Persistent organic pollutants distribution in plasma lipoprotein fractions / Distribuição persistente de poluentes orgânicos em frações de lipoproteínas plasmáticas

Abstract This study determines the associations among serum lipid profiles, risk of cardiovascular disease, and persistent organic pollutants. Using Gas chromatography technique, the intensity of toxic pollutant residues in serum samples of Hypertensive patients were measured. Based on statistical analysis, the effects of different covariates namely pesticides, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile duration was checked using the logistic regression model. Statistical computation was performed on SPSS 22.0. The P-values of F-Statistic for each lipid profile class are greater than 0.01 (1%), therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis for all cases. The estimated coefficients, their standard errors, Wald Statistic, and odds ratio of the binary logistic regression model for different lipid profile parameters indicate if pesticides increase then the logit value of different lipid profile parameters changes from -0.46 to -0.246 except LDL which increases by 0.135. The study reports a significantly increased threat of cardiovascular disease with increased concentrations of toxic pollutants.

Resumo Este estudo determina as associações entre o perfil lipídico sérico, o risco de doença cardiovascular e os poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Por meio da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, mediu-se a intensidade dos resíduos de poluentes tóxicos em amostras de soro de pacientes hipertensos. Com base na análise estatística, os efeitos de diferentes covariáveis ​​- ou seja, pesticidas, idade, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e duração do perfil lipídico - foram verificados usando o modelo de regressão logística. O cálculo estatístico foi realizado no SPSS 22.0. Os valores P da estatística F para cada classe de perfil lipídico são maiores que 0,01 (1%), portanto não podemos rejeitar a hipótese nula para todos os casos. Os coeficientes estimados, seus erros padrão, estatística de Wald e odds ratio do modelo de regressão logística binária para diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico indicam se os pesticidas aumentam, então o valor logit de diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico muda de -0,46 para -0,246, exceto LDL, que aumenta em 0,135. O estudo relata um aumento significativo da ameaça de doença cardiovascular com aumento das concentrações de poluentes tóxicos.

Assessment of Cholinesterase inhibition activity of birds inhabiting pesticide exposed croplands and protected area in hot semi-arid region of Pakistan / Avaliação da atividade de inibição da colinesterase de pássaros que habitam áreas cultivadas e áreas protegidas expostas a pesticidas na região semiárida quente do Paquistão

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity levels can be used as an indicator for AChE inhibition due to pesticide poisoning in bird species. We assessed the comparative brain cholinesterase (AChE) activity level of five bird species inhabiting pesticide exposed croplands and Protected Area i.e. Deva Vatala National Park (DVNP), Bhimber by using a spectrophotometric method. AChE activity levels ranged from 56.3 to 85.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue of birds representing DVNP. However, AChE activity levels ranged from 27.6 to 79.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue of birds representing croplands. AChE activity levels observed in Jungle babbler, Common babbler, and Red-vented bulbul showed significant differences (P < 0.05) at two sites. However, White wagtail and Black drongo demonstrated non-significant differences (P > 0.05). Maximum inhibition was recorded in Jungle babbler (53%) followed by Common babbler (35%), Red-vented bulbul (18%), White wagtail (15%), and Black drongo (7%). The brain cholinesterase inhibition levels under-protected ecosystems (DVNP, Bhimber) and agricultural landscape suggest insecticidal contamination and its impact on avifauna diversity. The study also emphasizes on the importance of pesticide-free zones to protect the biodiversity of birds.

Resumo Os níveis de atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) podem ser usados ​​como um indicador para a inibição da AChE devido ao envenenamento por pesticidas em espécies de aves. Avaliamos o nível de atividade comparativa da colinesterase cerebral (AChE) de cinco espécies de aves que habitam áreas cultivadas expostas a pesticidas e Área Protegida, ou seja, Deva Vatala National Park (DVNP), Bhimber, usando um método espectrofotométrico. Os níveis de atividade da AChE variaram de 56,3 a 85,9 µmol / min / g de tecido cerebral de aves representando DVNP. No entanto, os níveis de atividade da AChE variaram de 27,6 a 79,9 µmol / min / g de tecido cerebral de aves representando áreas de cultivo. Os níveis de atividade de AChE observados no tagarela da selva, tagarela comum e bulbul vermelho exalado mostraram diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) em dois locais. No entanto, alvéola branca e drongo preto demonstraram diferenças não significativas (P > 0,05). A inibição máxima foi registrada no tagarela da selva (53%), seguido pelo tagarela comum (35%), bulbul vermelho (18%), alvéola branca (15%) e drongo preto (7%). Os níveis de inibição da colinesterase cerebral nos ecossistemas subprotegidos (DVNP, Bhimber) e na paisagem agrícola sugerem contaminação por inseticida e seu impacto na diversidade da avifauna. O estudo também enfatiza a importância das zonas livres de pesticidas para proteger a biodiversidade das aves.

Características sociodemográficas y clínicas relacionadas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia / Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics related to the final condition of patients intoxicated by paraquat in a hospital in southwestern Colombia

Introducción. El herbicida paraquat constituye la primera causa de decesos por intoxicaciones en distintos países. Objetivo. Relacionar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat atendidos en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio observacional, descriptivo, analítico, transversal y retrospectivo, se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos por intoxicación con paraquat en una institución de tercer nivel de complejidad en Pasto (Colombia) entre el 2013 y el 2018. Se recolectó la información sobre la condición final (vivo o fallecido) de cada paciente, así como los datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de los exámenes paraclínicos. Se establecieron comparaciones por grupos y se diseñó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados. Se filtró la información de 299 registros y se analizaron finalmente 160 casos. Las características relacionadas con la condición final de los pacientes fueron el tiempo de estancia (OR=0,124; IC95% 0,03-0,6; p=0,009), la frecuencia cardiaca (OR=35,65; IC95% 1,44-884,78; p=0,029) y la creatinina inicial (OR=1,73; IC95% 1,23-2,44; p=0,002). Conclusiones. La proporción de la letalidad fue mayor entre los pacientes con estancia hospitalaria corta, taquicardia y elevación de la concentración sérica de creatinina al ingreso. Este reporte puede ser útil como fundamento de una escala de gravedad para detectar a los pacientes con resultados adversos en la fase temprana para que puedan recibir una intervención oportuna.

Introduction: Paraquat is an agrochemical that constitutes the first cause of death by poisoning in different countries. Objective: To relate sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with the final condition of patients intoxicated by paraquat in a hospital in southwestern Colombia. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive, analytical, crosssectional, and retrospective study. We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with paraquat poisoning at a level III hospital in Pasto, Colombia, from 2013 to 2018. We collected the data regarding their final condition (alive or deceased) and their sociodemographic, clinical, and paraclinical information. We established group comparisons and designed a binary logistic regression model. Results: We reviewed 299 records and, after the exclusion, we analyzed 160 cases. The characteristics related to the final condition of the patients were length of stay (OR = 0.124; 95% CI: 0.03-0.6; p = 0.009), heart rate (OR = 35.65; 95% CI: 1.44-884.78; p = 0.029), and initial creatinine (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.23-2.44; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The proportion of case fatality was higher in patients with short hospital stay times and elevated heart rates and admission creatinine levels. This report may be useful as a rationale for the creation of a severity scale for the early detection of patients with adverse outcomes and their timely treatment.

Analysis of risk factors for hemorrhage in patients with acute poisoning treated with hemoperfusion / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the clinical characterist ics and risk factors of hemorrhage complicated by hemoperfusion therapy in patients with acute poisoning. Methods: In January 2021, the clinical data of 196 patients with acute poisoning who received hemoperfusion therapy in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2018 to December 2020 were analyzed, and the patients were divided into bleeding group and non-bleeding group according to whether the patients were complicated with bleeding. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors for hemorrhage in patients treated with hemoperfusion. Results: A total of 21 patients in the bleeding group and 175 patients in the non-bleeding group were included. There was no significant difference in general data such as gender, age, and body mass index between the two groups (P>0.05) . Organophosphorus pesticides (χ(2)= 4.56, P=0.030) , HA230 perfusion device (χ(2)=4.12, P=0.042) , platelet count (t=-2.33, P=0.009) and activated partial thromboplastin time (t=14.53, P<0.001) at 2 h of perfusion were the influencing factors of hemorrhage in patients with acute poisoning treated with hemoperfusion. Among them, organophosphorus pesticides, 2 h perfusion activated partial thromboplastin time ≥35 s and other factors were independent risk factors forcomplicated bleeding (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Patients with acute poisoning, especially organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, are at greater risk of bleeding during hemoperfusion therapy. Monitoring of changes in activated partial thromboplastin time should be strengthened and the dose of anticoagulants should be adjusted in time to reduce the risk of bleeding.

Relationship between pesticide exposure and lipid metabolism in population / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of pesticides and herbicides on lipid metabolism. Methods: In November 2020, Based on the data of the national health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) (2011-2014) , select the population aged 20~65 who have demographic information, pesticide use and data of four lipid metabolism indicators [total cholesterol (TC) , triglyceride (TG) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) ] (n=3039) . The subjects were divided into insecticide group (320 people) and non insecticide group (2719) according to the use of insecticides, and herbicide group (156 people) and non herbicide group according to the use of herbicides. Results: Among the 3039 subjects, the males and female were 1509 (49.7%) and 1530 (50.3%) respectively. The males age was (39.7±12.0) years and the females age was (40.2±12.0) years The concentration of HDLC in the NHANES (55.4±15.0) mg/dl was lower than that of (58.2±14.2) mg/dL in the non herbicide group (P<0.05) (b=-0.044, P<0.05) . The results showed that the use of herbicides was related to the decrease of HDLC and the increase of LDLC and LDLC/HDLC in female population (b=-0.050, 0.062, 0.067, all P<0.05) . Conclusion: Herbicide exposure can cause the change of lipid metabolism, and the effect on female population is more obvious.

Prenatal pyrethroid pesticides exposure and neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children: a birth cohort study / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To investigate the influence and critical windows of prenatal exposure to pyrethroid pesticides (PYRs) on neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children. Methods: The subjects of this study were derived from the Xuanwei Birth Cohort. A total of 482 pregnant women who participated in the rural district of Xuanwei birth cohort from January 2016 to December 2018 were included. Maternal urinary concentrations of PYRs metabolites during 8-12 gestational weeks, 20-23 gestational weeks and 32-35 gestational weeks were measured with ultra high performance liquid chromatography system coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry detector. Child neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition at 2 years of age. Multivariate linear regression models and binary logistic regression models were used to assess the association between PYRs exposure during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopment. Results: A total of 360 mother-child pairs had complete data on maternal urinary PYRs metabolites detection and children's neurodevelopment assessment. The detection rate of any one PYRs metabolites during the first, second and third trimester were 93.6% (337/360), 90.8% (327/360) and 94.2% (339/360), respectively. The neurodevelopmental scores of Cognitive, Language, Motor, Social-Emotional, and Adaptive Behavior of 2-year-old children were (102.3±18.9), (100.2±16.3), (102.0±20.3), (107.8±23.3) and (85.8±18.6) points, respectively. After controlling for confounding factors, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4F3PBA, one of PYRs metabolites) exposure in the first trimester reduced Motor (β=-5.02, 95%CI: -9.08, -0.97) and Adaptive Behavior (β=-4.12, 95%CI:-7.92, -0.32) scores of 2-year-old children, and increased risk of developmental delay of adaptive behavior (OR=2.07, 95%CI:1.13-3.82). Conclusion: PYRs exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy may affect neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children, and the first trimester may be the critical window.

A case of intramuscular injection of methomyl poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide widely used in pesticides. Most of the poisoning methods are through digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin contact. At present, there is no report of poisoning caused by intramuscular injection. A case of poisoning caused by intramuscular injection of methomyl was analyzed retrospectively. About 4 minutes later, cholinergic crisis and central inhibition occurred. Venovenous-Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VV-ECMO) and atropine were given quickly. Finally, the patient was successfully rescued and had a good prognosis. After intramuscular injection of methomyl, cholinergic crisis can occur rapidly, and the onset rate is significantly faster than that of digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin contact.

A case of acute poisoning with thiamethoxam / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Thiamethoxam belongs to the second generation of neonicotinoid insecticides, and case of acute poisoning with thiamethoxam had never reported in China. This paper reviewed a case of oral poisoning with thiamethoxam pesticides, the patient suffered vomiting, generalized convulsions, confusion, and decreased oxygen saturation. After treated with gastric lavage, ventilator support, and the use of propofol, midazolam, sodium phenobarbital, and sodium valproate, the convulsions could not be controlled. Untill treated with penehyclidine hydrochloride and hemoperfusion combined with hemofiltration, the patient finally recovered and was discharged from the hospital. We suggest that the main treatments for acute severe thiamethoxam poisoning are decontamination and symptomatic support, pentoxifylline hydrochloride and hemoperfusion combined with hemofiltration may improve the patients' prognosis.

Toxic effects of long-term pesticides exposure and key gene discovery / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: Bioinformatics methods were used to mine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched signal pathways induced by chronic pesticide exposure, and explore its potential pathogenic mechanisms and key genes. Methods: In July 2021, high-throughput gene expression profile data related to pesticide toxicity was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to obtain DEGs. The samples were from American male farm workers who had been exposed to pesticides for a long time and other industry workers. The functional enrichment analysis of GO, KEGG and Geme Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed by R package clusterProfiler. STRING, Cytoscape and other tools were applied to construct and visualize the protein interaction network. With the help of MCODE and Cytohubba plugins, gene function modules were obtained, and hub gene was screened out. Results: 189 DEGs were screened from GSE30335 dataset, including 101 up-regulated genes and 88 down-regulated genes. The results of GO, KEGG and GSEA were mainly enriched in biological functions such as regulation of neuron projection development, regulation of locomotion, ribosomal protein synthesis, and pathways related to complex nervous system diseases such as Parkinson's disease. And the comprehensive screening showed that KLF1 was the hub gene of pesticide exposure, with a fold change of 0.456 (t=-3.82, P=0.021) . Conclusion: Long term exposure to pesticides results in the differential expression of multiple genes in the exposed population, which may be involved in the pathological changes of nervous system by down regulating KLF1 and related biological pathways.

Genomic and transcriptomic analysis unveils population evolution and development of pesticide resistance in fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a destructive pest native to America and has recently become an invasive insect pest in China. Because of its rapid spread and great risks in China, understanding of FAW genetic background and pesticide resistance is urgent and essential to develop effective management strategies. Here, we assembled a chromosome-level genome of a male FAW (SFynMstLFR) and compared re-sequencing results of the populations from America, Africa, and China. Strain identification of 163 individuals collected from America, Africa and China showed that both C and R strains were found in the American populations, while only C strain was found in the Chinese and African populations. Moreover, population genomics analysis showed that populations from Africa and China have close relationship with significantly genetic differentiation from American populations. Taken together, FAWs invaded into China were most likely originated from Africa. Comparative genomics analysis displayed that the cytochrome p450 gene family is extremely expanded to 425 members in FAW, of which 283 genes are specific to FAW. Treatments of Chinese populations with twenty-three pesticides showed the variant patterns of transcriptome profiles, and several detoxification genes such as AOX, UGT and GST specially responded to the pesticides. These findings will be useful in developing effective strategies for management of FAW in China and other invaded areas.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Lonicera Japonica Flos / 中国中药杂志

Lonicera Japonica Flos is the dried bud or nascent flower of Lonicera japonica(Caprifoliaceae). The plant suffers from various diseases and pests in the growth period and thus pesticides are often used. As a result, the resultant pesticide residues in Lonicera Japonica Flos have aroused great concern. This review summarized the investigation, detection methods, content analysis, and risk assessment of pesticide residues in Lonicera Japonica Flos since 1996, and compared the maximum residue limits among different countries and regions. The results showed that the pesticide residues were detected in Lonicera Japonica Flos from different production areas, and only some exceeded the limits. The residual pesticides have changed from organochlorines to new types such as tebuconazole and nitenpyram. The detection method has upgraded from chromatography to chromatography-mass spectrometry. Most pesticide residues will not cause health risks, except carbofuran. Pesticide residues limit the development of Lonicera Japonica Flos industry in China. In practice, we should improve the drug registration of Lonicera Japonica Flos, promote ecological prevention and control technology, and formulate and promote pesticide residue limit standard of Lonicera Japonica Flos.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Angelicae Sinensis Radix / 中国中药杂志

The demand for Angelicae Sinensis Radix, the dry root of Angelica sinensis, has been increasing year by year. However, the continuous cropping obstacles, frequent occurrence of pests and diseases, overuse of chemical pesticides, excessive pesticide residues and other problems in Angelicae Sinensis Radix production have attracted much attention. In this paper, we summarized the common diseases and pests attacking Angelica sinensis as well as the detection methods and characteristics of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix from 2002 to 2021. Additionally, we compared the limit standards of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix in and out of China and put forward suggestions for the high-quality and green development of Angelicae Sinensis Radix industry conside-ring the existing problems. The pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have been changing from organochlorines to organophosphorus pesticides. In recent years, some organophosphorus pesticides such as phorate, phoxim, isofenphos-methyl, phorate-sulfoxide, fenamiphos, isocarbophos, omethoate, and triazophos in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have seriously exceeded the standards. The detection methods of pesticide residues has evolved from chromatography to high performance chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS), and some new detection techniques such as immunoassay have also been applied. Pesticide residues have become a primary factor that restricting the development of Angelicae Sinensis Radix industry. Therefore, moderate application of pesticides, establishment of ecological planting system, and strict limit standards of pesticide residues are necessary to solve the pesticide residue problem.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Panax notoginseng / 中国中药杂志

Panax notoginseng is a perennial Chinese medicinal plant, which has serious continuous cropping obstacles and is prone to a variety of diseases and insect pests during the growth process. At present, the prevention and control of pests and diseases is mainly carried out through chemical pesticides, and the consequent pesticide residues of P. notoginseng have attracted much attention. This study reviewed the types and detection methods of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng from 1981 to 2021, and compared the limits of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng in China and abroad to provide a reference for rational application of pesticides in P. notoginseng and quality control of medicinal materials, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the P. notoginseng industry in China. Currently, there are only 40 published papers on pesticide residues of P. notoginseng, which is indicative of a serious problem of insufficient research. At present, hundreds of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng can be detected simultaneously by using chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pesticides detected have gradually changed from early prohibited ones, such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane(DDT), benzene hexachloride(BHC), and parathion, to low toxic ones(e.g., dimethomorph, procymidone, propicona-zole, and difenoconazole). The dietary risk from pesticide residues in P. notoginseng is low, which would not cause harm to consu-mers. This study concluded that in the future, the development of the quality standard for pesticide residues of P. notoginseng should be actively carried out. To increase the pesticides used in actual production in the quality standard based on the existing ones and to guide farmers to use pesticides scientifically will be the focus of future work.

Research progress on pesticide residues of Panax ginseng / 中国中药杂志

Panax ginseng, a perennial herb, is prone to diseases and insect pests in the growth process, which are primarily prevented and treated by pesticides. However, due to the lack of standardization in the types, frequencies, and doses of pesticides, pesticide residues have become the main exogenous pollutants of P. ginseng. To explore the risk of pesticide residues in P. ginseng, this paper summarized and analyzed the common pesticide residues in P. ginseng, detection techniques, and pesticide residue limit stan-dards based on the published literature in recent years. The results revealed that the main pesticide residues in P. ginseng were organochlorine pesticides, such as tetrachloronitrobenzene, pentachloronitrobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene, and the detection techniques were dominated by gas chromatography(GC), liquid chromatography(LC), or those combined with mass spectrometry(MS). Because of the long half-life and difficulty in degradation, organochlorine pesticides have become the main factor affecting the export of P. ginseng. It is worth mentioning that P. ginseng has been classified as food in Japan, South Korea, the European Union, and other countries, and the standards of pesticide residues and limits are stricter than those in China. The quality and safety of P. ginseng are prerequisites for the efficacy of Chinese medicine and the development of traditional Chinese medicine. The formulation of scientific and effective standards for pesticide application and limits would promote the high-quality development of the P. ginseng industry.

Pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials and suggestions for safety / 中国中药杂志

The present study counted the frequency of detection technologies and monitoring frequency of pesticide species by frequency analysis based on the 28 258 pieces of data on pesticide content of Chinese medicinal materials in CNKI, calculated the detection rate and exceeding rate of different types of pesticides, and systematically analyzed the pesticide residue pollution of Chinese medicinal materials. The results showed that there were 40 types of pesticides with detection rates higher than 10%, where new pesticides such as organochlorines and nicotine accounted for 55%, and organic phosphorus, pyrethroids, and carbamates accounted for 17.5%, 15.0%, and 12.5%, respectively. Seventeen types of pesticides exceeded the standard to varying degrees, including 12 types(70.59%) with exceeding rates not higher than 5%, four types(23.53%) with exceeding rates in the range of 5%-10%, and one type(5.88%) with an exceeding rate higher than 10%. As revealed by the analysis results of the past five years, the pesticide residue pollution of Chinese medicinal materials showed a downward trend. Compared with the conditions at worst, organochlorines decreased by about 2/3 in detection rate and 47.23% in exceeding rate, carbamates by about 1/2 in detection rate and 10.78% in exceeding rate, organic phosphorus by 3/4 in detection rate and 7.22% in exceeding rate, pyrethroids by 1/2 in detection rate and 11.05% in exceeding rate, and other types by about 1/2 in detection rate but not exceeded the standard. In general, pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials and safety have been significantly improved. However, pesticide residues are still important factors affecting the quality and safety of Chinese medicinal materials. It is suggested to further improve the control standards of pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials, strengthen the monitoring of pesticides used in practical production, and promote the ecological planting mode to facilitate the high-quality development of the Chinese medicinal material industry.

Residual status, toxicity, and analytical method of banned pesticides in traditional Chinese medicines / 中国中药杂志

A total of 33 pesticides have been banned from Chinese medicinal materials and decoction pieces(plants) according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). According to the chemical structures, they are mainly divided into seven categories: organophosphorus compounds, organochlorines, carbamates, amidines, sulfonylureas, phenylpyrazoles, and ethers. These banned pesticides exhibit neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immune system toxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenesis, and mutagenesis, seriously damaging human and animal health. They affect not only the quality and safety of traditional Chinese medicines and resulting products, but also their competitiveness in the international market. Due to the numerous varieties of traditional Chinese medicines and their complex substrates, it is necessary to establish a universal and highly sensitive method for pesticide residue detection. This review systematically summarized the residual status, toxicity, and analytical methods of banned pesticides in traditional Chinese medicines, and forecasted the prospects of different analytical techniques, so as to provide reference for further safety and risk assessment of banned pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicines, thus ensuring the safe production of traditional Chinese medicines.

Intoxicações exógenas por agrotóxicos no Espírito Santo, 2007-2016: distribuição espacial e tendências da taxa de incidência e letalidade dos casos notificados / Intoxicación por plaguicidas exógenos en el estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil, 2007-2016: distribución espacial y tendencia temporal de la tasa de incidencia y letalidad de los casos notificados / Exogenous pesticide poisoning in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2007-2016: spatial distribution and temporal trend in the incidence rate and case fatality ratio of notified cases

Objetivo: Descrever a distribuição espacial de casos de intoxicação por agrotóxicos e analisar a tendência temporal da taxa de incidência e letalidade por esse evento no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo de série temporal dos casos confirmados de intoxicação por agrotóxicos reportados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) entre 2007 e 2016. As taxas de incidência foram apresentadas em mapas temáticos. Foram utilizados gráficos de dispersão, para apresentar a incidência e letalidade dos casos. Resultados: Houve taxa de incidência crescente de intoxicações no período, para o total dos casos, por sexo e faixa etária - exceto para maiores de 70 anos. A letalidade foi decrescente até 2012, com posterior aumento. Oito municípios apresentaram as maiores taxas de notificação (30 a 46 casos novos/100 mil habitantes). Conclusão: Houve aumento na incidência de notificações, no período. A letalidade mostrou-se decrescente até 2012, seguindo-se posterior crescimento.

Objetivo: Describir la distribución espacial de casos de intoxicación por plaguicidas y analizar su tendencia temporal de la tasa incidencia y letalidad en estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio de serie temporal de casos confirmados de intoxicación por plaguicidas notificados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (Sinan) de 2007 a 2016. Las tasas de incidencia se basaron en mapas temáticos. Se utilizaron gráficos de dispersión para presentar la incidencia y la letalidad. Resultados: Incremento de la tase de incidencia de intoxicaciones en el período para el total de los casos, sexo y grupos de edad - excepto para mayores de 70 años. La letalidad fue disminuyendo hasta 2012, con un aumento posterior. Ocho asociaciones tuvieron las tasas de notificación más altas (30 a 46 nuevos casos/100.000 habitantes). Conclusión: Hubo un aumento en la incidencia de notificaciones en el período. La letalidad fue disminuyendo hasta 2012, seguida de un aumento posterior.

Objective: To describe the spatial distribution of pesticide poisoning cases and analyze the temporal trend in the incidence rate and case fatality ratio of this event in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Methods: This was a time series study of confirmed cases of pesticide poisoning registered on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN) between 2007 and 2016. Incidence rates were presented in thematic maps. Scatter plots were used to show the incidence and case fatality ratio of cases. Results: There was an increasing incidence rate of poisoning in the period regarding the total number of cases, by sex and age group - except for those aged 70 years and over. There was a decreasing case fatality ratio until 2012, with a subsequent increase. Eight municipalities presented the highest notification rates (30 to 46 new cases/100,000 inhabitants). Conclusion: There was an increase in the incidence of notifications in the period. There was a decrease in case fatality ratio until 2012, subsequently followed by an increase.

Ninguém diga "desta água não beberei": produção agropecuária e contaminação hídrica no Oeste Catarinense, Brasil / May no one say "I will never drink of this water": agricultural production and water pollution in western Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Que nadie diga "de esta agua no beberé": producción agropecuaria y contaminación hídrica en el oeste del estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Não se vive sem água. Seja para saciar a sede, seja para o fornecimento dos alimentos dos quais os seres humanos necessitam, ela sempre é imprescindível. A água é o elemento presente em tudo aquilo que precisamos para nos reproduzir. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo tem como objetivo traçar um panorama atual da produção e da utilização das águas nas áreas rurais da região Oeste Catarinense, Brasil, a partir da visão dos agricultores familiares e das lideranças de diferentes organizações e movimentos sociais do campo. Foram entrevistados 30 agricultores familiares de seis comunidades rurais de diferentes microrregiões do Oeste Catarinense, e 20 lideranças de organizações sociais da agricultura familiar da região. Destacam-se nos resultados: processo intenso de contaminação dos mananciais de água por agrotóxicos utilizados na agricultura; assoreamento de rios e córregos; recuperação da produção de água nas regiões de encostas; crescimento exponencial da utilização de água de poços artesianos no abastecimento das propriedades rurais; e modificações microclimáticas nos entornos dos lagos das hidroelétricas. Conclui-se que a preocupação com a disponibilidade de água, por parte dos agricultores, é histórica e cultural. Contudo são as demandas de mercado por produtos agropecuário e o interesse dos grupos ofertantes de agroquímicos que determinam o cuidado e a preservação. A sociedade tem, na cultura e na história da agricultura familiar regional, uma aliada, que tem de ser protegida do interesse dos grupos dominantes do agronegócio, para ser capaz de dar respostas positivas na preservação deste bem precioso, que é a água, e continuar ofertando alimentos mais saudáveis.

Humans cannot live without water. Whether to quench one's thirst or to supply the foods that humans need, water is always indispensable. Water is present in everything we need to reproduce. From this perspective, the article aims to outline the current state of production and use of water in rural areas in western Santa Catarina State, Brazil, from the perspective of family farmers and leaders of various rural organizations and social movements. We interviewed 30 family farmers from six communities in different micro regions of western Santa Catarina, as well as 20 leaders of social and family farming organizations in the region. The findings included the intense process of contamination of water sources with agricultural pesticides, silting of rivers and creeks, recovery of water production on hillside areas, exponential growth in the use of water from artesian wells to supply farm properties, and microclimatic changes around hydroelectric reservoirs. The study concludes that family farmers have a historical and cultural concern with the availability of water. Still, market demands for crop and livestock produce and the interests of companies that supply pesticides determine the degree of care for water and its preservation. The culture and history of family farming in this region is an ally for Brazilian society that must be protected from dominant agribusiness groups to provide positive responses for preserving water as a precious good and to continue to supply healthier foods.

No se vive sin agua. Bien sea para saciar la sed, bien sea para proporcionar los alimentos que los seres humanos necesitan, ella siempre es imprescindible. El agua es el elemento presente en todo aquello que necesitamos para reproducirnos. Desde esa perspectiva, este artículo tiene como objetivo trazar un panorama actual de la producción y de la utilización de las aguas en las áreas rurales de la región oeste del estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, a partir de la visión de los agricultores familiares y de liderazgos de diferentes organizaciones y movimientos sociales del campo. Se entrevistaron a 30 agricultores familiares de seis comunidades rurales de diferentes microrregiones del oeste catarinense, y a 20 líderes de organizaciones sociales de agricultura familiar de la región. Se destacan en los resultados: proceso intenso de contaminación de los manantiales de agua por pesticidas utilizados en la agricultura; encenagamiento de ríos y arroyos; recuperación de la producción de agua en las regiones de laderas; crecimiento exponencial de la utilización de agua de pozos artesanos para el abastecimiento de las propiedades rurales; y modificaciones microclimáticas en los entornos de los lagos de las hidroeléctricas. Se concluye que la preocupación con la disponibilidad de agua, por parte de los agricultores, es histórica y cultural. No obstante, son las demandas de productos agropecuarios por parte del mercado y el interés de los grupos ofertantes de agroquímicos quienes determinan el cuidado y la preservación. La sociedad tiene en la cultura y en la historia de la agricultura familiar regional una aliada, que tiene que ser protegida del interés de los grupos dominantes del agronegocio, con el fin de sea capaz de dar respuestas positivas a la preservación de este bien precioso, que es el agua, y continuar ofertando alimentos más sanos.

Análises das causas das subnotificações das intoxicações por agrotóxicos na rede de saúde em município do Sul do Brasil / Analysis of the causes of pesticide poisoning underreporting in the healthcare network in a municipality in Southern Brazil

Resumo O uso intensivo de agrotóxicos na agricultura está associado a externalidades negativas, que afetam o meio ambiente e a saúde pública. Sabe-se que o número de registros é menor que os de intoxicações por pesticidas, ocorrendo subnotificações. Com o objetivo de compreender esse evento, analisou-se os dados de dois sistemas de informação de notificações e agravos à saúde e realizou-se estudo de caso com profissionais da 5ª Regional de Saúde e da rede de saúde de um município do Paraná. Confirmou-se que ocorrem as subnotificações nos sistemas de informações, a inconsistência de dados e a falta de comunicação entre eles, dificultando a compreensão da realidade das intoxicações. No estudo de caso identificou-se a ocorrência de subnotificação prévia: quando muitos trabalhadores não procuram os sistemas de saúde; as capacitações dos profissionais são insuficientes e neutralizadas pela grande rotatividade, especialmente de médicos; o diagnóstico, a conduta e o tratamento das intoxicações por agrotóxicos não fazem parte do currículo de muitos dos cursos da área de saúde; e a capacidade dos serviços de saúde de muitos municípios está aquém da demanda, ocasionando sobrecarga de trabalho aos profissionais e a consequente subnotificação.

Abstract The intensive use of pesticides in agriculture is associated with several negative externalities, which affect both the environment and public health. It is known that the number of records is lower than that of pesticide poisonings, and that underreporting occurs. Aiming to understand this underreporting, we analyzed the data from two information systems for notifications and health injuries and a case study was carried out with professionals from the 5th Regional Health Center and the health network of a municipality in the state of Paraná. It was concluded that underreporting occurs in the information systems, confirming the inconsistency of data and the lack of communication between them, making it difficult to understand the reality of poisonings. In the case study, the occurrence of prior underreporting was identified: when many workers do not seek health systems; the training of professionals is insufficient and neutralized by high turnover, especially among physicians; the diagnosis, conduct and treatment of pesticide poisoning are not part of the curriculum of many courses in the health area; the capacity of health services in many municipalities falls short of the demand, causing work overload to the professionals and the consequent underreporting.