, majoritariamente, estabilizados no serviço e, somente os pacientes com PEWS alterado, foram encaminhados à unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Conclusões: são necessárias ações de educação com os profissionais, com a finalidade de melhoria dos indicadores relacionados à aplicação do PEWS e da nota de transferência para a garantia de uma assistência segura no que tange à continuidade do cuidado.

Aims: to evaluate the nurses' adherence to filling out the transfer note with the emission of the Paediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) in pediatric patients in the Emergency Department. Methods: quantitative, cross-sectional and retrospective study. The study has been conducted from the analysis of 1.219 medical records of patients in a Pediatric Emergency, in the year of 2018. Results: in the evaluation of transference note and PEWS, the adherence was, respectively, 86,8% e 75,2%, over the year. The reasons for hospitalization vary according to the time of the year. Most patients attended by the emergency department were stabilized at the emergency service and only the patients with altered PEWS were referred to the pediatric intensive care unit. Conclusions: educational actions addressed to the professionals are necessary, with the objective to improve the indicators related the application of PEWS and the transfer note to guarantee safety assistance regarding the continuity of the care.

Família presente no atendimento da emergência pediátrica: e agora, equipe? / Family present at pediatric emergency care: now what, team?

O atendimento na emergência pediátrica compreende passos importantes no manejo do paciente crítico e pode-se considerar, ou não, a presença da família. O objetivo é analisar a percepção da equipe de saúde multiprofissional, em um pronto atendimento pediátrico, em um município do estado do Paraná, referente à presença da família na emergência pediátrica. O método foi exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática. Os profissionais se mostraram favoráveis à permanência da família, auxiliando na recuperação da criança, proporcionando segurança e tranquilidade. Destacaram que a instabilidade familiar atrapalha o desempenho da equipe. Recomenda-se que instituições hospitalares proporcionem a educação permanente em saúde como forma de capacitação dos profissionais, além de reflexões sobre o processo de trabalho envolvido no acolhimento da família para estruturação de um protocolo interno que padronize as ações.

Medicina y cirugía del trauma pediátrico. "Primum non nocere" y recomendaciones de no hacer / Medicine and surgery of pediatric trauma. "Primum non nocere" and recommendations about what not to do

No hacer daño es una condición médica, quirúrgica y ética esencial que siempre debe estar presente en todo acto médico. Este trabajo propone considerar 5 recomendaciones comprendidas en un espectro de situaciones que suceden cotidianamente durante la atención de pacientes en casos de emergencia. Estas sugerencias de diagnóstico y tratamiento tienen como objetivo reforzar el criterio que el médico de urgencias pone en práctica para resolver eficazmente situaciones que comprometan la vida y detectar así la patología oculta, potencialmente letal. Las 5 recomendaciones referidas fueron elegidas en base a la frecuente observación de conductas erróneas muy afianzadas en la práctica médica habitual. Durante la fase inicial de todo tratamiento se recomienda: 1. No administrar corticoides en el tratamiento de los traumatismos de cráneo, 2. No hiperoxigenar luego de la recuperación de un paro cardiopulmonar, 3. No administrar volúmenes excesivos de líquidos ante una situación de emergencia hemodinámica, 4. No colocar pinzas hemostáticas a ciegas para cohibir hemorragias externas y 5. No indicar indiscriminadamente una TAC de cráneo simple en menores de 2 años con TEC leve

No damage is an essential medical, surgical and ethical requirement which must always be kept in mind. This paper proposes to keep in mind 5 recommendations that cover a spectrum of situations which occur during emergency situations on a frequent basis. These diagnostic and treatment suggestions will aim to reinforce the criteria used by the emergency physician to effectively resolve life-threatening situations and detect hidden, potentially lethal pathology. The referred 5 recommendations were chosen based on the frequent observation of erroneous behaviors firmly established in the usual medical practice. During the initial phase of treatment we recommend: 1. Do not administer corticosteroids during the head injuries treatment. 2. Do not hyperoxygenate after recovery from cardiopulmonary arrest. 3. Do not administer excessive volumes of liquids in a hemodynamic emergency situation. 4. Do not place hemostatic clamps blindly to inhibit external bleedingsand 5. Do not indiscriminately perform a CT scan in children under 2 years with mild head injury

Drug dosing errors in simulated paediatric emergencies ­ Comprehensive dosing guides outperform length-based tapes with precalculated drug doses

Background: The accuracy of drug dosing calculations during medical emergencies in children has not been evaluated extensively. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of drug dose calculations using the Broselow tape, the PAWPER XL tape plus its companion drug-dosing guide, a custom-designed mobile phone app and no drug-dosing aid (control group). Methods: This was a prospective study in which 32 emergency medicine volunteers participated in eight simulations of common paediatric emergency conditions, using children models. The participants used the three methods to estimate the children's weight and calculate drug doses. The accuracy of and time taken for the drug dose determinations were then evaluated for each of the methods. Results: The overall accuracy of drug dose determinations was extremely and potentially dangerously low in the control group in which no dosing guide was used as well as in the Broselow tape group (<20% of doses were correct). The accuracy was significantly higher with the PAWPER XL tape group and the mobile app group (47% and 31% respectively). The times taken to obtain the required information did not differ in a clinically meaningful magnitude. Conclusions: Both an accurate weight estimation and a dosing guide with comprehensive information were necessary to produce an accurate prescription. The information on the Broselow tape was not sufficient for this purpose. The current guidelines recommending the use of tapes with limited information should be revised. The results from the comprehensive dosing guides were substantially better, but still had a lower proportion of accurate prescriptions than desirable. The role of training in every aspect of the emergency paediatric weight estimation and drug dosing procedure cannot be underestimated and should be routine in any environment where emergency care may be needed

Análisis de las reconsultas en un servicio de emergencia pediátrica / Analysis of reconsultations in a pediatric emergency service / Análise das reconsultas em um serviço de emergência pediátrica

Las reconsultas constituyen un indicador de calidad asistencial. Conocer sus características permite planificar estrategias para la mejora asistencial continua. Objetivo: describir las características de las reconsultas en las primeras 72 horas en un servicio de emergencia pediátrica (SE) durante enero, abril, julio y octubre 2017. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, mediante revisión de historias clínicas electrónicas del SE de la Asociación Española. Variables: frecuencia, edad, sexo, momento, motivo de la reconsulta y evolución. Resultados: en el período analizado ocurrieron 8.299 consultas y 476 reconsultas, 54 fueron excluidas por haber sido motivadas por patologías diferentes a la primera consulta. Se incluyeron 422, representando el 5,1%. Media de edad: 4 años. Motivos de las reconsultas: persistencia de los síntomas 204 (48%), evolución de la enfermedad 73 (17%), control 59 (14%), exámenes pendientes 51 (12%), peoría 30 (7%), diagnóstico diferente al planteado inicialmente 5 (1%). Luego de la segunda consulta, el 88% fue dado de alta a domicilio y 11,5% hospitalizado. Ninguno de los niños ingresó a unidad de cuidado intensivo ni falleció. Conclusiones: en este servicio la frecuencia de reconsultas es similar a la comunicada en otras series. Analizando los motivos de reconsulta, es necesario mejorar la gestión clínica desarrollando estrategias de comunicación con los padres y cuidadores y reforzando las consultas ambulatorias y la contrarreferencia al primer nivel de atención. Resulta importante reiterar el estudio luego de implementar planes de mejora de la gestión clínica.

Reconsultations are an indicator of the quality of care. Learning about their characteristics allows planning strategies for continuous quality of care improvement. Objective: to describe the characteristics of reconsultations within the first 72 hours in a Pediatric Emergency (PE) service during January, April, July and October of 2017. Methods: descriptive, retrospective study through the review of electronic medical records of the PE service of a private health care provider in Montevideo. Variables: frequency, age, sex, time, reason for consultation and evolution. Results: During the time analyzed, there were 8299 visits and 476 reconsultations. 54 reconsultations were excluded because they were due to conditions other than the one in the initial visit. 422 were included in the study, representing 5.1%. Median age was 4 years. Reasons for reconsultations: persistence of symptoms 204 (48%), disease evolution 73 (17%), control 59 (14%), tests pending 51 (12%), worsening 30 (7%), a different diagnosis 5 (14%). After the second visit 88% were discharged to their homes and 11.5% were admitted. No child was referred to the intensive care unit, and none of them died. Conclusions: The rate of reconsultations in this service is similar to that reported in other series. Upon analyzing the reason for reconsultations, it is necessary to improve clinical management, developing communication strategies with parents and carers and strengthening outpatient visits and counter-referral to the first level of care. It is important to repeat the study after the implementation of plans to improve clinical management.

As reconsultas constituem um indicador da qualidade do atendimento. Conhecer suas características permite planejar estratégias para melhoria contínua do cuidado. Objetivo: descrever as características de reconsultas dentro das 72 horas em um Serviço de Emergência Pediátrica (EP) em Janeiro, Abril, Julho e Outubro de 2017. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, através da revisão de registros clínicos da EP de um provedor de saúde privada em Montevidéu. Variáveis: frequência, idade, sexo, momento, motivo da reconsulta e evolução. Resultados: no período analisado houve 8299 consultas e 476 reconsultas, sendo 54 excluídas por motivarem-se por patologias diferentes da primeira consulta. 422 foram incluídos, representando 5,1%. Mediana de idade 4 anos. Razões para reconsultas: sintomas persistentes 204 (48%), progressão da doença 73 (17%), controle 59 (14%), estudos pendentes 51 (12%), peoria 30 (7%), um outro diagnóstico 5 (1%). Após a segunda consulta, 88% receberam alta hospitalar e 11,5% foram hospitalizados. Nenhuma das crianças entrou na unidade de terapia intensiva ou morreu. Conclusões: neste serviço, a frequência de reconsultas é semelhante à relatada em outras séries. Analisando as razões da reconsulta, é necessário melhorar o manejo clínico, desenvolvendo estratégias de comunicação com pais e cuidadores e reforçando as consultas ambulatoriais e contrarreferência para o primeiro nível de atenção. É importante reiterar o estudo após a implementação de planos para melhorar o manejo clínico.

Evaluación del manejo avanzado de la vía aérea en un departamento de emergencia pediátrico / Evaluation of advanced airway management in a pediatric emergency department

Introducción: La intubación endotraqueal en pacientes críticamente enfermos es un procedimiento de riesgo que requiere alta competencia en el manejo de la vía aérea. Es esencial conocer las habilidades de los médicos de emergencia pediátrica en el manejo avanzado de vías aéreas y de vías aéreas difíciles. Objetivo: Describir el manejo avanzado de vías aéreas y vías aéreas difíciles en un departamento de emergencia pediátrico. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo en pacientes de 0 a 18 años que requirieron intubación endotraqueal en el periodo comprendido desde el 10 de mayo del 2018 al 31 de mayo del 2019. Se evaluó diagnóstico fisiopatológico, prevalencia de vía aérea difícil, aplicación de secuencia de intubación rápida, herramienta utilizada para la intubación, tiempo de intubación, intentos, operador y complicaciones. Se definió éxito al paciente intubado en dos intentos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 93 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue 10 (0.7-192) meses . En 19 (20,4%) pacientes se identificó predicción de vía aérea difícil, se realizó secuencia de intubación rápida en 91 (97,8%) pacientes. El porcentaje de éxito fue 83,9% (78/93). En el primer intento 59,1% (55/93) y en el segundo 50% (19/38). Se requirió cambio de operador en 19 oportunidades. Todos fueron intubados por laringoscopia convencional. La mediana para el tiempo de intubación fue 3 (2-5.5) minutos. La media del número de intentos fue 1,8 (± 1,3). La complicación observada fue la desaturación de oxígeno en 23 (24,7%) pacientes. Conclusión: La primera causa de intubación según el diagnóstico fisiopatológico fue la falla cardiopulmonar y la identificación de vía aérea difícil se presentó con relativa frecuencia.

Introduction: Endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients is a risky procedure that requires a high level of competence in airway management. It is essential to know the skills of pediatric emergency physicians in the advanced management of airways and difficult airways. Objective: To describe the advanced management of difficult airways and airways in a pediatric emergency department. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, descriptive and prospective study in patients from ages 0 to 18 years who required endotracheal intubation from May 10, 2018 to May 31, 2019. We evaluated pathophysiological diagnosis, prevalence of difficult airway, rapid intubation sequence intubation application, tools used for intubation, intubation time, attempts, operator characteristics and complications. Successful intubation patients was defined as intubation in two attempts. Results: 93 patients were included, the median of age was 10 (0.7-192) months. In 19 (20.4%) patients, difficult airway prediction was identified, rapid intubation sequence was performed in 91 (97.8%) patients. The percentage of success was 83.9% (78/93). In the first attempt 59.1% (55/93) and in the second 50% (19/38). Operator change was required 19 times. All were intubated by conventional laryngoscopy The median for intubation time was 3 (2-5.5) minutes. The average number of attempts was 1.8 (± 1.3). The complication observed was oxygen desaturation in 23 (24.7%) patients. Conclusion: The first cause of intubation according to the diagnosis pathophysiological was cardiopulmonary failure. Difficult airway identification was relatively frequent.

HIV Infection among children aged two years to less than eighteen years admitted to the Emergency Pediatric Unit in a tertiary health facility in Lafia North-Central Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that impairs the immune system by attacking the body's natural defense from infections and diseases. Pediatric HIV continue to be a major public health problem despite the global decline in its seroprevalence rates. The decline in the incidence of new HIV infections is particularly lower in children with a 52% reduction in the last ten years. This is attributed to a wider coverage in the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programs. Several programs designed at curtailing mother to child transmission of HIV are yielding positive result. This is not unexpected since most of the HIV infections among children were acquired via maternal to child transmission. With this, the study sets out to determine the prevalence of new HIV infection among patients admitted to the Emergency Pediatrics Unit (EPU) using the provider-initiated testing and counseling approach. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the mini laboratory attached to the EPU of the Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia Nasarawa State between 1st August 2017 to 31st July 2018. Using non-probability sampling, categorical variables were analyzed as frequencies and percentages. The association between categorical variables were analyzed using chi square.RESULTS: A total of 964 children ranging in age from two to less than eighteen years were screened. The total number of males was 550 (57.1%) while females was 414 (42.9%) with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Five (0.5%) children were newly diagnosed with HIV of the 964 children tested for the infection. CONCLUSION: The incidence of HIV infection among children admitted into our Emergency Pediatric Unit was 0.5%, comparable to some earlier reports

Triage conducted by lay-staff and emergency training reduces paediatric mortality in the emergency department of a rural hospital in Northern Mozambique

Introduction The majority of emergency paediatric death in African countries occur within the first 24 h of admission. A coloured triage system is widely implemented in high-income countries and the emergency triage and assessment treatment (ETAT) is recommended by the World Health Organization, but not put into practice in Mozambique. A retrospective, before and after, mortality analysis was performed using routine patient files from the district hospital between 2014 and 2017. The triage system was implemented in August 2016. Inclusion criteria were children under 15 years of age that entered the emergency centre. Primary outcome was child mortality rate. Secondary outcomes included the percentage agreement between the clinical and non-clinical staff and the duration from triage to first treatment. We used a negative binomial model in STATA 15 to compare mortality rates, and Kappa statistics to estimate the agreement between clinical and non-clinical staff. Results : 4176 admissions were included. The mortality rate ratio (MMR) was 45% lower after the start of the intervention (2016; MRR = 0.55; 0.38, 0.81; p = 0.002), compared to before. To estimate the agreement between non-clinical and clinical staff, 548 (of the 671) patient files were included. The agreement was estimated at 88.7% (Kappa = 0.644; p < 0.001). The median waiting time decreased with urgency of the triage: 2 h33 for 'green'/least serious (IQR 1 h58-3 h30), 21 min for yellow/serious (IQR 0 h10-0 h58) and nine minutes for 'red'/urgent (IQR 2­40 min). Conclusion : In a rural setting with nurse-led clinical care and non-clinician staff working at the triage reception, implementation of a three-coloured triage system was feasible. Triage and ETAT training was associated with a decrease of 45% of paediatric deaths. The impact on mortality, low cost, and ease of the implementation supports scaling this intervention in similar settings

Prevalence and outcome of hypoglycemia in children attending emergency pediatric unit of a specialist hospital in Nigeria

Background: Hypoglycemia is a common metabolic problem encountered in pediatric emergency admissions. The absence of clinical symptoms does not preclude the presence of hypoglycemia as presentation may vary from asymptomatic to central nervous system and cardiopulmonary disturbances. If untreated, hypoglycemia can result in permanent neurological damage or even death. Objectives: The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence, associated factors and outcome of hypoglycemia in pediatric emergency admissions at Ahmad Sani Yariman Bakura Specialist Hospital, Gusau, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective cross­sectional study involving children aged 1 month­13 years. Blood glucose was determined at admission using Accu­Chek® Active Blood Glucose Meter, and hypoglycemia was defined as blood glucose levels <2.8 mmol/L (<50 mg/dL). Age of the patients, sex, interval of last meal, presenting complaints diagnoses were recorded. Results: A total of 154 children were studied.Thirty (19.5%) were infants and 71 (46.1%) were under­fives. Eighty­seven (56.5%) were males with male to female ratio of 1.3:1.The prevalence of hypoglycemia was 22.1%. The predominant disease conditions the children with hypoglycemia presented with were severe malaria, acute diarrheal disease, and sepsis. The prevalence of hypoglycemia was significantly higher among children whose last meal was 8 h and above before presentation (42.9%). Children who presented with hypoglycemia were significantly more likely to die (odds ratio [OR] =13.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] =4.6­38.7). Among those with hypoglycemia, males were significantly more likely to die (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.0­18.0). Hypoglycemia was significantly associated with mortality in children with severe malaria and pneumonia (P = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of hypoglycemia is still high in our emergency admissions. It is associated with significant mortality especially among male children and those presenting with severe malaria and pneumonia. We recommend that hypoglycemia sought for and promptly treated in children presenting to emergency to reduce mortality

Explorando el papel de la autoeficacia parental en el uso de los servicios sanitarios: revisión de la literatura / xploring the relationship between parental self-efficacy and the use of health services: a literature review

INTRODUCCIÓN: El número de consultas de urgencias pediátricas en los últimos años han experimentado un aumento notable. Muchos son los factores que influyen en el uso de los servicios sanitarios y en el uso que los padres hacen de estos servicios. Se ha demostrado que la autoeficacia parental juega un papel fundamental en el manejo de la salud y la enfermedad de los niños, y puede que también lo esté haciendo en el uso de los servicios de salud. OBJETIVO: Se plantea esta revisión narrativa de la literatura, con el propósito de explorar el papel que la autoeficacia parental tiene en el cuidado de los niños y el uso de los servicios sanitarios. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed, Cinhal y Psyc-Info. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron estudios que explorasen de manera directa la autoeficacia parental y el uso de los servicios sanitarios. Sin embargo, la relación existente entre el concepto de autoeficacia y el manejo de la salud infantil y las enfermedades menores conduce a pensar que la autoeficacia parental puede estar jugando un papel importante en el uso de los servicios sanitarios. CONCLUSIÓN: Es necesario llevar a cabo estudios que ayuden a explorar la relación entre la autoeficacia parental y el uso de los servicios. Esta información puede ser de gran ayuda para planificar acciones de educación para la salud acordes con las necesidades de esta población y contribuir a la sostenibilidad del sistema, reduciendo las visitas innecesarias a los servicios de urgencias.

INTRODUCTION: The number of visits to emergency departments in recent years has increased significantly. There are many factors that influence the use of health services and the use that parents make of these services. It has been shown that parental self-efficacy plays a fundamental role in the management of children's health and illness and may also be the case in the use of health services. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this narrative review was to explore the role that parental self-efficacy plays in the care of children and the use of health services. METHODS: To this end, a bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed, Cinhal and PsycINFO. RESULTS: No studies were found that directly explored parental self-efficacy and the use of health services. However, the relationship between the concept of self-efficacy and the management of children's health and minor illnesses shown in the literature points out towards the idea that parental self-efficacy may be playing an important role in the use of health services. CONCLUSION: Future observational studies are necessary to explore the relationship between parental-self-efficacy and use of service. This information can be of great help in planning health education actions according to the needs of this population and contributing to the sustainability of the system, decreasing unnecessary visits to the emergency departments.

Simulación de alta fidelidad en emergencias pediátricas como estrategia de formación en el posgrado / High fidelity simulation in pediatric emergencies as a training strategy in the graduate

Las emergencias pediátricas son poco frecuentes por lo que la enseñanza a través de la simulación se ha convertido en una estrategia metodológica valiosa que permite al médico enfrentarse a una situación similar a la realidad en un ambiente protegido y seguro, tanto para él como para el paciente.Describir los resultados de escenarios de alta fidelidad de emergencias pediátricas y el grado de satisfacción de los participantes.Participaron 81 alumnos en 11 jornadas.Los residentes logran realizar el manejo inicial de las emergencias, pero tienen dificultades con el tratamiento específico de cada algoritmo, la comunicación y el liderazgo, siendo éstos aspectos a reforzar.La mayoría de los residentes se mostraron totalmente satisfechos con la actividad, destacando en los comentarios el pedido de más simulaciones y cursos de habilidades psicosociales.

Pediatric emergencies are rare, so teaching through simulation has become a valuable methodological strategy that allows the doctor to face a situation similar to reality in a protected and safe environment, both for him and for the patient.Describe the results of high-fidelity scenarios of pediatric emergencies and the degree of satisfaction of the participants. 81 students participated in 11 days. Residents were ableto perform the initial management of emergencies, but have difficulties with the specific treatment of each algorithm, communication and leadership, these being aspects to be reinforced. Most of the residents were totally satisfied with the activity, highlighting in the comments the request for more simulations and psychosocial skills courses.

Utilidad del triángulo de evaluación pediátrica en un servicio de emergencia pediátrica / Usefulness of the pediatric assessment triangle in an emergency pediatric service

En el servicio de emergencia pediátrica es fundamental reconocer de forma precoz los signos clínicos que indican amenaza para la vida del paciente. Con el objetivo de establecer la utilidad del Triángulo de Evaluación Pediátrica (TEP) en pacientes que asistieron al Servicio de Emergencia Pediátrica del Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga durante el lapso marzo-abril 2018, se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, con una muestra de 216 pacientes, reportando un promedio de edad de 2,98 ± 3,06 años, de los cuales 36,11% eran lactantes menores de un año y 22,69% lactantes mayores, con ligero predominio del sexo masculino (53,7%). Al desglosar cada componente del TEP, se encontraron alterados la apariencia, lenguaje (61,54%), estado de conciencia (53,85%) y tono (50%); en la respiración predominó el tiraje subcostal (86,21%), tiraje intercostal (34,48%), quejido espiratorio (24,14%) y dificultad para hablar (17,24%). Para la circulación se registró palidez en membranas mucosas (91,89%) y piel (54,05%). El 68,98% de los pacientes tenían una situación estable, 9,26% dificultad respiratoria y 9,72% shock compensado. El 86,11% de los pacientes se manejaron de forma ambulatoria. Este estudio aporta información relevante sobre el TEP como herramienta útil para identificar y clasificar la gravedad de una emergencia pediátrica en nuestro hospital(AU)

In the pediatric emergency room it is essential to recognize the clinical signs that indicate the threat of the patient's condition on time. In order to establish the usefulness of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PET) in pediatric patients who attended the Emergency Service of the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustin Zubillaga during the period March-April 2018, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with a total of 216 patients, with an average age of 2,98 ± 3,06 years, of which 36,11% were under one year old and 22,69% infants were one to two years old, with a slight predominance of males (53,70%). According to each component of the PET, 61,54% of patients had alterations in their appearance and general state, language (61,54%), state of consciousness (53,85%) and tone (50%). With respect to the work of breathing, subcostal retractions prevailed (86,21) as well as intercostal retractions (34,48%), expiratory moans (24,14%) and difficulty in speaking (17,24%). For the circulation part of the PET, pallor was register in mucous membranes (91,86%) and skin (54,05%). The physiopathological diagnoses were stability in 68,98% of cases, 9,26% had respiratory difficulty and 9,72% had compensated shock. The decision of admission was made in 13,89% of cases while 86,11% of cases were managed in an ambulatory manner. This study provides relevant information of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle as a useful tool to identify and classify the severity of a pediatric emergency in our hospital(AU)