Antecedente de depresión, síntomas de estrés postraumático, apoyo social percibido: prediciendo la depresión posparto / History of depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms, perceived social support: predicting postpartum depression

Objetivo: Describir y analizar si el apoyo social percibido modera la relación entre antecedente de depresión (AD) o síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y desarrollo de síntomas de depresión posparto (SDPP), evaluado prospectivamente. Método: Diseño longitudinal de tres tiempos: antes del parto (n = 458), primer mes posparto (n = 406) y tercer mes posparto (n = 426). Se utilizaron la Escala de Depresión Posparto de Edimburgo (EPDS), la Escala de Síntomas de Estrés Postraumático (PCL-C) y la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido (MOS). Se realizó un análisis de ocho modelos jerárquicos de regresión lineal múltiple, por cada tiempo de evaluación en el estudio. Resultados: Se encontró una asociación significativa entre síntomas de TEPT y puntaje de SDPP en los tres tiempos. El apoyo social percibido es un factor protector significativo para los SDPP en los tiempos 1 y 2, mientras que el AD es un factor de riesgo significativo en los tiempos 2 y 3. Los resultados no apoyan las hipótesis de interacción. Conclusiones: El apoyo social es un factor protector significativo, que puede disminuir los SDPP; sin embargo, disminuye con el tiempo. El apoyo social no logra revertir la asociación de los síntomas de TEPT con el puntaje en SDPP.

Objective: Describe and analyze if the perceived social support moderates the relationship between depression history or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the development of symptoms of postpartum depression, prospectively evaluated. Method: Longitudinal design of three times: before partum (n = 458), one month (n = 458) and 3 months postpartum (n = 458). The version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the version of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), and the version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS) were used. Analysis of eight hierarchical multiple linear regression models. Results: A significant association was found between symptoms of post-traumatic stress and postpartum depression, in the three times measured. The perceived social support variable was found to be a significant protective factor for perinatal depression in times 1 and 2, and history of depression was significant in times 2 and 3. The results do not support the interaction hypothesis. Conclusions: Social support is a significant protective factor, which can reduce the symptoms of postpartum depression, nevertheless the significance decreases over time. However, social support fails to reverse the association of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms with symptoms of postpartum depression score.

Factores asociados a la salud y el bienestar en adultos mayores centenarios / Factors associated with health and well-being in centenarian older adults

Introducción: Con el aumento del nivel de vida y la mejora de los sistemas de salud no es raro alcanzar edades extremas de la vida. A inicios del año 2019, en la provincia Pinar del Río, se declararon 109 centenarios; de ellos, 9 correspondían al municipio Los Palacios, donde se mostró un incremento de 3 individuos en comparación con el año precedente. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y funcionalmente a los adultos mayores centenarios del territorio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en el municipio Los Palacios en el período enero-marzo de 2019. Población objeto de estudio: 9 centenarios, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta estructurada, el índice de Katz y el test de calidad de vida MGH. Se respetaron los criterios de inclusión y los principios de la ética médica. Resultados: Predominó la edad entre 100 y 104 años, el sexo masculino, el color de la piel blanca, la viudez, la convivencia con los hijos, el consumo de café y el déficit sensorial. Todos realizaron actividad física y sus hábitos alimenticios fueron saludables a lo largo de la vida. La mayoría no tuvo criterio de polifarmacia. En la evaluación funcional se analizó la calidad de vida y las alteraciones en las actividades básicas de la vida diaria. Conclusiones: El envejecimiento exitoso en las personas centenarias se caracterizó por tener buena salud percibida y cognitiva, mantener una actitud optimista ante la vida, buena red de apoyo social familiar, antecedentes de familiares longevos y estilos de vida saludables(AU)

Introduction: With the increase in living standards and the improvement of health systems, it is not unusual to reach extreme ages of life. At the beginning of 2019, in Pinar del Río Province, 109 centenarians were reported; of them, 9 belonged to Los Palacios Municipality, where there was an increase of 3 individuals compared to the previous year. Objective: To characterize clinically and functionally the centenarian adults from the territory. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was carried out in Los Palacios Municipality, in the period from January to March 2019. The study population consisted of 9 centenarians, to whom a structured survey was applied: Katz index and MGH quality of life test. The inclusion criteria and the principles of medical ethics were respected. Results: There was a predominance of ages 100-104 years, the male sex, white skin color, widowhood, the condition of sharing house with children, coffee consumption and sensory deficit. All the patients did physical activity and their eating habits were healthy throughout life. Most of them did not have polypharmacy criteria. Regarding their functional assessment, quality of life and alterations in basic activities of daily life were analyzed. Conclusions: Successful aging in centenarians showed that they have good health, both cognitive and perceived, maintain an optimistic attitude towards life, have a good family social support network, a history of long-lived family members, and healthy lifestyles(AU)

Analysis on depression state outcomes and influencing factors of persistent depression in pregnant and perinatal women in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To investigate the depression status of pregnant and perinatal women in early, medium-term, late pregnancy and postpartum period in China and the outcomes of depression in each period, analyze the influential factors of depression status. Methods: By using the pregnant and perinatal women mental health cohort established by National Center for Women and Children's Health of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Women Health Center of Shanxi, Jilin Women and Children Health Hospital, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care and Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Guangdong province, a follow up study was conducted at 7 time points during pregnancy and perinatal period in pregnant and perinatal women in Beijing, Shanxi, Jilin and Guangdong from August 1, 2015 to October 31, 2016. The self-filled questionnaire and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) were used to obtain the general demographic information and depression status of the pregnant and perinatal women, and the depression status and natural outcomes of the pregnant and perinatal women were analyzed. Results: A total of 1 284 pregnant and perinatal women were recruited. In this study, a total of 1 210 subjects who completed follow-up at least 6 times and postpartum 42 day follow up were included in the final analysis. The EPDS depression score at the gestation week 13 was used to indicate the depression status in early pregnancy, the average EPDS score of gestation week 17 and 24 were used to indicate the depression status in medium-term pregnancy, and the average EPDS score of gestation week 31 and 37 were used to indicate depression in late pregnancy. The average EPDS score of postpartum day 3 and 42 were used to indicate postpartum depression status. A total of 321 (26.5%), 218 (18.0%), 189 (15.6%) and 219 (18.1%) pregnant and perinatal women were found to have depression, respectively, in early, medium-term and late pregnancy and in postpartum period. The depression status in early, medium-term and late pregnancy and postpartum period were positively correlated (P<0.001), the correlation between early and middle pregnancy was strong (r=0.678), the correlation between medium-term and late pregnancy was strong (r=0.771), and the correlation between postpartum period and late pregnancy was strong (r=0.706). Among the pregnant women with depression in early pregnancy, 26.2% were depressed during the whole study period, 42.7% were depressed during postpartum period, and the results of multifactorial analysis showed that the education level of college or above of the pregnant and perinatal women (OR=0.437, 95%CI: 0.212-0.900, P=0.025), exercise during pregnancy (OR=0.586, 95%CI: 0.348-0.987, P = 0.044), high marital satisfaction (OR = 0.370, 95%CI: 0.221-0.620, P<0.001), normal body mass index (BMI) (OR=0.516, 95%CI: 0.270-0.985, P=0.045) reduced the risk for depression. Unsatisfactory living environment (OR=1.807, 95%CI: 1.074-3.040, P=0.026) increased the risk for depression. Conclusions: In pregnant and perinatal women in China, the detection rate of depression in early pregnancy was highest compared with those in medium-term and late pregnancy. The detection rate of depression increased again in postpartum period. The depression status detected in the early pregnancy remained in the medium-term and late pregnancy and postpartum period. Exercise, BMI, educational level, living environment satisfaction and marital satisfaction can affect the incidence of depression in pregnant and perinatal women.

Funcionalidade de idosos ativos no centro de convivência da terceira idade em Teresina / Functionality of elderly activities at the third age living center in Teresina

Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar a funcionalidade dos idosos que estão cadastrados em um Centro de Convivência da Terceira Idade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, do tipo quantitativa e transversal, realizada com 51 idosos. O instrumento de avaliação foi constituído da investigação das características sociodemográficas, da funcionalidade através do Índice de Katz, escala de Lawton e nível de Atividade e Participação, de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). A análise estatística foi realizada no software BioState versão 5.4, utilizando a média, desvio-padrão, o teste de correlação de Pearson para dados paramétricos e o de associação do Qui-quadrado e Spearman para os dados não paramétricos. Na avaliação das características sociodemográficas, verificou-se que 80,4% dos idosos eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 70.8 (±5,5) anos, viúvos (n=20) e recebiam aposentadoria (n=31). Em relação à funcionalidade, 100% dos idosos apresentaram independência para a maioria das Atividades Básicas de Vida Diária (ABVD ́s),porém observou-se prevalência importante (9,8%) de incontinência urinária presente nas idosas do estudo. Para a realização das Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD ́s), a maioria dos idosos apresentaram independência, contudo foi identificada prevalência considerável de idosos com alguma dependência (parcial ou total) para sua execução. No que se refere à classificação da funcionalidade pela CIF, a maioria dos códigos utilizados para classificação da funcionalidade dos idosos apresentou em comum o qualificador 0. Constatou-se que a participação dos idosos em um Centro de Convivência promove maior independência e autonomia aos idosos, demonstrando a sua importância.(AU)

This article aims to evaluate the functionality of the elderly who are registered in a Community Center for the Elderly. This is a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study conducted with 51 elderly people. The evaluation instrument consisted of the investigation of sociodemographic characteristics, functionality through the Katz Index, Lawton scale and level of Activity and Participation, according to the International Classification of Functionality, Disability and Health (CIF). Statistical analysis was performed using the BioState software version 5.4, using the mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation test for parametric data and the Chi-square and Spearman association test for nonparametric data. In the assessment of sociodemographic characteristics, it was found that 80.4% of the elderly were female, with an average age of 70.8 (± 5.5) years, widowed (n = 20) and receiving retirement (n = 31). Regarding functionality, 100% of the elderly were independent for most of the Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADLs), but there was an important prevalence (9.8%) of urinary incontinence present in the elderly of the study. For the performance of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), the majority of the elderly showed independence, however a considerable prevalence of elderly people with some dependence (partial or total) for their execution was identified. Regarding the classification of functionality by the ICF, most of the codes used to classify the functionality of the elderly had the qualifier 0 in common. It was found that the participation of the elderly in Community Center promotes greater independence and autonomy for the elderly, demonstrating its importance.(AU)

Salud mental de los mexicanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Mental health of the Mexican population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 también ha afectado la salud mental. Objetivo: Evaluar la salud mental de la población mexicana durante la pandemia de COVID-19 mediante la medición de síntomas de estrés, depresión, ansiedad, insomnio y resiliencia. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Con una encuesta se recabaron datos sociodemográficos y se aplicaron la Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS 21), la Escala Atenas de Insomnio y la Escala de Resiliencia 14 Ítems (RS-14). Se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión en las variables cuantitativas, así como frecuencias en las cualitativas. En el análisis bivariado se utilizó la prueba de χ2; el nivel alpha fue 0.05. Resultados: Se analizaron 1667 individuos con edad media de 33.78 ± 10.79 años. En la DASS 21 se encontró una media de 9.7 puntos (normal), 7.10 para ansiedad (normal) y 6.73 para depresión (normal). La Escala Atenas de Insomnio presentó una media de 9.33 puntos (alteración moderada) y la RS-14, 69.13 (resiliencia alta). Conclusiones: La intensidad de la sintomatología fue menor a la esperada en comparación con la registrada en otras poblaciones, probablemente por la alta resiliencia de la población mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has also affected mental health. Objective: To evaluate Mexican population mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic by measuring symptoms of stress, depression, anxiety and insomnia, as well as resilience. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study. A survey was carried out to collect sociodemographic data, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS 21), Athens Insomnia Scale and the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14) were applied. Central tendency and dispersion measures were obtained for quantitative variables and frequencies for qualitative variables. The chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis; alpha level was 0.05. Results: 1,667 individuals with a mean age of 33.78 ± 10.79 years were analyzed. On DASS 21, a mean of 9.7 points (normal) was found, as well as 7.10 for anxiety (normal) and 6.73 for depression (normal). In the Athens Insomnia Scale, a mean of 9.33 points (moderate alteration), and in the RS-14 scale, 69.13 points (high resilience) were obtained. Conclusions: Symptoms' intensity was lower than expected in comparison with that recorded in other populations, probably due to the high levels of resilience of the Mexican population.

Depresión asociada a condiciones sociales, familiares y dependencia física en un hospital de Quito / Depression associated with social and family conditions and physical dependence in a Quito hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN. La depresión es frecuente y variada en el adulto mayor. Se asocia a varias condiciones sociales, económicas y físicas. OBJETIVO. Determinar la asociación e interacción entre la depresión y las condiciones sociales, familiares y dependencia física en adultos ma-yores. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal. Población de 474 adultos mayores deprimidos y muestra de 390 que acudieron a la consulta externa del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de Quito en el año 2018. Se utilizó la MINI Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional para el diagnóstico de depresión y las escalas de Katz, Socio-familiar de Gijón y datos demográficos. La asociación se estableció mediante chi cuadrado de homogeneidad, cálculo de Odds de prevalencia y, para la interacción de variables, modelos de regresión logística binaria. Los cálculos estadísticos se realizaron en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RE-SULTADOS. La prevalencia de depresión fue de 26,4% (103; 390) con 58,0% (60; 103) de episodio depresivo leve. La depresión guardó relación con la pertenencia a grupos sociales, dependencia y situación de riesgo social. En la regresión logística binomial con las variables socio-familiares el mayor peso cayó sobre las malas relaciones sociales (Exp B: 1,8); en el modelo con las variables significativas, en la dependencia (Exp B: 2,6). Los modelos clasifica-ron de manera correcta a los deprimidos. Las variables se tornaron significativas (p<0,05) al interactuar con riesgo y problema social. CONCLUSIÓN. Existió asociación entre depresión y dependencia, riesgo social y pertenencia a grupos sociales. El perfil de las personas deprimidas fue de personas dependientes, en riesgo social y que no pertenecían a grupos sociales.

INTRODUCTION. Depression is frequent and diverse in the elderly. It is associated with se-veral social, economic and physical conditions. OBJECTIVE. Determine the association and interaction between depression, social and family conditions and physical dependence in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. Population of 474 depressed older adults and a sample of 390 who attended the outpatient clinic of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de Quito in 2018. The MINI was used International Neuropsychiatric Interview for the diagnosis of depression and the scales of Katz, Socio-familiar of Gijón and demographic data. The association was established using chi square of homogeneity, calculation of prevalence Odds and, for the interaction of variables, binary logistic regression models. Statistical calculations were performed in the program Statis-tical International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS. The prevalence of depression was 26.4% (103; 390) with 58.0% (60; 103) of mild depressive episode. Depression was related to belonging to social groups, dependency and social risk situation. In the binomial logistic regression with the variables socio-family, the greatest weight fell on bad social relationships (Exp B: 1.8); at model with significant variables, in dependence (Exp B: 2.6). The models correctly classified the depressed. The variables became significant (p <0.05) when interact with risk and social problem. CONCLUSION. There was an association between depression and dependency; social risk and belonging to social groups. The profile of depressed people was of dependent people, at social risk who did not belong to social groups.

Influence of migration on the thought process of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Objective: To assess the influence of migration on the psychopathological presentation of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: This study is part of the Subclinical Symptoms and Prodromal Psychosis (SSAPP) project, a cohort study in São Paulo, Brazil, designed to follow individuals at UHR. After screening with the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ) and a clinical interview, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) was administered, a neuropsychological assessment was performed, sociodemographic and migration data were obtained. We then analyzed UHR individuals who had migration data to see if migration had any effect on their cognition and psychopathology. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables, and Student's t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for nonparametric and parametric distributions, respectively. Results: The sample was composed of 42 at-risk subjects, of whom 5 had a migration history in the past two generations. Those with migration history showed significantly more formal thought disturbances (p = 0.012) and sleeping problems (p = 0.033) compared to those without. Conclusions: Our data reinforce migration as a risk factor for psychosis in developing countries as well, and highlights the importance of studying the specific effect of this factor in UHR psychopathology.

Depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes de enfermería / Depression, anxiety and stress in nursing students

Los estudiantes universitarios, pueden presentar cambios de salud mental compatibles con estrés, ansiedad o depresión, causadas por la evolución propia de la edad y las exigencias académicas, especialmente en carreras de salud, como enfermería. La última Encuesta Nacional de Salud, indicó que el 78 % de los universitarios sufren algún síntoma de depresión. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar características psicométricas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés, en estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Mayor, sede Temuco, Chile. El enfoque fue cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, corte transversal, en una muestra de 244 estudiantes de primer a quinto año. Se aplicó la escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21), validado en Chile por Vinet, Rehbein, Román y Saiz (Antúnez, 2012; Román, 2016). Los aspectos éticos fueron aprobados por el Comité Ético Científico de Universidad Mayor. El análisis y presentación de resultados fueron por estadística descriptiva e inferencial con Software STATA®15. Los resultados indicaron que el 42,6 % de la muestra obtuvo características compatibles con depresión, 48,0 % con ansiedad y 61,1 % con estrés. El rango de edad más afectado fue entre 19 y 21 años, correspondientes a los niveles académicos de primero a tercero. Las tres variables estudiadas, se asociaron significativamente en segundo año académico de la carrera, destacando las características de estrés, y la menor predominancia de las tres variables fue en quinto año. Se concluyó que los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Mayor sede Temuco, mostraron altos porcentajes de estas variables compatibles con alteraciones de la salud mental en los primeros años de estudio, específicamente en estrés y ansiedad por sobre la depresión, con diferencias significativas entre los niveles académicos de ingreso y egreso, lo que abre la oportunidad de apoyo estudiantil por parte de las entidades universitarias involucradas en estos aspectos.

University students can present mental health changes compatible with stress, anxiety or depression, due to the evolution of age and academic demands, especially in health careers, such as nursing. The latest National Health Survey indicated that 78% of university students suffer from some symptoms of depression. The objective of the study was to determine psychometric characteristics of depression, anxiety and stress, in nursing students of the Universidad Mayor, Temuco, Chile. The approach was quantitative, nonexperimental design, cross-sectional, in a sample of 244 students from first to fifth year. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-21), validated in Chile by Vinet, Rehbein, Román and Saiz (Antúnez, 2012; Román, 2016), and was applied. The ethical aspects were approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of Universidad Mayor campus Temuco. The analysis and presentation of results were by descriptive and inferential statistics with STATA®15 Software. The results indicated that 42.6% of the sample obtained characteristics compatible with depression, 48.0% with anxiety and 61.1% with stress. The most affected age range was between 19 and 21 years, corresponding to the academic levels from first to third. The three variables studied were significantly associated in the second year of the degree, highlighting the stress characteristics, and the lowest predominance of the three variables was in the fifth year. It was concluded that nursing students from the Universidad Mayor showed high percentages of these variables compatible with alterations in mental health in the first years of study, specifically in stress and anxiety over depression, with significant differences between the academic levels of entry and exit, which opens the opportunity for student support from the university entities involved in these aspects.

Psychometric properties the of Brazilian Portuguese version of Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS)

Abstract Introduction Anhedonia is defined as the reduced ability to feel pleasure and is a core symptom of various psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) was developed to assess the presence of anhedonia. The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the SHAPS. Methods In this study, the SHAPS (14 items) was translated into Brazilian Portuguese and validated using data obtained from 228 subjects within a clinical sample. Psychometric properties were assessed using item response theory (logistic models) and classical test theory (Cronbach's alpha). We checked for external validity using a non-parametric correlation with an independent scale: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Depression subscale (HAD-D). Results The SHAPS presented good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.759 and adequacy to an IRT 1 parameter logistic (Rasch) model. The SHAPS presented significant correlation with the external measure HAD-D, with Spearman's ρ = 0.249 (S = 1368914; p < 0.001). Conclusion These results suggest that the Brazilian Portuguese version of the SHAPS is a reliable and valid instrument to assess hedonic tone.

Suicide attempts in Chinese Han patients with schizophrenia: cognitive, demographic, and clinical variables

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the lifetime suicide attempt rate, clinical characteristics and cognitive function of Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia who had attempted suicide. Methods: We collected data from 908 schizophrenia inpatients about suicide attempts through interviews with the patients and their families, as well as through medical records. All patients were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Rating Scale for Extrapyramidal Side Effects, the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, and the Repeated Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Results: Of this sample, 97 (10.68%) had attempted suicide. Patients who had attempted suicide were younger, had longer illness duration, and more severe general psychopathology and depressive symptoms than those who had not. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that suicide attempts were correlated with age, smoking, and depression. No cognitive performance differences were observed between patients who had and had not attempted suicide. Conclusions: In China, patients with chronic schizophrenia may have a higher prevalence of lifetime suicide attempts than the general population. Some demographic and clinical variables were related to suicide attempts in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

Validación de constructo de la escala Zung en pacientes con falla cardíaca / Zung Scale Construct Validation in Heart Failure Patients / Validação do construto da escala de Zung em pacientes com insuciência cardíaca

Introducción: la escala Zung para depresión ha sido previamente utilizada en pacientes con falla cardíaca; sin embargo, en nuestro conocimiento no se encuentra evidencia de su validez para la versión en español, ni su uso en población adulta con falla cardíaca en Colombia. Objetivo: determinar la validez de constructo de la escala Zung para depresión en su versión original y proponer una versión abreviada para pacientes adultos con falla cardíaca. Método: estudio de corte transversal, realizado en 200 pacientes de una clínica de falla y trasplante cardiaco, a quienes se aplicó la Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Se evaluó la consistencia interna por medio del alfa de Cronbach, y el análisis factorial fue utilizado para identificar las dimensiones del instrumento. Resultados: la consistencia interna de la versión original de la escala (20 ítems) fue de α = 0,811. El análisis de factores mostró una estructura compuesta por tres de ellos que explican el 51,59 % de la varianza total. La nueva versión abreviada (13 ítems) obtuvo un α = 0,819, y los ítems correlacionaron con un único factor que explicó el 33,54 % de la varianza total. Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos son similares a los encontrados por otros autores en diferentes poblaciones a la estudiada. Conclusiones: se evidenció validez de constructo tanto para la escala Zung, para depresión, en su versión original, como para la abreviada, creada en la población estudiada. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios adicionales que verifiquen estos hallazgos en una muestra representativa, y que otros aspectos de la psicometría sean evaluados.

Introduction: the Zung scale for depression has previously been used in patients with heart failure; However, to our knowledge, there is no evidence of its validity for the Spanish version, nor its use in the adult population with heart failure in Colombia. Objective: to determine the construct validity of the Zung scale for depression in its original version and propose an abbreviated version for adult patients with heart failure. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out in 200 patients from a heart failure and transplant clinic to whom the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale was applied. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, and factor analysis was used to identify the instrument's dimensions. Results: the internal consistency of the original version of the scale (20 items) was α = 0.811. The factor analysis showed a structure composed of three that explains 51.59% of the total variance. The new abbreviated version (13 items) obtained α = 0.819, and the items correlated with a single factor that explained 33.54% of the total variance. Discussion: Our findings are similar to those found by other authors in different populations from the one studied. Conclusions: construct validity was evidenced for both the Zung scale for depression, in its original version, and the abbreviated version created in the studied population.

Introdução: a escala de Zung para depressão foi usada anteriormente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, até onde sabemos, não há evidências de sua validade para a versão em espanhol, nem seu uso na população adulta com insuficiência cardíaca na Colômbia. Objetivo: determinar a validade de construto da escala de Zung para depressão em sua versão original e propor uma versão abreviada para pacientes adultos com insuficiência cardíaca. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 200 pacientes de uma clínica de insuciência cardíaca e transplante, aos quais foi aplicada a Zung Self Rating Depression Scale. A consistência interna foi avaliada por meio do alfa de Cronbach e a análise fatorial foi utilizada para identificar as dimensões do instrumento. Resultados: a consistência interna da versão original da escala (20 itens) foi α = 0,811. A análise fatorial mostrou uma estrutura composta por três deles que explicam 51,59% da variância total. A nova versão abreviada (13 itens) obteve α = 0,819, e os itens se correlacionaram com um único fator que explicou 33,54% da variância total. Discussão: Nossos achados são semelhantes aos encontrados por outros autores em populações diferentes da estudada. Conclusões: a validade de construto foi evidenciada tanto para a escala de Zung, para depressão, em sua versão original, quanto para a versão abreviada, elaborada na população estudada. No entanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para verificar esses achados em uma amostra representativa e que forem avaliados outros aspectos da psicometria

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Kessler Distress Scale (K10): an application of the rating scale model

Abstract: Background: The Kessler Distress Scale (K10) is a self-report scale for the assessment of non-specific psychological distress in the general and clinical population. Because of its ease of application and good psychometric properties, the K10 has been adapted to several cultures. The present study seeks to adapt the K10 to Brazilian Portuguese and estimate its validity evidence and reliability. Methods: A total of 1914 individuals from the general population participated in the study (age = 34.88, SD = 13.61, 77.7% female). The adjustment indices were compared among three different measurement models proposed for the K10 through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The items' properties were analyzed by Andrich's Rating Scale Model (RSM). Furthermore, evidence based on relations to other variables (depression, stress, anxiety, positive and negative affects, and satisfaction with life) was estimated. Results: CFA indicated the adequacy of the bifactor model (CFI= 0.985; TLI= 0.973; SMR= 0.019; RMSEA= 0.050), composed of two specific factors (depression and anxiety) and one general factor (psychological distress), corresponding to the theoretical hypothesis. Additionally, it was observed multiple-group invariance by gender and age range. The RSM provided an understanding of the organization of the continuum represented by the psychological distress construct (items difficulty), which varied from -0.89 to 1.00; good adjustment indexes; infit between 0.67 and 1.32; outfit between 0.68 and 1.34; and desirable reliability, α= 0.87. Lastly, theoretically coherent associations with the external variables were observed. Conclusions: It is concluded that the Brazilian version of the K10 is a suitable measure of psychological distress for the Brazilian population.

Depression is a major determinant of sleep abnormalities in patients with epilepsy / A depressão é um dos principais determinantes das anormalidades do sono em pacientes com epilepsia

ABSTRACT Introduction: We aimed to identify sleep disorders in patients with epilepsy and compare this group with a healthy population. We also analyzed the features of sleep disorders in patients with epilepsy to demonstrate the effect of seizures and seizure types on sleep. Methods: Our study assessed 43 patients with epilepsy and 53 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The demographic and clinical data of all participants were recorded. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale, Berlin Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to all study subjects. The interview used to evaluate insomnia is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition - DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Results: Twenty-four patients (55.8%) and 26 controls (49.1%) are women. The mean age of patients and controls was 34.2±11.37 (16-71) and 34.6±11.28 (16-77), respectively. Patients with epilepsy had depression more often than controls, a result that was statistically significant (p<0.0001). We found no statistically significant difference between sleep parameters of patients and controls with normal BDI scores (p>0.05). Patients with depression had worse results on the Berlin Questionnaire and PSQI total score, with statistical significance (p=0.002). Nocturnal seizures, seizure type, and drug treatment had no effect on sleep (p>0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that depression rather than epilepsy negatively affects sleep, suggesting that all patients should be asked about their mood and sleep complaints.

RESUMO Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar distúrbios do sono em pacientes com epilepsia e compará-los com uma população saudável. Também foram examinadas as características dos distúrbios do sono em pacientes com epilepsia para demonstrar o efeito e os tipos de convulsões no sono. Métodos: O estudo consistiu em 43 pacientes com epilepsia e 53 controles saudáveis ​​pareados por idade e sexo. Os dados demográficos e clínicos de todos os participantes foram registrados. Todos os participantes do estudo receberam a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth, o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (Pittsburch Sleep QUality Index - PSQI), o Questionário do Grupo Internacional de Estudos das Pernas Inquietas, o Questionário de Berlim e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck. A entrevista usada para avaliar a insônia é baseada nos critérios do DSM-V. Resultados: Vinte e quatro pacientes (55,8%) são do sexo feminino e vinte e seis do grupo controle (49,1%) são do sexo feminino. A média de idade dos pacientes e do grupo controle é de 34,2±11,37 (16-71) e 34,6±11,28 (16-77), respectivamente. Pacientes com epilepsia sofrem mais de depressão do que os controles e esse resultado é estatisticamente significativo (p<0,0001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os parâmetros do sono dos pacientes e dos controles que apresentaram escores de Beck normais (p>0,05). Pacientes com depressão apresentam resultados piores no escore total do PSQI de Berlim, o que é estatisticamente significativo (p=0,002). As convulsões noturnas, o tipo de convulsão e o tratamento medicamentoso não afetaram o sono (p>0,05). Conclusão: Determinamos que a depressão, e não a epilepsia, afeta negativamente o sono dos pacientes, sugerindo que todos os pacientes devem ser questionados sobre seu humor e queixas de sono.

Translation and cultural adaptation of the DSM-5 Personality Inventory - Brief Form (PID-5-BF)

Abstract Introduction The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 - Brief Form (PID-5-BF) - is an instrument for assessment of the five pathological personality traits from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) alternative model of personality disorders. Objectives To determine the psychometric properties of the version of the PID-5-BF translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Methods The process of translating and cross-culturally adapting the text was carried out by independent translators and the resulting version was administered to 176 patients in two hospitals in Rio Grande do Sul. The internal structure was tested by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Evidence of reliability was tested by examining the internal consistency of the scales and their convergent and concurrent validity with other methods of psychopathology. Results The five factors were replicated in the present sample with adequate indicators of fit of the data to the model. Appropriate reliability coefficients for the scales and evidence of validity were observed, indicating the clinical usefulness of the PID-5-BF in the Brazilian context. Conclusion The psychometric properties of PID-5-BF proved satisfactory in an initial sample of Brazilians.

A dimensional measure of schizotypy: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences short version for Brazilian Portuguese (O-LIFE-S)

Abstract Introduction The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) is a widely-used scale, and the first to include a dimensional approach to understanding schizotypy. Objective To adapt the short version of the O-LIFE (O-LIFE-S) into Brazilian Portuguese. Method a) Two independent bilingual professionals translated the original instrument into Brazilian Portuguese; b) a third bilingual professional summarized the two translations; c) a fourth bilingual expert translated the Portuguese version back into English; d) this back-translation was adjusted by a committee of psychology experts; e) a pilot study was conducted with 10 participants from the general population. Results O-LIFE-S was considered ready to be used in a formal validation study in Brazil. Conclusion The scale appears to cover the dimensional approach to schizotypy. However, a future validation study needs to be conducted to determine the internal consistency and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the O-LIFE-S .

Psychometric properties of the Benzodiazepine Dependence Self-Report Questionnaire - Portuguese Version (BENDEP-SRQ-PV)

Abstract Objective To assess psychometric properties of the Benzodiazepine Dependence Self-Report Questionnaire - Portuguese Version (BENDEP-SRQ-PV) in a sample of Brazilian chronic hypnotic users. Methods One hundred and seventy-nine chronic hypnotic users (benzodiazepines and Z-drugs) were recruited, attended a psychiatric evaluation, and answered the BENDEP-SRQ-PV. Factor structure, reliability, and influence of covariates (dependence diagnosis and type of drug consumed) were assessed in a structural equation modelling environment. Discrimination was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots and stability with the test-retest method. Results Participants, mostly women (91.6%), aged 51 to 64 years old, had been using hypnotics for an average of 34.8 months, with a mean defined daily dose of 0.72. Psychometric analysis demonstrated construct and criterion validity, reliability, and response stability. The factor structure was maintained as originally proposed: problematic use (ω = 0.73), preoccupation (ω = 0.74), lack of compliance (ω = 0.74), and withdrawal (ω = 0.93). Conclusion The BENDEP-SRQ-PV is an adequate measure of hypnotic dependence in the Brazilian population of chronic users. Our results support using the scale for follow-up in clinical and research applications and in correlational studies.

Necesidad de evaluación psiquiátrica en niños en el contexto de la pandemia / Need for psychiatric evaluation in children in the context of the pandemic

Nuestro interés para el reporte de este caso surge a raíz de la poca atención a la salud mental de los niños y adolescentes en nuestro medio durante la pandemia. A pesar, de estar expuestos a diferentes estresores, ni los padres, maestros, médicos o enfermeras identificamos estos problemas y tampoco los referimos a clínicas de salud mental de manera oportuna. La pandemia actual por COVID-19 y el confinamiento son una amenaza para exacerbar los síntomas de los niños y jóvenes con un trastorno psiquiátrico previo. Esto se produce dentro de una dinámica familiar afectada por una crisis económica y social. No tenemos una evidencia exacta de los efectos de la pandemia, los niños y adolescentes con trastornos psiquiátricos son una población vulnerable que requiere vigilancia e intervenciones de personal especializado. (1) Los niños sobrellevan mejor estas situaciones si tienen a un adulto estable y tranquilo a su lado. Sin embargo, además de los factores del entorno familiar, se deben tener presentes los factores individuales: características del niño (como el temperamento), los antecedentes de adversidad, afrontamiento y resiliencia, que en conjunto modularan la respuesta a la amenaza (1). Existen reportes que los hijos de padres con trastornos psiquiátricos sufren cambios en su salud y aprendizaje, y tienen mayor riesgo para síntomas de ansiedad y reducción del sueño. (2) Los síntomas de depresión en niños varían, se infradiagnostican y no se tratan adecuadamente, porque se confunden sus síntomas con los cambios habituales durante el desarrollo (3). El pediatra es clave para detectar síntomas diana de depresión (miedo, tristeza, irritabilidad), para garantizar su correcto tratamiento. (4) La pandemia trae consigo una sensación de pérdida muy importante, que está afectando a los niños, no solo por familiares fallecidos, sino también por la pérdida del entorno social. Los estudios sobre niños son escasos, factores como cuarentenas prolongadas, el temor a la infección, la frustración, aburrimiento y la falta de contacto con amigos, generan repercusiones psicológicas en niños y adolescentes. (5)...(AU)

Cross-cultural adaptation and translation into Brazilian Portuguese of the instruments Sick Control One Stone Fat Food Questionnaire (SCOFF), Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Clinical Impairment Assessment Questionnaire (CIA)

Abstract Introduction Eating disorders (EDs) affect up to 13% of young people and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, important, internationally recognized instruments for brief ED screening (Sick Control One Stone Fat Food Questionnaire [SCOFF]), symptom severity assessment and diagnosis (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire [EDE-Q]) and assessment of ED-associated psychosocial impairment (Clinical Impairment Assessment Questionnaire [CIA]) were not yet available in Brazilian Portuguese. Our objective was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and translation into Brazilian Portuguese of the instruments SCOFF, EDE-Q and CIA. Method The process involved a series of standardized steps, as well as discussions with experts. First, the relevance and adequacy of the scales' items to our culture and population were extensively discussed. Then, two independent groups translated the original documents, creating versions that were compared. With the participation of external ED experts (i.e., who did not take part in the translation process), synthesized versions were produced. The syntheses were then applied to a focal group of patients with ED (n = 8). After that step, a preliminary version of the three scales in Brazilian Portuguese was produced and sent for back-translation by two English native speakers, who worked independently. A synthesis of the back-translations, along with the preliminary versions in Brazilian Portuguese, were sent to the original authors. Results The Brazilian Portuguese versions of SCOFF, EDE-Q and CIA were approved by the original authors and are now available for use. Conclusion This study provides important tools for the ED research field in Brazil.

Instruments to assess suicide risk: a systematic review

Abstract Introduction Suicide is an issue of great severity in public health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate which instruments are most frequently used by healthcare professionals to assess suicide risk and how accessible such instruments are, as well as to determine the scope of suicide phenomena. Method A systematic review was performed using the following Boolean searches: "scale AND suicide," "evaluation AND suicide," "questionnaire AND suicide." The articles retrieved were read and selected by two independent researchers - any discrepancies were addressed by a third researcher. Results From a total number of 206 articles, 20 instruments were identified as being currently used to assess suicide risk. The two most common were the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI) and The Columbia - Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Conclusion Even though the two scales (BSI and C-SSRS) are the most frequently mentioned and used by healthcare professionals to assess suicide risk, both instruments present breaches in their structure and there is not yet a single instrument considered to be the gold standard. As a future perspective, there is the urgency of developing a new tool that can widely and completely assess all psychopathological aspects of suicidality.