Antibacterial and Antiadhesion Effects of Psidium guajava Fractions on a Multispecies Biofilm Associated with Periodontitis

Abstract Objective: To assess the antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava fractions and their effects on adhesion of a multispecies biofilm consisting of Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Material and Methods: Guava leaves were obtained from the mountains of northern Peru, where they grow wild and free of pesticides. The antimicrobial activity of 25 mg/mL petroleum ether, 25 mg/mL dichloromethane and 25 mg/mL methanol fractions of P. guajava was evaluated by measuring inhibition halos, as well as the effect on the adhesion of multispecies biofilms at 4, 7 and 10 days of growth by measuring the optical density. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and its multiple comparison tests, and differences in mean biofilm adhesion between each fraction were assessed by repeated measures analysis and the Tukey multiple comparison test. Results: The rank-based Kruskal-Wallis test highlighted differences in the effects of the fractions on the zone of inhibition for each oral bacterium, including S. gordonii (p=0.000), F. nucleatum (p=0.000), and P. gingivalis (p=0.000), the Tukey test showed that the group treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine exhibited the least amount of adhesion, followed by the group treated with the 1.56 mg/mL methanol fraction. Conclusion: The methanol fraction of P. guajava had an antibacterial effect on S. gordonii and P. gingivalis, and the 1.56 mg/mL methanol fraction decreased biofilm adhesion.

Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of essential oils and selected terpenes from two species of Psidium in the Cerrado biome of Brazil against Tetranychus urticae / Composición química y actividad acaricida del aceite esencial y terpenos seleccionados de dos especies de Psidium de Cerrado Biome de Brasil contra Tetranychus urticae

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and acaricidal effect of two Psidium species essential oils and selected compounds on Tetranychus urticae. Essential oils from the leaves of Psidium laruotteanum and Psidium myrsinites were obtained through hydrodistillation, analyzed using CG-FID and CG-MS and evaluated for toxicity to T. urticae by fumigation and residual contact. The susceptibility of T. urticae to monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes was also investigated. The major constituents of the P. laruotteanum oil were (E)-nerolidol (9.6 ± 0.4%) and γ-terpinene (9.4 ± 0.6%) and the major constituents of the P. myrsinites oil were ß-caryophyllene (21.2 ± 0.9%) and α-humulene (10.3 ± 0.5%). Based on the LC50 estimates, no significant differences were found between the two oils regarding toxicity by fumigation or residual contact. ß-Caryophyllene and (E)-nerolidol had the highest level of toxicity, independently of the method investigated. The findings indicate that both oils and selected constituents, especially ß-caryophyllene and (E)-nerolidol, are promising as natural acaricidal agents that affect T. urticae through more than one mode of action.

Los aceites esenciales de las hojas de Psidium laruotteanum y Psidium myrsinites se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación, se analizaron por CG-FID y CG-MS, y se evaluaron sus toxicidades por fumigación y contacto residual contra Tetranychus urticae. Se investigó también la susceptibilidad del T. urticae a monoterpenos y sesquiterpenos. En el aceite esencial de P. laruotteanum, (E)-nerolidol (9.6 ± 0.4%) y γ-terpinene (9.4 ± 0.6%) se identificaron como constituyentes mayoritarios, mientras que en el aceite esencial de P. myrsinites, ß-caryophyllene (21.2 ± 0.9%) y α-humulene (10.3 ± 0.5%) se encontraron como mayoritarios. Con base en las CL50 estimadas, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre las toxicidades de los aceites por fumigación, y tampoco por contacto residual. ßCaryophyllene y (E)-nerolidol presentaron las mayores toxicidades, independientemente del método investigado. Estos resultados indican, que los dos aceites, así como los constituyentes seleccionados, entre los que se destacan ß-caryophyllene y (E)-nerolidol, son promisores agentes acaricidas naturales por actuar en el T. urticae por más de un mecanismo de acción.

Actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de hojas de Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine / Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine leaves

La búsqueda de fuentes naturales para controlar los microorganismos es de interés en la producción de alimentos. Este estudio evaluó la composición química y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de las hojas de Psidium cattleianum. El aceite esencial se extrajo por hidrodestilación y se identificó por GC-MS. La clase predominante de compuestos fueron los sesquiterpenos (47,6%) y los principales fueron trans-ß-cariofileno (14,7%), 1,8-cineol (11,7%) y É£-muuroleno (5,6%). Actividad antimicrobiana se realizó mediante la técnica de microdilución contra ocho hongos y ocho bacterias. Concentración inhibitoria mínima varió de 0,17 a 11,25 mg mL-1 para hongos y de 1,40 a 16,87 mg mL-1 para bacterias. Principales actividades fueron contra hongos Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 1022), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730) y Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), y bacterias Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate) y Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) con potencial para prevenir enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos.

The search for natural sources to control microorganisms is of interest in food production. This study evaluated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Psidium cattleianum leaves. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and identified by GC-MS. The predominant class of compounds was sesquiterpenes (47.6%) and the major compounds were trans-ß-caryophyllene (14.7%), 1,8-cineole (11.7%) and É£-muurolene (5.6%). The antimicrobial activity was carried out by microdillution technique against eight fungi and eight bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 0.17 to 11.25 mg mL-1 for fungi, and from 1.40 to 16.87 mg mL-1 for bacteria. The highest activities were against fungi Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 1022), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730), and Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), and bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) with potential to prevent foodborne diseases.

Essential Oil from Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Myrtaceae) Fresh Leaves: Chemical Characterization and in vitro Antibacterial Activity Against Endodontic Pathogens

Abstract Endodontic infections result from oral pathogenic bacteria which reach and infect dental pulp, as well as surrounding tissues, through cracks, unrepaired caries and failed caries restorations. This study aims to determine the chemical composition of essential oil from Psidium cattleianum leaves (PC-EO) and to assess its antibacterial activity against endodontic bacteria. Antibacterial activity of PC-EO was evaluated in terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by the broth microdilution method on 96-well microplates. Bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (MIC = 20 µg/mL), Prevotella nigrescens (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL), Fusobacterium nucleatum (MIC = 12.5 µg/mL), Actinomyces naeslundii (MIC = 50 µg/mL), Bacteroides fragilis (MIC = 12.5 µg/mL), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (MIC = 6.25 µg/mL) and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL) were evaluated and compared to chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (CDH), the positive control. PC-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation with the use of a Clevenger-type apparatus whereas its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Viridiflorol (17.9%), β-caryophyllene (11.8%), 1,8-cineole (10.8%) and β-selinene (8.6%) were the major constituents found in PC-EO, which exhibited high antibacterial activity against all endodontic pathogens under investigation. Therefore, PC-EO, a promising source of bioactive compounds, may provide therapeutic solutions for the field of endodontics.

Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility of the Psidium cattleianum Extracts for Endodontic Purposes

Abstract Psidium cattleianum (PC) has been displaying inhibitory effect against a variety of microorganisms, but this effect has not yet been tested against endodontic pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of the aqueous (PCAE) and hydroethanolic (PCHE) extracts from Psidium cattleianum (PC) leaves. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) were determined using the microdilution broth method in order to analyze the antimicrobial effect against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces israelii and Candida albicans in planktonic conditions. Biofilm assays were conducted only with the extracts that were able to determine the MLC for microorganisms in planktonic conditions. Immediate and late tissue reactions against PC extracts were evaluated using edemogenic test and histological analysis of subcutaneous implants in Wistar rats. The results showed that the MIC and MLC values ranged between 0.25 and 4 mg/mL. The MLC obtained for PCHE inhibited 100% growth of all the tested strains, except for C. albicans. PCAE had the same effect for E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa. Both PC extracts were able to eliminate E. faecalis biofilms and only the PCHE eliminated P. aeruginosa biofilms. The positive controls inhibited the growth of all tested strains in MIC and MLC essays, but no CHX tested concentrations were able to eliminate A. israelii biofilm. PCAE caused a discrete increase in the edema over time, while PCHE caused a higher initial edema, which decreased progressively. Both PCAE and PCHE extracts were biocompatible, but PCHE showed better results with slight levels of inflammation at 28 days. In conclusion, PCHE was biocompatible and presented better antimicrobial effect against important pathogens associated with persistent endodontic infections

Resumo Psidium cattleianum (PC) tem apresentado atividade inibitória frente diversos microrganismos, entretanto esse efeito ainda não foi testado contra microrganismos de interesse endodôntico. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e a biocompatibilidade dos extratos aquoso (EAPC) e hidroetanólico (EHPC) das folhas de Psidium cattleianum. As concentrações inibitória mínima (CIM) e letal mínima (CLM) foram determinadas pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, com o objetivo de analisar o efeito antimicrobiano frente Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces israelii e Candida albicans em condições planctônicas. Os ensaios de biofilme foram realizados somente com os extratos em que se determinou a CLM frente os microrganismos em condições planctônicas. Respostas teciduais imediata e tardia frente aos extratos de Psidium cattleianum foram avaliadas por teste edemogênico e análise histológica de implantes subcutâneos em ratos Wistar. Os resultados mostraram que CIM e CLM variaram entre 0,25 e 4 mg/mL. As CLMs determinadas pelo EHPC inibiram 100% do crescimento de todas as cepas testadas, exceto Candida albicans. EAPC apresentou o mesmo efeito para E. faecalis e P. aeruginosa. Ambos os extratos de PC conseguiram eliminar o biofilme de E. faecalis, e somente o EHPC eliminou o biofilme de P. aeruginosa. Os controles positivos inibiram o crescimento de todos os microrganismos testados nos ensaios de CIM e CLM, mas nenhuma das concentrações de clorexidina testadas foi capaz de eliminar o biofilme de A. israelii. O EAPC provocou um discreto aumento de edema com o tempo, enquanto EHPC provocou um edema inicial severo, que diminuiu progressivamente. Ambos os extratos EAPC e EHPC foram biocompatíveis, entretanto, EHPC apresentou melhores resultados com baixos níveis de inflamação em 28 dias. Pode-se concluir que EHPC foi biocompatível e apresentou melhor efeito antimicrobiano frente importantes patógenos associados a infecções endodônticas persistentes.

Análisis preliminar de los metabolitos secundarios de polvos mixtos de hojas de plantas medicinales / Preliminary analysis of secondary metabolites in mixed powders of leaves of medicinal plants

Introducción: el tamizaje fitoquímico de una planta brinda una percepción sobre los posibles beneficios medicinales; la literatura refiere información de esta determinación en las hojas deAnacardium occidentale L., Psidium guajava L., Morinda citrifolia L. y Moringa oleifera Lam. , no obstante, en cuanto al polvo mixto de sus hojas no se encontró información disponible. Objetivo: determinar los metabolitos secundarios mediante tamizaje fitoquímico a los polvos mixtos de hojas de A. occidentale, P. guajava, M. citrifolia y M. oleifera. Métodos: se recolectaron las hojas de las plantas en estudio, estas se deshidrataron a temperatura ambiente y artificial, seguidamente se trituraron a 1 mm de tamaño de partículas. Para la elaboración de las muestras se tomó el polvo seco obtenido de las hojas y se mezcló en cinco proporciones. Luego, se realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico a los extractos hidro-alchólicos obtenidos de las muestras. Resultados: el tamizaje fitoquímico de los polvos mixtos no detectó resinas, ni flavonoides, excepto en la muestra 4, que se observó este último metabolito. Las quinonas abundan en todas las muestras, excepto en el ensayo 1, que se detectó poca presencia. Además, las proporciones 1, 2 y 3 presentaron saponinas y los alcaloides se identificaron en las muestras 1, 4 y 5, así como, las coumarinas se observaron en las muestras con mayores proporciones de las plantas individuales. Los otros metabolitos secundarios se detectaron con baja presencia en todas las mezclas. Conclusiones: de acuerdo al análisis preliminar de los metabolitos secundarios de los polvos mixtos de hojas de P. guajava, A. occidentale, M. oleifera y M. citrifolia, se sugiere el estudio de estas mezclas medicinales como aditivo fitoquímico en las dietas de los animales, como primer estudio biológico(AU)

Introduction: Phytochemical screening of a plant provides insight into its potential medicinal uses. Phytochemical data about the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L., Psidium guajava L., Morinda citrifolia L. and Moringa oleifera Lam. may be found in the literature. However, no information was found about the mixed powder of these leaves. Objective: Perform phytochemical screening of mixed powders of leaves of A. occidentale, P. guajava, M. citrifolia and M. oleifera to determine their secondary metabolites. Methods: Leaves of the study plants were collected, dehydrated at ambient and room temperature and crushed to 1 mm particles. The study samples were formed by mixing the dry powder from the leaves at five proportions. Phytochemical screening was then conducted of the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the samples. Results: Phytochemical screening of the mixed powders did not detect any resins or flavonoids, except in sample 4, where the latter metabolite was found. Quinones are abundant in all samples, except for assay 1, where they were scant. Proportions 1, 2 and 3 contained saponins; alkaloids were identified in samples 1, 4 and 5; and coumarines were found in the samples with greater proportions of individual plants. The remaining secondary metabolites had a low presence in all the mixtures. Conclusions: Based on the preliminary analysis of secondary metabolites in mixed powders of leaves of P. guajava, A. occidentale, M. oleifera and M. citrifolia, it is suggested to study these medicinal mixtures as phytochemical additives in animal feed as a first biological study(AU)

Guava: phytochemical composition of a potential source of antioxidants for cosmetic and/or dermatological applications

ABSTRACT Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a native fruit of the American tropics with commercial applications for its taste, flavor and aroma. Numerous pharmacological uses have been described for it, such as the antiseptic effect of its leaves, the use of the fresh fruit and tea from its leaves for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, diabetes mellitus, and others. However, considering its rich composition, the guava also is a potential source of antioxidants to be used in the development of new formulations for cosmetic and/or dermatological applications, the main focus of this research. Herein, we describe the study of the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant activity of a guava extract prepared with non-toxic solvents aiming its use at biological applications. High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were employed to identify the major components, while thermoanalytical measurements and hot stage microscopy were used to assess the chemical stability of guava fruit extract. The antioxidant activity was also evaluated assessing the SOD-like activity and ABTS free radical scavenger. The results show that the extract is a rich source of phenolic compounds, such as quercetin, kaempferol, schottenol, among many others. All of the components found in guava extract exhibit biological effects according to the literature data, mainly antioxidant properties.

Aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves: phenolic compounds and inhibitory potential on digestive enzymes

ABSTRACT Leaves of Psidium guajava L. (guava) have been widely used in the popular way for prevention and treatment of various diseases. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory potential of leaves aqueous extract from three cultivars of P. guajava (Pedro Sato, Paluma and Século XXI) on α-amylase, α-glycosidase, lipase, and trypsin enzymes, in the presence or not of simulated gastric fluid and to determine the content of phenolic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography. All cultivars presented the same composition in phenolic compounds, but in different proportions. The compounds identified are gallic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, syringic acid, o-coumaric acid, resveratrol, quercetin, and catechin (which was the major compound in all the cultivars evaluated). In the absence of simulated gastric fluid, it was observed different inhibitions exercised by the leaves aqueous extracts from three cultivars of P. guajava on each enzyme. In presence of simulated gastric fluid, all cultivars showed increase in the inhibition of lipase and α-glycosidase, and decrease in inhibition of α-amylase and trypsin enzymes. These results indicate that P. guajava leaves aqueous extracts from all cultivars evaluated possess potential of use as an adjuvant in the treatment of obesity and other dyslipidemias.

Calcium hydroxide associated with a new vehicle: Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts. Tissue response evaluation

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate edemogenic activity and subcutaneous inflammatory reaction induced by Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts associated with Ca(OH)2. Thirty male Wistar rats, split equally into three groups [aqueous extract + Ca(OH)2; ethanolic extract + Ca(OH)2; and propylene glycol + Ca(OH)2], were assessed every 3 h or 6 h (five animals in each period). Under general anesthesia, 0.2 mL of 1% Evans blue per 100 g of body weight was injected into the penile vein and each combination to be evaluated was subcutaneously injected into the dorsal region 30 min thereafter. Edemogenic activity was analyzed by spectrophotometry (λ=630 nm). For inflammatory reaction analysis, 50 rats received four polyethylene tubes (three experimental groups) and an empty tube (control group). The assessments were made at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days, followed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and by the assignment of scores for evaluation of tissue response intensity. Ethanolic extract + Ca(OH)2 yielded the largest edemogenic activity at 3 h. Intergroup differences at 6 h were not significant. The histological analysis showed progressive repair over time (p<0.05) and aqueous and ethanolic extracts produced similar responses to those of the control and Ca(OH)2 + propylene glycol groups. Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts used as Ca(OH)2 vehicles evoked similar tissue response when compared to Ca(OH)2 associated with propylene glycol.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oil and different plant extracts of Psidium cattleianum Sabine / Atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante do óleo essencial e diferentes extratos vegetais de Psidium cattleianum Sabine

Abstract The goals of the study were to determinethe antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil and plant extracts aqueous and ethanolic of Psidium cattleianum Sabine; the chemical composition of the essential oil of P. cattleianum; and the phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the same plant. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the ethanolic extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity with respect to bacteria K. pneumoniae and S. epidermidis, whereas, regarding other microorganisms, it showed activity considered weak. The aqueous extract and the essential oil showed activity considered weak, although they inhibited the growth of microorganisms. About the antioxidant potential, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited a scavenging index exceeding 90%, while the essential oil didn´t show significant antioxidant activity. Regarding the phytochemical composition, the largest class of volatile compounds identified in the essential oil of P. cattleianum included the following terpenic hydrocarbons: α-copaene (22%); eucalyptol (15%), δ-cadinene (9.63%) and α-selinene (6.5%). The phytochemical screening of extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids for aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The extracts and essential oils inhibit the growth of microrganisms and plant extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. Also, the phytochemical characterization of the essential oil showed the presence of compounds interest commercial, as well as extracts showed the presence of important classes and compounds with biological activities.

Resumo Os objetivos do trabalho foram determinar as atividades antimicrobiana e antioxidante do óleo essencial e dos extratos vegetais aquoso e etanólico de Psidium cattleianum Sabine; a composição química do óleo essencial P. cattleianum e a triagem fitoquímica dos extratos vegetais aquoso e etanólico da mesma planta. Quanto à atividade antimicrobiana, o extrato etanólico apresentou atividade antimicrobiana moderada frente as bactérias K. pneumonieae e S. epidermidis, enquanto frente aos demais micro-organismos apresentou atividade considerada fraca. O extrato aquoso e o óleo essencial apresentaram atividade considerada fraca, embora tenham inibido o crescimento dos micro-organismos. Em relação ao potencial antioxidante, os extratos etanólico e aquoso apresentaram índice de sequestro superior a 90%, enquanto o óleo essencial não apresentou atividade antioxidante significativa. Para a composição fitoquímica, a maior classe de compostos voláteis identificados no óleo essencial de P. cattleianum foram os hidrocarbonetos terpênicos, sendo eles: α-copaeno (22%), eucaliptol (15%), δ-cadineno (9,63%) e α-selineno (6,5%). Na triagem fitoquímica dos extratos verificou-se a presença de taninos, flavonóides e triterpenóides tanto para o extrato aquoso quanto etanólico. Os extratos e óleo essencial inibiram o crescimento dos micro-organismos e os extratos vegetais apresentaram atividade antioxidante significativa. Também, a caracterização fitoquímica do óleo essencial mostrou a presença de compostos de interesse comercial, assim como os extratos apresentaram a presença de classes e compostos com importantes atividades biológicas.

Atividade Antinociceptiva e Antimicrobiana da Casca do Caule de Psidium Cattleyanum Sabine / Antiniciceptive and antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of Psidium cattleyanum Sabine

RESUMO Psidium cattleyanum Sabine, conhecida como “araçá”, é espécie nativa do Bioma Cerrado brasileiro comumente utilizado, segundo levantamento etnobotânico, como planta medicinal para tratar várias doenças tais como: patologias hepáticas, gástricas, lesões teciduais incluindo processos dolorosos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a triagem fitoquímica com propósito exploratório, investigar a atividade analgésica e antimicrobiana do extrato hidroalcoólico da casca do caule de Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (ECPCS) para apoiar o uso dessa espécie como planta medicinal. Para isso, foram obtidos extratos e frações com solventes orgânicos de polaridade crescente (hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e isobutanol) avaliando-se o perfil fitoquímico para determinar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários presentes na espécie. Investigou-se a atividade analgésica pelo teste de contorções abdominais em camundongos induzidas pelo ácido acético (0,6%). A Concentração Inibitória Mínina (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) foram avaliadas através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo contra micro-organismos da microbiota oral. A triagem fitoquímica identificou a presença de taninos, saponinas, flavonoides e terpenos e/ou esteroides. O ECPCS exibiu atividade analgésica periférica nas doses de 200 e 400 mg/kg. O EAC (extrato acetato de casca) o EDC (extrato diclorometânico de casca) desempenharam melhor ação inibitória sobre o crescimento bacteriano de Estafilococos oralis com CIM 100 e 150 respectivamente. O ECPCS desempenhou ação inibitória sobre o crescimento bacteriano. Os resultados dos estudos experimentais comprovaram a presença de compostos secundários tais como, taninos e flavonoides, o que, provavelmente, pode ser associado à atividade analgésica e ao efeito inibitório sobre os micro-organismos testados com o ECPCS, o que justifica o uso medicinal planta.

ABSTRACT The Psidium cattleyanum Sabine, known as “araçá”, is a native species from the Brazilian Cerrado biome, commonly used, according to ethnobotanical surveis, as a medicinal plant to treat several sicknesses such as liver and , gastric diseases and tissue lesions with painful treatments. The aim of this study was to perform an exploratory screening, investigating the analgesic and antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (BEPCS) stem bark, in order to support the use of this species as a medicinal plant. For that, the BEPCS and its parts were obtained from the extraction with organic solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and isobutanol), evaluating its phytochemical profile in order to determine the main types of secondary metabolites present in the species. The analgesic activity, through the twisting test in mice, was investigated and induced by acetic acid (0.6%). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were evaluated using the microdilution technique in liquid against microorganisms of the oral microbiota. The phytochemical screening identified the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids and terpenes and/or steroids. The BEPCS exhibited peripheral analgesic activity at the doses of 200 and 400 mg / kg. The AEB (acetate extract bark) and the DEB (dicloromethane extract bark) had better inhibitory effect on bacterial growth of Staphylococcus oraliswith MIC 100 and 150 respectively. The BEPCS demonstrated an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. The results of experimental studies have indicated the presence of secondary compounds as tannins and flavonoids, which probably can be associated with the analgesic activity and inhibitory effect on the microorganisms tested with BEPCS, fact that justifies the its application.

La perspectiva de género y los profesionales de la salud: apuntes desde la salud colectiva brasileña / The gender perspective and health professionals: notes from the Brazilian collective health field

Para analizar la incorporación del género al campo de la salud, consideramos la producción científica, las políticas y programas de salud, además de las prácticas profesionales en el cotidiano de los servicios. Estos distintos planos de abordaje resultan necesarios por las diversas posibilidades que cada uno de ellos presenta ante dicha incorporación. En la producción científica, se identifica el crecimiento de la perspectiva de género, pero con baja inscripción metodológica del concepto; en las políticas y programas de salud, una ausencia de transversalidad y una presencia de inestabilidad temporal; y, en las prácticas profesionales, una incorporación más anclada en saberes prácticos que en la dimensión técnico-científica. El conjunto de las dificultades genera distintas tensiones en el desempeño cotidiano de los profesionales, entre la base científico-tecnológica y la base moral de la intervención.

We examine the incorporation of the gender perspective in the health field, considering scientific production, health policies and programs and everyday professional practices within the health services. These distinct layers are necessary given the different possibilities each presents for the incorporation of gender. In scientific production, we identify increasing inclusion of the gender perspective, but with little methodological use of the concept; in health policies and programs, the incorporation of the gender perspective is not comprehensive and varies temporally; and in professional practices, incorporation is anchored more in practical knowledge than in a technical and scientific basis. In the daily work of health professionals, this set of difficulties generates different tensions regarding the scientific and technological basis and the moral basis for intervention.

Actividad antibacteriana de extractos de frutos de nanchi (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth), arrayán (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.) y ayale (Crescentia alata Kunth) / Antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from the nanchi (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth), arrayan (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.) and ayale (Crescentia alata Kunth) fruits

Nanchi (Byrsonima crassifolia), arrayan (Psidium sartorianum) and ayale (Crescentia alata) are wild and under-utilized plants from Mexico; their fruits have been used as food and as Mexican traditional remedies against human bacterial infections (e.g. bacillary dysentery). However, scientific reports which support such uses or promote their consumption are scarce. In this work, the antibacterial activities of fruit extracts (i.e. hexanic, HE; chloroformic, CE; and methanolic, ME) were determined by the micro-dilution assay, establishing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericide Concentration (MBC) against 21 human pathogenic bacteria. The HE of arrayan and ayale showed the highest activity against enterobacteria (E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.) (MIC 0.25-2 mg/mL; MBC 0.5-16 mg/mL). The arrayan ME was the most active against the Gram-positive bacteria, showing Staphylococcus aureus the highest sensitivity (MIC 2 mg/mL; MBC 2-4 mg/mL). The presented results support the traditional uses of these plant materials for treating bacterial infectious diseases.

Nanchi (Byrsonima crassifolia), arrayán (Psidium sartorianum) y ayale (Crescentia alata) son plantas silvestres subutilizadas de México; sus frutos son comestibles y usados como medicamentos tradicionales contra infecciones bacterianas humanas (e.g. disentería bacilar). Sin embargo, los reportes científicos que avalen los usos y promuevan su consumo son escasos. En este trabajo se determinó, ensayo de micro-dilución en caldo, la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) y Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB), de los extractos de frutos (hexánico, EH; clorofórmico, EC; y metanólico, EM) contra 21 bacterias patógenas humanas. Los EH de arrayán y ayale mostraron la mayor actividad (CMI 0.25-2 mg/mL; CMB 0.5-16 mg/mL) contra enterobacterias (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. y Shigella spp.). El EM de arrayán fue el más activo contra bacterias Gram positivas, presentando Staphylococcus aureus la mayor sensibilidad (CMI 2 mg/mL; CMB 2-4 mg/mL). Estos resultados apoyan el uso tradicional de estos materiales en padecimientos asociados al tratamiento de infecciones bacterianas.

Actividad antimicrobiana de extractos de Psidium friedrichsthalianum L., Pterocarpus hayesii L., Tynanthus guatemalensis L. y Spondias purpurea L / Antimicrobial activity of Psidium friedrichsthalianum L., Pterocarpus hayesii L., Tynanthus guatemalensis L. and Spondias purpurea L. extracts

There is not much information on antimicrobial activity presented by several species traditionally used as medicinal plants in Tabasco. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaf and bark of guayaba agria (Psidium friedrichsthalianum L.), palo de sangre (Pterocarpus hayesii L.) chichimecate (Tynanthus guatemalensis L.) and ciruela (Spondias purpurea L.) was evaluated for against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 by the use of agar diffusion method. Results indicate that the hexanic extract of every one of the plant species presented antimicrobial activity on at least one of the evaluated microorganisms meanwhile bark hexanic extracts did not present activity against the three microorganisms tested. The extracts that presented a Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of < 7.50 mg mL-1 against B. cereus were both leaf ethanolic of P. friedrichsthalianum and S. purpurea and the T. guatemalensis leaf hexanic extract as well as P. friedrichsthalianum bark hexánico extract against S. aureus and S. typhimurium.

Existe poca información sobre la actividad antimicrobiana que pueden presentar varias plantas que han sido reportadas con uso medicinal tradicional en el Estado de Tabasco. Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos etanólico y hexánico de hoja y corteza de cuatro plantas utilizadas como medicinales: guayaba agria (Psidium friedrichsthalianum L.), palo de sangre (Pterocarpus hayesii L.), chichimecate (Tynanthus guatemalensis L.) y ciruela (Spondias purpurea L.). La actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 y Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 mediante el método de difusión en agar. Los resultados indican que el extracto hexánico de cada una de las plantas presentaron actividad antimicrobiana al menos en uno de los microorganismos evaluados mientras que los extractos hexánicos de corteza no presentaron actividad contra ninguno de los tres microorganismos ensayados. Los extractos que presentaron una Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) igual o menor de 7.50 mg mL-1 contra B. cereus fueron los etanólicos de hoja de P. friedrichsthalianum y S. purpurea y el hexánico de hoja de T. guatemalensis así como el extracto hexánico de corteza de P. friedrichsthalianum contra S. aureus y S. typhimurium.

Study of the effects of Psidium cattleyanum on gene expression from senescent mouse hippocampus / Perfil de expresión génica en hipocampo de ratones idosos tratados con Psidium cattleyanum

In this work, we report a characterization of gene expression profiles of mice hippocampus by use microarray after treatment with Psidium cattleyanum fruit (1000 mg/kg oral). After eight months, no toxic effects were detected with the supplementation. Genes differentially expressed include genes involved in a wide range of physiological functions, such as metabolism, transport, signal transduction and a group of genes whose function has not yet been identified. These results suggest that global analysis of gene expression might be useful to elucidate the mechanisms of beneficial phytochemical action and may also help to identify potential targets for further investigation.

El objetivo de éste trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la administración oral prolongada (1000 mg/kg, 8 meses) del extracto de Psidium cattleyanum Sabine (Myrtaceae) en el perfil de la expresión génica en hipocampo de ratones idosos (Swiss). Después de 8 meses de suplementacion, no se detectaron efectos tóxicos en los animales tratados con relación al grupo control. Los genes con expresión diferencial incluyen, genes que codifican proteínas relacionadas con procesos de señalización, transcripción, metabolismo, así como genes con función desconocida. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de los microarray como herramienta para el estudio del mecanismo de acción de los compuestos fitoquímicos.

Antimicrobial activity of six plant extracts from the Brazilian savanna on periodontal pathogens / Actividad antimicrobiana de seis extractos de plantas de la sabana brasileña en patógenos periodontales

The extracts of plants from Brazilian savanna are currently used in popular medicine. This study evaluated the inhibitory activity of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts from savanna plants on periodontal bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentrations were evaluated by the agar dilution method, using Wilkins-Chalgren agar. Antimicrobial activity of plants extracts on microbial biofilms was determined in microplates. Psidium cattleianum and Myracrodruon urundeuva extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory activity on all bacterial strains tested; alcoholic and aqueous extracts showed similar results. The extracts from these two species were able to inhibit both planktonic cells and microbial biofilm.

Los extractos de las plantas de la sabana brasileña actualmente se utilizan en la medicina popular. Este estudio evaluó la actividad inhibitoria de los extractos alcohólicos y acuosos de plantas de la sabana en bacterias periodontales. Las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas fueron evaluados por el método de dilución en agar, utilizando agar Wilkins-Chalgren. La actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos de plantas en las biopelículas microbianas se determinó en microplacas. Los extractos de Psidium cattleianum y Myracrodruon urundeuva demostraron una importante actividad inhibitoria sobre todas las cepas bacterianas probadas, extractos alcohólicos y acuosos mostraron resultados similares. Los extractos de estas dos especies fueron capaces de inhibir las células planctónicas y biofilm microbiano.

Productividad y selectividad del medio de cultivo a partir de guayaba agria (psidium araca) en el crecimiento de levaduras nativas del género candida sp / Productivity and selectivity of culture medium from the sour guava (psidium araca) in the growth of native yeast candida sp

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo para evaluar la eficiencia del medio de cultivo a partir de guayaba agria (Psidium araca) frente a medios comerciales en el crecimiento de tres cepas nativas: Candida guillermondii, Candida famita y Candida sp. Se evaluó el crecimiento microbiano a diferentes concentraciones de fruta, 5, 10, 25 y 50% p/v, tomando como control los medios comerciales: Malta, Sabouraud y agar papa dextrosa (PDA). La productividad y selectividad del medio de guayaba agria fue determinada mediante el método Ecométrico en un tiempo de 48 horas. Los análisis estadísticos aplicados para evaluar y comparar el crecimiento de las cepas en los medios comerciales y en el medio de guayaba agria a diferentes concentraciones demostraron lo siguiente: Candida guillermondii presentó crecimiento mayor o igual a 25 y 50% p/v comparado con los medios comerciales; Candida famata y Candida sp presentaron mejores crecimientos al 5% p/v, con respecto a los diferentes medios comerciales. Los resultados demostraron que el medio de cultivo es altamente productivo y no selectivo, lo que representa una alternativa en la conservación, el mantenimiento y el desarrollo de las levaduras estudiadas.

This work was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the culture medium from sour guava (Psidium araca) against commercial media in the growth of three native strains: Candida guillermondii, Candida famata and Candida sp. Microbial growth was evaluated at different concentrations of fruit, 5, 10, 25, 50% w /v, using as control the commercial media: Malta, Sabouraud and PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). The productivity and selectivity of the sour guava medium was determined by the Ecometric method in a time of 48 hours. The applied statistical analysis to evaluate and compare growth of strains in commercial culture medium and in the medium from sour guava at different concentrations showed: Candida guillermondii grew greater than or equal to 25 and 50% w / v compared with commercial medium, Candida famata and Candida sp showed better growth at 5% w / v, with respect to commercial medium. The results showed that the medium is highly productive and non-selective representing an alternative to the conservation, maintenance and development of the yeasts.

Effect of processing and storage time on the vitamin C and lycopene contents of nectar of pink guava (Psidium guajava L.) / Efecto del procesamiento y tiempo de almacenamiento en el contenido de vitamina C y licopeno en néctar de guayaba rosada (Psidium guajava L.)

In this study, the effect of processing and storage time on the vitamin C and lycopene contents was evaluated. Guavas were washed, cut in quarters, blanched, pulped and the pulp pasteurized. The pulp was used for the production of nectar: guava pulp, sugar and water were mixed in 5:3:12 proportions, and the mixture was pasteurized, poured while hot into 125 mL glass jars, and cooled rapidly to 25°C. The production of nectar from fresh guava reduced vitamin C, lycopene and titratable acidity, by contrast soluble solid and pH increased significant. Vitamin C content from 168.9 to 62.3 mg/(100 g fresh weight), and lycopene content from 3.55 to 1.35 mg/(100 g fresh weight) (p < 0.001 in both cases. After 240 days at 10.0 ± 2°C, no further statistically significant change in lycopene and soluble solid content was observed (p > 0.05). Storage time did affect vitamin C, pH, and titratable acidity content, vitamin C content fell by 89.3% to 6.67 mg/(100 g fresh weight) (p < 0.001). Based on this study, guava nectar storage at 10 ° C retained 46% of the content of vitamin C for 120 days.

En este estudio, el efecto del procesamiento y el tiempo de almacenamiento en el contenido de vitamina C y licopeno fueron evaluados. Las guayabas fueron lavadas, cortadas en cuartos, escaldadas, despulpadas y la pulpa pasteurizada. La pulpa se utilizó en la producción del néctar: pulpa de guayaba, azúcar y agua se mezclaron en la proporción de 5:3:12, y la mezcla se pasteurizo, vertido en caliente en frascos de vidrio 125 ml, y se enfrío rápidamente a 25°C. La producción de néctar de guayaba fresca reduce la vitamina C, licopeno y la acidez titulable, en contraste los sólidos solubles y el pH se incrementan significativamente. El contenido de vitamina C de 168,9 a 62,3 mg/100 g de peso fresco, y el contenido de licopeno de 3,55 a 1,35 mg/100 de peso fresco (p < 0,001 en ambos casos). Después de 240 días a 10,0 ± 2ºC no se observó cambios estadísticamente significativos en el contenido del licopeno (p > 0,05). El tiempo de almacenamiento afectó el contenido de vitamina C, el pH y acidez titulable, el contenido de vitamina C se redujo en un 89,3% a 6,67 mg/100 g de peso fresco (p < 0,001). En base a este estudio, el almacenamiento de néctar de guayaba a 10°C, conserva el 46% del contenido de vitamina C durante 120 días.

Microsatélites desarrollados en guayabo (Psidium guajava L) y su utilidad para evaluar diversidad en la familia myrtaceae / Microsatellites developed in guava (Psidium guajava L) and its utility to evaluate diversity in myrtaceae family

La familia Myrtaceae ha evolucionado desde las formas más primitivas en los bosques húmedos y lluviosos hasta formas especializadas en regiones semiáridas, muy secas y altamente influenciadas por los cambios estacionales. Aunque los botánicos han estado describiendo estas especies desde hace 200 años, la clasificación de las mismas no está completamente esclarecida. Las Secuencias Simples Repetidas (SSR), conocidas comúnmente como microsatélites, representan una porción significativa del genoma eucariótico y pueden ser de gran utilidad para estos fines. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue utilizar cebadores SSR, diseñados previamente para guayabo, en la identificación de accesiones y en el estudio de diversidad en Myrtaceae. Para este propósito se emplearon cuatro combinaciones de cebadores SSR siguiendo los protocolos establecidos en la literatura. Se realizó el análisis de los resultados atendiendo a la potencialidad de amplificación cruzada, la detección de diferentes alelos, la utilidad para la identificación de accesiones y el estudio de la diversidad y la determinación de las relaciones existentes entre las especies y cultivares en estudio. El alto nivel de polimorfismo detectado por los microsatélites evaluados, el cual se refleja en los valores de los índices relacionados con el nivel de polimorfismo y la capacidad de discriminación calculados, indica las potencialidades de los SSR para la identificación de accesiones en otros representantes de la familia Myrtaceae. Además, representan una herramienta de gran utilidad para estudios de diversidad en esta familia; así como para la estimación de las relaciones de parentesco entre los genotipos analizados, análisis taxonómico y de filogenia.

Myrtaceae family has evolved from primitive forms in rainy and humid forest to specialized forms in semiarid and very dry regions, highly influenced by seasonal changes. Although botanist have been describing Myrtaceae family species over 200 years, classification is far from be completely clarify. Simple Sequences Repeats (SSR), usually known as microsatellites, represent a significant portion of eukaryotic genome and can be of great utility for these purposes. The objective of the present work was to utilize SSR primers, previously designed in guava, for accessions identification and diversity studies of other Myrtaceae members. For this purpose, four SSR primer combinations were utilized following the protocols established in the literature. The results were analyzed attending to cross amplification potentiality, detection of different alleles, utility for accessions identification and diversity studies and relationships determination between the studied species and cultivars. The high level of polymorphism detected by the evaluated microsatellites, which is reflected in the values of each index related with polymorphism and calculated discriminating capacity, indicates the potentials of SSR for accessions identification in other Myrtaceae family members. Also, represents a great utility tool for diversity studies in this family, as well as for the estimation of parentage relationship between the genotypes investigated and the taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis.

Estudio de diversidad de accesiones de guayabo (psidium guajava L) mediante el marcador molecular ISTR / Studying the diversity of guava (psidium guajava L) accessions using ISTR molecular markers

Los estudios de variabilidad genética resultan útiles para el manejo racional del material, tanto para su conservación como para el mejoramiento. La Repetición de Secuencias Inversas Marcadas (ISTR) es una técnica basada en la PCR que permite el estudio de la diversidad genética de individuos y poblaciones; identificación de cultivares, entre otras aplicaciones. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la diversidad de accesiones de guayabo empleando este marcador molecular. Para el análisis de los datos se generó una matriz de ausencia-presencia de las bandas polimórficas, a partir de la cual se desarrolló un análisis de agrupamiento basado en el coeficiente de Jaccard y el método UPGMA para la construcción del dendrograma con el programa NTSYS-pc. La evaluación de los genotipos de guayabo con el marcador ISTR generó un total de 52 bandas polimórficas, las cuales permitieron diferenciar todos los materiales evaluados, corroborando la utilidad de esta técnica para la identificación de accesiones en la especie. El análisis de agrupamiento permitió evidenciar la formación de cuatro grupos de diversidad definidos y la presencia de cuatro accesiones externas. Las diferencias encontradas en el agrupamiento de las accesiones por ISTR respecto a las obtenidas previamente por AFLP y SSR sugieren que el elegir la técnica más apropiada para determinados estudios puede resultar un proceso difícil. Los resultados discutidos en este trabajo indican la necesidad de realizar estudios integrados en el banco de germoplasma de este cultivo para lograr un manejo más racional de la base genética del mismo.

Studies about genetic variability can be useful for material rational management, as much as for conservation and breeding. The Inverse Sequence Tagged Repeats (ISTR) is a technique based on PCR, which permit the study of genetic diversity for individuals and populations; cultivars identification, within other applications. In this sense, the objective of the present work was to study guava accessions diversity using this molecular marker. For data analysis, an absence-presence matrix for polymorphic bands was generated, from which a cluster analysis was developed, based on Jaccard coefficient and UPGMA method for dendrogram construction using NTSYS-pc program. Guava genotypes evaluation with ISTR marker generated a total of 52 polymorphic bands, which permitted to differentiated all the materials evaluated, corroborating the utility of this technique for accessions identification in the specie. Cluster analysis permitted to evidence the formation of four defined diversity groups and the presence of four external accessions. The differences encountered for accessions clustering with ISTR respected to the ones obtained previously for AFLP and SSR suggest that the election of the most appropriated technique for determinate studies can result a difficult process. The results discussed in this work indicate the necessity to made integrated studies on the germplasm bank of this crop to obtain a more adequate management.