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1.
Diagn. tratamento ; 28(1): 61-67, jan-mar. 2023. tab 2
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1413215

ABSTRACT

Contextualização: A displasia broncopulmonar é uma das principais causas de enfermidade respiratória crônica na infância, levando a hospitalizações frequentes e prolongadas e com altos índices de mortalidade, alterações do crescimento pôndero-estatural e desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Tamanho impacto justifica o grande investimento nas pesquisas para identificar suas causas e buscar alternativas para prevenção e tratamento. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade das intervenções para prevenção de displasia broncopulmonar em recém-nascidos prematuros com ventilação mecânica invasiva. Métodos: Trata-se de overview de revisões sistemáticas realizadas pela Colaboração Cochrane. Procedeu-se à busca na Cochrane Library (2022), utilizando os termos "neonatal prematurity" e "bronchopulmonary dysplasia". Foram incluídos todos os ensaios clínicos randomizados. O desfecho primário de análise foi a redução de morbimortalidade. Resultados: A estratégia de busca recuperou um total de 47 revisões sistemáticas. Oito foram incluídas, totalizando 94 ensaios clínicos randomizados e 10.511 participantes. Discussão: Os estudos demonstram efetividade de corticosteroides, mas é necessário cautela na dosagem e no momento correto para sua administração. O uso de surfactante sintético pode trazer benefícios respiratórios, mas requer novos estudos. Não se justifica o uso de pentoxifilina. Conclusão: A displasia broncopulmonar tornou-se um grande desafio para o neonatologista e as revisões sistemáticas Cochrane sugerem que a corticoterapia pode ser efetiva na prevenção dessa condição, embora novos estudos sejam recomendados para estabelecer dosagem ideal e melhor momento para a terapêutica.


Subject(s)
Respiration, Artificial , Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia , Infant, Premature , Disease Prevention , Systematic Review
3.
Arq. ciências saúde UNIPAR ; 26(3): 315-327, set-dez. 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1399066

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os desfechos clínicos dos pacientes em suporte ventilatório invasivo por período curto e prolongado e correlacionar funcionalidade e tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM). Estudo documental retrospectivo, realizado na UTI neurocirúrgica de um hospital escola. Dos prontuários clínicos foram coletados: idade, sexo, hipótese diagnóstica de internação, tempo de internação e de VM em dias, o desfecho sucesso ou falha da extubação e o nível de funcionalidade. Os prontuários foram divididos em grupo um (GI): pacientes em VM por até três dias e grupo dois (GII): pacientes em VM por mais de três dias. Foram analisados 210 prontuários, 73% dos pacientes permaneceram menos de três dias em VM. A idade média de GI foi 51,8±15,5 anos e GII 48,7±16,3 anos (p=0,20), prevalência do sexo masculino em GI (59%) e GII (68%). O acidente vascular cerebral foi o diagnóstico mais prevalente no GI (18%) e o tumor cerebral no GII (21%) e hipertensão arterial, a comorbidade mais prevalente em GI (28%) e GII (25%). O GII permaneceu maior tempo (p<0,0001) em VM e internação na UTI que o GI e percentual de sucesso no desmame/extubação menor (p=0,01) que o GI. Não houve correlação significativa entre funcionalidade e tempo de VM em GI e GII (p>0,05). Os pacientes em suporte ventilatório invasivo por período prolongado evoluíram com maior permanência em VM, maior tempo de internação na UTI e menor taxa de sucesso no desmame/extubação. O tempo de permanência em suporte ventilatório invasivo não interferiu na funcionalidade desses pacientes.


The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients on short- and long-term invasive ventilatory support and to correlate functionality and duration of mechanical ventilation (MV). Retrospective documental study, carried out in the neurosurgical ICU of a teaching hospital. The following were collected from the clinical records: age, gender, diagnostic hypothesis of hospitalization, length of hospital stay and MV in days, the outcome of success or failure of extubation and the level of functionality. The medical records were divided into group one (GI): patients on MV for up to three days and group two (GII): patients on MV for more than three days. A total of 210 medical records were analyzed, 73% of the patients remained on MV for less than three days. The mean age of GI was 51.8±15.5 years and GII 48.7±16.3 years (p=0.20), male prevalence in GI (59%) and GII (68%). Stroke was the most prevalent diagnosis in GI (18%) and brain tumor in GII (21%) and hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity in GI (28%) and GII (25%). GII remained longer (p<0.0001) in MV and ICU admission than GI and the percentage of success in weaning/extubation was lower (p=0.01) than GI. There was no significant correlation between functionality and time on MV in GI and GII (p>0.05). Patients on invasive ventilatory support for a long period evolved with longer MV stays, longer ICU stays and lower weaning/extubation success rates. The length of stay on invasive ventilatory support did not interfere with the functionality of these patients.


El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los resultados clínicos de los pacientes con soporte ventilatorio invasivo a corto y largo plazo y correlacionar la funcionalidad y el tiempo de ventilación mecánica (VM). Se trata de un estudio documental retrospectivo, realizado en la UCI neuroquirúrgica de un hospital universitario. Se recogieron los siguientes datos de las historias clínicas: edad, sexo, hipótesis diagnóstica, duración de la estancia y tiempo de VM en días, el resultado éxito o fracaso de la extubación y el nivel de funcionalidad. Las historias clínicas se dividieron en el grupo uno (GI): pacientes bajo VM hasta tres días y el grupo dos (GII): pacientes bajo VM durante más de tres días. Se analizaron 210 historias clínicas, el 73% de los pacientes permanecieron menos de tres días con VM. La edad media de GI fue de 51,8±15,5 años y la de GII de 48,7±16,3 años (p=0,20), con prevalencia masculina en GI (59%) y GII (68%). El ictus fue el diagnóstico más prevalente en GI (18%) y el tumor cerebral en GII (21%) y la hipertensión, la comorbilidad más prevalente en GI (28%) y GII (25%). El GII permaneció más tiempo (p<0,0001) en la VM y la estancia en la UCI que el GI y el porcentaje de éxito en el destete/extubación fue menor (p=0,01) que el GI. No hubo correlación significativa entre la funcionalidad y el tiempo de VM en GI y GII (p>0,05). Los pacientes con soporte ventilatorio invasivo a largo plazo evolucionaron con una mayor estancia en la VM, una mayor estancia en la UCI y una menor tasa de éxito de destete/extubación. La duración de la estancia con soporte ventilatorio invasivo no interfirió en la funcionalidad de estos pacientes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Respiration, Artificial/instrumentation , Residence Time , Interactive Ventilatory Support/nursing , Interactive Ventilatory Support/instrumentation , Intensive Care Units , Length of Stay , Brain Neoplasms/complications , Ventilator Weaning/instrumentation , Comorbidity , Medical Records/statistics & numerical data , Physical Therapy Modalities/nursing , Stroke/complications , Airway Extubation/instrumentation , Hospitalization , Hospitals, Teaching , Hypertension/complications
4.
Geneve; WHO; Sept. 15, 2022. 181 p. tab, ilus. (WHO/2019-nCoV/Clinical/2022.2).
Non-conventional in English | LILACS, BIGG | ID: biblio-1393163

ABSTRACT

The WHO COVID-19 Clinical management: living guidance contains the Organization's most up-to-date recommendations for the clinical management of people with COVID-19. Providing guidance that is comprehensive and holistic for the optimal care of COVID-19 patients throughout their entire illness is important. The latest version of this living guideline is available in pdf format (via the 'Download' button) and via an online platform, and is updated regularly as new evidence emerges. No further updates to the previous existing recommendations were made in this latest version. This updated (fifth) version contains 16 new recommendations for the rehabilitation of adults with post COVID-19 condition (see Chapter 24), which includes: strong recommendation that exertional desaturation and cardiac impairment following COVID-19 should be ruled out and managed before consideration of physical exercise training


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Child , COVID-19/complications , Palliative Care , Pneumonia, Viral/etiology , Rehabilitation , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/etiology , Shock, Septic , Patient Care Management/organization & administration , Breast Feeding , Pregnancy , Global Health , COVID-19/diagnosis , Hospitalization , Masks
5.
MedUNAB ; 25(2): 227-236, 2022/08/01.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1395961

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La neumonía nosocomial o neumonía adquirida en el hospital, es una causa importante de infección intrahospitalaria que conlleva una alta morbimortalidad. Ocurre a una tasa de 5 a 10 por cada 1,000 ingresos hospitalarios y se considera la causa más común de infección intrahospitalaria en Europa y Estados Unidos. Más del 90% de los episodios de neumonía que se desarrollan en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) ocurren en pacientes ventilados. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la prevalencia y los factores asociados como estancia hospitalaria en UCI, enfermedades concomitantes y situaciones en pacientes mayores de 18 años con neumonía nosocomial con estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos en una clínica de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Cali, en el periodo enero 2015 y enero 2016. Metodología. Estudio observacional de corte transversal con componente analítico. Se revisaron 353 historias clínicas enfocadas en los factores asociados de neumonía nosocomial en la UCI, con una estancia mayor o igual a 48 horas. El análisis estadístico se realizó con Epi Info versión 7. Resultados. La edad promedio de los casos estudiados fue de 55.17 años. La prevalencia estimada para neumonía nosocomial fue de 26%, con un promedio de estancia en UCI de 9.94 días, una desviación estándar de 8.30 días y días de ventilación mecánica invasiva de 4.27, con una desviación estándar de 7.38 días, en la cual el 26.35% (IC 95%: 22.0-31.1) adquirió neumonía nosocomial en UCI, el 43.06%: (IC 95%: 38.0-48.2) fueron mujeres, requiriendo de ventilación mecánica invasiva el 37.68% (IC 95%: 32.7-42.8). Como antecedentes patológicos de importancia se observó una asociación entre las variables con respecto a la neumonía nosocomial evidenciándose una relación significativa con diabetes mellitus (OR: 25.6; IC: 95% 13.4-48.7), enfermedad renal crónica (OR: 8.4; IC 95%: 4.49-16.0), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (OR: 22.2; IC 95% 11.7-42.1), antecedente patológico de sinusitis (OR: 30.9; IC 95%: 7-46.2), utilización de sonda nasogástrica (OR: 13; IC 95%: 5-32) y, finalmente, al correlacionar la mortalidad con este tipo de infección pulmonar (OR: 26.1; IC 95%: 13 -49.1), evidenciando una relación entre las variables. Discusión. Los hallazgos muestran alta frecuencia de esta patología, lo que conlleva múltiples implicaciones en los pacientes como estancia prolongada y mortalidad, las cuales son condiciones que han sido identificadas por diferentes autores. Conclusiones. La neumonía nosocomial es un proceso infeccioso frecuente en la UCI, que tiene una alta morbimortalidad, relacionándose con los días de estancia y ventilación mecánica invasiva.


Introduction. Nosocomial pneumonia, or hospital-acquired pneumonia, is a significant cause of in-hospital infection that leads to high morbimortality. It occurs at a rate of 5 to 10 for every 1,000 hospital admissions and is considered the most common cause of in-hospital infection in Europe and the United States. Over 90% of episodes of pneumonia developed in intensive care units (ICUs) occur in ventilated patients. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence and associated factors, such as hospitalization in the ICU, concomitant illnesses, and situations in patients older than 18 years of age with nosocomial pneumonia and hospital stay in an intensive care unit in a third-level clinic in the city of Cali, during the period between January 2015 and January 2016. Methodology. A cross-sectional, observational study with an analytical component. 353 medical records were reviewed, focusing on the factors associated with nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU, with hospital stay greater than or equal to 48 hours. The statistical analysis was performed with Epi Info version 7. Results. The average age of the studied cases was 55.17 years. The estimated prevalence for nosocomial pneumonia was 26%, with an average ICU hospital stay of 9.94 days and standard deviation of 8.30 days, and 4.27 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, with a standard deviation of 7.38 days, in which 26.35% (CI 95%: 22.0-31.1) acquired nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU. 43.06%: (CI 95%: 38.0-48.2) were women, of which 37.68% required invasive mechanical ventilation (CI 95%: 32.7-42.8). As an important pathological background, an association was observed between the variables with respect to nosocomial pneumonia, showing a significant relationship with diabetes mellitus (OR: 25.6; CI: 95% 13.4-48.7), chronic kidney disease (OR: 8.4; CI 95%: 4.49-16.0), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR: 22.2; CI 95% 11.7-42.1), pathological backgrounds of sinusitis (OR: 30.9; CI 95%: 7-46.2), the use of nasogastric tube (OR: 13; CI 95%: 5-32) and, finally, correlating mortality with this type of pulmonary infection (OR: 26.1; CI 95%: 13-49.1), showing a relationship between the variables. Discussion. The findings show a high frequency of this pathology, which leads to multiple implications in patients, such as prolonged hospital stay and mortality, which are conditions that have been identified by different authors. Conclusions. Nosocomial pneumonia is a frequent infectious process in the ICU, which has a high morbimortality and is related to hospital stay and invasive mechanical ventilation.


Introdução. A pneumonia nosocomial, ou pneumonia adquirida no hospital, é uma importante causa de infecção hospitalar com alta morbidade e mortalidade. Ocorre a uma taxa de 5 a 10 por 1,000 internações hospitalares e é considerada a causa mais comum de infecção hospitalar na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Mais de 90% dos episódios de pneumonia que se desenvolvem em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) ocorrem em pacientes ventilados. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a prevalência e fatores associados, como permanência hospitalar na UTI, doenças concomitantes e situações em pacientes maiores de 18 anos com pneumonia nosocomial internados em unidade de terapia intensiva de uma clínica de nível terciário da cidade de Cali, no período de janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016. Metodologia. Estudo observacional transversal com componente analítico. Foram revisados 353 prontuários com foco em fatores associados de pneumonia nosocomial na UTI, com permanência maior ou igual a 48 horas. A análise estatística foi realizada com o Epi Info versão 7. Resultados. A média de idade dos casos estudados foi de 55.17 anos. A prevalência estimada para pneumonia nosocomial foi de 26%, com média de permanência na UTI de 9.94 dias, desvio padrão de 8.30 dias, e dias de ventilação mecânica invasiva de 4.27, com desvio padrão de 7.38 dias, em que 26.35% (IC 95%: 22.0-31.1) adquiriram pneumonia nosocomial na UTI; 43.06%: (IC 95%: 38.0-48.2) eram mulheres, necesitando de ventilação mecânica invasiva 37.68% (IC 95%: 32.7-42.8). Como antecedentes patológicos importantes, observou-se associação entre as variáveis referentes à pneumonia nosocomial, mostrando relação significativa com diabetes mellitus (OR: 25.6; IC: 95% 13.4-48.7), doença renal crônica (OR: 8.4; IC 95%: 4.49-16.0), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (OR: 22.2; IC 95% 11.7-42.1), história patológica de sinusite (OR: 30.9; IC 95%: 7-46.2), uso de sonda nasogástrica (OR: 13; IC 95%: 5-32) e, por fim, correlação da mortalidade com este tipo de infecção pulmonar (OR: 26.1; IC 95%: 13-49.1), mostrando relação entre as variáveis. Discussão. Os resultados mostram uma alta frequência dessa patologia, que tem múltiplas implicações para os pacientes, como permanência prolongada e mortalidade, que são condições identificadas por diferentes autores. Conclusões. A pneumonia nosocomial é um processo infeccioso frequente na UTI, que apresenta alta morbimortalidade, relacionada aos dias de internação e ventilação mecânica invasiva.


Subject(s)
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated , Pneumonia , Respiration, Artificial , Cross Infection , Critical Care Outcomes , Intubation
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 40(3): 640-649, jun. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385658

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: To describe the physical therapy protocols used in critically ill patients to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy. We conducted a search in PubMed and Embase from inception to November 2020. Observational or experimental studies published in English or Spanish that evaluated the effect of physical therapy protocols on the attenuation of skeletal muscle atrophy in critically ill patients through muscle strength or mass measurement were considered eligible. Studies were only included if they reported a detailed description of the dosing of the interventions. Seventeen studies met the eligibility criteria. We included randomised clinical trials (n = 16) and observational studies (n = 1). The total population of the included studies was 872 critically ill patients. The studies aimed to evaluate the reliability, safety or effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (n = 10) protocols, early mobilisation (n = 3), ergometer training (n = 2), transfers in tilt table (n = 1), and blood flow restriction (n = 1). Physical therapy protocols are part of the critically ill patient's integral management. Strategies such as passive mobilisation, in-bed and out-of-bed transfers, gait training, ergometer training, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation substantially impact critically ill patients' prognoses and quality of life after hospital discharge.


RESUMEN: Describir los protocolos de terapia física usados en pacientes críticos para atenuar la atrofia muscular esquelética. Realizamos una búsqueda en PubMed y Embase desde el inicio hasta noviembre de 2020. Se consideraron los estudios observacionales o experimentales publicados en inglés o español que evaluaron el efecto de los protocolos de terapia física en la atenuación de la atrofia del músculo esquelético en pacientes críticos a través de la medición de la fuerza o la masa muscular. Los estudios solo se incluyeron si informaron una descripción detallada de la dosificación de las intervenciones. Diecisiete estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (n = 16) y estudios observacionales (n = 1). La población total de los estudios incluidos fue de 872 pacientes en estado crítico. Los estudios tuvieron como objetivo evaluar la confiabilidad, seguridad o efectividad de los protocolos de estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular (n = 10), movilización temprana (n = 3), entrenamiento con ergómetro (n = 2), transferencias en mesa basculante (n = 1) y restricción del flujo sanguíneo (n = 1). Los protocolos de terapia física forman parte del manejo integral del paciente crítico. Es- trategias como la movilización pasiva, los traslados dentro y fuera de la cama, el entrenamiento de la marcha, el entrenamiento con ergómetro y la estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular tienen un impacto sustancial en el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes críticos después del alta hospitalaria.


Subject(s)
Humans , Muscular Atrophy/therapy , Physical Therapy Modalities , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Bed Rest/adverse effects , Muscular Atrophy/etiology , Muscular Atrophy/rehabilitation , Clinical Protocols , Critical Illness , Intensive Care Units
7.
Arq. ciências saúde UNIPAR ; 26(2): 127-133, maio-ago. 2022.
Article in Portuguese, French | LILACS | ID: biblio-1372962

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: caracterizar a prática clínica e identificar as barreiras relacionadas à mobilização precoce em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudo observacional analítico e prospectivo que incluiu pacientes em ventilação mecânica por mais de 24 horas. Foram coletados diariamente dados clínicos, critérios de segurança, barreiras e atividades realizadas nos atendimentos de fisioterapia. Posteriormente a amostra foi dividida de acordo com a realização de sedestação à beira do leito. Utilizou-se teste T para comparação entre grupos e para associação teste Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fischer quando necessário. Resultados: participaram 54 indivíduos com média de idade 51,33±14,85 anos e SAPSIII médio de 63,47±13,37 pontos. A mobilização foi realizada em 1356 sessões, em sua maioria atividades passivas. Nenhuma atividade fora do leito foi realizada com pacientes em ventilação mecânica. As principais barreiras foram sedação, nível de consciência e procedimentos médicos. A não sedestação à beira do leito foi associada à ausência de critérios de segurança, que impediram a mobilização, e ocorrência de óbito. Conclusão: A mobilização foi realizada na maioria das sessões, porém poucas atividades foram realizadas fora do leito. Durante o período de ventilação mecânica nenhuma atividade foi realizada fora do leito. As barreiras mais citadas foram sedação, nível de consciência e procedimentos médicos.


Purpose: characterize the clinical practice and identify barriers related to early mobilization in an Intensive Care Unit. Method: analytical and prospective observational study that included patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours. Clinical data, safety criteria, barriers and activities performed in physical therapy consultations were collected on a daily basis. Subsequently, the sample was divided according to the performance of the patient sitting at the bedside. The T-test was used for comparison between groups and the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used when necessary. Results: a total of 54 individuals participated, with a mean age of 51.33±14.85 years and mean SAPSIII of 63.47±13.37 points. Mobilization was performed in 1356 sessions, mostly passive activities. No out-of-bed activities were performed with patients on mechanical ventilation. The main barriers were sedation, level of consciousness, and medical procedures. Failure to sit at the bedside was associated with the absence of safety criteria, which prevented mobilization, and the occurrence of death. Conclusion: Mobilization was performed in most sessions, but few activities were performed outside the bed. During the period of mechanical ventilation, no activity was performed outside the bed. The barriers most frequently mentioned were sedation, level of consciousness, and medical procedures.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Early Ambulation , Intensive Care Units , Respiration, Artificial , Physical Therapy Modalities , Consciousness , Death , Mobility Limitation , Deep Sedation , Physical Therapists , Methods
8.
Säo Paulo med. j ; 140(3): 463-473, May-June 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1377389

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: For critically ill patients, physicians tend to administer sufficient or even excessive oxygen to maintain oxygen saturation at a high level. However, the credibility of the evidence for this practice is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of different oxygen therapy strategies on the outcomes of mechanically ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis conducted at Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China. METHODS: We systematically searched electronic databases such as PubMed and Embase for relevant articles and performed meta-analyses on the effects of different oxygen therapy strategies on the outcomes of mechanically ventilated ICU patients. RESULTS: A total of 1802 patients from five studies were included. There were equal numbers of patients in the conservative and liberal groups (n = 910 in each group). There was no significant difference between the conservative and liberal groups with regard to 28-day mortality (risk ratio, RR = 0.88; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.59-1.32; P = 0.55; I2 = 63%). Ninety-day mortality, infection rates, ICU length of stay, mechanical ventilation-free days up to day 28 and vasopressor-free days up to day 28 were comparable between the two strategies. CONCLUSIONS: It is not necessary to use liberal oxygen therapy strategies to pursue a higher level of peripheral oxygen saturation for mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Conservative oxygen therapy was not associated with any statistically significant reduction in mortality.


Subject(s)
Humans , Oxygen , Respiration, Artificial , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy , Prognosis , Critical Illness/therapy , Intensive Care Units , Length of Stay
9.
Más Vita ; 4(2): 215-226, jun. 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1392176

ABSTRACT

El destete de la ventilación mecánica (VM) es un paso clave para los pacientes sometidos a VM invasiva en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Entre las diversas herramientas destinadas a ayudar a predecir el fracaso sucesor del destete, encontramos el índice rápido de respiración superficial (RSBI por sus siglas en inglés), es decir, la relación entre la frecuencia respiratoria y el volumen corriente (Fr/Vt) medido durante una prueba de respiración espontánea (SBT por sus siglas en inglés). Objetivo: Describir el índice de respiración superficial diagramática como predictor Weaning de la ventilación mecánica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de revisión, de tipo monográfico. Apoyado en artículos científicos, publicados en diferentes revistas indexzada en índices reconocidos. Resultado: Durante un SBT, el valor de RSBI parece ser paralelo a la evolución de la fatiga de los músculos respiratorios. Por lo tanto, se considera que el RSBI refleja la carga inspiratoria, siendo la disminución del volumen tidal junto con el aumento de frecuencia respiratoria indicativo de posible debilidad o fatiga de los músculos inspiratorios, u otros efectos fisiológicos. Conclusión: Entre los pacientes ventilados en la UCI, una alteración multifactorial del diafragma es común y puede resultar en falla del destete y prolongación de la VM invasiva; por lo tanto, evaluar la función del diafragma es un medio útil para evaluar la capacidad del paciente para tolerar la respiración espontánea(AU)


Weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) is a key step for patients undergoing invasive MV in the intensive care unit (ICU). Among the various tools intended to help predict successor failure weaning, we found the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI for its acronym in English), that is, the relationship between the respiratory rate and the volume current (Fr/Vt) measured during a spontaneous breathing test (SBT by its acronym in English). Objective: To describe the rate of shallow breathing Diagrammatic as a Weaning predictor of mechanical ventilation. Materials and methods: Review study, monographic type. supported by articles scientific, published in different magazines indexed in recognized indices. Result: During an SBT, the RSBI value appears to be parallel to the evolution of respiratory muscle fatigue. Therefore, it is considered that the RSBI reflects the inspiratory load, being the decrease in tidal volume together with the increased respiratory rate indicative of possible weakness or fatigue of the inspiratory muscles, or other physiological effects. Conclusion: Among the patients ventilated in the ICU, a multifactorial alteration of the diaphragm is common and can result in weaning failure and prolongation of invasive MV; by Therefore, assessing diaphragm function is a useful means of assessing the patient's ability to tolerate spontaneous breathing(AU)


Subject(s)
Respiration, Artificial , Weaning , Respiratory Rate , Intensive Care Units , Patients , Tidal Volume
10.
MedUNAB ; 25(1): 9-30, 202205.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1372572

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La COVID-19 ha sido una de las enfermedades que ha generado mayor carga de enfermedad en el siglo XXI. A la fecha, se estiman más de 280 millones de casos a nivel global. Aún se desconocen muchos aspectos de esta condición, lo que ocasiona controversias sobre el abordaje de pacientes críticamente enfermos. La traqueostomía es una intervención que ha demostrado ser beneficiosa en el manejo de enfermedades respiratorias, sin embargo, existe un vacío en la evidencia sobre la efectividad y seguridad de esta intervención en pacientes críticamente enfermos de COVID-19. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio consistió en relacionar el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio del cuadro clínico, durante la intubación y los días de ventilación mecánica, hasta la realización de la traqueostomía, con la supervivencia de pacientes con síntomas sugestivos de COVID-19. Metodología. Estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal, realizado entre marzo del año 2020 y febrero del año 2021 en dos centros hospitalarios de cuarto nivel de la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia. Incluyó pacientes mayores de 18 años que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos por requerimiento de ventilación mecánica invasiva por sintomatología respiratoria viral. Se excluyeron aquellos con historias clínicas incompletas e internados por otras causas respiratorias. Resultados. Un total de 122 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio con una mediana de edad de 63 años (RIQ 22; 20-89), siendo el 66.4% (n=81) hombres. No se encontró una correlación significativa entre el número de días desde el inicio del cuadro clínico hasta realización de la traqueostomía (p=0.12), ni entre el tiempo transcurrido desde la intubación endotraqueal hasta la realización de la traqueostomía, con respecto a la supervivencia (p=0.53). Pero sí entre el número de días de ventilación mecánica invasiva y el desenlace final (p=0.02). Discusión. Aunque se ha reportado que la traqueostomía es uno de los procedimientos que acarrea mayores riesgos en el manejo del paciente con sintomatología respiratoria severa, durante la pandemia por COVID-19 la literatura describe que esta intervención aumenta la supervivencia, disminuye el tiempo de requerimiento de ventilación mecánica y reduce la estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos. El número de complicaciones es muy bajo en comparación al beneficio que otorga y se observó que el comportamiento local es muy similar al reportado en la literatura. Conclusiones. El tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas o de la intubación endotraqueal hasta la realización de traqueostomía no se correlaciona con la supervivencia de pacientes con sintomatología respiratoria sugestiva de COVID-19 que se encuentran bajo ventilación mecánica y traqueostomizados.


Introduction. COVID-19 has generated one of the highest disease burdens in the 21st century. To date, there are more than 280 million estimated cases globally. Many aspects of this condition are still unknown, which causes controversy in how to approach critically ill patients. Tracheostomy is an intervention that has been shown to be beneficial in the management of respiratory disease, however, there is an evidence gap on the effectiveness and safety of this intervention in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Consequently, the aim of this study was to relate the time elapsed from the onset of the clinical condition, during intubation and days of mechanical ventilation, to performing the tracheostomy, with the survival of patients with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. Methodology. Retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted between March 2020 and February 2021 in two fourth-level hospitals in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. It included patients older than 18 years who were admitted to the intensive care unit due to the need for invasive mechanical ventilation for viral respiratory symptoms. Those with incomplete medical records and hospitalized for other respiratory causes were excluded. Results. A total of 122 patients were included in the study with a median age of 63 years (IQR 22; 20-89), with 66.4% (n = 81) being male. No significant correlation was found between the number of days from the onset of the clinical condition to the performance of tracheostomy (p = 0.12), nor between the time elapsed from endotracheal intubation to the performance of tracheostomy, with respect to survival (p = 0.53). However, there was a relationship between the number of days of invasive mechanical ventilation and the final outcome (p = 0.02). Discussion. Although it has been reported that tracheostomy is one of the riskiest procedures in the management of patients with severe respiratory symptoms, during the COVID-19 pandemic the literature describes that this intervention increases survival, decreases the time required for mechanical ventilation and reduces the length of stay in the intensive care unit. The number of complications is very low in comparison to the benefit it confers, and it was observed that the local behavior is very similar to that reported in the literature. Conclusions. Time from symptom onset or endotracheal intubation to the performance of tracheostomy does not correlate with survival in patients with respiratory symptomatology suggestive of COVID-19 who are mechanically ventilated and tracheostomized.


Introdução. A COVID-19 tem sido uma das doenças que gerou a maior carga de doenças no século XXI. Até o momento, mais de 280 milhões de casos são estimados globalmente. Muitos aspectos dessa condição ainda são desconhecidos, o que gera controvérsias sobre a abordagem de pacientes gravemente doentes. A traqueostomia é uma intervenção que tem se mostrado benéfica no manejo de doenças respiratórias, porém, há uma lacuna nas evidências sobre a eficácia e segurança dessa intervenção em pacientes críticos com COVID-19. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar o tempo decorrido desde o início do quadro clínico, durante a intubação e os dias de ventilação mecânica, até a realização da traqueostomia, com a sobrevivência de pacientes com sintomas sugestivos de COVID-19. Metodologia. Estudo transversal retrospectivo, realizado entre março de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021 em dois hospitais de quarto nível na cidade de Cartagena, Colômbia. Foram incluídos pacientes maiores de 18 anos que foram admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva por necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva devido a sintomas respiratórios virais. Foram excluídos aqueles com historial clínico incompleto e internados por outras causas respiratórias. Resultados. Um total de 122 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo com idade média de 63 anos (IQR 22; 20-89), sendo 66.4% (n=81) homens. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre o número de dias desde o início do quadro clínico até a traqueostomia (p=0.12), ou entre o tempo decorrido da intubação endotraqueal até a traqueostomia, com relação à sobrevivência (p=0.53). Mas sim entre o número de dias de ventilação mecânica invasiva e o desfecho final (p=0.02). Discussão. Embora tenha sido relatado que a traqueostomia é um dos procedimentos de maior risco no manejo de pacientes com sintomas respiratórios graves, durante a pandemia de COVID-19 a literatura descreve que essa intervenção aumenta a sobrevivência, diminui o tempo necessário para a ventilação mecânica e reduz a permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva. O número de complicações é muito baixo em relação ao benefício que proporciona e observou-se que o comportamento local é muito semelhante ao relatado na literatura. Conclusões. O tempo desde o início dos sintomas ou intubação endotraqueal até a realização de uma traqueostomia não se correlaciona com a sobrevivência de pacientes com sintomas respiratórios sugestivos de COVID-19 que estão sob ventilação mecânica e traqueostomizados.


Subject(s)
Tracheostomy , Coronavirus Infections , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Tract Diseases , Colombia , COVID-19
11.
Medwave ; 22(3): e002550, 29-04-2022.
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1368126

ABSTRACT

Los avances tecnológicos de la ventilación mecánica han sido parte esencial del aumento de la sobrevida en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Desde la conexión a la ventilación mecánica, comúnmente se utiliza ventilación controlada sin la consecuente participación de los músculos respiratorios del paciente, con el fin de favorecer la protección pulmonar. El retiro de la ventilación mecánica implica un periodo de transición hacia la respiración espontánea, utilizando principalmente ventilación mecánica asistida. En esta transición, el desafío de los clínicos es evitar la sub y sobre asistencia ventilatoria, minimizando el esfuerzo respiratorio excesivo, daño diafragmático y pulmonar inducidos por la ventilación mecánica. La monitorización con balón esofágico permite mediciones objetivas de la actividad muscular respiratoria en tiempo real, pero aún hay limitaciones para su aplicación rutinaria en pacientes ventilados mecánicamente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Al igual que el balón esofágico, la electromiografía de los músculos respiratorios y la ecografía diafragmática son herramientas que permiten monitorizar la actividad muscular de la respiración, siendo mínimamente invasivas y con requerimiento de entrenamiento específico. Particularmente, durante la actual pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus se ha extendido el uso de herramientas no invasivas disponibles en los ventiladores mecánicos para monitorizar el impulso (drive), esfuerzo y trabajo respiratorio, para promover una ventilación mecánica ajustada a las necesidades del paciente. Consecuentemente, el objetivo de esta revisión es identificar las definiciones conceptuales de impulso, esfuerzo y trabajo respiratorio utilizadas en el contexto de la unidad de cuidados intensivos, e identificar las maniobras de medición no invasivas disponibles en los ventiladores de cuidados intensivos para monitorizar impulso, esfuerzo y trabajo respiratorio. La literatura destaca que, aunque los conceptos de impulso, esfuerzo y trabajo respiratorio se perciben intuitivos, no existe una definición clara. Asimismo, destacados autores los definen como conceptos diferentes.


Technological advances in mechanical ventilation have been essential to increasing the survival rate in intensive care units. Usually, patients needing mechanical ventilation use controlled ventilation to override the patient's respiratory muscles and favor lung protection. Weaning from mechanical ventilation implies a transition towards spontaneous breathing, mainly using assisted mechanical ventilation. In this transition, the challenge for clinicians is to avoid under and over assistance and minimize excessive respiratory effort and iatrogenic diaphragmatic and lung damage. Esophageal balloon monitoring allows objective measurements of respiratory muscle activity in real time, but there are still limitations to its routine application in intensive care unit patients using mechanical ventilation. Like the esophageal balloon, respiratory muscle electromyography and diaphragmatic ultrasound are minimally invasive tools requiring specific training that monitor respiratory muscle activity. Particularly during the coronavirus disease pandemic, non invasive tools available on mechanical ventilators to monitor respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing have been extended to individualize mechanical ventilation based on patient's needs. This review aims to identify the conceptual definitions of respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing and to identify non invasive maneuvers available on intensive care ventilators to measure these parameters. The literature highlights that although respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing are intuitive concepts, even distinguished authors disagree on their definitions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Work of Breathing , Pandemics , Respiration, Artificial , Ventilators, Mechanical , Critical Care
12.
Med. infant ; 29(1): 38-43, Marzo 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS, UNISALUD | ID: biblio-1367206

ABSTRACT

La Injuria Pulmonar Autoinducida por el Paciente (p-SILI) es una entidad recientemente reconocida. Clásicamente, el daño producido por la ventilación mecánica (VM) se asoció al uso de presión positiva, y para disminuirlo se crearon distintas estrategias conocidas como parámetros de protección pulmonar. Sin embargo, es importante reconocer los potenciales efectos deletéreos de la ventilación espontánea dependientes de la injuria pulmonar previa que sufra el paciente y del esfuerzo que realice. En este artículo se explican los distintos mecanismos que pueden producir p-SILI y las estrategias descritas en la literatura para prevenirla (AU)


Patient self-inflicted lung injury (p-SILI) is a recently recognized disorder. Classically, damage produced by mechanical ventilation (MV) was associated with the use of positive pressure, and different strategies known as lung protection parameters were created to reduce it. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize the potential deleterious effects of the effort made during spontaneous breathing due to previous lung injury suffered by the patient. This article explains the different mechanisms that may produce p-SILI and the prevention strategies described in the literature. (AU)


Subject(s)
Respiration, Artificial/methods , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Tidal Volume , Positive-Pressure Respiration/methods , Lung Injury/physiopathology , Lung Injury/prevention & control
13.
Nursing (Säo Paulo) ; 25(286): 7340-7351, mar.2022.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1372351

ABSTRACT

Avaliar a atuação do enfermeiro nos cuidados aos pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica na emergência de um hospital público do Distrito Federal. Método: estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa realizada com enfermeiros através de um instrumento semi-estruturado elaborado pelos pesquisadores, compreendendo o período de junho a agosto de 2021. Os dados coletados foram compilados no Microsoft Excel for Windows e submetidos a análises estatísticas descritivas. Resultados: as ações de enfermagem menos realizadas foram a checagem do nível do tubo endotraqueal (30%) e a avaliação da relação P/F (27,5%). Já a monitorização multiparamétrica foi o cuidado mais citado pelos enfermeiros, com 97,5%. A Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica foi a complicação mais citada pelos profissionais (63,1%). Conclusão: após análise dos dados foi possível observar que há a necessidade de maior investimento em treinamento contínuo aos profissionais enfermeiros desde a formação acadêmica até a atuação destes na prática assistencial.(AU)


To avaliate the nursing care to the patientes undergoing on mechanical ventilation in the emergency in the public hospital in Federal District. Methods: descriptive and exploratory study, with quantitative approach with nurses through a semistructured instrument developed by the researchers, covering the period from June to August 2021. The data collected were compiled in Microsoft Excel for Windows and subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: the least performed nursing actions were checking the level of endotracheal tube (30%) and P/F avaliation (27,5%). Multiparametric monitoring was the care most cited by nurses, with 97,5%. Pneumonia Associated with Mechanical Ventilation was the most cited complication by professionals (63,1%). Conclusion: after data analyzing, it was possible to observe that there is a need for greater investment in continuous training for nurses, from academic training to theis performance in care practice.(AU)


Evaluar el papel de los enfermeros en el cuidado de pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica en el servicio de urgencias de un hospital público del Distrito Federal. Método: estúdio descriptivo y exploratório, com abordaje cuantitativo realizado com enfermeiros através de um instrumento semiestructurado desarrollado por los investigadores, que abarcó el período de junio a agosto de 2021. Los datos recolectados fueron compilados en Microsoft Excel for Windows y sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: las acciones de enfermería menos realizadas fueron verificar el nível del tubo endotraqueal (30%) y evaluar la relación P/F (27,5%). El seguimiento multiparamétrico fue el cuidado más citado por los enfermeros, con 97,5%. La Neumonía Asociada a Ventilación Mecánica fue la complicación más citada por los profesionales (63,1%). Conclusión: después del análisis de los datos, fue posible observar que existe la necesidad de una mayor inversión en la formación continua de los enfermeros, desde la formación académica hasta su desempeño en la práctica asistencial.(AU)


Subject(s)
Respiration, Artificial , Emergencies , Nursing Care
14.
Arq. Asma, Alerg. Imunol ; 6(1): 84-90, jan.mar.2022. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1400109

ABSTRACT

O SARS-CoV-2 é causador da doença infecciosa COVID-19. A infecção estimula o sistema imunológico a produzir citocinas próinflamatórias. A principal citocina envolvida é a IL-6, e está ligada à gravidade da doença. Devido à associação dos altos níveis de IL-6 com a mortalidade na COVID-19, investiga-se sobre o uso de tocilizumabe (TCZ), um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado antirreceptor de IL-6 humana. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática é avaliar a eficácia do uso do TCZ em pacientes com COVID-19 grave. As buscas foram feitas através das bases de dados Science Direct e PubMed em setembro de 2021. Foram incluídos os ensaios clínicos randomizados com pacientes em um único estágio de COVID-19, casos graves e sem restrição de idade, os quais receberam o TCZ como medicação de intervenção combinado a tratamentos protocolados por cada hospital e associado a corticosteroides. A análise desses estudos demonstrou resultados significantes sobre o uso de TCZ em casos severos de COVID-19. O uso de TCZ associado a glicocorticoides levou a uma redução no índice de mortalidade e de submissão a ventilações mecânicas e a uma melhora expressiva em relação à escala "WHO-endorsed 7-point ordinal scale". Entretanto, não houve melhora relevante quanto ao uso do TCZ de maneira isolada.


SARS-CoV-2 causes the COVID-19 infectious disease that affects the respiratory tract. From the beginning of the infection, the immune system starts to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The main cytokine involved is IL-6 and is linked to the severity and prognosis of the disease, as it provokes a storm of cytokines and severe inflammatory responses. Due to the association of high levels of IL-6 with severity and mortality in COVID-19, the use of Tocilizumab (TCZ), a humanized anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, which binds to IL receptors, is being investigated. -6 and blocks intracellular signaling reducing cytokine storm and hyperinflammatory state. The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of using TCZ in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. Searches were performed using the Science Direct and PubMed databases in May 2021. Randomized clinical trials with patients in a single stage of COVID­19, severe cases and without age restriction, who received TCZ as medication for treatment, were included. Intervention was combined with treatments protocoled by each hospital and associated with corticosteroids. The analysis of these studies showed significant results regarding the use of TCZ in severe cases of COVID-19. The use of TCZ associated with glucocorticoids led to a reduction in the rate of mortality and compliance with mechanical ventilation and a significant improvement in relation to the "WHO-endorsed 7-point ordinal scale". However, there was no evidence of relevant improvement when using TCZ alone.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Patients , Respiration, Artificial , Therapeutics , Cytokines , Interleukin-6 , Adrenal Cortex Hormones , Receptors, Interleukin-6 , PubMed , Cytokine Release Syndrome , Immune System
15.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 38(1): 37-42, mar. 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388171

ABSTRACT

Resumen Se han comunicado buenos resultados clínicos al poner en posición prono a pacientes con Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio Agudo por COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir la maniobra prono, sus resultados clínicos y cuidados asociados, en una mujer de 34 años de edad con 26 semanas de embarazo, que estaba en ventilación mecánica, por un cuadro clínico de neumonía multifocal por COVID-19. Se realizó maniobra prono lateralizada hacia izquierda, en tres etapas, preparación, ejecución y evaluación. Luego de 62 h de prono, se observó una recuperación favorable de la gestante: la relación PaO2/FiO2 aumentó de 151 a 368 mmHg, y disminuyó el compromiso radiológico pulmonar, sin que se detectaran complicaciones fetales. Conclusiones: Esta maniobra que puede beneficiar a pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria grave, en embarazadas debe ser una técnica protocolizada, con equipos de trabajo experimentados e implementación adecuada.


Good clinical results have been reported when placing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 in a prone position. Objective: To describe the prone maneuver, its clinical results and associated care in a 34-year-old woman with 26 weeks of pregnancy, who was on mechanical ventilation, due to a clinical picture of COVID-19 multifocal pneumonia. Lateralized prone maneuver was carried out to the left, in three stages, preparation, execution and evaluation. After 62 hours of prone, a favorable recovery of the pregnant woman was observed: PaO2/FiO2 ratio increased from 151 to 368 mmHg, and the pulmonary radiological compromise decreased, without fetal complications being detected. Conclusions: This maneuver that might benefit patients with severe respiratory failure, in pregnant women should be a protocolized technique, with experienced work teams and adequate implementation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/therapy , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Prone Position , Patient Positioning , COVID-19/therapy , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , COVID-19/complications
16.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 120(1): e29-e33, feb 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1353754

ABSTRACT

La purpurina es un pigmento en polvo de cobre, que se utiliza con frecuencia en actividades artesanales y manualidades escolares. La ingestión o inhalación de esta sustancia provoca un cuadro de intoxicación por cobre potencialmente fatal en niños. Se describe el caso de un niño de 15 meses con intoxicación por cobre, que se presenta con dificultad respiratoria aguda, alteración del sensorio y anemia hemolítica. El inicio temprano del tratamiento mediante broncoscopia y lavado bronquial con posterior intubación endotraqueal y ventilación mecánica, lograron la remisión completa del cuadro respiratorio sin secuelas. Ante una ingestión y/o inhalación de purpurina, debe indicarse de inmediato la broncoscopia con lavado bronquial, aún en ausencia de síntomas respiratorios.


Glitter is a powdered copper pigment frequently used in craft and decorative activities especially in schools and kindergartens.Ingestion or inhalation of this substance can cause acute, potentially fatal copper poisoning in children. We describe a case of a 15-month-old child with copper poisoning, presenting with acute respiratory distress, neurological impairment, and hemolytic anemia. Early onset of treatment by bronchoscopy and bronchial lavage with subsequent endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, achieved complete remission of the respiratory symptoms without sequelae. In presence of glitter ingestion or inhalation, bronchoscopy with bronchial lavage should be indicated early even in the absence of respiratory symptoms.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn , Poisoning , Powders , Respiration, Artificial , Bronchoscopy , Copper , Eating
17.
Rev. flum. odontol ; 1(57): 135-146, jan.-abr. 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1391489

ABSTRACT

A instalação de ventilação mecânica permite a manutenção da vida no processo de recuperação de pacientes hospitalizados que necessitam de auxílio respiratório. No entanto, a presença do ventilador no meio bucal propicia o acúmulo de debris e a retenção de placa. A cavidade oral é um meio rico em microrganismos e, em casos de pacientes entubados, o biofilme bucal pode abrigar patógenos respiratórios que levam ao desenvolvimento da Pneumonia Associada a Ventiladores (PAV). Essa infecção é a mais comum das infecções secundárias desenvolvidas em pacientes entubados e aumenta as chances de morbidade e mortalidade, bem como prolonga a hospitalização e seus custos. O objetivo desta revisão da literatura foi avaliar o impacto da higiene bucal na prevenção de PAV em pacientes entubados. Utilizando os descritores "Oral care", "Intubated Patients" e "Cross Infection" na base de dados PubMed, foram encontrados 143 artigos. Destes, foram selecionados os estudos gratuitos publicados entre 2015 e 2020, que envolviam pesquisa em humanos adultos e jovens adultos. Foram descartados aqueles em que os pacientes em CTI e UTI não estavam entubados, restando 12 artigos para serem lidos integralmente. Segundo a literatura, a higienização da cavidade oral se mostra eficaz na redução de incidência da PAV, sendo o método mais utilizado a limpeza química com Clorexidina em concentrações variando de 0,12% a 2%, podendo ser complementada com a higienização mecânica. Assim, a implementação de um protocolo de higiene bucal para pacientes entubados é de fundamental importância para diminuir as chances de desenvolvimento de PAV.


The use of mechanical ventilation allows the maintenance of life in the recovery process of hospitalized patients who need respiratory assistance. However, the presence of the ventilator in the oral cavity environment promotes the accumulation of debris and plaque retention. The oral cavity is a medium rich in microorganisms and, in the context of intubated patients, the oral biofilm can harbor respiratory pathogens that may lead to the development of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP). This condition is one of the main secondary infections associated with the intubated patients, and its ocurrence increases the morbimortality, the lenght of hospitalization and its costs. The aim of this literature review is to assess the impact of oral hygiene on the prevention on VAP in intubated patients. Using the descriptors "Oral care", "Intubated Patients" and "Cross Infection" in the PubMed database, 143 articles were found. Of these, we selected free studies published between 2015 and 2020, which involved research in human adults and young adults. We descarted the ones in which the patients in the ITU or ICU were not intubated, leaving 12 articles to be read in full. According to the literature review, cleaning the oral cavity is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP, the most used method being chemical cleaning with chlorhexidine at concentrations ranging from 0.12% to 2%, which can be complemented with mechanical cleaning. Thus, the implementation of an oral hygiene protocol for intubated patients is fundamental to reduce the chances of developing VAP.


Subject(s)
Oral Hygiene , Respiration, Artificial , Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/prevention & control
18.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-935733

ABSTRACT

Objective: To study the effects on extravascular lung water of lung protective ventilation strategy applying on piglets with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by paraquat (PQ) under pulse indicating continuous cardiac output (PiCCO) monitoring. Methods: The piglets models with ARDS induced by PQ were established in June 2020 and all of them were received mechanical ventilation and divided into three groups according to tidal volume (V(T)) : small V(T) group (6 ml/kg) , middle V(T) group (10 ml/kg) and large V(T) group (15 ml/kg) , there were 5 piglets in each group. The positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) were all setup on 10 cmH(2)O. The indexes such as arterial blood gas analysis, oxygenation index (OI) , extravascular lung water index (ELWI) and pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI) were monitored at time of before the model was established (baseline) , time of the model was established (t(0)) and 2 h (t(2)) , 4 h (t(4)) , 6 h (t(6)) after mechanical ventilation. Lung tissue were punctured at time of baseline, t(0) and t(6) to be stained by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and pulmonary pathology were observed under light microscopy. Results: The heart rate (HR) , mean arterial pressure (MAP) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)) of all groups were higher than the base value while the pH values, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO(2)) and OI were lower than the base value when the models were established (P<0.05) . After mechanical ventilation, the HR and MAP values of all groups at t(2), t(4) and t(6) were lower than t(0) while the PaCO(2) of t(4) and t(6) were all higher than t(0), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . The PaO(2) and OI of all groups showed a trend of rising at first and then decreasing after mechanical ventilation. The MAP, PaO(2), PaCO(2) and OI of the middle V(T) group and large V(T) group were apparently lower than that of the small V(T) group at t(2), t(4) and t(6) (P<0.05) . The ELWI and PVPI at t(0) of all groups were higher than that of baseline (P<0.05) . The ELWI of the small V(T) group at t(6) were lower than t(0) of the same group and t(6) of the middle V(T) group and large V(T) group (P<0.05) . HE staining showed congestion and edema of alveolar tissue, swelling of capillaries, exudation of red blood cells and widening of alveolar septum in piglets after successful modeling. And further widening of alveolar septum and rupture of alveolar septum could be seen in the lung tissues of each group at t(6), and the injury was the slightest in the small V(T) group. Conclusion: The lung protective ventilation strategy can alleviate the extravascular lung water and ARDS induced by PQ and improve oxygenation.


Subject(s)
Animals , Extravascular Lung Water , Lung/physiology , Paraquat/toxicity , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/chemically induced , Swine
19.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-952963

ABSTRACT

Objective: To compare the efficacy of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) and non-rebreather face mask (NRFM) in the treatment of mild acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACOP) in reducing carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) , and to explore the feasibility of HFNC in the treatment of ACOP. Methods: Patients with mild ACOP with COHb >10% who were admitted to the emergency department of Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital from January 2015 to December 2020 were analyzed, and those with altered consciousness, mechanical ventilation and those requiring hyperbaric oxygen therapy were excluded. The patients were divided into HFNC group and NRFM group according to the oxygen therapy used in the emergency department. The COHb decline value and COHb half-life in the two groups were observed. Results: Seventy-one patients were enrolled, including 39 in the NRFM group and 32 in the HFNC group. The baseline COHb in the HFNC group was 24.8%±8.3%, and that in the NRFM group was 22.5%±7.1%, with no significant difference between the two groups (t=1.27, P=0.094) . At 60 min, 90 min and 120 min of treatment, COHb in both groups decreased, but the COHb in HFNC group was lower than that in NRFM group at the same time point (P<0.05) . After 1 h of treatment, the COHb decrease in the HFNC group (16.9%±4.5%) was significantly higher than that in the NRFM group (10.1%±7.8%) (t=4.32, P=0.013) . The mean half-life of COHb in the HFNC group (39.3 min) was significantly lower than that in the NRFM group (61.4 min) (t=4.69, P=0.034) . Conclusion: HFNC treatment of mild ACOP can rapidly reduce blood COHb level, it is a potential oxygen therapy method for clinical treatment of ACOP.


Subject(s)
Humans , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/therapy , Cannula , Respiration, Artificial , Masks , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods , Carboxyhemoglobin , Oxygen/therapeutic use , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy
20.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-939752

ABSTRACT

Indirect energy metabolism measurement is the gold standard for providing nutritional support for critical illness. The accuracy of the measurement data directly affects the outcome of the disease. In order to study the influence of sampling delay on the accuracy of energy metabolism measurement under mechanical ventilation, the Matlab/Simulink platform and respiratory electrical model were used for simulation and quantitative analysis. The results show that the error of indirect energy metabolism measurement increases with the increase of sampling delay, the error of sampling delay in mechanical ventilation mode is larger than that of spontaneous breathing, and the error of sampling delay in PCV mode of mechanical ventilation is larger than that in VCV mode. Therefore, there should be different sampling delay compensation strategies under severe mechanical ventilation and its different control modes.


Subject(s)
Computer Simulation , Critical Illness , Energy Metabolism , Humans , Respiration, Artificial
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