Cocaína adulterada con opioides en la provincia de Buenos Aires: análisis epidemiológico para pensar una nueva política de drogas / Cocaine adulterated with opioids in the province of Buenos Aires: epidemiological analysis to think about a New Drug Policy

INTRODUCCIÓN: En febrero de 2022 se produjo en la provincia de Buenos Aires un brote de intoxicación por consumo de cocaína adulterada con opioides. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la población afectada, las acciones realizadas desde el Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires a partir de la detección de la problemática y analizar las modalidades de abordaje de los consumos respecto de los paradigmas de atención desde la perspectiva de la salud y las normativas vigentes en la temática en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Se estudió a todas las personas que presentaban síntomas compatibles con cuadros de intoxicación por consumo de cocaína adulterada y que consultaron en establecimientos de salud de la provincia de Buenos Aires en febrero de 2022. RESULTADOS: Se notificaron 124 casos, el rango etario fue de 18 a 57 años, y el 84,5% fueron informados como sexo legal masculino. El 66% requirió internación hospitalaria, y 19 personas fallecieron. Los resultados de laboratorio confirmaron que la sustancia consumida era cocaína con carfentanilo. DISCUSIÓN: La identificación de opioides es un fenómeno novedoso en la región, que invita a problematizar los marcos normativos y los paradigmas de abordaje vigentes para superar visiones que reducen la problemática a los aspectos inherentes a los individuos y sus conductas respecto del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.

Caracterização dos casos de violência contra a mulher em tempos de pandemia por Covid-19 em um município do sudoeste do Paraná / Characterization of cases of violence against women in times of pandemic by Covid-19 in a municipality in the southwest of Paraná / Caracterización de casos de violencia contra la mujer en tiempos de pandemia por Covid-19 en un municipio del sudoeste de Paraná

Introdução: A violência contra à mulher é caracterizada especialmente pela desigualdade de gênero, diferença hierárquica, subordinação e pela agressividade do parceiro ou ex-parceiro. Entre os principais subtipos, cita-se; a violência física, psicológica, sexual, patrimonial e moral. Com o surgimento da pandemia de coronavírus em 2020 na tentativa de contenção da doença, medidas protetivas como o isolamento social aumentaram o convívio familiar. Dessa forma, as vítimas de violência passaram a ficar ainda mais tempo expostas aos seus agressores e consequentemente com maiores dificuldades para denunciar os abusos sofridos, pois a prestação dos serviços públicos, instituições de segurança e judiciais também foram restringidas. Objetivo: Caracterizar os casos de violência contra a mulher em tempos de pandemia de coronavírus em um município do Sudoeste do Paraná. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, documental e transversal com abordagem quantitativa realizada em um município do Sudoeste do Paraná a partir da coleta de dados, por meio das fichas de notificação de violência contra a mulher entre 2019 e 2021. Resultados e discussão: O estudo demonstrou prevalência de notificações no ano de 2019 em mulheres com idade de 12 a 18 anos (27,2%), brancas (71,3%), com ensino médio (21,9%), sendo ainda estudantes (23,1%) ou desempregadas (17,2%), sem companheiro (52,4%), residentes da área urbana (74%), heterossexuais (50,6%), sem possuir algum tipo de deficiência (51,8%). Ao verificar a tipologia da agressão com maior incidência, observou-se a lesão autoprovocada (53,6%) por meio da intoxicação /envenenamento (41,4%). Quanto a violência interpessoal, notou-se que a maioria das agressões foram ocasionadas pelo próprio cônjuge da vítima (12,4%), utilizando da força física (29,3%), salienta-se que o álcool não estava presente na maior parte das agressões. Conclusão: Evidencia-se a prevalência de violência autoprovocada (53,6%), em adolescentes com ensino médio, brancas, sem companheiro, residentes da área urbana, agredidas em ambiente domiciliar, motivadas por conflitos geracionais, sendo as violências mais incidentes a física por meio de envenenamento/intoxicação. Diante do exposto é importante abordar o fato de que é necessário realizar capacitações com os profissionais de saúde referente a ficha de notificação e orientá-los da importância de preenchê-la de forma correta, para haja a tomada de providências de acordo com cada necessidade.

Introduction: Introduction: Violence against women is characterized especially by gender inequality, hierarchical difference, subordination and aggressiveness of the partner or ex partner. Among the main subtypes are physical, psychological, sexual, patrimonial and moral violence. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 in an attempt to contain the disease, protective measures such as social isolation increased family coexistence. As a result, the victims of violence have been exposed to their aggressors for even longer and consequently find it more difficult to report the abuse they have suffered, since the provision of public services, security and judicial institutions have also been restricted. Objective: To characterize the cases of violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic in a municipality in the southwest of Paraná. Materals and methods: This is a descriptive, documentary, and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach carried out in a municipality in the Southwest of Paraná from data collection performed through the notification forms of violence against women notified between 2019 and 2021. Results and discussion: The study showed a prevalence of notifications in the year 2019 in women aged 12 to 18 years (27.2%), white (71.3%), with high school education (21.9%), being still students (23.1%) or unemployed (17.2%), without a partner (52.4%), residents of the urban area (74%), more specifically the Padre Ulrico neighborhood (12.4%), heterosexual (50.6%), without having any type of disability (51.8%). When checking the type of aggression with the highest incidence, we observed self-harm (53.6%) through intoxication/ poisoning (41.4%). As for interpersonal violence, it was noted that most aggressions were caused by the victim's own spouse (12.4%), using physical force (29.3%), and alcohol was not present in most aggressions. Conclusion: The prevalence of self- inflicted violence (53.6%) is evident in adolescents with high school education, white, without a partner, urban residents, assaulted in the home environment, motivated by generational conflicts, with the most incident violence being physical violence through poisoning/intoxication. Given the above, it is important to address the fact that it is necessary to conduct training with health professionals regarding the notification form and guide them on the importance of filling it out correctly, so that there is taking action according to each need.

Introducción: La violencia contra las mujeres se caracteriza especialmente por la desigualdad de género, la diferencia jerárquica, la subordinación y la agresividad de la pareja o ex pareja. Entre los principales subtipos, se menciona; la violencia física, psicológica, sexual, patrimonial y moral. Con la aparición de la pandemia de coronavirus en 2020 en un intento de contener la enfermedad, las medidas de protección como el aislamiento social han aumentado la convivencia familiar. Así, las víctimas de la violencia han quedado aún más expuestas a sus agresores y, en consecuencia, tienen mayores dificultades para denunciar los abusos sufridos, ya que también se ha restringido la prestación de servicios públicos, de seguridad y de instituciones judiciales. Objetivo: Caracterizar los casos de violencia contra la mujer en tiempos de pandemia de coronavirus en un municipio del sudoeste de Paraná. Materiales y métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, documental y transversal con enfoque cuantitativo realizado en un municipio del suroeste de Paraná a partir de la recolección de datos a través de las formas de notificación de la violencia contra las mujeres entre 2019 y 2021. Resultados y discusión: El estudio mostró una prevalencia de notificaciones en 2019 en mujeres de 12 a 18 años (27,2%), de raza blanca (71,3%), con estudios secundarios (21,9%), siendo aún estudiantes (23,1%) o desempleadas (17,2%), sin pareja (52,4%), residentes en el área urbana (74%), heterosexuales (50,6%), sin tener algún tipo de discapacidad (51,8%). Al verificar el tipo de agresión con mayor incidencia, se observó la lesión autoinfligida (53,6%) a través de la intoxicación / envenenamiento (41,4%). En cuanto a la violencia interpersonal, se observó que la mayoría de las agresiones fueron causadas por el propio cónyuge de la víctima (12,4%), utilizando la fuerza física (29,3%), se destaca que el alcohol no estuvo presente en la mayoría de las agresiones. Conclusión: Se evidencia la prevalencia de la violencia autoprovocada (53,6%), en adolescentes con educación médica, brancas, sin compañía, residentes del área urbana, agredidos en ambiente domiciliario, motivados por conflictos geracionales, siendo las violencias más incidentes a la física por medio de envenenamiento/intoxicación. Dado lo anterior es importante abordar el hecho de que es necesario realizar una capacitación con los profesionales de la salud respecto a la ficha de notificación y orientarlos sobre la importancia de llenarla correctamente, para que exista la toma de acciones de acuerdo a cada necesidad.

Características sociodemográficas y clínicas relacionadas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia / Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics related to the final condition of patients intoxicated by paraquat in a hospital in southwestern Colombia

Introducción. El herbicida paraquat constituye la primera causa de decesos por intoxicaciones en distintos países. Objetivo. Relacionar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat atendidos en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio observacional, descriptivo, analítico, transversal y retrospectivo, se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos por intoxicación con paraquat en una institución de tercer nivel de complejidad en Pasto (Colombia) entre el 2013 y el 2018. Se recolectó la información sobre la condición final (vivo o fallecido) de cada paciente, así como los datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de los exámenes paraclínicos. Se establecieron comparaciones por grupos y se diseñó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados. Se filtró la información de 299 registros y se analizaron finalmente 160 casos. Las características relacionadas con la condición final de los pacientes fueron el tiempo de estancia (OR=0,124; IC95% 0,03-0,6; p=0,009), la frecuencia cardiaca (OR=35,65; IC95% 1,44-884,78; p=0,029) y la creatinina inicial (OR=1,73; IC95% 1,23-2,44; p=0,002). Conclusiones. La proporción de la letalidad fue mayor entre los pacientes con estancia hospitalaria corta, taquicardia y elevación de la concentración sérica de creatinina al ingreso. Este reporte puede ser útil como fundamento de una escala de gravedad para detectar a los pacientes con resultados adversos en la fase temprana para que puedan recibir una intervención oportuna.

Introduction: Paraquat is an agrochemical that constitutes the first cause of death by poisoning in different countries. Objective: To relate sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with the final condition of patients intoxicated by paraquat in a hospital in southwestern Colombia. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive, analytical, crosssectional, and retrospective study. We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with paraquat poisoning at a level III hospital in Pasto, Colombia, from 2013 to 2018. We collected the data regarding their final condition (alive or deceased) and their sociodemographic, clinical, and paraclinical information. We established group comparisons and designed a binary logistic regression model. Results: We reviewed 299 records and, after the exclusion, we analyzed 160 cases. The characteristics related to the final condition of the patients were length of stay (OR = 0.124; 95% CI: 0.03-0.6; p = 0.009), heart rate (OR = 35.65; 95% CI: 1.44-884.78; p = 0.029), and initial creatinine (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.23-2.44; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The proportion of case fatality was higher in patients with short hospital stay times and elevated heart rates and admission creatinine levels. This report may be useful as a rationale for the creation of a severity scale for the early detection of patients with adverse outcomes and their timely treatment.

Uso de emulsiones lipídicas en el tratamiento exitoso de un caso de intoxicación por difenhidramina / Use of lipid emulsions in the successful treatment of a case of diphenhydramine poisoning / Uso de emulsões lipídicas no sucesso do tratamento de um caso de intoxicação por difenidramina

La difenhidramina tiene efectos antihistamínico anti-H1 específico y antimuscarínico que pueden ocasionar un desenlace fatal según la dosis total ingerida. Se reporta un caso de intoxicación por difenhidramina tratado de forma exitosa con emulsiones lipídicas a pesar de ingesta de dosis letal. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 19 años que ingresó por intoxicación por difenhidramina a dosis de 25 mg/kg (1.5 g) después del tiempo de descontaminación, con toxidrome anticolinérgico, con neurotoxicidad, cardiotoxicidad (QRS y QT prolongados) y sin respuesta al enfoque inicial, se iniciaron emulsiones lipídicas y, a su vez, se logró alta temprana por evolución clínica favorable y resolución de la prolongación del intervalo QTc y del cuadro anticolinérgico. La emulsión lipídica es una opción terapéutica para disminuir la morbimortalidad y la estancia hospitalaria por contrarrestar la cardiotoxicidad y neurotoxicidad producidas por moléculas lipofílicas como la difenhidramina.

Diphenhydramine has specific anti-H1 antihistamine and antimuscarinic effects that can be fatal depending on the total dose ingested. A case of diphenhydramine poisoning successfully treated with lipid emulsions despite ingesting a lethal dose is presented. We present the case of a 19-year-old patient who was admitted for diphenhydramine intoxication at a dose of 25 mg/kg (1.5 g) after the decontamination time, with anticholinergic toxidrome, with neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity (prolonged QRS and QT) and without response to initial approach. Lipid emulsions were started and, in turn, early discharge was achieved due to favorable clinical evolution and resolution of the prolongation of the QTc interval and the anticholinergic symptoms. Lipid emulsion is a therapeutic option to reduce morbidity and mortality and hospital stay by counteracting cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity produced by lipophilic molecules such as diphenhydramine.

A difenidramina tem efeitos anti-histamínicos e antimuscarínicos anti-H1 específicos que podem ser fatais dependendo da dose total ingerida. Relata-se um caso de intoxicação por difenidramina tratada com sucesso com emulsões lipídicas apesar da ingestão de uma dose letal. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 19 anos que foi internada por intoxicação por difenidramina na dose de 25 mg/kg (1,5 g) após o tempo de des-contaminação, com toxina anticolinérgica, neurotoxicidade, cardiotoxicidade (QS e QT prolongados) e sem resposta na abordagem inicial, iniciaram-se emulsões lipídicas e, por sua vez, obteve-se alta precoce devido à evolução clínica favorável e resolução do prolongamento do intervalo QTc e dos sintomas anticolinérgicos. A emulsão lipídica é uma opção terapêutica para reduzir a morbimortalidade e o tempo de internação por neutralizar a cardiotoxicidade e a neurotoxicidade produzidas por moléculas lipofílicas como a difenidramina.

Body Packer y Body Stuffer: Serie de Casos. Revisión / Body Packer y Body Stuffer: serie de casos. Revision

"Body packing", "Body pushing" y "Body stuffing" son distintas formas de transportar sustancias ilegales dentro del cuerpo humano. Frente al ingreso en la unidad de emergencias de un "Body Packer", conocido como "tragador de paquetes" con fines de contrabando o un "Body Stuffer" llamados "tragadores rápidos", quienes ingieren en forma compulsiva paquetes manufacturados para la venta de sustancias ante la posibilidad de ser sorprendidos por agentes de la ley; se plantean una serie de desafíos en cuanto al tratamiento que al día de hoy permanecen en debate. Generalmente se prefiere mantener una conducta conservadora facilitando la expulsión de los paquetes. En aquellos casos en los que los pacientes presenten paquetes atascados o rotos o no mejoren con el tratamiento conservador, se recomienda el tratamiento quirúrgico.El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo reportar una serie de casos internados por ingesta de paquetes potencialmente peligrosos que se sometieron a una evacuación farmacológica y/o quirúrgica en 8 pacientes y una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema.

"Body packing", "Body pushing", and "Body stuffing" are different ways to use the interior of the human body to transport illegal substances. In the face of a "Body Packer" or a "Body Stuffer" known as "fast swallowers", which are those cases in which they compulsively swallow manufactured packages for the sale of substances before the possibility of being surprised by law enforcement officers, a series of challenges present themselves regarding the treatment, which is currently up for debate. Generally, a conservative conduct is preferred, facilitating the expulsion of the packages. In those cases, in which patients have stuck or broken packages or do not improve with conservative treatment, surgical treatment is recommended.The present paper aims to report a series of cases in which the patients were admitted due to an intake of potentially dangerous packages and put through a pharmacological evacuation and/or surgical evacuation of 8 patients, and a bibliographical revision on the subject.

Accidente ofídico como problema de salud pública serpientes en la ciudad / Ophidian accident as a public health problem snakes in the city

En todo el planeta ocurren mordeduras por serpiente tanto en humanos, como animales; sin embargo, muchos pueblos carecen de recursos para prestar atención sanitaria, administrar suero antiofídico o mantener seguimiento desde lo multidisciplinario al paciente que quedó con secuelas. Objetivo: Establecer alertas tempranas sobre migración o emigración de serpientes hacia la ciudad, respecto al accidente ofídico como problema de salud pública. Materiales y métodos: La investigación es monográfica de tipo documental y muestra pertinencia social. Resultados: Es indispensable abordar tempranamente a la víctima, así como, registrar causas coadyuvantes o desencadenantes del accidente, ya que, dejó de ser exclusivamente rural y se registra en zonas urbanizadas e incluso en la ciudad. El alcance y magnitud de la investigación, sobrepasa lo académico de fortalecer áreas de conocimiento en carreras científicas del pregrado y trasciende a carreras relacionadas, afines y de postgrado, relacionadas indirectamente al problema. Conclusión: Garantizar seguridad del humano y su entorno requiere disposición para la prevención; no obstante, la migración o emigración de ésta biodiversidad revela un problema socio-ambiental, dependiente de entender la gestión académica y alertas tempranas que anuncian que, las serpientes han llegado a la ciudad(AU)

All over the planet snake bites occur in both humans and animals; however, many towns lack the resources to provide health care, administer antivenom serum or maintain multidisciplinary follow-up of the patient with sequelae. Objective: To establish early alerts on the migration or emigration of snakes to the city, regarding the ophidian accident as a public health problem. Materials and methods: The research is monographic documentary type and shows social relevance. Results: It is essential to address the victim early, as well as to record contributing causes or triggers of the accident, since it is no longer exclusively rural and is recorded in urbanized areas and even in the city. The scope and magnitude of the research goes beyond the academic of strengthening areas of knowledge in undergraduate scientific careers and transcends related, related and postgraduate careers, indirectly related to the problem. Conclusion: Ensuring the safety of humans and their environment requires provision for prevention; however, the migration or emigration of this biodiversity reveals a socio-environmental problem, dependent on understanding the academic management and early warnings that announce that the snakes have arrived in the city(AU)

Utilidad de la radiografía de abdomen en el diagnóstico de la intoxicación medicamentosa: reporte de un caso pediátrico / Use of abdominal X-ray in drug intoxication: a pediatric case report

Las intoxicaciones medicamentosas son un motivo de consulta frecuente en pediatría, además de una de las principales causas externas de mortalidad en adolescentes. El diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos son fundamentales para el manejo adecuado de estos casos. Se presenta una niña de 13 años que, luego de ingerir un fármaco desconocido, muestra decaimiento y manifestaciones clínicas gastrointestinales. Por sospecha de intoxicación con hierro y la imposibilidad de determinar los niveles de sideremia de manera urgente, se realiza radiografía de abdomen, que confirma el diagnóstico y permite el tratamiento adecuado de la paciente. En este caso, se destaca la utilidad de la radiología para el diagnóstico en la sospecha de intoxicación con hierro, gracias a la radiopacidad de sus sales

Drug intoxication is a common reason for pediatric emergency department (ED) visits and one of the leading causes of death among teenagers. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a proper management of these patients. We present a 13-year-old girl attended at the ED showing excessive sleepiness and gastrointestinal symptoms after taking an unknown drug. Due to suspected iron overdose and the impossibility of measuring urgent iron levels, an abdominal X-ray was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis. We highlight the utility of radiology in the diagnosis of iron poisoning, which is possible due to its radiopacity.

Carboxyhemoglobinemia as a laboratory finding in an outpatient

Resumen El monóxido de carbono (CO) es un gas producido principalmente por combustión incompleta de hidrocarburos. La intoxicación por exposición ambiental puede presentarse con síntomas inespecíficos y constituye la causa más importante de aumento de carboxihemoglobina (COHb). Su nivel en sangre depende de la duración de la exposición, la ventilación minuto y las concentraciones de CO y oxígeno en el ambiente. La elevada toxicidad radica en la hipoxia tisular que se genera. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino, 73 años, en seguimiento en el hospital por neumonía intersticial no específica como patología de base. En un control de laboratorio se encontró 11,9% de COHb, sin exposición a tabaco. No utilizaba calefacción a gas sino un panel cerámico eléctrico, recientemente pintado con esmalte sintético. La suspensión del uso del panel normalizó la COHb. El CO, producto de descomposición térmica del esmalte sintético, explica la causa de la intoxicación.

Abstract Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas produced mainly by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Poisoning from environmental exposure can present with nonspecific symptoms and is the most important cause of increased carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). Its blood level depends on the duration of exposure, minute ventilation, and the concentrations of CO and oxygen in the environment. The high toxicity lies in the tissue hypoxia that is generated. The case of a male patient, 73 years old, under follow-up in the hospital for non-specific interstitial pneumonia as the underlying pathology was presented. In a laboratory control, COHb 11,9% was found. There was no exposure to tobacco and there was no use of gas heating but of an electric ceramic panel, recently painted with synthetic enamel type paint. The suspension of the use of the panel normalised the COHb. The CO product of thermal decomposition of synthetic enamel explains the cause of poisoning.

Resumo O monóxido de carbono (CO) é um gás produzido principalmente pela combustão incompleta de hidrocarbonetos. A intoxicação por exposição ambiental pode se apresentar com sintomas inespecíficos e é a causa mais importante de aumento da carboxihemoglobina (COHb). Seu nível em sangue depende do tempo de exposição, da ventilação minuto e das concentrações de CO e oxigênio no ambiente. A alta toxicidade está na hipóxia tecidual gerada. Apresentamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 73 anos, em acompanhamento hospitalar por pneumonia intersticial inespecífica como patologia de bas. Em um controle laboratorial, achou-se 11,9% de COHb, sem exposição ao tabaco. Não utilizava aquecimento a gás e sim um painel elétrico cerâmico, recentemente pintado com esmalte sintético. A suspensão do uso do painel normalizou o COHb. O CO produto da decomposição térmica do esmalte sintético explica a causa da intoxicação.

Dificultad respiratoria aguda por ingestión de purpurina en polvo en un niño de 15 meses: una urgencia endoscópica / Acute respiratory distress from ingestion of glitter powder in a 15-month-old child: an endoscopic emergency

La purpurina es un pigmento en polvo de cobre, que se utiliza con frecuencia en actividades artesanales y manualidades escolares. La ingestión o inhalación de esta sustancia provoca un cuadro de intoxicación por cobre potencialmente fatal en niños. Se describe el caso de un niño de 15 meses con intoxicación por cobre, que se presenta con dificultad respiratoria aguda, alteración del sensorio y anemia hemolítica. El inicio temprano del tratamiento mediante broncoscopia y lavado bronquial con posterior intubación endotraqueal y ventilación mecánica, lograron la remisión completa del cuadro respiratorio sin secuelas. Ante una ingestión y/o inhalación de purpurina, debe indicarse de inmediato la broncoscopia con lavado bronquial, aún en ausencia de síntomas respiratorios.

Glitter is a powdered copper pigment frequently used in craft and decorative activities especially in schools and kindergartens.Ingestion or inhalation of this substance can cause acute, potentially fatal copper poisoning in children. We describe a case of a 15-month-old child with copper poisoning, presenting with acute respiratory distress, neurological impairment, and hemolytic anemia. Early onset of treatment by bronchoscopy and bronchial lavage with subsequent endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, achieved complete remission of the respiratory symptoms without sequelae. In presence of glitter ingestion or inhalation, bronchoscopy with bronchial lavage should be indicated early even in the absence of respiratory symptoms.

Intoxication à la réglisse révélée par une hypokaliémie sévère associée à une HTA Labile: à propos d'une observation et revue de la littérature / Licorice intoxication revealed by severe hypokalemia and labile hypertension: a case report with review of the literature

Cette observation illustre un tableau de pseudo-hyperaldostéronisme primaire par intoxication à la réglisse révélé par une hypokaliémie sévère chez un monsieur de 56 ans dans un contexte d'HTA de découverte récente. L'interrogatoire a retrouvé une notion de consommation régulière quotidienne de pastis sans alcool d'environ un litre et le bilan endocrinien a trouvé une activité rénine plasmatique effondrée et une hypoaldostéronémie. L'hypokaliémie et l'HTA ont régressé au bout de trois mois avec l'arrêt de la consommation du pastis et à distance de tout traitement antihypertenseur. Les abus de la réglisse sont rarement mentionnés spontanément par les patients ou sont ignorés d'eux, d'où l'intérêt d'une anamnèse minutieuse

This patient illustrates a case of primary pseudo-hyperaldosteronism due to licorice intoxication revealed by severe hypokalemia in a 56-year-old man with newly discovered hypertension. Past medical history revealed a notion of regular consumption of pastis without alcohol (about one liter per day) and hormonal assessment showed a collapsed plasma renin activity and hypoaldosteronemia. Hypokalaemia and hypertension resolved three months after cessation of pastis consumption, without any antihypertensive treatment. The abuse of licorice is rarely mentioned spontaneously by patients or is ignored by them, hence the interest of a careful medical history.

Intoxicación accidental por ácido acético glacial en niños / Accidental glacial acetic acid intoxication in children

Introducción: el ácido acético en bajas concentraciones se utiliza como vinagre para los alimentos, al que le da el sabor amargo y olor característico. También es un reactivo importante para la producción de otros compuestos orgánicos. Cuando está concentrado tiene usos industriales, como es el ácido acético glacial (99%) el cual se ingirió en forma accidental en este caso. Presentación del caso: paciente de 8 años de edad quien tras posterior trauma cráneo encefálico leve es manejado en casa con ácido acético glacial que ingirió accidentalmente con posterior odinofagia, emesis e intolerancia a la vía oral. Hubo lesiones iniciales en faringe y amígdalas manejadas con el respectivo antibiótico. Al no haber mejoría consulta de nuevo por aumento del compromiso faríngeo, evidenciándose quemadura y lesión esofágica por cáusticos con estenosis. El seguimiento a los 6 meses, después de realizar dilataciones por medio de esofagoduodenoscopia, el paciente tuvo buena evolución clínica.

Introduction: low concentrations of acetic acid are commonly used as table top condiment giving a bitter taste featuring a characteristic smell. It is also an important reactive to make other organic compounds. Case report: at high concentrations it has industrial uses, such as 99% glacial acetic acid which was ingested by an 8-year-old patient in this case. Patient was managed at home after a mild head trauma with glacial acetic acid which he ingested accidentally presenting with pain anddifficulty in swallowing and emesis. The initial pharyngeal and tonsil lesions were managed with the respective antibiotic therapy. He consults again for not presenting improvement and increase of the pharyngeal compromise, evidencing an esophageal burn and a corrosive injury with stenosis. At 6-month follow-up, after undergoing dilations through esophago-gastroduedenoscopy, patient presented good clinical progression.

Fluxograma multiprofissional para atendimento de intoxicações agudas por agrotóxicos na atenção primária à saúde / Diagrama de flujo multiprofesional para la atención del envenenamiento agudo por agrotoxicos en la atención primaria de salud / Multiprofessional flowchart for care of acute intoxications by agrotoxic in primary health care

Resumo Objetivo construir e validar um fluxograma de atendimento multiprofissional para casos de intoxicações agudas por agrotóxicos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método estudo metodológico, realizado em duas etapas: produção-construção e validação do conteúdo. A construção do fluxograma foi realizada com base na literatura, abordando a temática agrotóxicos, e entrevista coletiva envolvendo 19 profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde de um município catarinense, em dezembro de 2018. O processo de validação foi realizado por meio de questionário do Google Forms, por sete juízes. Utilizou-se o Percentual de Concordância e o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. Resultados o fluxograma apresentou validade de conteúdo global igual a 0,97, tendo os oito primeiros itens apresentado valor máximo e aprovação pelo Conselho Municipal de Saúde. Conclusão o fluxograma passou a ser utilizado como instrumento tecnológico que orienta e qualifica os atendimentos dos casos de intoxicações agudas por agrotóxicos. Implicações para a prática a utilização do fluxograma na assistência ao paciente, suspeito ou intoxicado por agrotóxico, constitui-se como ferramenta de gestão do cuidado, permitindo que a equipe de saúde atue de forma harmônica, além de que as ações da assistência sejam sistematizadas e, consequentemente, se obtenha qualidade do serviço prestado.

Resumen Objetivo construir y validar un diagrama de flujo de atención multiprofesional para casos de intoxicación aguda por plaguicidas en Atención Primaria de Salud. Método estudio metodológico, realizado en dos etapas: producción-construcción y validación de contenido. La construcción del diagrama de flujo se llevó a cabo a partir de la literatura que aborda el tema plaguicidas, y una entrevista colectiva a 19 profesionales de Atención Primaria de Salud de un municipio de Santa Catarina, en diciembre de 2018. El proceso de validación se realizó a través de un cuestionario de Google Forms, por siete jueces. Se utilizaron el porcentaje de acuerdo y el índice de validez de contenido. Resultados el diagrama de flujo tuvo una validez de contenido global de 0.97, mostrando los primeros ocho ítems el valor máximo y la aprobación del Consejo Municipal de Salud. Conclusión el diagrama de flujo pasó a ser utilizado como un instrumento tecnológico que orienta y califica la atención en casos de intoxicación aguda por plaguicidas. Implicaciones para la Practica el uso del diagrama de flujo en el cuidado de pacientes sospechosos o intoxicados por pesticidas es una herramienta de gestión de la atención, permitir que el equipo de salud actúe en armonía, que se sistematicen las acciones asistenciales y consecuentemente se obtiene calidad de servicio.

Abstract Objective To construct and validate a multiprofessional care flowchart for acute pesticide intoxication cases in Primary Health Care. Method This is a methodological study, carried out in two stages: production-construction and content validation. The flowchart construction was carried out based on scientific literature, addressing the topic of pesticides, and a press conference involving 19 Primary Health Care professionals in a municipality in Santa Catarina, in December 2018. The validation process was carried out through a Google Forms questionnaire, by seven judges. The Percentage of Agreement and the Content Validity Index were used. Results The flowchart had a global content validity of 0.97, with the first eight items having a maximum value and approval by the Municipal Health Council. Conclusion The flowchart started to be used as a technological tool that guides and qualifies the care of acute pesticide intoxications cases. Implications for practice The flowchart use in care for patients suspected or intoxicated by pesticides is a care management tool, allowing the health team to act harmoniously, in addition to assistance actions systematized and, consequently, obtain the quality of the service provided.

Intoxicações exógenas por agrotóxicos no Espírito Santo, 2007-2016: distribuição espacial e tendências da taxa de incidência e letalidade dos casos notificados / Intoxicación por plaguicidas exógenos en el estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil, 2007-2016: distribución espacial y tendencia temporal de la tasa de incidencia y letalidad de los casos notificados / Exogenous pesticide poisoning in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2007-2016: spatial distribution and temporal trend in the incidence rate and case fatality ratio of notified cases

Objetivo: Descrever a distribuição espacial de casos de intoxicação por agrotóxicos e analisar a tendência temporal da taxa de incidência e letalidade por esse evento no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo de série temporal dos casos confirmados de intoxicação por agrotóxicos reportados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) entre 2007 e 2016. As taxas de incidência foram apresentadas em mapas temáticos. Foram utilizados gráficos de dispersão, para apresentar a incidência e letalidade dos casos. Resultados: Houve taxa de incidência crescente de intoxicações no período, para o total dos casos, por sexo e faixa etária - exceto para maiores de 70 anos. A letalidade foi decrescente até 2012, com posterior aumento. Oito municípios apresentaram as maiores taxas de notificação (30 a 46 casos novos/100 mil habitantes). Conclusão: Houve aumento na incidência de notificações, no período. A letalidade mostrou-se decrescente até 2012, seguindo-se posterior crescimento.

Objetivo: Describir la distribución espacial de casos de intoxicación por plaguicidas y analizar su tendencia temporal de la tasa incidencia y letalidad en estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio de serie temporal de casos confirmados de intoxicación por plaguicidas notificados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (Sinan) de 2007 a 2016. Las tasas de incidencia se basaron en mapas temáticos. Se utilizaron gráficos de dispersión para presentar la incidencia y la letalidad. Resultados: Incremento de la tase de incidencia de intoxicaciones en el período para el total de los casos, sexo y grupos de edad - excepto para mayores de 70 años. La letalidad fue disminuyendo hasta 2012, con un aumento posterior. Ocho asociaciones tuvieron las tasas de notificación más altas (30 a 46 nuevos casos/100.000 habitantes). Conclusión: Hubo un aumento en la incidencia de notificaciones en el período. La letalidad fue disminuyendo hasta 2012, seguida de un aumento posterior.

Objective: To describe the spatial distribution of pesticide poisoning cases and analyze the temporal trend in the incidence rate and case fatality ratio of this event in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Methods: This was a time series study of confirmed cases of pesticide poisoning registered on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN) between 2007 and 2016. Incidence rates were presented in thematic maps. Scatter plots were used to show the incidence and case fatality ratio of cases. Results: There was an increasing incidence rate of poisoning in the period regarding the total number of cases, by sex and age group - except for those aged 70 years and over. There was a decreasing case fatality ratio until 2012, with a subsequent increase. Eight municipalities presented the highest notification rates (30 to 46 new cases/100,000 inhabitants). Conclusion: There was an increase in the incidence of notifications in the period. There was a decrease in case fatality ratio until 2012, subsequently followed by an increase.

Natural and experimental salinomycin poisoning associated with the use of florfenicol in pigs / Intoxicação natural e experimental por salinomicina associada ao uso de florfenicol em suínos

This study describes the spontaneous and experimental salinomycin poisoning associated with the use of florfenicol and warns about the effects of the administration of antibiotics to animals that receive ionophores in the feed as growth promoters. A batch with 1,200 finishing pigs fed a diet containing 30ppm of salinomycin received florfenicol (60ppm via feed) to control respiratory diseases. Twenty-seven pigs had difficulty walking, tip-toe walking, muscle tremors, and anorexia seven days after the start of treatment. Twenty-two animals died, 10 recovered, and two were sent to the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of CAV-UDESC to be necropsied. The experimental reproduction of the disease was carried out to clarify the possible influence of florfenicol on salinomycin poisoning using 12 pigs divided into four groups with three animals each, treated for 16 days with diets containing no additives (Group 1), 50ppm of salinomycin (Group 2), 40ppm of florfenicol (Group 3), and 50ppm of salinomycin and 40ppm of florfenicol (Group 4). Only animals in Group 4 became ill. The clinical disease was reproduced from the ingestion of 24.67mg/kg/LW of salinomycin and 19.74mg/kg/LW of florfenicol. Both natural and experimental salinomycin poisoning associated with the use of florfenicol caused a condition of myopathy characterized in histology by hyaline degeneration and floccular necrosis of skeletal fibers, with macrophage infiltrate, associated with the figures of regeneration in skeletal muscles and multifocal areas of the proliferation of fibroblasts, being more intense in the longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus muscles. Therefore, florfenicol can cause the accumulation of ionophore salinomycin in the animal organism, resulting in a condition of toxic myopathy.(AU)

O presente trabalho descreve as intoxicações espontânea e experimental por salinomicina associada ao uso de florfenicol e alerta sobre os efeitos da administração de antibióticos aos animais que recebem ionóforos na ração como promotores de crescimento. Um lote com 1.200 suínos em fase de terminação, alimentados com ração contendo 30ppm de salinomicina, recebeu florfenicol (60ppm via ração) para o controle de doenças respiratórias. Sete dias após o início do tratamento, 27 suínos apresentaram dificuldade de locomoção, "caminhar em brasa", tremores musculares e anorexia. Vinte e dois animais morreram, 10 recuperaram-se e dois foram encaminhados ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal (CAV-UDESC) para serem necropsiados. Para esclarecer a possível influência do florfenicol na toxicidade da salinomicina foi realizada a reprodução experimental da doença utilizando 12 suínos, divididos em 4 grupos com 3 animais cada, tratados por 16 dias com rações contendo: Grupo 1 = sem aditivos, Grupo 2 = 50ppm de salinomicina, Grupo 3 = 40ppm de florfenicol e Grupo 4 = 50ppm de salinomicina e 40ppm de florfenicol. Somente os animais do Grupo 4 adoeceram. A doença clínica foi reproduzida a partir da ingestão de 24,67mg/kg/PV de salinomicina e 19,74 mg/kg/PV de florfenicol. Tanto a intoxicação natural quanto a experimental por salinomicina associada ao uso de florfenicol provocaram um quadro de miopatia caracterizado na histologia por degeneração hialina e necrose flocular das fibras esqueléticas, com infiltrado macrofágico, associada às figuras de regeneração na musculatura esquelética e áreas multifocais de proliferação de fibroblastos, sendo mais intensas nos músculos longissimus dorsi e semimembranoso. Conclui-se que, o florfenicol tem a capacidade de ocasionar o acúmulo do ionóforo salinomicina no organismo animal, resultando em um quadro de miopatia tóxica.(AU)

Clinical features and follow-up outcomes of optic nerve injury induced by acute methanol poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Acute methanol poisoning harms the optic nerve and central nervous system, can cause irreversible damage, even coma or death in severe cases. This article reported four cases of methanol poisoning. 3 patients mistakenly ingested industrial alcohol containing methanol, the most serious patient suffered from coma, vision loss and other symptoms, the blood methanol concentration was 869.3 μg/ml. Another patient was poisoning caused by inhalation of methanol, with symptoms such as total blindness in the right eye and decreased visual acuity in the left eye. After active supportive treatment, 2 patients had partial recovery of visual acuity, and 2 patients had no sequelae. This article discussed the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of optic nerve damage caused by methanol poisoning, in order to raise awareness of this disease.

A case of acute poisoning caused by oral administration of large dose hexazinone / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Hexazinone is a post-emergence herbicide/arboricides, and its acute poisoning has rarely been reported. Hexazinone is low-toxic to humans, but mass intake of hexazinone would still lead to organ impairment. This article analyzes a case of acute hexazinone poisoning from the poisoning treatment center of our hospital, and summarizes the symptoms and treatment effects of hexazinone poisoning, which is aimed at improving the comprehension, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

A death case of oral lime sulfur mixture poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University treated a patient with oral sulfur mixture poisoning on January 14, 2020. The patient presented with cyanosis and disturbance of consciousness as the first manifestations, accompanied by metabolic acidosis, shock, hypercalcemia and severe liver function and myocardial damage. The patient was given active treatment, including gastric lavage, blood purification, methylene blue application, correction of shock, organ support and other therapies. However the treatment was poor. Finally, the patient's family chose to give up and requested to be discharged from the hospital, and the patient died on the same day after follow-up.

Analysis of risk factors for hemorrhage in patients with acute poisoning treated with hemoperfusion / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the clinical characterist ics and risk factors of hemorrhage complicated by hemoperfusion therapy in patients with acute poisoning. Methods: In January 2021, the clinical data of 196 patients with acute poisoning who received hemoperfusion therapy in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2018 to December 2020 were analyzed, and the patients were divided into bleeding group and non-bleeding group according to whether the patients were complicated with bleeding. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors for hemorrhage in patients treated with hemoperfusion. Results: A total of 21 patients in the bleeding group and 175 patients in the non-bleeding group were included. There was no significant difference in general data such as gender, age, and body mass index between the two groups (P>0.05) . Organophosphorus pesticides (χ(2)= 4.56, P=0.030) , HA230 perfusion device (χ(2)=4.12, P=0.042) , platelet count (t=-2.33, P=0.009) and activated partial thromboplastin time (t=14.53, P<0.001) at 2 h of perfusion were the influencing factors of hemorrhage in patients with acute poisoning treated with hemoperfusion. Among them, organophosphorus pesticides, 2 h perfusion activated partial thromboplastin time ≥35 s and other factors were independent risk factors forcomplicated bleeding (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Patients with acute poisoning, especially organophosphorus pesticide poisoning, are at greater risk of bleeding during hemoperfusion therapy. Monitoring of changes in activated partial thromboplastin time should be strengthened and the dose of anticoagulants should be adjusted in time to reduce the risk of bleeding.

A five-year follow-up report on lung imaging and exercise endurance of a patient with paraquat poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

A patient with paraquat poisoning was followed up for five years, and it was showed that the interstitial lesion areas in chest CT of this patient gradually decreased after acute period of the poisoning and no significant changes were found six months later. After that the density of the lesions gradually reduced, while the cystic air cavities slowly increased. In addition, the patient's exercise endurance gradually improved over time, and the lung function was close to the normal level five years after poisoning. The follow-up report helps clinicians to have a deeper understanding of the long-term outcome of paraquat poisoning.

Analysis of clinical effect of blood purification on acute benzene-based thinner poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of blood purification on changes in serum toxicant concentration and prognosis of acute benzene-based thinner poisoning. Methods: A total of 44 patients with acute benzene-based thinner poisoning admitted to the emergency department of Characteristic Medical Center of Armed Police from August 2013 to August 2020 were collected and divided into a blood purification group (24 cases) and a conventional treatment group (20 cases) , the general data, toxicant concentrations and prognosis of the two groups of patients were analyzed, and logistic regression analysis was performed on the influencing factors of the prognosis to explore the clinical effect of blood purification. Results: The concentration of poisons in the blood purification group at 24 hours after treatment was significantly lower than that in the conventional treatment group (t=6.76, P<0.001) , and the reduction in the concentration of poisons was significantly higher than that in the conventional treatment group (t=3.33, P=0.002) . The overall improvement rate in the blood purification group was 91.7% (22/24) , which was higher than that in the conventional treatment group (60.0%, 12/20) . Logisitic regression analysis showed that blood purification treatment method was the main factor affecting the prognosis of patients (OR=7.605×10(-5), 95%CI: 6.604×10(-8)-0.087, P=0.008) , and the toxic dose was a synergistic effect on the prognosis of patients factor (OR=1.038, 95%CI: 1.008-1.068, P=0.011) . Conclusion: Early blood purification treatment in patients with acute benzene-based thinner poisoning can rapidly reduce blood toxin concentration, avoid disease progression, and ultimately improve patient prognosis.