ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) is the current recommended approach for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Visfatin is a type of novel adipokine of interest that mostly participates in glucose metabolism and inflammatory processes. We aim to identify a screening technique for GDM using salivary visfatin levels and to establish this technique's value as a screening method compared to OGTT. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional case-control study. The cohort was formed from the saliva samples of pregnant patients in their 24th through 28th weeks of gestation. Patients were divided into two groups depending on their GDM status. OGTT and visfatin test results were compared and subjected to further analysis to establish a cutoff value for visfatin testing. Results: ELISA results indicated a significant difference between patients with GDM compared to patients without GDM; the values were 18.89 ± 9.59 and 12.44 ± 8.75, respectively (p: 0.007). A cutoff value of 10.5 ng/mL can be used to detect GDM with 78% sensitivity and 51% specificity. Conclusion: Salivary visfatin levels were significantly higher in patients with GDM. The existence of a differential in the concentration of visfatin in saliva can be utilized to develop a new screening method for GDM.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Saliva/chemistry , Cytokines/analysis , Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis , Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/analysis , Blood Glucose , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional StudiesSubject(s)
Humans , Saliva/chemistry , Biomarkers/analysis , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Early DiagnosisABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Dental caries corresponds to an ecological and non-contagious, dynamic and chronic disease of multifactorial origin; currently there is evidence of how genetic factors could be included as predisposing agents to suffer it, however this evidence is diverse and incipient. a cross-sectional study was p erformed to investigate the possible associations of DSPP (rs36094464), RUNX2 (rs566712) and KLK4 (rs198968) polymorphisms in early childhood caries. Saliva samples of children (2-11years old) were collected and genotyped for DSPP (rs36094464), RUNX2 (rs566712) and KLK4 (rs198968) polymorphisms. Through the ceft index their caries history was determined and the gene variants were students through molecular biology techniques. polymorphisms of the DSSP (rs36094464) and RUNX2 (rs566712) are associated and contribute to the susceptibility of dental caries disease in early childhood, as they are related to their history of caries. KLK4 (rs198968) polymorphisms are not associated. In conclusions, the studied polymorphisms on DSSP and RUNX2 genes are associated with changes in the tooth microarchitecture, favoring the appearance of microlesions that would contribute to dental caries disease susceptibility in early childhood. Also, no association was found for the studied polymorphism of the KLK4 gene with dental caries disease susceptibility.
RESUMEN: La caries dental corresponde a una enfermedad crónica, no contagiosa, dinámica y de origen multifactorial. Actualmente existe evidencia de cómo los factores genéticos podrían incluirse como agentes predisponentes, sin embargo, esta evidencia es diversa e incipiente. Se realizó un estudio transversal para investigar las posibles asociaciones entre los polimorfismos DSPP (rs36094464), RUNX2 (rs566712) y KLK4 (rs198968) y la caries en la infancia. Se colectaron muestras de saliva de niños (de 2 a 11 años de edad) y se genotipificaron para los polimorfismos DSPP (rs36094464), RUNX2 (rs566712) y KLK4 (rs198968). Mediante el índice ceft se determinó su historial de caries y se estudiaron las variantes genéticas mediante técnicas de biología molecular. Los datos obtenidos indican que los polimorfismos del DSSP (rs36094464) y RUNX2 (rs566712) están asociados y contribuyen a la susceptibilidad de la enfermedad de caries dental en la infancia, ya que están - además - relacionados con el historial de caries. En conclusión, los polimorfismos estudiados en los genes DSSP y RUNX2 se asocian a la aparición de microlesiones que contribuirían a la susceptibilidad a la enfermedad de caries dental en la infancia. Creemos que este estudio es importante para la odontopediatría porque destaca el papel de DSSP (rs36094464) y RUNX2 (rs566712) y la susceptibilidad a la caries dental durante la infancia, además resalta la utilidad de la evaluación genética para la predicción y prevención de la caries dental y porque aporta evidencia que indica que los factores genéticos están implicados en la etiología de la caries.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Dental Caries/genetics , Dental Caries/epidemiology , Phosphoproteins/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Saliva/chemistry , Sialoglycoproteins/genetics , Kallikreins/genetics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Caries Susceptibility/genetics , Dentin , Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics , Genotype , Molecular BiologyABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la relación entre la concentración de mucina salival y la enfermedad periodontal. La muestra se dividió en tres grupos de 20 individuos cada uno: Grupo 1 sin enfermedad periodontal; Grupo 2 con gingivitis; y Grupo 3 con periodontitis. En todas las muestras salivales se confirmó la presencia de mucina, el Grupo 1 presentó un valor promedio de 1,27 mg/ml. En el Grupo 2 se registró un promedio de 1,93 mg/ml. En el Grupo 3 se observó un promedio de 3,01 mg/ml. El Análisis de la Variancia y posterior prueba de F (F = 25,01, p < 0,0001) confirman diferencias significativas en los contenidos de mucina entre grupos. El aumento de la concentración de mucina salival en pacientes periodontales podría representar un marcador químico de utilidad como coadyuvante en el diagnóstico clínico de esta enfermedad.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a relação entre a concentração de mucina salivar e a doença periodontal. A amostra foi dividida em três grupos de 20 indivíduos cada: Grupo 1 sem doença periodontal; Grupo 2 com gengivite; e Grupo 3 com periodontite. Em todas as amostras salivares foi confirmada a presença de mucina, o Grupo 1 apresentou valor médio de 1,27 mg / ml. No Grupo 2, foi registrada uma média de 1,93 mg / ml. No Grupo 3 foi observada uma média de 3,01 mg / ml. A Análise de Variância e o teste F subsequente (F = 25,01, p <0,0001) confirmam diferenças significativas nos conteúdos de mucina entre os grupos. O aumento da concentração de mucina salivar em pacientes periodontais pode representar um marcador químico útil como adjuvante no diagnóstico clínico desta doença.
Abstract This work aimed to study the relationship between salivary mucin concentration and periodontal disease. The sample was divided into three groups of 20 individuals each: Group 1 with no periodontal disease, Group 2 with gingivitis, and Group 3 with periodontitis. Mucin was detected in all the saliva samples. Group 1 had an average value of 1.27 mg/ml. Group 2 had an average value of 1.93 mg/ml. Group 3 had an average value of 3.01 mg/ml. The analysis of variance and subsequent F test (F = 25.01, p < 0.0001) confirmed significant differences in mucin content between the groups. Increased salivary mucin concentration in periodontal patients could be a useful chemical marker for the clinical diagnosis of periodontal disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Periodontitis/diagnosis , Saliva/chemistry , Salivary Proteins and Peptides/analysis , Gingivitis/diagnosis , Mucins/analysis , Periodontitis/metabolism , Saliva/metabolism , Biomarkers , Analysis of Variance , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Gingivitis/metabolismABSTRACT
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer widely used in the food industry, with obesogenic properties, in addition to causing alterations in the oral cavity. The aim of the study was to observe the morphofunctional changes in the parotid gland after the administration of MSG in rats. 18 newborn male Sprague Dawley rats were used, divided into three groups (Control group; MSG1 group: 4 mg/g weight of monosodium glutamate, 5 doses, kept for 8 weeks, and MSG2 group: 4 mg/g weight of MSG, 5 doses, kept for 16 weeks). The body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and the salivary flow, pH, a-amylase activity, Na, Cl, K and Ca were analyzed by quantitative analysis. After euthanasia by ketamine/xylazine overdose, parotid volume was analyzed and stereology was performed. MSG administration caused an increase in BMI and a decrease in parotid volume as well as a reduction in salivary flow and pH and an increase in a-amylase activity, also increasing the salivary sodium and chlorine levels. Alterations in the normal stereological parameters of the gland were observed. Exposure to MSG caused morphofunctional alterations at parotid gland.
El glutamato monosódico (MSG), es un potenciador del sabor ampliamente utilizado en la industria alimentaria. Diversos estudios han propuesto la relación entre éste y el desarrollo de obesidad, además de provocar alteraciones en la cavidad oral. El objetivo del estudio fue observar los cambios morfofuncionales a nivel de la glándula parótida, posterior a la administración de MSG en ratas. Se utilizaron 18 ratas neonatas Sprague Dawley machos, divididas en tres grupos según su tiempo de exposición y dosis a MSG (Grupo Control, Grupo MSG1: 4 mg/g peso de glutamato monosódico, 5 dosis, mantenidas 8 semanas, Grupo MSG2: 4 mg/g peso de MSG, 5 dosis, mantenidas 16 semanas. Fue calculado el índice de masa corporal (BMI), además de ser analizado el flujo salival, pH, actividad de α-amilasa, y Na, Cl, K y Ca mediante análisis semicuantitativo. Luego de la eutanasia por sobredosis de ketamina/xilasina, las glándulas parótidas fueron extraídas y analizado su volumen y fueron procesadas para histología, y estudio estereológico. La administración de MSG causó aumento en BMI y disminución del volumen parotídeo, además de disminución del flujo y pH salival, así como aumento en actividad de la a-amilasa, aumentando además los niveles de sodio y cloro salival. Fueron observadas alteraciones a nivel de los parámetros estereológicos normales de la glándula. La exposición a MSG causó alteraciones morfofuncionales a nivel parotídeo, observándose una disminución del volumen de la glándula, acompañado de alteraciones en el adenómero y conductos estriados de la glándula, implicados en la producción, secreción y modificación de la saliva, la cual se vio alterada, en el flujo, pH, y en sus componentes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Parotid Gland/drug effects , Sodium Glutamate/administration & dosage , Flavoring Agents/administration & dosage , Saliva/chemistry , Sodium/analysis , Sodium Glutamate/pharmacology , Time Factors , Body Mass Index , Chlorine/analysis , Analysis of Variance , Rats, Wistar , alpha-Amylases/analysis , Flavoring Agents/pharmacology , Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationABSTRACT
La saliva es un fluido complejo muy importante en las funciones de la cavidad bucal. El embarazo es un estado normal en el que el embrión se forma y evoluciona durante nueve meses. En este proceso la mujer sufre una serie de cambios fisiológicos y psicológicos. Entre ellos, tiene modificaciones en la saliva y, por consiguiente, en el flujo, pH y concentración de proteínas salivales, que desempeñan un papel importante en la protección contra la infección en los seres humanos. Su nivel en la cavidad oral está sujeto a constantes fluctuaciones que dependen de numerosos factores. El embarazo genera adaptaciones en la fisiología femenina que pueden repercutir en la salud bucal de la gestante. Las afecciones bucales más frecuentes son la caries dental y la gingivitis. Si estas afecciones no son tratadas a tiempo, pueden repercutir en la salud del futuro bebé. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de conocer acerca de los componentes de la saliva y su relación con caries dental en las embarazadas, considerando los tres trimestres de gestación (AU)
Saliva is a complex fluid very important in the functions of the oral cavity. Pregnancy is a normal state in which the embryo forms and evolves for nine months. In this process, women undergo a series of physiological and psychological changes. Among them, it has modifications in saliva and, consequently, in the flow, pH and concentration of salivary proteins, which play an important role in protecting against infection in humans. Its level in the oral cavity is subject to constant fluctuations that depend on numerous factors. Pregnancy generates adaptations in female physiology that can affect the oral health of the pregnant woman. The most common oral conditions are dental caries and gingivitis. If these conditions are not treated in time, they can affect the health of the future baby. A bibliographic review was carried out with the objective of knowing about the components of saliva and its relationship with dental caries in pregnant women, considering the three trimesters of gestation (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimesters/physiology , Saliva/chemistry , Dental Caries , Pregnant Women , Salivary Proteins and Peptides , Salivation/physiology , Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationABSTRACT
Abstract Chemically dependent subjects may present relevant changes in the volume and composition of salivary fluid because the secretion of the salivary glands is controlled by the parasympathetic and sympathetic system. The aim of this study was to compare the salivary concentration of total proteins, amylase, urea, calcium, phosphate and flow rate between chemically dependent and non-chemically dependent subjects. Saliva flow rate, calcium, phosphate, total protein, amylase and urea concentrations were measure in both groups: chemical dependent group (n=27) and control group (n=27). Saliva samples, from the chemically dependents, were taken one day before the beginning of the detoxification treatment. Statistical analysis was undertaken using t-test. The salivary flow and the urea concentration did not present statistically significant difference between the groups. However, total proteins, amylase, calcium and phosphate concentrations were statistically higher on the chemical dependents group. Saliva composition seems to be modified by the chronic use of alcohol and illicit drugs.
Resumen Los dependientes químicos pueden presentar cambios relevantes en el volumen y la composición de la saliva, debido a que la secreción de las glándulas salivales es controlada por el sistema parasimpático y simpático. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la concentración salival de proteínas totales, amilasa, urea, calcio, fosfato y la velocidad de flujo salival entre personas con dependencia química y no dependientes. Cada grupo fue formado por 27 participantes. La velocidad del flujo salival y las concentraciones de calcio, fosfato, proteína total, amilasa y urea se midieron en ambos grupos. Las muestras de saliva de los dependientes químicos se tomaron un día antes de comenzar el tratamiento de desintoxicación. El análisis estadístico se realizó por medio del test t de student. El flujo salival y la concentración de urea no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos. Sin embargo, las concentraciones de proteínas totales, amilasa, calcio y fosfato fueron estadísticamente mayores en el grupo de dependientes químicos. El uso crónico de alcohol y de drogas ilícitas provocan modificaciones en la composición salival.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Saliva/chemistry , Drug Users , BrazilABSTRACT
Introducción. El cortisol salival es una herramienta útil como biomarcador de estrés en pediatría, ya que la obtención de muestras no es invasiva. Hay escasa información sobre su uso en niños, y no se reportaron valores de referencia en lactantes sanos en la Argentina. Es importante establecerlos en cada centro como base para realizar estudios posteriores en lactantes, en quienes parece ser la herramienta objetiva más relevante en la actualidad para evaluar estrés. Objetivo. Determinar los valores de referencia de cortisol salival en lactantes sanos de 0 a 12 meses de edad. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, que evaluó cortisol salival matutino de niños sanos de ambos sexos de 0 a 12 meses que concurrieron a control de salud en el Hospital Pirovano entre marzo de 2017 y marzo de 2018. Se tomaron muestras de saliva de 8 a 9 a. m. en ayunas y se procesaron con electroquimioluminiscencia. Los resultados se informaron como media y desvío estándar. Resultados. Se incluyeron 140 niños, y se obtuvieron 96 muestras. La media de cortisol salival matutino fue 5,46 nmol/l (intervalo de confianza del 95 %: 4,66-6,38), desvío estándar 2,15. No se observó correlación con la variable edad, por lo cual el intervalo de referencia no requirió el fraccionamiento por grupo etario. No se observaron diferencias significativas respecto a sexo, edad gestacional, peso al nacer, tipo de parto o tipo de alimentación. Conclusión. Se informó el intervalo de referencia de cortisol salival matutino en lactantes sanos de 0 a 12 meses.
Introduction. Salivary cortisol is a useful tool as a biomarker of stress in pediatrics because it allows for non-invasive sampling. There is little information about its use in children, and no reference values for healthy infants have been reported in Argentina. Reference values should be established at each site as the basis for subsequent tests in infants, for whom salivary cortisol appears to be the most relevant objective tool to assess stress at present. Objective. To determine reference values for salivary cortisol in healthy infants aged 0-12 months. Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study that assessed morning salivary cortisol levels in healthy male and female infants aged 0-12 months that attended Hospital Pirovano for a health checkup between March 2017 and March 2018. Fasting saliva samples were collected between 8 and 9 a.m. and were processed using electrochemiluminescence. Results were reported as mean and standard deviation. Results. A total of 140 infants were included, and 96 samples were collected. Mean morning salivary cortisol levels were 5.46 nmol/L (95 % confidence interval: 4.66-6.38), standard deviation: 2.15. No correlation to age was observed, so it was not necessary to divide the reference range into age groups. No significant differences were observed in terms of sex, gestational age, birth weight, type of delivery or type of feeding. Conclusion. The reference range of morning salivary cortisol levels in healthy infants aged 0-12 months was reported.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Saliva/chemistry , Stress, Psychological/metabolism , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Reference Values , Hydrocortisone/analysis , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Analysis of Variance , Luminescent MeasurementsABSTRACT
The hypotheses currently considered the most likely causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid beta peptide deposition in the cerebral cortex and hyperphosphorylation of the Tau protein, with the consequent formation of neurofibrillary tangles. In clinical practice, although not accurate, AD diagnosis is based on the exclusion of other diseases, behavioural assessments and complementary examinations, such as imaging and blood tests. Advances in the field of biotechnology have created exciting prospects for the early detection of AD via biomarker assessment, which is considered a safer and more efficient procedure. Molecules recognised as biomarkers can be expressed in some body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and blood. The presence of amyloid beta peptide and Tau can be confirmed in saliva, which is also an easily and non-invasively collectable material with an accessible cost. The objective was evaluate the concentrations of the t-Tau protein and Ab42 peptide in the saliva of elderly individuals with and without dementia of the AD type Method: The objective of this case-control study, involving a total of 120 individuals, was to analyse whether a correlation exists between variations in the concentrations of the t-Tau and Ab42 biomarkers in the saliva of patients with confirmed AD and individuals in the inclusion group but without AD . We found that t-Tau expression in AD patients is significantly lower than that in individuals without AD, whereas the salivary concentration of Ab42 is higher in patients with AD but not significantly different from that of the group without AD. Conclusion: Thus, we demonstrate the feasibility of using salivary biomarkers as predictive markers for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Las hipótesis consideradas actualmente como las causas más probables de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) son la deposición de péptido beta amiloide en la corteza cerebral y la hiperfosforilación de la proteína Tau, con la consiguiente formación de ovillos neurofibrilares. En la práctica clínica, aunque no es precisa, el diagnóstico de la EA se basa en la exclusión de otras enfermedades, evaluaciones de comportamiento y exámenes complementarios, como imágenes y análisis de sangre. Los avances en el campo de la biotecnología han creado interesantes perspectivas para la detección temprana de la EA a través de la evaluación de biomarcadores, que se considera un procedimiento más seguro y más eficiente. Las moléculas reconocidas como biomarcadores se pueden expresar en algunos fluidos corporales, incluidos el líquido cerebroespinal, la saliva y la sangre. La presencia del péptido beta amiloide (AB) y la proteína Tau (t-Tau) se puede confirmar en la saliva, que también es un material fácil y no invasivo de recolección con un costo accesible. El objetivo fue evaluar las concentraciones de la proteína t-Tau y el péptido Ab42 en la saliva de las personas de edad avanzada con y sin demencia del tipo de tipo EA. El estudio de casos y controles, se realizó en un total de 120 personas, para analizar si existe una correlación entre las variaciones en las concentraciones de los biomarcadores t-Tau y Ab42 en la saliva de pacientes con EA confirmada e individuos en el grupo de inclusión pero sin AD. Encontramos que la expresión de t-Tau en pacientes con EA es significativamente menor que en individuos sin EA, mientras que la concentración salival de Ab42 es mayor en pacientes con EA pero no significativamente diferente de la del grupo sin la enfermedad . Por lo tanto, se demuestra la viabilidad del uso de biomarcadores salivales como marcadores predictivos para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , tau Proteins/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Saliva/metabolism , Saliva/chemistry , Biomarkers/analysis , Biomarkers/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis , tau Proteins/analysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The pellicle, the acellular organic material deposited on the surface of tooth enamel, has been thought to be derived from saliva. In this study, protein compositions of the pellicle, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva collected from healthy adults were compared to elucidate the origin of pellicle proteins. RESULTS: The pellicle, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva from the parotid gland or mixed gland were collected; subsequently, protein expression in samples from the respective individual was compared by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Following SDS-PAGE, proteins in the major bands were identified by mass spectrometry. The band pattern of pellicle proteins appeared different from those of gingival crevicular fluid, or saliva samples. Using mass spectrometry, 13 proteins in these samples were identified. The relative abundance of the proteins was quantitatively analyzed using mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope labeling and by western blot. Cystatin S and α-amylase detected in pellicle were enriched in saliva samples, but not in gingival crevicular fluid, by western blot, and their abundance ratios were high in saliva and low in gingival crevicular fluid when analyzed by stable isotope labeling. Serotransferrin, however, was found only in the pellicle and gingival crevicular fluid by western blot and its abundance ratio was low in saliva. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that the gingival crevicular fluid appears to contribute to pellicle formation in addition to saliva.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Saliva/chemistry , Proteins/analysis , Gingival Crevicular Fluid/chemistry , Dental Pellicle/chemistry , Mass Spectrometry , Blotting, Western , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelABSTRACT
Abstract Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) possess significant chances of malignancy conversion. In order to develop an early diagnostic tool, the present study evaluated the expression of miRNA-21 and 31 as salivary markers. The case-control study was carried out in 36 healthy participants as controls and in 36 patients who were newly diagnosed as OPMD having four different lesions including leucoplakia, oral sub mucous fibrosis (OSMF)궱, oral lichen planus, and (OSMF)궱 with leucoplakia. The samples were also classified as non-dysplastic, or with mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia according to their histopathological reports. The salivary miRNA-21 and 31 expressions were studied using real-time PCR. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22. Salivary miRNA-21 (p-value = 0.02) and 31 (p-value = 0.01) were significantly upregulated in severe dysplasia compared with control. Among the different lesions, leucoplakia had significant upregulation of miRNA-21 and 31. miRNA-21 can be used as a diagnostic marker with specificity of 66% and sensitivity of 69%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.820 for miRNA-21 and 0.5 for miRNA-31, which proved that miRNA-21 is a better diagnostic marker than miRNA-31 for OPMD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Precancerous Conditions/pathology , Saliva/chemistry , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , MicroRNAs/analysis , Oral Submucous Fibrosis/pathology , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index , Leukoplakia, Oral/pathology , Mouth Neoplasms/chemistry , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Case-Control Studies , Linear Models , ROC Curve , Analysis of Variance , Lichen Planus, Oral/pathology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Dietary supplements are being consumed with an increasingly high frequency among sports practitioners, whether at professional and/or amateur level. The supplements contain some nutritional properties in their composition, so they can dissolute the hydroxyapatite crystals of the enamel and favor the process of dental corrosion. The objective was to measure the corrosive power of protein-based supplementation (Whey Protein), under conditions that resemble the use of the supplement by the athletes, increasing the ecological validity of the study. The teeth of the test group (TG) were placed in contact with the Whey protein solution and then exposed to artificial saliva. And the teeth of the control group (CG) were exposed only to artificial saliva. The analysis occurred in natural healthy molar teeth, so that each tooth of the TG was immersed in 50 mL of supplement for 1.5 minutes and then placed in contact with the artificial saliva for 30 seconds. The same procedure was performed 5 times a day for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Each group, in its time (TG0 to TG180), underwent analysis of superficial roughness with the aid of optical profilometer (Talysurf CCI®, 3D model). The control group (CG) did not change its superficial roughness. Half of the teeth of the test group (TG) suffered loss of enamel surface. The values, in micrometers, of surface loss of the TG samples were 1.21; 2.1; 2.0; 1.04; 0.97; 0.8; 0.53; 1.14; 1.9; 2.0; 1.66; 1.80. The dietary supplement (Whey protein®) may be a potential cause of the dental corrosion process, considering the demineralization of hydroxyapatite that occurs along with the surface enamel loss.
Los suplementos dietéticos se consumen con una frecuencia cada vez más alta entre los practicantes de deportes, sea a nivel profesional y / o aficionado. Los suplementos contienen algunas propiedades nutricionales en su composición, por lo que pueden disolver los cristales de hidroxiapatita del esmalte y favorecer el proceso de corrosión dental. El objetivo fue medir el poder corrosivo de la suplementación a base de proteínas (proteína de suero), en condiciones que se asemejan al uso del suplemento por parte de los atletas, aumentando la validez ecológica del estudio. Los dientes del grupo de prueba (TG) se pusieron en contacto con la solución de proteína de suero y luego se expusieron a saliva artificial. Y los dientes del grupo de control (CG) estuvieron expuestos solo a saliva artificial. El análisis se realizó en dientes molares sanos naturales, cada diente del TG se sumergió en 50 ml de suplemento durante 1,5 minutos y luego se puso en contacto con la saliva artificial durante 30 segundos. El mismo procedimiento se realizó 5 veces al día durante 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 y 180 días. Cada grupo, en su momento (TG0 a TG180), se sometió a un análisis de rugosidad superficial con la ayuda de un perfilómetro óptico (Talysurf CCI®, modelo 3D). El grupo de control (CG) no cambió su rugosidad superficial. La mitad de los dientes del grupo de prueba (TG) sufrieron pérdida de la superficie del esmalte. Los valores, en micrómetros, de pérdida de superficie de las muestras de TG fueron 1.21; 2.1; 2,0; 1.04; 0,97; 0.8; 0,53; 1.14; 1.9; 2,0; 1,66; 1.80. El suplemento dietético (Whey protein®) puede ser una causa potencial del proceso de corrosión dental, considerando la desmineralización de la hidroxiapatita que ocurre junto con la pérdida de esmalte superficial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Sports , Dietary Proteins/adverse effects , Tooth Demineralization/chemically induced , Dietary Supplements/adverse effects , Saliva/chemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Pilot Projects , Control Groups , Durapatite , Corrosion , Dental Etching , Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationABSTRACT
Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of music at 432 Hz, 440 Hz, and no music on the clinical perception of anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction. Methodology A parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted. Forty-two patients (average age: 23.8±7.8 years, 27 women) with a moderate level of anxiety were distributed in three groups: use of music for 15 minutes at a frequency of 432 Hz (n=15), at 440 Hz (n=15) and a control group without music (n=12). The CORAH Dental Anxiety Scale and salivary cortisol levels, estimated by the solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were measured and compared before and after the music intervention between groups (two-way ANOVA-Tukey p<0.05, RStudio). Results Significantly lower anxiety level values were observed at 432 Hz (8.7±2.67) and 440 Hz (8.4±2.84) compared to the control group (17.2±4.60; p<0.05). The salivary cortisol level at 432 Hz (0.49±0.37 μg/dL) was significantly lower than 440 Hz (1.35±0.69 μg/dL) and the control group (1.59±0.7 μg/dL; p<0.05). Conclusion The use of music significantly decreased clinical anxiety levels, and the frequency of 432 Hz was effective in decreasing salivary cortisol levels before tooth extraction.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Saliva/chemistry , Tooth Extraction/psychology , Hydrocortisone/analysis , Dental Anxiety/therapy , Music/psychology , Music Therapy/methods , Stress, Psychological , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Analysis of Variance , Treatment Outcome , Dental Anxiety/psychology , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
Abstract The acquired pellicle formation is the first step in dental biofilm formation. It distinguishes dental biofilms from other biofilm types. Objective To explore the influence of salivary pellicle formation before biofilm formation on enamel demineralization. Methodology Saliva collection was approved by Indiana University IRB. Three donors provided wax-stimulated saliva as the microcosm bacterial inoculum source. Acquired pellicle was formed on bovine enamel samples. Two groups (0.5% and 1% sucrose-supplemented growth media) with three subgroups (surface conditioning using filtered/pasteurized saliva; filtered saliva; and deionized water (DIW)) were included (n=9/subgroup). Biofilm was then allowed to grow for 48 h using Brain Heart Infusion media supplemented with 5 g/l yeast extract, 1 mM CaCl2.2H2O, 5% vitamin K and hemin (v/v), and sucrose. Enamel samples were analyzed for Vickers surface microhardness change (VHNchange), and transverse microradiography measuring lesion depth (L) and mineral loss (∆Z). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Results The two-way interaction of sucrose concentration × surface conditioning was not significant for VHNchange (p=0.872), ∆Z (p=0.662) or L (p=0.436). Surface conditioning affected VHNchange (p=0.0079), while sucrose concentration impacted ∆Z (p<0.0001) and L (p<0.0001). Surface conditioning with filtered/pasteurized saliva resulted in the lowest VHNchange values for both sucrose concentrations. The differences between filtered/pasteurized subgroups and the two other surface conditionings were significant (filtered saliva p=0.006; DIW p=0.0075). Growing the biofilm in 1% sucrose resulted in lesions with higher ∆Z and L values when compared with 0.5% sucrose. The differences in ∆Z and L between sucrose concentration subgroups was significant, regardless of surface conditioning (both p<0.0001). Conclusion Within the study limitations, surface conditioning using human saliva does not influence biofilm-mediated enamel caries lesion formation as measured by transverse microradiography, while differences were observed using surface microhardness, indicating a complex interaction between pellicle proteins and biofilm-mediated demineralization of the enamel surface.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Saliva/chemistry , Sucrose/chemistry , Tooth Demineralization/microbiology , Biofilms/growth & development , Dental Enamel/microbiology , Reference Values , Saliva/microbiology , Sucrose/analysis , Surface Properties , Microradiography/methods , Dental Enamel/chemistry , Dental Pellicle/microbiology , Pasteurization , HardnessABSTRACT
Resumen En la actualidad tanto el consumo de jugos, como de bebidas gaseosas, es muy común en la dieta diaria de la población infantil, estas ofrecen diferentes sabores, además de un alto contenido de azúcar. En este estudio se hizo un análisis de la capacidad buffer de la saliva ante la ingesta de diferentes tipos de bebidas consideradas saludables y no saludables. Se utilizaron dos tipos de instrumentos, un examen clínico aplicado a 62 estudiantes para determinar la prevalencia de caries según ICDAS y un segundo instrumento que consta de una tabla aplicada a los mismos 62 estudiantes con la finalidad de analizar la capacidad buffer de la saliva mediante la toma del pH a intervalos de 15, 35 y 45 minutos después de ingerir las bebidas. Como conclusión se obtuvo que para las bebidas consideradas no saludables el pH tardó más en neutralizarse, mientras que la bebida saludable logró su neutralización más rápido, con una baja prevalencia de caries.
Abstract Nowadays the consumption of juices, and soft drinks, is very common in the children's diet, they offer different flavours and a high content of sugar. In this study, an analysis of the buffer capacity of the saliva was made in view of the intake of different types of beverages considered healthy and unhealthy. Two types of instruments were used, a clinical test applied to 62 students to determine the prevalence of caries according to ICDAS and a second instrument that consists of a chart applied to the same 62 students with the purpose of analyzing the buffer capacity by taking the pH on intervals of 15, 35 and 45 minutes after drinking the beverages. As a conclusion, it was obtained that for the drinks considered unhealthy, the pH took longer to neutralize, while the healthy drink achieved its neutralization faster, with a low prevalence of caries.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Saliva/chemistry , Buffers , Food and Beverages/analysis , Dental Caries/chemically induced , Sugar-Sweetened Beverages/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: Cystic fibrosis diagnosis is dependent on the chloride ion concentration in the sweat test (≥ 60 mEq/mL - recognized as the gold standard indicator for cystic fibrosis diagnosis). Moreover, the salivary glands express the CFTR protein in the same manner as sweat glands. Given this context, the objective was to verify the correlation of saliva chloride concentration and sweat chloride concentration, and between saliva sodium concentration and sweat sodium concentration, in patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy control subjects, as a tool for cystic fibrosis diagnosis. Methods: There were 160 subjects enrolled: 57/160 (35.70%) patients with cystic fibrosis and two known CFTR mutations and 103/160 (64.40%) healthy controls subjects. Saliva ion concentration was analyzed by ABL 835 Radiometer® equipment and, sweat chloride concentration and sweat sodium concentration, respectively, by manual titration using the mercurimetric procedure of Schales & Schales and flame photometry. Statistical analysis was performed by the chi-squared test, the Mann -Whitney test, and Spearman's correlation. Alpha = 0.05. Results: Patients with cystic fibrosis showed higher values of sweat chloride concentration, sweat sodium concentration, saliva chloride concentration, and saliva sodium concentration than healthy controls subjects (p-value < 0.001). The correlation between saliva chloride concentration and sweat chloride concentration showed a positive Spearman's Rho (correlation coefficient) = 0.475 (95% CI = 0.346 to 0.587). Also, the correlation between saliva sodium concentration and sweat sodium concentration showed a positive Spearman's Rho = 0.306 (95% CI = 0.158 to 0.440). Conclusions: Saliva chloride concentration and saliva sodium concentration are candidates to be used in cystic fibrosis diagnosis, mainly in cases where it is difficult to achieve the correct sweat amount, and/or CFTR mutation screening is difficult, and/or reference methods for sweat test are unavailable to implement or are not easily accessible by the general population.
Resumo Objetivo: O diagnóstico da fibrose cística depende do valor da concentração de íons de cloreto no teste do suor (≥ 60 mEq/mL - reconhecido como o indicador-padrão para o diagnóstico da doença). Além disso, as glândulas salivares expressam a proteína RTFC igualmente às glândulas sudoríparas. Nesse contexto, nosso objetivo foi verificar a correlação da concentração de cloreto na saliva e a concentração de cloreto no suor e entre a concentração de sódio na saliva e a concentração de sódio no suor em pacientes com fibrose cística e indivíduos controles saudáveis, como uma ferramenta para diagnóstico de fibrose cística. Métodos: Contamos com a participação de 160 indivíduos [57/160 (35,70%) com fibrose cística e duas mutações no gene RTFC conhecidas e 103/160 (64,40%) indivíduos controles saudáveis]. A concentração de íons na saliva foi analisada pelo equipamento ABL 835 da Radiometer® e a concentração de cloreto no suor e sódio no suor, respectivamente, por titulação manual utilizando o método mercurimétrico de Schales & Schales e fotometria de chama. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste qui-quadrado, pelo teste de Mann-Whitney e pela correlação de Spearman. Alpha = 0,05. Resultados: Os pacientes com fibrose cística apresentaram maiores valores na concentração de cloreto no suor, concentração de sódio no suor, concentração de cloreto na saliva e concentração de sódio na saliva do que os indivíduos-controle saudáveis (valor de p < 0,001). A correlação entre as concentrações de cloreto na saliva e cloreto no suor mostrou Rho de Spearman (coeficiente de correlação) positivo = 0,475 (IC de 95% = 0,346 a 0,587). Além disso, a correlação entre concentração de sódio na saliva e concentração de sódio no suor mostrou Rho de Spearman positivo = 0,306 (IC de 95% = 0,158 a 0,440). Conclusões: A concentração de cloreto na saliva e a concentração de sódio na saliva são candidatas a ser usadas como diagnóstico de fibrose cística, principalmente em casos em que é difícil atingir a quantidade correta de suor, e/ou o exame da mutação RTFC é difícil e/ou o método de referência para o teste do suor não se encontra disponível ou não é de fácil acesso ao público em geral.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Saliva/chemistry , Sodium/chemistry , Sweat/chemistry , Chlorides/analysis , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/analysis , Cystic Fibrosis/diagnosis , Sodium/metabolism , Biomarkers/analysis , Case-Control Studies , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics , Cystic Fibrosis/genetics , GenotypeABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: The stable microbubble test on gastric aspirate and on amniotic fluid has been used for the diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. However, no study has performed this test on oral aspirates from premature infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the stable microbubble test on oral aspirates from preterm newborns to predict respiratory distress syndrome. Method: This study included infants with gestational age <34 weeks. Oral fluids were obtained immediately after birth and gastric fluids were collected within the first 30 minutes of life. The samples were frozen and tested within 72 hours. Results: The sample was composed of paired aspirates from 64 newborns, who were divided into two groups: respiratory distress syndrome group (n = 21) and control group (n = 43). The median (interquartile range) of the stable microbubble count in the oral samples of infants with respiratory distress syndrome was significantly lower than that of infants who did not develop respiratory symptoms: respiratory distress syndrome group = 12 (8 -22) stable microbubbles/mm2; control group = 100 (48 -230) microbubbles/mm2 (p < 0.001). The correlation between microbubble count in gastric and oral aspirates was 0.90 (95% confidence interval = 0.85 -0.95; p < 0.001). Considering a cut-off point of 25 microbubbles/mm2, the sensitivity and the specificity of the stable microbubble test were 81.4% and 85.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that the stable microbubble test performed on oral aspirate is a reliable alternative to that performed on gastric fluid for the prediction of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn.
Resumo Objetivo: O teste das microbolhas estáveis no aspirado gástrico e no líquido amniótico foi usado no diagnóstico da síndrome do desconforto respiratório do recém-nascido. Contudo, nenhum estudo fez esse teste nos aspirados bucais de neonatos prematuros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do teste das microbolhas estáveis em aspirados bucais de recém-nascidos prematuros para prever síndrome do desconforto respiratório. Método: Este estudo incluiu neonatos com idade gestacional < 34 semanas. Os fluidos orais foram obtidos imediatamente após o nascimento e os fluidos gástricos foram coletados nos primeiros 30 minutos de vida. As amostras foram congeladas e testadas em 72 horas. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de aspirados pareados de 64 recém-nascidos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo de síndrome do desconforto respiratório (n = 21) e grupo de controle (n = 43). A mediana (intervalo interquartil) da contagem das microbolhas estáveis nas amostras de fluido oral dos neonatos com síndrome do desconforto respiratório foi significativamente menor que a dos neonatos que não desenvolveram sintomas respiratórios: grupo de síndrome do desconforto respiratório = 12 (8-22) microbolhas estáveis/mm2; grupo de controle = 100 (48-230) microbolhas/mm2 (p < 0,001). A correlação entre a contagem das microbolhas nos aspirados gástricos e bucais foi 0,90 (intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,85-0,95; p < 0,001). Considerando um ponto de corte de 25 microbolhas/mm2, a sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste das microbolhas estáveis foram 81,4% e 85,7%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O estudo sugere que o teste das microbolhas estáveis feito no aspirado bucal é uma opção confiável ao fluido gástrico para a predição da síndrome do desconforto respiratório do recém-nascido.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/diagnosis , Saliva/chemistry , Pulmonary Surfactants/analysis , Microbubbles , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis , Infant, Premature , Case-Control Studies , Gestational Age , Gastric Juice/chemistry , Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosisABSTRACT
Abstract The antitumor properties of ticks salivary gland extracts or recombinant proteins have been reported recently, but little is known about the antitumor properties of the secreted components of saliva. The goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of the saliva of the hard tick Amblyomma sculptum on neuroblastoma cell lines. SK-N-SK, SH-SY5Y, Be(2)-M17, IMR-32, and CHLA-20 cells were susceptible to saliva, with 80% reduction in their viability compared to untreated controls, as demonstrated by the methylene blue assay. Further investigation using CHLA-20 revealed apoptosis, with approximately 30% of annexin-V positive cells, and G0/G1-phase accumulation (>60%) after treatment with saliva. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was slightly, but significantly (p < 0.05), reduced and the actin cytoskeleton was disarranged, as indicated by fluorescent microscopy. The viability of human fibroblast (HFF-1 cells) used as a non-tumoral control decreased by approximately 40%. However, no alterations in cell cycle progression, morphology, and Δψm were observed in these cells. The present work provides new perspectives for the characterization of the molecules present in saliva and their antitumor properties.
Resumo As propriedades antitumorais de extratos de glândulas salivares de carrapatos ou proteínas recombinantes foram relatadas recentemente, mas pouco se sabe sobre as propriedades antitumorais dos componentes secretados da saliva. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito in vitro da saliva bruta do carrapato duro Amblyomma sculptum sobre as linhagens celulares de neuroblastoma. Células SK-N-SK, SH-SY5Y, Be(2)-M17, IMR-32 e CHLA-20 foram suscetíveis à saliva, com redução de 80% na sua viabilidade em comparação com controles não tratados, como demonstrado pelo ensaio de Azul de Metileno. Investigações posteriores utilizando CHLA-20 revelaram apoptose, com aproximadamente 30% de células positivas para anexina-V, e G0/G1 (> 60%) após tratamento com saliva. O potencial de membrana mitocondrial (Δψm) foi reduzido significativamente (p <0,05), e o citoesqueleto de actina foi desestruturado, como indicado pela microscopia de fluorescência. A viabilidade do fibroblasto humano (células HFF-1), usado como controle não tumoral, diminuiu em aproximadamente 40%. No entanto, não foram observadas alterações na progressão do ciclo celular, morfologia e Δψm nestas células. O presente trabalho fornece novas perspectivas para a caracterização das moléculas presentes na saliva e suas propriedades antitumorais.
Subject(s)
Animals , Saliva/chemistry , Biological Products/pharmacology , Cytoskeleton/drug effects , Ixodidae/chemistry , Arthropod Proteins/pharmacology , Neuroblastoma/pathology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Biological Products/isolation & purification , Cell Survival/drug effects , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Arthropod Proteins/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción. La capacidad de la saliva para la remineralización contribuye a mantener la integridad fisicoquímica de la estructura mineral de los dientes, lo cual los protege de la aparición y evolución de la caries dentaria. Objetivo. Establecer la relación de la sialometría, la capacidad amortiguadora, la concentración de calcio y fosfato en la saliva total estimulada y en el líquido crevicular gingival, con la gravedad y la actividad de las caries en escolares. Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron 36 escolares de 6 años, 18 con caries (International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS, código 2 o mayor) y 18 sin caries (ICDAS, código 0). En la dentición primaria, se evaluaron la gravedad y la actividad de la caries dentaria en la superficie de oclusión de los molares y en la vestibular de los dientes anteriores, y se codificaron mediante el ICDAS-II. Resultados. Se evidenció una mayor gravedad de las caries en la superficie de oclusión que en la vestibular. Las concentraciones de calcio en la saliva y de fosfato en el líquido crevicular gingival de los dientes sanos, fueron mayores en el grupo con un código ICDAS de 2 o mayor. La concentración de calcio en el líquido crevicular gingival fue mayor en el grupo con código ICDAS 0 que en los dientes cariados del grupo con código ICDAS de 2 o mayor. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la frecuencia de caries activas y la concentración de fosfato en el líquido crevicular gingival de los dientes afectados, como también entre la gravedad de las caries y la capacidad amortiguadora, por una parte, y la concentración de fosfato en el líquido crevicular gingival de los dientes afectados, por la otra. Conclusión. Se evidenció una asociación entre la caries dental, la capacidad amortiguadora y la química bucal del calcio y el fosfato.
Abstract Introduction: The remineralizing properties of saliva contribute to maintain the physical and chemical integrity of the mineral structure of teeth, which protects it from the installation and evolution of dental caries. Objective: To relate sialometry, buffering capacity, calcium and phosphate concentration in whole stimulated saliva, and in gingival crevicular fluid with school children caries severity and activity. Materials and methods: We selected 36 schoolchildren aged 6 years: 18 with caries (International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS>1 group) and 18 without caries (ICDAS=0 group). The severity and activity of dental caries were diagnosed in the primary dentition: in the occlusal surface of molars and in the vestibular of the anterior teeth by ICDAS-II. Results: Caries in occlusal surface were more severe than in vestibular surface. The concentration of calcium in saliva and phosphate in healthy teeth gingival crevicular fluid were higher in the ICDAS>1 group. The concentration of calcium in gingival crevicular fluid was higher in the ICDAS=0 group than in the decayed teeth of the ICDAS>1 group. We found a statistically significant association between the frequency of active caries andthe concentration of phosphate in gingival crevicular fluid of teeth with caries, as well as between the severity of caries with buffering capacity and the concentration of phosphate in the gingival crevicular fluid of teeth with caries. Conclusion: We found an association between dental caries with buffering capacity and buccal calcium and phosphate.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Phosphates/analysis , Saliva/chemistry , Salivation , Calcium/analysis , Gingival Crevicular Fluid/chemistry , Dental Caries/physiopathology , Dental Caries/metabolism , Cross-Sectional Studies , Correlation of DataABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on the salivary cytokine levels and clinical parameters of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) with gingivitis. A non-randomized, clinical trial was conducted in individuals diagnosed with spastic CP. Thirty-eight individuals were enrolled in the study and were categorized according to gingival index scores between 0-1 or 2-3, assigned to groups G2 or G1, respectively. Periodontal treatment comprised oral hygiene instructions, conventional mechanical treatment and 0.12% chlorhexidine applied as an adjunct. Clinical parameters and saliva samples were collected at baseline and at the 15-day follow-up visit. Bleeding on probing and periodontal screening and recording were determined. Non-stimulated saliva samples were obtained, and the salivary flow rate, the osmolality and the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-12p70 were evaluated by a cytometric bead array. The Wilcoxon test, the Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation analysis, Poisson regression analysis and an adjusted analysis were performed (α = 0.05). The groups differed significantly in periodontal clinical parameters at baseline and at follow-up. Salivary flow rate and osmolality were similar in both groups at both timepoints. However, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were higher in G1 than in G2 at baseline. Mechanical treatment resulted in improved clinical parameters for both groups. Furthermore, mechanical treatment resulted in a significant reduction in salivary IL-1β and IL-8 levels for both groups after treatment. Periodontal treatment performed in individuals with CP and gingivitis reduces the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8.