Factores asociados al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas de un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia de una institución de salud mental de Medellín, Antioquia / Factors associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances in a group of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia from a mental health institution in Medellín, Antioquia / Fatores associados ao consumo de substâncias psicoativas em um grupo de pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia de uma instituição de saúde mental de Medellín, Colômbia

Objetivo: establecer la relación entre factores sociodemográficos y clínicos con el con­sumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, atendidos en una institución de salud mental de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Metodología: estudio observacional, retrospectivo de intención analítica, de un grupo de 268 pacientes atendidos en una institución de salud mental de Medellín, en los últi­mos seis meses del año 2021. Se identificaron factores sociodemográficos, de consumo de SPA y clínicos como tipo de medicamentos, reingresos hospitalarios y adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico. Se consideraron valores de Odds Ratio con intervalo de confianza (IC95%) y se identificaron factores asociados al consumo por medio de un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: se identificó que el 34.7% de la muestra reporta consumo de SPA; variables clínicas asociadas, tipo de medicamentos, número de ingresos hospitalarios y adherencia al tratamiento. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la edad entre el grupo de consumidores y no consumidores, con una mediana de edad menor para el grupo de consumidores. Se determinó que ser hombre, tener una mediana de edad de 27 años y estar desempleado representa un riesgo mayor para el consumo de SPA. Finalmente se establece que la edad, el sexo, la ocupación y la adherencia al tratamiento, podrían predecir el consumo en un 34%. Conclusiones: los pacientes jóvenes, en su mayoría hombres, con diagnóstico de es­quizofrenia, tienen mayor riesgo de consumo de SPA, lo que implica mayor riesgo de recaídas y menor adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico.

Objective: to establish the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical factors with the consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) in a group of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, treated at a mental health institution in the city of Medellín, Colombia. Methodology: observational, retrospective study with analytical intent, of a group of 268 patients treated at a mental health institution in Medellín, in the last six months of 2021. Sociodemographic, SPA consumption, and clinical factors such as the type of medication, hospital readmissions and adherence to drug treatment were identified. Odds Ratio values with confidence interval (95% CI) were considered and factors associated with consumption were identified by means of a logistic regression model. Results: it was shown that 34.7% of the sample reports PAS consumption, associated clinical variables, type of medication, number of hospital admissions, and adherence to treatment. Significant differences in age were found between the group of users and non-users, with a lower median age for the group of users. It was determined that being a man, having a median age of 27 years and being unemployed represent a greater risk for the consumption of PAS. Finally, it is established that age, sex, occupation, and adherence to treatment could predict consumption by 34%. Conclusions: young patients, mostly men, with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, have a higher risk of PAS consumption, which implies a higher risk of relapse and lower adherence to drug treatment.

Objetivo: estabelecer a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos com o consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) em um grupo de pacientes diagnosticados com esquizofrenia, atendidos em uma instituição de saúde mental na cidade de Medellín, Colômbia. Metodologia:estudo observacional, retrospectivo com intenção analítica, de um grupo de 268 pacientes atendidos em uma instituição de saúde mental em Medellín, nos últimos seis meses de 2021. Foram identificados fatores sociodemográficos, consumo de SPA e clínicos quanto ao tipo de medicamento, readmissões hospitalares e adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. Valores de Odds Ratio com intervalo de confiança (IC95%) foram considerados e fatores associados ao consumo foram identificados por meio de um modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: identificou-se que 34,7% da amostra relata consumo de SPA; variáveis clínicas associadas, tipo de medicamento, número de internações e adesão ao tratamento. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas de idade entre o grupo de usuários e não usuários, com menor mediana de idade para o grupo de usuários. Foi determinado que ser homem, ter idade mediana de 27 anos e estar desempregado representa maior risco para o consumo de SPA. Por fim, estabelece-se que idade, sexo, ocupação e adesão ao tratamento poderiam predizer o consumo em 34%. Conclusões: pacientes jovens, em sua maioria homens, com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, apresentam maior risco de consumo de SPA, o que implica maior risco de recaída e menor adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso

Contribución de la neuroimagen al diagnóstico y seguimiento de la Esquizofrenia: una breve revisión sistemática / The neuroimaging contribution to the Schizophrenia diagnosis and monitoring: A brief Systematic Review

RESUMEN: Introducción: La neuroimagen estructural y funcional en la esquizofrenia ha tomado fuerza en los últimos años, por lo que esta revisión tiene por objetivo describir hallazgos de esta técnica que contribuyen a la fisiopatología, diagnóstico y pronóstico de esta patología. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed/Medline de estudios clínicos que abordan el estudio con neuroimágenes en la esquizofrenia. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 2200 resultados, de los cuales fueron incluidos 13 estudios, los que arrojaron hallazgos que se tradujeron en alteraciones neurocognitivas, tales como alteraciones funcionales y estructurales de la amígdala asociada a síntomas negativos, reducción morfométrica de la región frontal, alteraciones en la perfusión del giro del cíngulo anterior y la corteza parietal inferior izquierda, desregulación de la enzima histona deacetilasa, entre otros. Conclusiones: Esta revisión brinda una visión actualizada sobre los hallazgos de la neuroimagenología que pueden aportar a la comprensión de los mecanismos patológicos detrás de este trastorno psicótico, así como su utilidad diagnóstica y potencial contribución al seguimiento de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Structural and functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia has gained strength in recent years, so this review aims to describe neuroimaging findings that contribute to the physiopathological understanding, monitoring, and diagnosis of this pathology. Methods: A PubMed/Medline search was conducted for clinical studies addressing neuroimaging in schizophrenia. Results: The search yielded 2200 results, from which 13 studies were included, which provided findings, such as functional and structural alterations of the amygdala, which have shown to be associated with negative symptoms; morphometric reduction of the frontal region, alterations in the perfusion of the anterior cingulate gyrus and the lower-left parietal cortex, deregulation of the histone deacetylase enzyme, among others which translate clinically in neurocognitive deficits. Conclusions: This review provides an updated view on the findings of neuroimaging that can contribute to the understanding of the pathological mechanisms behind this psychotic disorder, its diagnostic usefulness, and its potential contribution to the prognosis and follow-up of this disease.

El trastorno del lenguaje de las personas con esquizofrenia y su relación con la gravedad y la funcionalidad / The language disorder of people with schizophrenia and its relationship with severity and functionality

RESUMEN: Objetivo: estudiar las características del lenguaje en pacientes que padecen esquizofrenia u otros trastornos psicóticos. Método: 55 pacientes diagnosticados de esquizofrenia (50) y trastorno esquizoafectivo (5). Se aplica la escala TLC de Andreasen, la escala EEAG para la funcionalidad, la CGI para la gravedad. Se recogen datos sociodemográficos. Resultados: Las medias son: edad: 61,47 años, internamiento: 19,47 años, CGI: 5,8, EEAG: 32,5. La subescala de desconexión de la TLC puntúa de media: 8,43, y la de Subproducción verbal: 1,2. La desconexión correlaciona negativamente con EEAG, y positivamente con CGI. La Subproducción verbal correlaciona con CGI. Conclusiones: Los participantes presentan un grado de gravedad elevado y de funcionalidad bajo. Presentan alteraciones importantes del lenguaje, particularmente de pobreza del habla, pero también de desconexión verbal. Con puntuaciones que varían de leve a moderado. Ambas subescalas correlacionan con gravedad. Además, la desconexión es mayor en los pacientes con peor funcionalidad. La alteración del lenguaje en esquizofrenia está relacionada con la gravedad y la funcionalidad, lo cual tiene importantes consecuencias en la vida de las personas que padecen esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to study the characteristics of language in patients suffering from schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. Method: 55 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (50) and schizoaffective disorder (5). The Andreasen TLC scale, the EEAG scale for functionality and the CGI for gravity are applied. Sociodemographic data are collected. Results: Mean age: 61.47 years, mean years hospitalized: 19.47 years, CGI: 5.8, EEAG: 32.5. The TLC disconnection subscale scores on average: 8.43, and the Verbal Underproduction: 1.2. Disconnection correlates negatively with EEAG, and positively with CGI. Verbal underproduction correlates with CGI. Conclusions: The participants present a high degree of severity and low functionality. They present significant language alterations, poor speech, and verbal disconnection. With scores ranging from mild to moderate. Both subscales correlate with severity. In addition, the Disconnection is greater in patients with worse functionality. Language impairment in schizophrenia is related to severity and functionality, which has important consequences in the lives of people with this disease.

Bacopa monnieri: historical aspects to promising pharmacological actions for the treatment on central nervous system diseases / Bacopa monnieri: aspectos históricos de las acciones farmacológicas prometedoras para el tratamiento de enfermedades del sistema nervioso central

Bacopa monnieri(L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae), also known as Brahmi, has been used to improve cognitive processes and intellectual functions that are related to the preservation of memory. The objective of this research is to review the ethnobotanical applications, phytochemical composition, toxicity and activity of B. monnieri in the central nervous system. It reviewed articles on B. monnieri using Google Scholar, SciELO, Science Direct, Lilacs, Medline, and PubMed. Saponins are the main compounds in extracts of B. monnieri. Pharmacological studies showed that B. monnieri improves learning and memory and presents biological effects against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. No preclinical acute toxicity was reported. However, gastrointestinal side effects were reported in some healthy elderly individuals. Most studies with B. monnieri have been preclinical evaluations of cellular mechanisms in the central nervous system and further translational clinical research needs to be performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the plant.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae), también conocida como Brahmi, se ha utilizado para mejorar los procesos cognitivos y las funciones intelectuales que están relacionadas con la preservación de la memoria. El objetivo de esta investigación es revisar las aplicaciones etnobotánicas, composición fitoquímica, toxicidad y actividad de B. monnieri en el sistema nervioso central. Se revisaron artículos sobre B. monnieri utilizando Google Scholar, SciELO, Science Direct, Lilacs, Medline y PubMed. Las saponinas son los principales compuestos de los extractos de B. monnieri. Los estudios farmacológicos mostraron que B. monnieri mejora el aprendizaje y la memoria y presenta efectos biológicos contra la enfermedad de Alzheimer, la enfermedad de Parkinson, la epilepsia y la esquizofrenia. No se informó toxicidad aguda preclínica. Sin embargo, se informaron efectos secundarios gastrointestinales en algunos ancianos sanos. La mayoría de los estudios con B. monnieri han sido evaluaciones preclínicas de los mecanismos celulares en el sistema nervioso central y es necesario realizar más investigaciones clínicas traslacionales para evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la planta.

Importância da psicoeducação para familiares de pacientes com esquizofrenia e transtorno afetivo bipolar / Importancia de la psicoeducación para los miembros de la familia de pacientes con esquizofrenia y afectivo bipolar / Importance of psychoeducation for families of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders

Objetivo: identificar na literatura os impactos da psicoeducação para familiares de pacientes com Esquizofrenia e Transtorno Afetivo Bipolar. Método: revisão integrativa realizada na plataforma BVS por artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, utilizando-se as bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e BDENF com os descritores "Esquizofrenia" AND "Transtorno Bipolar" AND "Familiar Cuidador". Foram analisados artigos em português, inglês e espanhol publicados nos últimos dez anos (2010 a 2020). Resultados: Os estudos revisados mostraram que a psicoeducação em enfermagem é um recurso valioso na intervenção com as famílias, além de instrumentalizar os familiares de pacientes portadores de transtorno mental grave em relação à doença de seus entes. Conclusão: Com a Psicoeducação, é possível implementar estratégias de promoção, prevenção e cuidado de enfermagem, não apenas para o indivíduo, mas também para a família, a fim de proporcionar um cuidado integral.(AU)

Objective: to identify in the literature the impacts of psychoeducation on family members of patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Affective Disorder. Method: integrative review carried out on the VHL platform for articles published in national and international journals, using the LILACS, MEDLINE and BDENF databases with the descriptors "Schizophrenia" AND "Bipolar Disorder" AND "Family Caregiver". Articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish published in the last ten years (2010 to 2020) were analyzed. Results: The reviewed studies showed that psychoeducation in nursing is a valuable resource in intervention with families, in addition to providing tools for family members of patients with severe mental disorders in relation to their loved ones' illness. Conclusion: With Psychoeducation, it is possible to implement promotion, prevention and nursing care strategies, not only for the individual, but also for the family, in order to provide comprehensive care.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar en la literatura los impactos de la psicoeducación en familiares de pacientes con Esquizofrenia y Trastorno Afectivo Bipolar. Método: revisión integradora realizada en la plataforma BVS de artículos publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales, utilizando las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y BDENF con los descriptores "Esquizofrenia" Y "Trastorno bipolar" Y "Cuidador familiar". Se analizaron artículos en portugués, inglés y español publicados en los últimos diez años (2010 a 2020). Resultados: Los estudios revisados mostraron que la psicoeducación en enfermería es un recurso valioso en la intervención con las familias, además de brindar herramientas a los familiares de pacientes con trastornos mentales graves en relación con la enfermedad de sus seres queridos. Conclusión: Con la Psicoeducación es posible implementar estrategias de promoción, prevención y atención de enfermería, no solo para el individuo, sino también para la familia, con el fin de brindar una atención integral.(AU)

Experiences of psychiatric nurses caring for mental healthcare users with a comorbid disorder

Background: Caring for mental healthcare users (MHCUs) with a comorbid disorder of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and schizophrenia has always been challenging and requires expertise, skill, intuition and empathy. Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of psychiatric nurses caring for MHCUs with a comorbid disorder of HIV and schizophrenia. Method: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was used. Eight participants were selected through purposive sampling for individual in-depth interviews to collect data. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Results: Three themes emerged from this study. The first theme is that the psychiatric nurses experienced deep frustration because they were capable but unable to manage MHCUs with HIV and schizophrenia because of poor infrastructure and other contributing barriers. The second theme identified that the psychiatric nurses experienced discrimination against MHCUs compromising their holistic recovery. Lastly, the psychiatric nurses identified the need for health care workers in general hospitals and communities and families of MHCUs with a comorbid disorder to be educated in mental health issues to ensure continuous medical care. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that psychiatric nurses became exhausted when trying to cope with difficult nursing situations. The challenges they faced had negative consequences for the mental health of the psychiatric nurses and compromised patient care. Contribution: This study adds knowledge to nursing practice, nursing education and nursing research by implementing recommendations to mitigate the challenges of psychiatric nurses caring for MHCUs with HIV and schizophrenia.

In silico investigation on the probable macromolecular drug targets involved in the anti-schizophrenia activity of Nardostachys jatamansi

Abstract Existing medications i.e. the antipsychotic drugs are known to be effective in treating only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, while being ineffective on negative and cognitive symptoms of the disease. In addition, these medications cause extrapyramidal symptoms, forcing many patients towards natural medicine in the hope of minimizing the unwanted adverse effects. Nardostachys jatamansi is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally prescribed for various types of brain disorders. The active constituents of the plant have beneficial effects on the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. This study was designed to identify the active constituents of Nardostachys jatamansi with the highest binding affinities for the key macromolecular drug targets involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and thereby elucidate the possible mechanism of action. These targets are dopamine receptors, Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and Phosphodiesterase 10A. The results of molecular docking showed that, β-sitosterol, chlorogenic acid, oleanic acid and ursolic acid, displayed high binding affinity toward all the macromolecular drug targets. Ligands with steroid backbone and pentacyclic triterpene structure have been found to possess high binding affinity toward the dopamine receptor and phosphodiesterase 10A. While ligands with carbonyl group form stronger binding interactions with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

O circuito manicomial de atenção: patologização, psicofarmaceuticalização e estigma em retroalimentação / The asylum circuit of care: pathologization, psychopharmaceuticalization and stigma in feedback / El circuito manicomial de atención: patologización, psicofarmacologización y estigma en retroalimentación

Nas reformas psiquiátricas, a ruptura com o manicômio é um problema não apenas legal, mas cultural. Basaglia alertava para o "circuito de controle" na sociedade que define os comportamentos normais e patológicos, punindo e excluindo aqueles que não podem ser domesticados ou neutralizados. Neste artigo, utilizamos dados empíricos para propor o conceito de circuito manicomial do cuidado, desenvolvendo uma configuração própria de institucionalização pela articulação dos processos de patologização, psicofarmaceuticalização e estigma. Esse conjunto de processos garante uma base cultural para os mecanismos de perpetuação do manicômio, pois produz sociabilidades e sensibilidades manicomiais. O circuito manicomial de cuidado opera a céu aberto, por intermédio de um conjunto de discursos, práticas e tecnologias que trabalham de modo interdependente com o manicômio, com a especial participação da família, instituição que tende a manipular psicofármacos ao modo de tecnologias morais. Identificamos três atos que compõem o circuito manicomial do cuidado, por meio da análise hermenêutica de base ricoeuriana de dois casos que selecionamos de uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre trajetórias de (des)institucionalização de pessoas com sofrimento psíquico: a) o processo de alimentação da identidade patológica; b) a espiral do controle: psicofármacos reforçando o estigma patologizante; e c) a domesticação extramuros da solução-manicômio. Com esta análise, busca-se suprir uma das lacunas que têm sido observadas em estudos que examinam como os contextos de Reforma Psiquiátrica têm se ocupado insuficientemente da compreensão de como dinâmicas sociais e culturais impõem desafios ao trabalho de desinstitucionalização.(AU)

In psychiatric reforms, breaking away from the asylum is not only a legal issue, but also a cultural one. Basaglia warned of the "control circuit" in society that defines normal and pathological behaviors, punishing and excluding those who cannot be domesticated or neutralized. In this article, we used empirical data to propose the concept of asylum care circuit, developing its own institutionalization configuration by articulating processes of pathologization, psychopharmaceuticalization, and stigma. This ensemble of processes guarantees a cultural basis to the mechanisms for the asylum's perpetuation, since it produces asylum sociabilities and sensibilities. The asylum care circuit operates in the open, with a set of discourses, practices, and technologies, which work interdependently with the asylum, with special participation of the family, an institution that tends to manipulate psychiatric drugs in the manner of moral technologies. We identified three integral moments that integrate this circuit of care, by Ricoeur-based hermeneutic analysis of two cases we selected from an ethnographic research on trajectories of (de)institutionalization of people suffering psychological distress: a) the bolstering process of pathological identities, b) the control spiral: psychotropic drugs retro-feeding pathologizing stigma, and c) the out-of-the-asylum domestication of the asylum-solution. With this analysis, we seek to fill one of the gaps observed in studies that examine how the contexts of psychiatric reform have insufficiently dealt with understanding how social and cultural dynamics impose challenges to the work of deinstitutionalization.(AU)

En las reformas psiquiátricas, la ruptura con el manicomio no es solo un problema legal, sino cultural. Basaglia advirtió sobre el "circuito de control" en la sociedad que define comportamientos normales y patológicos, castigando y excluyendo a aquellos que no pueden ser domesticados o neutralizados. En este artículo, basado en datos empíricos, proponemos el concepto de circuito manicomial de atención, desarrollando su propia configuración de institucionalización mediante la articulación de los procesos de patologización, psicofarmacologización y estigma. Este proceso propicia una base cultural para los mecanismos de perpetuación del manicomio, ya que produce sociabilidad y sensibilidad al manicomio. El circuito manicomial de cuidado opera mediante discursos, prácticas y tecnologías interdependientes de él, y cuenta con la participación especial de la familia, institución que tiende a manipular los psicofármacos en forma de tecnologías morales. Identificamos tres actos que conforman el circuito manicomial de cuidado a partir de un análisis hermenéutico ricoeuriano de dos casos que seleccionamos de una investigación etnográfica sobre trayectorias de (des)institucionalización de personas con sufrimiento psíquico: a) El proceso de alimentación de la identidad patológica, b) el espiral de control: psicofármacos que refuerzan el estigma patologizante, y c) la domesticación extramuros de la solución-manicomio. Este análisis permite suplir una de las lagunas que se ha observado en los estudios de los contextos de la Reforma Psiquiátrica, debido a la insuficiente preocupación por comprender cómo las dinámicas sociales y culturales imponen desafíos al trabajo de desinstitucionalización.(AU)

Research progress of cross-disease miRNA molecular markers in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Micro non-coding RNA (microRNA, miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA involved in gene expression regulation that plays an important role in the onset and development of mental illness. Evidence suggests that several miRNAs are dysregulated in patients with mental illnesses. Because of its stability and quantitative detection in peripheral blood and cerebral fluid, miRNA is a particularly attractive biomarker. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between mental illness and miRNAs, as well as the potential processes through which miRNAs contribute to disease etiology. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression are three major mental disorders with high disability and mortality. The study explored the particular dysregulated miRNAs for each condition as well as common dysregulated miRNAs across diseases. In this study, which analyzes the findings from relevant studies from 2016 to 2020, the authors discuss the functions of numerous severely dysfunctional miRNAs and their application potential in the field of psychiatry research.

Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cognition and quality of life in schizophrenia

INTRODUCTION@#The effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on quality of life (QoL), and its relationship with symptom and cognitive change remains unclear. We aim to examine the association of QoL changes with psychiatric symptom and cognitive changes among patients with schizophrenia who underwent ECT.@*METHODS@#This is a retrospective cohort study of 132 patients who received ECT from July 2017 to December 2019. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from medical records. Changes in QoL, psychiatric symptoms and cognition function were examined after 6 sessions of ECT. Generalised linear regression was used to examine the associations of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores with QoL as measured by EQ-5D scores.@*RESULTS@#The mean (standard error) improvements after ECT were statistically significant for the assessment scales of EQ-5D utility score: 0.77 (0.02) to 0.89 (0.02), P<0.001; EuroQol-5-Dimension (EQ-5D) visual analogue scale score: 66.82 (2.61) to 73.05 (1.93), P=0.012; and EQ-5D subdomain scores. Both improvement in BPRS (adjusted β coefficient -0.446, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.840 to -0.052) and MoCA (adjusted β 12.068, 95% CI 0.865 to 12.271) scores were significantly associated with improvement in EQ-5D utility scores after adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Improvement of BPRS scores (psychiatric symptoms) was significantly associated with improvement of the patients' mental health that was assessed by EQ-5D subdomain scores of pain (adjusted β coefficient 0.012, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.021) and anxiety (adjusted β coefficient 0.013, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.024). Improvement of MoCA scores (cognitive function) was significantly associated with patients' physical health as assessed by EQ-5D subdomain score of usual activity (adjusted β coefficient -0.349, 95% CI -0.607 to -0.09).@*CONCLUSION@#ECT was associated with an overall improvement of QoL among patients with schizophrenia. The improvement of psychiatric symptoms was found to be significantly associated with better mental health while the improvement of cognitive function was associated with better physical health.

Saúde mental na Atenção Primária: (des)encontros entre enfermeiros e pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia / Mental health in Primary Health Care: (dis)encounters between nurses and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia / Salud mental en Atención Primaria: (des)encuentros entre enfermeros y pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia

OBJETIVO: compreender o imaginário coletivo sobre pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia por parte de enfermeiros inseridos na Atenção Primária, com foco em suas possíveis reverberações no tocante à atenção em saúde mental. MÉTODO: pesquisa qualitativa, orientada pelo método investigativo psicanalítico, desenvolvida junto a 15 enfermeiros. O instrumento utilizado foi o Procedimento de Desenho-Estória com Tema, e os dados coletados foram interpretados psicanaliticamente visando à captação dos campos de sentido. RESULTADOS: no imaginário coletivo da maioria dos participantes, ocupa lugar central a crença de que o acompanhamento de pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia é responsabilidade exclusiva de profissionais e/ou serviços de saúde "especializados", o que aparentemente atravessa, de modo marcante, os (des)encontros que se estabelecem entre os enfermeiros e os referidos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: essa crença é incompatível com os preceitos da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira e com o papel a ser desempenhado, na Atenção Primária, pelos enfermeiros.

OBJECTIVE: understand the collective imaginary about patients diagnosed with schizophrenia by nurses in Primary Health Care, focusing on their possible reverberations regarding mental health care. METHOD: qualitative research oriented by the psychoanalytical investigative method, developed with 15 nurses. The instrument used was the Drawing-Story with Theme Procedure, and the data collected were interpreted psychoanalytically to capture fields of meaning. RESULTS: in the collective imaginary of most participants, is central the belief that the continuity of mental health care of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia is an exclusive responsibility of "specialized" health professionals and/or services, and it seems to significantly affect the (dis)encounters established between the nurses and those patients. CONCLUSION: this belief is incompatible with the precepts of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform and with the role of nurses in Primary Health Care.

OBJETIVO: comprender el imaginario colectivo sobre pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia por parte de enfermeros de la Atención Primaria, enfocándose en sus posibles reverberaciones con respecto a la atención en salud mental. MÉTODO: investigación cualitativa, orientada por el método investigativo psicoanalítico, desarrollada con 15 enfermeros. El instrumento utilizado fue el Procedimiento de Dibujo-Cuentos con Tema, y los datos fueron interpretados psicoanalíticamente para capturar campos de sentido. RESULTADOS: en el imaginario colectivo de la mayoría de los participantes, es central la creencia de que la continuidad de la asistencia a pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia es responsabilidad exclusiva de profesionales y/o servicios de salud "especializados", lo que aparentemente afecta de manera significativa los (des)encuentros que se establecen entre los enfermeros y esos pacientes. CONCLUSIÓN: esta creencia es incompatible con los preceptos de la Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileña y con el papel que deben desempeñar los enfermeros en la Atención Primaria.

Linguagem e comunicação na perspectiva do sujeito com esquizofrenia / Language and communication from the perspective of people with schizophrenia / Lenguaje y comunicación desde la perspectiva del sujeto con esquizofrenia

Introdução: a esquizofrenia apresenta um conjunto de sintomas cognitivos, psicóticos, afetivos e emocionais que influenciam a linguagem e o processo comunicativo. Objetivo: refletir sobre o impacto das manifestações linguístico-discursivas da esquizofrenia na comunicação, a partir da perspectiva de sujeitos com esse transtorno mental, além de descrever as principais manifestações linguísticas presentes no discurso desses indivíduos. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo e qualitativo, com modelo de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, realizado em um Centro de Atendimento Psicossocial. Realizou-se análise de prontuários e entrevista semiestruturada com usuários do serviço de saúde diagnosticados com esquizofrenia. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva, sendo que as entrevistas foram exploradas de forma qualitativa por meio da "Análise Temática do Conteúdo", após transcrição das falas na íntegra. Resultados: metade dos participantes relatou satisfação e conforto comunicativo, enquanto a outra metade informou dificuldade de comunicação associada a sentimentos de frustração, má disposição, nervosismo e receio de falar em público. Tais sentimentos parecem estar relacionados à postura de desvalorização e estigma do interlocutor perante o discurso de pessoas com esquizofrenia. Observaram-se as seguintes manifestações linguístico-discursivas: descarrilamento e alogia. Não é possível afirmar que uma das manifestações linguístico-discursivas observadas nos participantes, a alogia, esteja associada, exclusivamente, à sintomatologia do transtorno mental, visto que a condição de segregação e estigma social pode ser um fator determinante na redução da produção do discurso. Conclusão: os sintomas de linguagem característicos da esquizofrenia impactam as relações de comunicação dos sujeitos diagnosticados com esse transtorno mental.

Introduction: schizophrenia has a set of cognitive, psychotic, affective and emotional symptoms that influence language and the communicative process. Objective: to reflect on the impact of linguistic-discursive manifestations of schizophrenia on communication, from the perspective of individuals with this mental disorder, in addition to describing the main manifestations present in the speech of these individuals. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive and qualitative study, with a non-probabilistic sampling model for convenience, carried out in a Psychosocial Service Center. Analyses of medical records and semi-structured interviews with users of the health service, diagnosed with schizophrenia, were performed. The results were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, and the interviews were explored in a qualitative way through the "Thematic Content Analysis", after transcribing the speeches. Results: half of the participants reported satisfaction and communicative comfort, while the other half reported communication difficulties, associated with feelings of frustration, nervousness and fear of speaking in public. Such feelings seem to be related to the attitude of devaluation and stigma of the interlocutor regarding the speech of people with schizophrenia. The following discursive linguistic manifestations were observed: derailment and allogy. It is not possible to state that one of the linguistic-discursive manifestations observed in the participants, the allogy, is associated exclusively with the symptoms of mental disorder, since the condition of segregation and social stigma can be a determining factor in reducing the production of speech. Conclusion: the language symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia impact the communication relationships of subjects diagnosed with this mental disorder.

Introducción: la esquizofrenia tiene un conjunto de síntomas cognitivos, psicóticos, afectivos y emocionales que influyen en el lenguaje y el proceso comunicativo. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre el impacto de las manifestaciones lingüístico-discursivas de la esquizofrenia en la comunicación, desde la perspectiva de sujetos con este trastorno mental, además de describir las principales manifestaciones presentes en el discurso de estos individuos. Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo y cualitativo, con un modelo de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, realizado en un Centro de Servicios Psicosociales. Se realizaron análisis de historias clínicas y entrevistas semiestructuradas a usuarios del servicio de salud, diagnosticados de esquizofrenia. Los resultados fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo, y las entrevistas fueron exploradas de manera cualitativa a través del "Análisis de contenido temático", luego de transcribir los discursos en forma íntegra. Resultados: la mitad de los participantes reportó satisfacción y comodidad comunicativa, mientras que la otra mitad reportó dificultades de comunicación, asociadas con sentimientos de frustración, nerviosismo y miedo a hablar en público.Tales sentimientos parecen estar relacionados con la actitud de desvalorización y estigma del interlocutor con respecto al discurso de las personas con esquizofrenia. Se observaron las siguientes manifestaciones lingüísticas discursivas: descarrilamiento y alogía. No es posible afirmar que una de las manifestaciones lingüístico-discursivas observadas en los participantes, la alología, esté asociada exclusivamente a los síntomas del trastorno mental, ya que la condición de segregación y estigma social puede ser un factor determinante en la reducción de la producción del habla. Conclusión: los síntomas del lenguaje característicos de la esquizofrenia impactan las relaciones de comunicación de los sujetos diagnosticados con este trastorno mental.

Evaluación de los niveles de sobrecarga en cuidadores primarios de personas con esquizofrenia a través de un programa de psicoeducación / Assessment of overload levels in primary caregivers of people with schizophrenia through a psychoeducation program

A partir del año 2012 el Hospital Psiquiátrico San Lázaro cierra el servicio de hospitalización. La propuesta de esta institución fue implementar un programa de psicoeducación dirigida a la familia para el manejo de los pacientes con trastornos mentales. La participación de los cuidadores primarios en el manejo de pacientes con trastornos mentales crónicos, incluida la esquizofrenia; sin embargo, visibilizó diversos niveles de sobrecarga. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de sobrecarga en cuidadores primarios, y los efectos atribuibles al Programa de Clínica de Apoyo a Familiares de Personas con Esquizofrenia. Materiales y Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de evaluación pre y post intervención, en 108 expedientes seleccionados para extraer las variables socio demográficas disponibles y los puntajes de sobrecarga obtenidos con la Escala de Sobrecarga del Cuidador de Zarit. Se describieron los resultados y se analizaron mediante el test de McNemar. Resultados: La mayoría de cuidadores fueron mujeres 67,5 %. El parentesco más frecuente fue el de padres con 44,4 % seguido de hermanos 25,9 %. El rango de edad más común fue el de 51- 60 años. El 71,1 % de los cuidadores presentaron algún tipo de sobrecarga. Para la evaluación de los cambios en los niveles de sobrecarga pre y post intervención se aplicó la prueba de McNemar, cuyo resultado fue de 27,4 mostrando diferencia significativa con valor de p <0,005. Conclusión: La intervención con cuidadores primarios, mediante programas psicoeducativos puede ser una opción viable para reducir los niveles de sobrecarga en familiares de personas con esquizofrenia(AU)

As of 2012, the San Lázaro Psychiatric Hospital closes the hospitalization service. The proposal of this institution was to implement a psychoeducation program aimed at the family for the management of patients with mental disorders. The involvement of primary caregivers in the management of patients with chronic mental disorders, including schizophrenia; however, it made visible various levels of overload. Objective: To determine the levels of burden in primary caregivers, and the effects attributable to the Program of Support Clinic for Family Members of People with Schizophrenia. Methods: A pre and post intervention evaluation study was designed in 108 selected files to extract the available socio-demographic variables and the burden scores obtained with the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale. The results were described and analyzed using the McNemar test. Results: The majority of caregivers were women, 67.5%. The most frequent relationship was that of parents with 44.4% followed by siblings 25.9%. The most common age range was 51-60 years. 71.1% of the caregivers presented some type of overload. McNemar's test was applied to assess the changes in the levels of pre- and post-intervention overload, the result of which was 27.4, showing a significant difference with a p value <0.005. Conclusion: Intervention with primary caregivers, through psychoeducational programs, may be a viable option to reduce the levels of burden in relatives of people with schizophrenia

Estudio de utilización de psicofármacos en usuarios de la policlínica del Hospital Vilardebó con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia (años 2006 y 2016) / Study of the use of psychotropic drugs in users of the Vilardebó Hospital polyclinic with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (2006 and 2016)

El tratamiento farmacológico de demostrada eficacia en la esquizofrenia es el antipsicótico. Sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones se requiere medicación concomitante que depende de comorbilidades y efectos adversos. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, retrospectivo, considerando el año 2006 y 2016, en una población de usuarios con esquizofrenia de la Policlínica del Hospital Vilardebó, analizando los tratamientos con psicofármacos. Se diferenciaron los tratamientos según monoterapia antipsicótica y polifarmacia con 2 antipsicóticos, y polifarmacia con más de 2 antipsicóticos, antidepresivos, estabilizantes del humor, benzodiacepinas y anticolinérgicos. La población inicial en 2006 fue de 621 pacientes y 398 pacientes continuaban en tratamiento en 2016. Mantuvieron el trata-miento con antipsicóticos 377 pacientes; 184 mantuvieron benzodiacepinas; 59 se mantuvieron con anticolinérgicos; 49, con estabilizantes del humor y 47, con antidepresivos. La monoterapia antipsicótica se presentó en torno al 50 % de la población estudiada. Se deberían revisar aquellas prácticas que se infieren a partir de este estudio, como el uso prolongado de anticolinérgicos, benzodiacepinas, y polifarmacia con más de 2 antipsicóticos, que está extendida en los usuarios con esquizofrenia. El tratamiento con clozapina fue el más estable y no parece aumentar la mortalidad en estos pacientes

Antipsychotics are the proved effective therapy for schizophrenia. However, on many occasions, associated drugs are required depending on comorbidities and side effects. A retrospective longitudinal quantitative study of drug prescription for 2006 and 2016 in patients with schizophrenia diagnosis was carried out in an outpatient clinic at Hospital Vilardebó. Treatments were classified as antipsychotic monotherapy, two antipsychotic drugs polypharmacy and polypharmacy with two antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines and anticholinergic drugs. Initial population in 2006 included 621 patients, 398 were still being treated in 2016. Antipsychotic drugs were still being received in 377 patients, benzodiazepines in 184, anticholinergic drugs in 59, mood stabilizers in 49, and anti-depressants in 47. Antipsychotic monotherapy was 50% of the population. Those practices that can be inferred from this study, with lengthy use of anticholinergic drugs, benzodiazepines, and the use of more than 2 antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia diagnosis should be revised. Clozapine therapy was the most stable and does not seem to increase mortality.

Percepción sobre los clubes de integración psicosocial para personas con esquizofrenia en Lima, Perú / Perception about psychosocial integration clubs for people with schizophrenia in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de los usuarios, cuidadores y profesionales de la salud sobre la implementación, funcionamiento y satisfacción relacionada con su participación en los clubes de integración psicosocial (CIP) para personas con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia en dos distritos de Lima Norte. Materiales y métodos: Estudio con enfoque metodológico cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad y 3 grupos focales con 21 participantes, entre usuarios, familiares cuidadores y profesionales de la salud mental. Se recolectó la información en diciembre de 2018 y se analizaron las percepciones sobre el proceso de implementación y satisfacción de los usuarios del club, sus relaciones afectivas y el ocio, su vinculación con las familias y redes sociocomunitarias, así como las limitaciones percibidas. Resultados: La percepción de los usuarios, cuidadores y profesionales de la salud mental fue favorable acerca de la implementación, funcionamiento y satisfacción de los socios como rol integrador y socializador a través de su participación, la reinserción social en actividades normalizadoras en su comunidad, red sanitaria y en el fortalecimiento de vínculos familiares. Los CIP se perciben como espacios de socialización que tienen un significado relevante en la vida de los usuarios. Conclusiones: Los participantes perciben el CIP como un espacio de bienestar y uso de tiempo libre adecuado que contribuye en la rehabilitación de su enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: To know the perception of users, caregivers and health professionals about the implementation, operation and satisfaction related to their participation in psychosocial integration clubs (PIC) for people with diagnosis of schizophrenia in two districts of northern Lima. Materials and methods: This study had a qualitative methodological approach. In-depth interviews and 3 focus groups were conducted with 21 participants including users, family caregivers, and mental health professionals. The information was collected in December 2018. We analyzed the perceptions of the implementation process and satisfaction of the club's users, their affective relationships and leisure, their link with families and socio-community networks, as well as the perceived limitations. Results: The perception of club's users, caregivers and mental health professionals was favorable regarding the implementation, functioning and satisfaction of the users, as an integrating and socializing role, through their active participation, social reintegration in normalizing activities with their community, the health network and in the strengthening of family ties. PICs are perceived as spaces for socialization that have a relevant meaning in the lives of users. Conclusions: Participants perceive PICs as a space for well-being and adequate use of free time, which contributes to the rehabilitation of the user's disease.

Estudio transversal de prevalencia y características del dolor crónico en pacientes con esquizofrenia / Prevalence and features of chronic pain among patients with schizophrenia

Background: People with schizophrenia generally refrain from manifesting somatic symptoms, and may not complain of pain. Therefore these patients may have an insensitivity to pain. Aim: To determine the prevalence of chronic pain in a sample of patients with schizophrenia. Patients and Methods: The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was answered by 79 outpatients with schizophrenia with a mean age of 47 years (67% men) attended at a public hospital in Chile. Results: Chronic pain, defined as lasting more than six months, was reported by 15.2 % of patients. Acute pain was reported by 63% of patients. No significant differences were observed in sociodemographic characteristics or duration of illness between patients with acute or chronic pain. The assessment of the different pain dimensions showed a predominance of sensory and affective components, with pain rating indexes of 0.82 and 0.71, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that the prevalence of pain among people with schizophrenia, is similar to that of the general population.

Meningioma parasagital y hematoma subdural crónico, una asociación inusual / Parasagittal meningioma and chronic subdural hematoma, unusual association

RESUMEN En muchas ocasiones, los pacientes con tumores cerebrales tienen una variedad de síntomas psiquiátricos inespecíficos. Algunos de estos pueden constituir la primera o única manifestación del tumor, sin la presencia de ningún síntoma o signo neurológico. El diagnóstico ha de basarse en la anamnesis completa y en la exploración neurológica; la neuroimagen confirmará el diagnóstico clínico. Con el presente trabajo se describió la asociación inusual de hematoma subdural crónico y meningioma parasagital en un caso presentado. Se trató de un paciente de 68 años con antecedentes de esquizofrenia. Acudió a consulta con una hemiparesia izquierda. Se le realizó una tomografía axial computarizada de cráneo y arrojó un hematoma subdural crónico y un meningioma parasagital derecho. Se le aplicó tratamiento quirúrgico en dos tiempos operatorios. Su evolución posquirúrgica transcurrió sin complicaciones (AU).

ABSTRACT In many cases, patients with brain tumors have a variety of nonspecific psychiatric symptoms. Some of them can be the first or the only manifestation of the tumor, without presenting any neurological signs or symptoms. The diagnosis must be based on the complete anamnesis and on the neurological examination. The neuroimaging will confirm the clinical diagnosis. The unusual association of a chronic subdural hematoma and a parasagittal meningioma was described in a case presented in the current work. It dealt with a patient, aged 68 years with antecedents of schizophrenia. He assisted the consultation with left hemiparesis. A skull computed tomography showed a chronic subdural hematoma and a right parasagittal meningioma. He underwent a two-steps surgery. His post-surgery evolution ran without complications (AU).

A família do paciente com transtorno mental grave / The family of the patient with severe mental disorder

A atenção familiar é um componente essencial da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). É importante que equipes de APS se apoderem de instrumentos capazes de abordar integralmente as questões familiares envolvidas com o processo saúde-doença. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender a dinâmica de uma família que possui dois integrantes com doença mental (esquizofrenia) a partir da análise dos instrumentos Genograma, Ecomapa e Apgar Familiar. Além de evidenciar a importância do uso dessas ferramentas como vantagem para a amplificação da perspectiva sistêmica da doença, há auxílio na percepção da situação psicossocial pelos profissionais e família. A metodologia utilizada amparou-se nos princípios da abordagem familiar sistêmica, através de entrevistas familiares sucessivas com aplicação dos instrumentos mais comumente utilizados pela Medicina de Família e Comunidade, tendo como cenário o domicílio dos pacientes. Após análise das ferramentas, concluiu-se que a abordagem facilitou o autoconhecimento familiar, o entendimento da doença e ampliou/aprofundou o diálogo e relacionamento entre os membros do núcleo familiar. Alcances estes fundamentais à redução do sofrimento do paciente e sua família, e facilitadores da integralidade na atenção ofertada pelos profissionais da equipe de saúde.

Family care is an essential component of Primary Health Care (PHC). It is important that PHC teams seize instruments that can fully address the family issues involved in the health-disease process. The present study aimed to understand the dynamics of a family that has two members with mental illness (schizophrenia) from the analysis of the Genogram, Ecomap and Family Apgar instruments. In addition to highlighting the importance of using these instruments as an advantage for the amplification of the systemic perspective of the disease, there is an assistance in the perception of the psychosocial situation by health professionals and the family. The methodology used was based on the principles of the systemic family approach, through successive family interviews with application of the instruments most commonly used by Family and Community Medicine, based on the patient's home as a scenario. After analyzing the instruments, it was concluded that the approach facilitated family self-knowledge, the understanding of the disease and extended/ deepened the dialogue and relationship between the members of the family nucleus. These are fundamental achievements in order to reduce the suffering of the patients and their family, and facilitators of the integrality of the care offered by the health team professionals.