ABSTRACT
ntrodução:O câncer infantojuvenil corresponde a um grupo de várias doenças que têm em comum a proliferação descontrolada de células anormais e que pode ocorrer em qualquer local do organismo. Objetivo:Identificar os tipos de neoplasias mais frequentes na infância e adolescência e analisar o perfil clínico-epidemiológicodos pacientes. Metodologia:Estudo de transversal exploratório, de natureza aplicada com análise documental, realizado no Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco.Foram incluídos crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com neoplasia e tratados por terapia antineoplásica.Os critérios de exclusão foram crianças e adolescentes normorreativas e/ou com doenças sistêmicas; prontuários ilegíveis ou com falta de informações clínicas.Resultados:Identificou-se que 54,21% dos pacientes eram dosexo feminino, seguido por 44,86% do sexo masculino.A faixa etária prevalente no estudo foi o de crianças de 5 a 14 anos (54,21%), ainda sobre o perfil dos pacientes, identificou-se que população autodeclarada como negra foi a mais prevalente representando 44,86% do total, seguido dos brancos com 43,93%. O diagnóstico que prevaleceu foi o de Leucemia Linfoide Aguda(23,36%), seguido pela Retinoblastoma (7,48%) e pela Rabdomiossarcoma embrionário (6,54%), e consequentemente o local da neoplasia primária que prevaleceu foi a Medula óssea (27,10%) seguido do olho (10,28%), deste total nota-se que o tratamento antineoplásico mais utilizado foi a quimioterapia (40,19%) seguido da quimioterapia associada à radioterapia(12,15%) e pela quimioterapia associada a cirurgia (10,28%). Conclusões:A leucemia linfoide aguda foi a neoplasia mais frequente na infância e adolescência, com prevalência na idade entre 5 e 14 anos, no sexo feminino e na etnia negra. A terapia antineoplásica mais utilizada foi a quimioterapia, seguida da associação entre quimioterapia e radioterapia (AU).
Introduction:Childhood cancer correspondsto a group of several diseases that have in common the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells and that can occur anywhere in the body. Objective:Identify the most frequent types of neoplasms in childhood and adolescence and analyze the clinical-epidemiological profile of patients. Methodology:Exploratory cross-sectional study, applied in nature with document analysis, carried out at the Pediatric Oncohematology Center of Oswaldo Cruz University, Recife, Pernambuco. Children and adolescents diagnosed with neoplasia and treated with antineoplastic therapy were included. Exclusion criteria were normoreactive children and adolescents and/or with systemic diseases; illegible medical records or lacking clinical information. Results:It was identified that54.21% of the patients were female, followed by 44.86% male. The prevalent age group in the study was children from 5 to 14 years old (54.21%), still regarding the patients'profile , it was identified that the population self-declared as black was the most prevalent, representing 44.86% of the total, followed by of whites with 43.93%. The diagnosis that prevailed was Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (23.36%), followed by Retinoblastoma (7.48%) and Embryonic Rhabdomyosarcoma (6.54%), and consequently,the site of the primary neoplasm that prevailed was Bone marrow (27.10%) followed by the eye (10.28%), of this total it is noted that the most used anticancer treatment was chemotherapy (40.19%) followed by chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy (12.15% ) and chemotherapy associated with surgery (10.28%). Conclusions:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the most frequent neoplasm in childhood and adolescence, with a prevalence between 5 and 14 years of age, in females,and black ethnicity. The most used antineoplastic therapy was chemotherapy, followed by the association between chemotherapy and radiotherapy (AU).
ntroducción: El cáncer infantil corresponde a un grupo de varias enfermedades que tienen en común la proliferación descontrolada de células anormales y que pueden presentarse en cualquier parte del cuerpo. Objetivo: Identificar los tipos de neoplasias más frecuentes en la infancia y la adolescencia y analizar el perfil clínico-epidemiológico de los pacientes. Metodología: Estudio transversal exploratorio, aplicado en la naturaleza con análisis de documentos, realizado en el Centro de Oncohematología Pediátrica del Hospital Universitario Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco. Se incluyeron niños y adolescentes con diagnóstico de neoplasia y tratados con terapia antineoplásica. Los criterios de exclusión fueron niños y adolescentes normorreactivos y/o con enfermedades sistémicas; registros médicos ilegibles o carentes de información clínica. Resultados: Se identificó que el 54,21% de los pacientes eran del sexo femenino, seguido del 44,86% del masculino. El grupo etario prevalente en el estudio fueron los niños de 5 a 14 años (54,21%), en cuanto al perfil de los pacientes, se identificó que la población autodeclarada afrodescendiente fue la más prevalente, representando el 44,86% del total, seguido de los blancos con un 43,93%. El diagnóstico que predominó fue Leucemia Linfoide Aguda (23,36%), seguido de Retinoblastoma (7,48%) yRabdomiosarcoma Embrionario (6,54%), y en consecuencia el local de la neoplasia primaria que predominó fue Médula Ósea (27,10%) seguido de ocular (10,28%), de este total se destaca que el tratamiento anticancerígeno más utilizado fue la quimioterapia (40,19%) seguida de la quimioterapia asociada a radioterapia (12,15%) y la quimioterapia asociada a cirugía (10,28%). Conclusiones: La leucemia linfoblástica aguda fue la neoplasia más frecuente en la infancia y la adolescencia, con prevalencia entre los 5 y los 14 años, en el sexo femenino y en la etnia negra. La terapia antineoplásica más utilizada fue la quimioterapia, seguida de la asociación entre quimioterapia y radioterapia (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Health Profile , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Medical Records , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Document Analysis , Hospitals, PediatricABSTRACT
A Leucemia Linfoide Aguda (LLA) é um câncer de maior incidência em crianças, e tem a Lasparaginase (ASNase) como fármaco amplamente utilizado no tratamento dos afetados. A ASNase catalisa a hidrólise do aminoácido L-asparagina (Asn), presente na corrente sanguínea, a ausência do aminoácido no meio extracelular leva à morte células leucêmicas, que necessitam deste aminoácido para as funções celulares. Fatores envolvendo a eficiência do tratamento com ASNase como reações adversas e curta meia-vida, principalmente devido ao reconhecimento pelo sistema imune e degradação por proteases, limitam a sua eficácia. A encapsulação da enzima em lipossomas pode conferir proteção à degradação, melhorar seu perfil farmacocinético e diminuir os efeitos adversos, de forma a melhorar o tratamento da LLA sendo este o objetivo desse trabalho. Lipossomas de DOPC (1,2-dioleoil-sn-glicero-3-fosfocolina) e DMPC (1,2-dimiristoil-snglicero-3-fosfocolina) foram desenvolvidos empregando-se o método de hidratação do filme lipídico e diferentes protocolos de preparo contendo ou não diferentes concentrações de 18:0 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polietilenogicol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG). Os lipossomas produzidos foram utilizados para encapsular a ASNase e os sistemas contendo ou não ASNase encapsulada foram caracterizados por espalhamento de luz dinâmico (DLS), potencial zeta, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e criomicroscopia de transmissão. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados a taxa de encapsulação e o perfil de permeabilidade das vesículas à L-asparagina. As análises de DLS mostraram que as nanoestruturas formadas empregando-se agitação magnética a partir de sistemas contendo 10% e 20% de DSPE-PEG possuem diâmetro hidrodinâmico menor (~ 25 nm a 60 nm) que os mesmos sistemas sem o fosfolipídio peguilado (~190 nm a 222 nm), demonstrando a relação entre a diminuição do tamanho e o aumento da quantidade de fosfolipídio peguilado e possível formação de estruturas micelares ou bicelares. O emprego de agitação em vórtex para hidratação do filme lipídico, adição do antioxidante -tocoferol e redução da concentração de DSPE-PEG (5% e 10%) levou à formação de sistemas com diâmetro hidrodinâmico maior, sendo esse protocolo e concentrações de PEG definidos como padrão. As análises de MET comprovaram a formação de lipossomas com diâmetro hidrodinâmico semelhante ao observado por DLS; com a utilização da criomicroscopia foi possível observar os lipossomas sem deformações. Os lipossomas de DMPC/DSPE-PEG 10% apresentaram maior permeabilidade à L-asparagina ao longo do tempo e, portanto, poderiam funcionar como nanoreatores, depletando o aminoácido da circulação. Estudos in vitro com células tumorais devem ser realizados e em seguida estudos in vivo, para confirmar este potencial
L-asparaginase (ASNase) is a first-choice drug, combined with other drugs, in therapeutic schemes to treat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in children and adolescents. ASNase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine (Asn) in the bloodstream; since ALL cells cannot synthesize this amino acid, protein synthesis is impaired leading to leukemic cells death by apoptosis. In spite of its therapeutic importance, treatment with ASNase is associated to side effects, mainly hypersensitivity and immunogenicity. Another drawback refers to degradation by plasma proteases that altogether with immunogenicity shortens the enzyme half-life. Encapsulation of ASNase in liposomes, vesicular nanostructures formed by the self-aggregation of phospholipids, is an attractive alternative that possibly will protect the enzyme from plasma proteases, resulting on better pharmacokinetics profile. In this work, we prepared by thin film hydration liposomal formulations of the phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) or 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DMPC) containing or not different concentrations of 18:0 1,2-distearoyl-snglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG), and encapsulated ASNase by electroporation. The systems containing or not ASNase were analyzed by Dynamic Light Scattering, zeta potential and Electron Microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency and vesicles permeability were also evaluated. According to the DLS analysis, the nanostructures formed by film hydration under magnetic stirring employing 10% or 20% DSPE-PEG presented smaller hydrodynamic diameter (~ 25 nm to 60 nm) than the same systems without the pegylated phospholipid (~ 190 nm to 222 nm), demonstrating the relation between size and the amount of pegylated phospholipid that results in formation of micellar or bicellar structures. The protocol was stabilize by hydration of the lipid film under vortex agitation, addition of the antioxidant - tocopherol and reduction of the concentration of DSPE-PEG (5% and 10%), what altogether led to the formation of nanostructures of higher hydrodynamic diameter and monodisperse systems. TEM analyzes confirmed the formation of liposomes with hydrodynamic diameter similar to that observed by DLS; with the use of cryomicroscopy it was possible to observe the liposomes without deformations. Liposomes of DMPC/DSPE-PEG 10% showed permeability to L-asparagine over time and, therefore, could function as nanoreactors, depleting the circulating amino acid
Subject(s)
Asparaginase/pharmacology , Liposomes/analysis , Asparagine/antagonists & inhibitors , In Vitro Techniques/instrumentation , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Microscopy, Electron/methods , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/methods , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology , Antioxidants/adverse effectsABSTRACT
A enzima L-asparaginase de Escherichia coli (ASNase) é um biofármaco indicado para o tratamento de leucemia linfoblástica aguda, mas que pode causar reações de hipersensibilidade nos pacientes tratados. Na tentativa de amenizar esse efeito, foi desenvolvida a PEG-ASNase (enzima conjugada com polietilenoglicol) que apresenta a vantagem de ser menos imunogênica e ter maior meia-vida biológica. Mais recentemente, novas abordagens têm sido desenvolvidas visando aprimorar os processos de PEGuilação por meio de reações sítio dirigidas, por exemplo N-terminal, a fim de promover maior similaridade lote a lote e controle das características farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas do biofármaco. Porém, existe ainda uma limitação associada à hidrólise do PEG reativo, desta forma surge a necessidade de procurar solventes alternativos para a PEGuilação que permitam manter a estabilidade das proteínas, aumentar o rendimento de PEGuilação e a estabilidade do PEG reativo. Nesse trabalho, líquidos iônicos foram investigados como solventes alternativos para a peguilação N-terminal de PEG-ASNase. Para tal, a estabilidade de ASNase em Lis foi investigada em LIs da família metil-imidazol, analisando a influência do aumento da cadeia alquílica e de diferentes ânions. A estabilidade da ASNase é favorecida quando em contato com Lis relativamente hidrofóbicos ([C2mim]Cl, [C4mim]Cl e [C6mim]Cl), mas sua a atividade é prejudicada quando o LI é muito polar, como o [C4mim][(CH3)2PO4] ou anfifílico como o [C12mim]Cl. Apesar de seu efeito desnaturante, o [C4mim][(CH3)2PO4] resultou no maior rendimento da reação de PEGuilação da ASNase (56%) quando empregado a 75% e a reação realizada em 10 min. O [C4mim]Cl resultou em rendimento semelhante ao tampão fosfato (~ 49%), mas ambos os LIs reduziram a poliPEGuilação. Portanto, os Lis [C4mim]Cl e [C4mim][(CH3)2PO4] fornecem uma alternativa viável à reação de PEGuilação pela redução na formação de espécies poliPEGuiladas, o que facilitaria os processos de purificação e permitiria maior controle lote a lote da reação, bem como pelo aumento do rendimento da reação no caso do [C4mim][(CH3)2PO4]
Escherichia coli L-asparaginase enzyme (ASNase) is a biopharmaceutical indicated for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, but may cause hypersensitivity in the patients used. In an attempt to alleviate this effect, PEG-ASNase (polyethylene glycol conjugated enzyme) was developed, which has the advantage of being less immunogenic and having a longer biological half-life. More recently, new approaches have been applied to improve PEGylation processes through targeted sites, for example N-terminal, in order to promote greater similarity to the batch and control of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the biopharmaceutical. However, there is still a limitation associated with reactive PEG hydrolysis, thus increasing the need to look for alternative PEGylation solvents to maintain protein stability, increase PEGylation yield and use reactive PEG. In this work, ions were investigated as alternative solvents for the N-terminal PEG-ASNase. For example, a stability of ASNase in ILs was investigated in imidazole ILs by analyzing the influence of increased alkyl chain and different anions. ASNase stability is enhanced when in contact with relatively hydrophobic ILs ([C2min]Cl, [C4min]Cl and [C6min]Cl), but its activity is impaired when very polar ILs such as [C4min][(CH3)2PO4] or amphiphilic as [C12mim]Cl. Despite its denaturing effect, [C4min][(CH3)2PO4] resulted in higher yield of ASNase PEGylation reaction (56%) when employed at 75% and reaction performed in 10 min. [C4min]Cl yielded similar phosphate buffer yield (~ 49%), but both ILs reduced polyPEGylation. Therefore, [C4min]Cl and [C4min][(CH3)2PO4] Ils may use a viable alternative to the PEGylation reaction and reduce the formation of polyPEGylated species, or that facilitate purification processes and allow for greater batch use of the solution, as well as increased reaction yield in the case of [C4min][(CH3)2PO4]
Subject(s)
Ionic Liquids , Asparaginase/analysis , Escherichia coli/classification , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology , Protein StabilityABSTRACT
A enzima L-asparaginase é comumente utilizada como biofármaco para o tratamento da Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda e possui altas taxas de cura com o medicamento disponível no mercado. Atualmente a aquisição deste biofármaco é fruto integral de importação, não sendo realizada produção nacional, muito embora existam grupos de pesquisas nacionais que trabalham em pesquisas e no desenvolvimento de biofármacos alternativos da L-asparaginase. Assim, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo realizar análises técnico-econômicas para avaliar a viabilidade de implementação industrial de bioprocessos para a produção da L-asparaginase do tipo Erwinase PEGuilada e não PEGuilada, que foram previamente desenvolvidos na FCF-USP. As análises técnico-econômicas foram conduzidas por meio do software SuperPro Design® (Intelligen, Inc.) e permitiram adaptar o processo laboratorial para um processo piloto e possibilitaram estimar os valores de custo de produção unitário (Unity Cost of Production - UPC) de US$ 12,37/mg e US$ 3,46/mg para a L-asparaginase monoPEGuilada e nativa obtida por processo similar, respectivamente. O custo unitário de produção para a enzima peguilada foi, portanto, estimado em cerca de 4 vezes o mesmo custo para a produção da enzima peguilada, sendo tal aumento de custo devido às operações de peguilação, já que ambas as plantas foram mantidas nas mesmas dimensões. Ainda, foram obtidos indicadores econômicos, que indicam a atratividade do processo desenvolvido, muito embora tenham sido identificados diversos gargalos de processo e fatores a serem otimizados e melhorados de forma a tornar o processo mais atrativo sob os pontos de vista técnico e econômico. Em uma análise de sensibilidade preliminar um aumento factível da densidade celular já mostra que é possível reduzir em mais de 30% o UPC. De toda forma, ainda que não otimizado, o processo apresentou valores e dados compatíveis com os biofármacos de L-asparaginase já disponíveis no mercado
The enzyme L-asparaginase is commonly used as a biopharmaceutical in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, presenting high cure rates with the formulations available on the market. Nowadays, the acquisition of this biopharmaceutical is only from importation, given that there is no national production being carried out, although there are national research groups working on research and development of alternative L-asparaginase biopharmaceuticals. Thus, this project aims at carrying out technical-economic analyzes to evaluate the viability of industrial implementation of bioprocesses for the production of L-asparaginase of the PEGylated and non-PEGylated Erwinase type previously developed at FCF-USP. The technical-economic analyzes, conducted by means of the software SuperPro Design® (Intelligen, Inc.), allowed to adapt the laboratory process to a pilot process and made it possible to estimate the unit cost of production (UPC) values of US $ 12.37 / mg and US $ 3.56 / mg for monoPEGylated L-asparaginase and bare obtained by similar process, respectively. The unit cost of production for the pegylated enzyme was, therefore, estimated at about 4 times the same cost for the production of the pegylated enzyme, such an increase in cost due to pegylation operations, since both plants were maintained in the same dimensions. Moreover, economic indicators were obtained, which indicate the attractiveness of the developed process. However, several process bottlenecks and factors to be optimized and improved were identified to make the process more attractive from the technical and economic point of view. In a preliminary sensitivity analysis, a feasible increase in cell density already shows that it is possible to reduce UPC by more than 30%. Accordingly, although not optimized, the process presented values and data compatible with the L-asparaginase biopharmaceuticals already available on the market
Subject(s)
Asparaginase/analysis , Biological Products/analysis , Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis , Cell Count/instrumentation , Costs and Cost Analysis/classification , Growth and Development , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathologyABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive malignant disease with high prevalence in pediatric patients. It has been shown that the downregulation of Fas expression is correlated with an inadequate response in ALL, although these mechanisms are still not well understood. Several reports demonstrated that hypoxia is involved in dysfunctional apoptosis. Yin-Yang-1 (YY1) transcription factor is involved in resistance to apoptosis, tumor progression, and it is increased in different types of cancer, including leukemia. The regulatory mechanism underlying YY1 expression in leukemia is still not understood, but it is known that YY1 negatively regulates Fas expression. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of YY1 on Fas expression under hypoxic conditions in ALL. Methods: Leukemia cell line RS4; 11 was cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. YY1, Fas receptor, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) expression were analyzed. After treatment with a Fas agonist (DX2), apoptosis was analyzed through the detection of active caspase 3. Data were analyzed using Pearsons correlation. Results: Leukemia cells co-expressed both HIF-1α and YY1 under hypoxia, which correlated with a downregulation of Fas expression. During hypoxia, the levels of apoptosis diminished after DX2 treatment. The analysis revealed that patients with high levels of HIF-1α also express high levels of YY1 and low levels of Fas. Conclusions: These results suggest that YY1 negatively regulates the expression of the Fas receptor, which could be involved in the escape of leukemic cells from the immune response contributing to the ALL pathogenesis.
Resumen Introducción: La leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) es una enfermedad con alta prevalencia en la población pediátrica. El mecanismo por el cual el receptor de Fas participa en la regulación inmunitaria en los tumores es desconocido, pero se sabe que está subexpresado en LLA. El factor de transcripción Ying-Yang-1 (YY1) está involucrado en la resistencia a la apoptosis y la progresión tumoral; se encuentra aumentado en diferentes tumores, incluida la LLA. Aunque los mecanismos que regulan la expresión de YY1 en LLA son desconocidos, se sabe que YY1 regula la expresión del receptor de Fas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de YY1 en la expresión de Fas en condiciones de hipoxia en la LLA. Métodos: Se cultivaron células RS4;11 en condiciones de hipoxia y se analizó la expresión de YY1, receptor de Fas y HIF-1α. La apoptosis fue inducida usando un agonista de Fas (DX2) y se analizó con la detección de caspasa 3 activa. Los datos se analizaron mediante correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Las células RS4;11 coexpresaron HIF-1αy YY1 en hipoxia, lo cual correlaciona con una baja expresión de Fas. La apoptosis se encontró disminuida durante condiciones de hipoxia, después del tratamiento con DX2. El análisis bioinformático mostró que los pacientes con altos niveles de HIF-1αpresentan YY1 elevado y bajos niveles del receptor de Fas. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que YY1 regula negativamente la expresión del receptor de Fas, lo cual podría estar involucrado en el escape de las células leucémicas a la respuesta inmunitaria, contribuyendo a la patogénesis de la LLA.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Cell Hypoxia/physiology , Apoptosis/physiology , fas Receptor/metabolism , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , YY1 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism , Down-Regulation , Gene Expression , fas Receptor , Cell Line, Tumor , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics , YY1 Transcription Factor/genetics , Caspase 3/metabolism , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology , Immune Evasion , Tumor Hypoxia/physiology , Immunologic SurveillanceABSTRACT
To find the predictors of High Dose Methotrexate toxicities in childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients. This study included 198 Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia patients (303 infusions) who were treated with High Dose Methotrexate. Methotrexate levels at different time point were measured by modified enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique assay. The correlation between Methotrexate levels and toxicity was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. When the Methotrexate level at 42 h was lower than 0.76 µmol/L, the sensitivity for predicting thorough clearance at 66 h was 90.78%. When the Methotrexate level at 42 h was higher than1.5 µmol/L, the sensitivity for predicting delayed clearance was 82.17%. When the Methotrexate level at 66 h was higher than 0.5 µmol/L, the sensitivity for predicting Methotrexate toxicity was 89.09%. When the Methotrexate level at 66 h was lower than 0.1 µmol/L, the sensitivity for predicting Methotrexate nontoxicity was 92.73%. The Methotrexate level at 42 h could be predictor for delayed clearance. The Methotrexate level at 66 h could be predictor for toxicity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Patients/classification , Methotrexate/administration & dosage , Methotrexate/analysis , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology , Forecasting , ROC Curve , Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique/instrumentation , Dosage/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Introducción: Los niños con síndrome de Down (SD) tienen mayor frecuencia de leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) y menor supervivencia que pacientes sin síndrome de Down (NSD). Analizamos las características clínicas, demográficas-biológicas y respuestas al tratamiento en SD-LLA versus NSD-LLA. Pacientes y métodos: Pacientes (0-19 años) con LLA desde enero de 1990 a noviembre de 2016. Se compararon características demográficas biológicas y respuestas al tratamiento con chi cuadrado y Wilcoxon rank sum. La supervivencia global y el intervalo libre de eventos (ILE) se analizaron con Kaplan-Meier y el test log-rank. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1795 pacientes, 54 con SD. Los SD-LLA presentaron edad mayor (p= 0,0189). T odos inmuno fenotipo precursor-B, con menor incidencia de anomalías recurrentes (p < 0,0001). Demostraron mejor tasa de respuesta a prednisona (p= 0,09) y mayor mortalidad en inducción y remisión completa (p < 0,0001). Todas las muertes de los SD-LLA fueron relacionadas con el tratamiento. La sobrevida libre de eventos en niños SD-LLA vs.NSD-LLA fue 47 (± 8)% vs. 73 (± 1)% (p= 0,006) y el ILE de los SD-LLA vs. NSD-LLA fue 54 (± 9)% vs. 75 (± 1)% (p= 0,0297). La tasa de recaídas fue similar en ambos grupos (p= 0,6894). El ILE de los SD-LLA fue menor en el grupo de 6-9 años: 39 (± 19)% (p= 0,7885). Conclusiones: Los niños de 6-9 años con SD-LLA años presentó menor sobrevida. Aunque estos niños presentaron una mejor respuesta temprana, la sobrevida libre de eventos e ILE fueron menores debido a la mortalidad relacionada con el tratamiento.
Introduction. Children with Down syndrome (DS) more commonly have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and a lower survival rate than those without Down syndrome (WDS). We analyzed the clinical, demographic, and biological characteristics and treatment response of children with DS-ALL versus those WDS-ALL. Patients and methods: Patients with ALL between January 1990 and November 2016. The demographic and biologic characteristics and treatment response were compared using the χ² and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. The overall survival and event-free interval (EFI) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. Results. 1795 patients were included; 54 had DS. Patients with DS-ALL were older (p= 0.0189). All had B-cell precursor immunophenotype and a lower incidence of recurrent abnormalities (p < 0.0001). They showed a better response rate to prednisone (p= 0.09) and a higher mortality in induction and complete remission (p < 0.0001). All deaths of patients with DS-ALL were treatment-related. The event-free survival (EFS) was 47% (± 8%) versus 73% (± 1%) (p= 0.006) and the EFI was 54% (± 9%) versus 75% (± 1%) (p= 0.0297) among patients with DS-ALL versus those WDS-ALL, respectively. The rate of relapse was similar in both groups (p= 0.6894). The EFI of patients with DS-ALL was lower in the group aged 6-9 years: 39% (± 19%) (p= 0.7885). Conclusions. A lower survival was observed among children aged 6-9 years with DS-ALL. Although these children showed a better early response, their EFS and EFI were lower due to treatment-related mortality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Prednisone/administration & dosage , Down Syndrome/complications , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/epidemiology , Recurrence , Remission Induction , Survival Rate , Retrospective Studies , Age Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Disease-Free Survival , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapyABSTRACT
La infección fúngica invasora ha aumentado en frecuencia a lo largo de la última década, y la sinusitis fúngica es cada vez más habitual. Los hongos del género Exserohilum (familia Pleosporaceae, orden Pleosporales) son filamentosos y dematiáceos, de localización ubicua. Se trata de patógenos emergentes, que producen, en la mayoría de los casos, infecciones sistémicas que afectan, principalmente, a los senos paranasales y los pulmones. Son más frecuentes en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, aunque pueden presentarse en pacientes inmunocompetentes. El tratamiento de estas infecciones comprende el tratamiento antifúngico, resección quirúrgica y restitución de la inmunidad. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con recaída medular de leucemia linfoblástica aguda con sinusitis fúngica invasiva por Exserohilum rostratum.
Invasive fungal infection has increased in frequency over the last decade, with fungal sinusitis becoming more frequent. The fungi of the genus Exserohilum (family Pleosporaceae, order Pleosporales) are filamentous and dematiaceous of ubiquitous location. It is an emerging pathogen, which in most cases produces a systemic infection that mainly affects the paranasal sinuses and lungs. It is more common in immunosuppressed patients, although it may occur in immunocompetent patients. The treatment is based on three pillars: antifungal treatment, surgical debridement and restitution of immunity. We present the case of a patient with medullary relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with invasive fungal sinusitis by Exserohilum rostratum.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Ascomycota/isolation & purification , Sinusitis/diagnosis , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology , Invasive Fungal Infections/diagnosis , Recurrence , Sinusitis/microbiology , Sinusitis/therapy , Acute Disease , Debridement/methods , Invasive Fungal Infections/microbiology , Invasive Fungal Infections/therapy , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Abstract: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) affects the quality of life of many children in the world and particularly in Mexico, where a high incidence has been reported. With a proper financial investment and with well-organized institutions caring for those patients, together with solid platforms to perform high-throughput analyses, we propose the creation of a Mexican repository system of serum and cells from bone marrow and blood samples derived from tissues of pediatric patients with ALL diagnosis. This resource, in combination with omics technologies, particularly proteomics and metabolomics, would allow longitudinal studies, offering an opportunity to design and apply personalized ALL treatments. Importantly, it would accelerate the development of translational science and will lead us to further discoveries, including the identification of new biomarkers for the early detection of leukemia.
Resumen: La leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) afecta la calidad de vida de una gran cantidad de individuos en edad pediátrica en todo el mundo; particularmente en México, donde se ha reportado una alta incidencia. Con un apropiado fondo de inversión financiera, así como instituciones adecuadamente organizadas al cuidado de los pacientes con LLA, en conjunto con plataformas sólidas para llevar a cabo análisis globales y de alto rendimiento, se propone la creación de un repositorio para la conservación de suero y células provenientes de médula ósea y sangre derivadas de pacientes pediátricos con LLA al diagnóstico. Estos recursos, en combinación con las tecnologías ómicas, en particular la proteómica y la metabolómica, podrían permitir el establecimiento de estudios longitudinales y ofrecer una oportunidad para el diseño y aplicación de tratamientos personalizados para la LLA. Esta estrategia permitiría acelerar el desarrollo de la ciencia traslacional, favoreciendo el hallazgo de importantes descubrimientos, incluyendo la identificación de nuevos biomarcadores para la detección temprana de la leucemia.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Proteomics/methods , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis , Metabolomics/methods , Quality of Life , Biological Specimen Banks , Early Diagnosis , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology , Precision Medicine/methods , MexicoABSTRACT
Resumen: En paralelo al proyecto de la secuenciación del genoma humano, se han desarrollado varias plataformas tecnológicas que están permitiendo ganar conocimiento sobre la estructura del genoma de las entidades humanas, así como evaluar su utilidad en el abordaje clínico del paciente. En la leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA), el cáncer infantil más común, las herramientas genómicas prometen ser útiles para detectar a los pacientes con alto riesgo de recaída, ya sea al diagnóstico o durante el tratamiento (enfermedad mínima residual), además de que permiten identificar los casos en riesgo de presentar reacciones adversas a los tratamientos antineoplásicos y ofrecer una medicina personalizada con esquemas terapéuticos diseñados a la medida del paciente. Un ejemplo claro de esto último es la identificación de polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNPs) en el gen de la tiopurina metil transferasa (TPMT), donde la presencia de dos alelos nulos (homocigotos o heterocigotos compuestos) indica la necesidad de reducir la dosis de la mercaptopurina hasta en un 90% para evitar efectos tóxicos que pueden conducir a la muerte del paciente. En esta revisión se proporciona una visión global de la genómica de la LLA, describiendo algunas estrategias que contribuyen a la identificación de biomarcadores con potencial utilidad en la práctica clínica.
Abstract: In parallel to the human genome sequencing project, several technological platforms have been developed that let us gain insight into the genome structure of human entities, as well as evaluate their usefulness in the clinical approach of the patient. Thus, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common pediatric malignancy, genomic tools promise to be useful to detect patients at high risk of relapse, either at diagnosis or during treatment (minimal residual disease), and they also increase the possibility to identify cases at risk of adverse reactions to chemotherapy. Therefore, the physician could offer patient-tailored therapeutic schemes. A clear example of the useful genomic tools is the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) gene, where the presence of two null alleles (homozygous or compound heterozygous) indicates the need to reduce the dose of mercaptopurine by up to 90% to avoid toxic effects which could lead to the death of the patient. In this review, we provide an overview of the genomic perspective of ALL, describing some strategies that contribute to the identification of biomarkers with potential clinical application.