Efectos del confinamiento sobre los hábitos saludables de adolescentes durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Effects of confinement on the healthy habits of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic / Efeitos do confinamento nos hábitos saudáveis dos adolescentes durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Introducción: en marzo de 2020, en Uruguay se decretó la emergencia sanitaria al detectarse los primeros casos de infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). El confinamiento domiciliario voluntario fue una de las medidas de salud pública adoptadas en el control de la pandemia. Objetivo: describir el efecto del confinamiento sobre los hábitos de sueño, alimentación y actividad física de adolescentes de Montevideo y Canelones durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: encuesta elaborada ad hoc, voluntaria, anónima, online y autoadministrada a adolescentes de 12 a 19 años, usuarios de CASMU, CRAMI, COMECA y Asociación Española, entre el 1 de junio y el 1 de julio de 2020. Se aplicaron cuestionarios validados para evaluar sueño, alimentación y actividad física. Resultados: se encuestaron 465 adolescentes, 70,1% mujeres y 48,2% de adolescencia media. Refirieron permanecer más de 6 horas al día conectados a internet y al celular 58,3% y 42,4%, respectivamente. La convivencia durante el confinamiento resultó agradable en la mayoría. El 76% refirió dormir menos de 9 horas/día. Señaló un consumo adecuado de frutas 6%, verduras 5,8% y lácteos 32,2%. El porcentaje de adolescentes activos descendió de 30,7% previo a la pandemia a 19,7% durante la misma. A la pregunta "¿cuál es la primera palabra que te viene a la mente cuando escuchas pandemia de COVID-19?" la mayoría brindó respuestas negativas. Conclusiones: las medidas de confinamiento no se asociaron con problemas importantes en la convivencia familiar en este grupo de adolescentes. Se observó una profundización de los problemas en los hábitos de alimentación, actividad física, sueño que favorecen el "ambiente obesogénico" y el riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Resulta relevante considerar el impacto negativo del confinamiento y planificar las medidas preventivas tendientes a mitigar sus efectos.

Introduction: in March 2020, a Health Emergency was decreed in Uruguay when the first cases of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19) infection were detected. Voluntary home confinement was one of the public health measures adopted in theto control the pandemic. Objectives: describe the effects of confinement on sleep, eating and exercise habits of adolescents assisted by private health providers in Montevideo and Canelones during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: ad hoc, voluntary, anonymous, online and self-administered survey to adolescents of 12 to 19 years of age, users of CASMU, CRAMI, COMECA and Asociación Española HMOs, between June 1 and July 1, 2020. Validated questionnaires were applied to assess sleep, diet and exercise habits. Results: 465 adolescents were surveyed, 70.1% women and 48.2% in mid-adolescence. They reported having been connected to Internet and cell phone more than 6 hours a day, 58.3% and 42.4%, respectively. Coexistence during confinement was mostly pleasant. 76% reported sleeping less than 9 hours/day. They reported an appropriate consumption of fruit 6%, vegetables 5.8% and dairy 32.2%. The percentage of active adolescents fell from 30.7% before the pandemic to 19.7% during the pandemic. To the question, What is the first word that comes to mind when you hear about the COVID-19 pandemic? most gave negative responses. Conclusions: confinement measures were not linked to important problems regarding coexistence with relatives in this group of adolescents. We observed a worsening of the eating, exercise and sleep habits, which may favor the "obesogenic environment" and increase the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases. It is relevant to consider the negative impact of confinement and plan preventive measures aimed at mitigating its effects.

Introdução: em março de 2020, a Emergência Sanitária foi decretada no Uruguai quando foram detectados os primeiros casos de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19). O confinamento domiciliar voluntário foi uma das medidas de saúde pública adotadas para controlar a pandemia. Objetivo: descrever o efeito do confinamento nos hábitos de sono, alimentação e atividade física de adolescentes em Montevidéu e Canelones durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: inquérito ad hoc, voluntário, anônimo, online e autoadministrado a adolescentes de 12 a 19 anos de idade atendido pelas prestadoras CASMU, CRAMI, COMECA e Associação Espanhola, entre 1 de junho e 1 de julho de 2020. Foram aplicados questionários validados para avaliar os seus hábitos de sono, alimentação e atividade física. Resultados: foram pesquisados 465 adolescentes, 70,1% mulheres e 48,2% na adolescência média. 58,3% e 42,4%, respectivamente, relataram ficar mais de 6 horas por dia conectados à internet e ao celular. A convivência durante o confinamento foi agradável para a maioria. 76% relataram dormir menos de 9 horas/dia. 6% deles indicou consumo adequado de frutas, vegetais 5,8% e laticínios 32,2%. O percentual de adolescentes ativos caiu de 30,7% antes da pandemia para 19,7% durante ela. Quando perguntados: Qual é a primeira palavra que vem à mente quando você ouve a pandemia do COVID-19? a maioria forneceu respostas negativas. Conclusões: as medidas de confinamento não estiveram associadas a problemas importantes na vida familiar neste grupo de adolescentes. Observou-se aprofundamento dos problemas nos hábitos alimentares, de exercício físico e de sono que favorecem o "ambiente obesogênico" e o risco de desenvolver doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. É relevante considerar o impacto negativo do confinamento e planejar medidas preventivas visando mitigar seus efeitos.

Évaluation de la prescription et de l'utilisation des benzodiazépines dans la ville de Sidi Bel-Abbès / Evaluation of the prescription and use of benzodiazepines in Sidi Bel-Abbes city

Introduction :Une forte consommation des benzodiazépines (BZDs) a été remarquée en dehors parfois des règles de recommandations de prescription, ce qui rend leur consommation un problème majeur de santé publique. La présente étude a eu pour objectif d'évaluer la prescription et l'usage des BZDs dans la ville de Sidi Bel-Abbès. Méthodes-Il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive transversale réalisée du 01 Février 2018 au 30 Juin 2018 évaluant la prescription et l'usage des BZDs dans la ville de Sidi Bel-Abbès au moyen d'un questionnaire distribué aux patients de l'hôpital psychiatrique, du service de psychiatrie du CHU et aux pharmaciens d'officine.Le critère de jugement principal était l'évaluation de la prescription et de l'utilisation des BZDs dans cette ville. La saisie et l'analyse des données ont été réalisées par le logiciel SPSS. Résultats-Au total, 353 patients traités au moins par une BZD ont été inclus dont 178 hommes. Le taux de prescription des BZDs était de 1.10, des jeunes (59,77 %) et des personnes mariées (60,34%) constituaient les consommateurs privilégiés. La prescription était l'apanage des psychiatres, en monothérapie (07,42%), la molé cule la plus fréquemment prescrite était le Bromazépam (31,07%) et la prise noc turne était la plus importante (49,01%). Les BZDs étaient utilisées pour combattre l'insomnie (25,21%), l'anxiété (16,43%), pour une durée de plus d'une année (57,79 %). Conclusion-La prescription et l'utilisation des BZDs dans la ville de Sidi Bel-Abbès s'est avérée importante. L'insomnie et l'anxiété constituaient les principales raisons de leur utilisation, et le Bromazépam était la molécule la plus fréquemment utilisée .

Introduction-A high consumption of benzodiazepines (BZDs) has been noticed so metimes outside the rules of prescription recommendations, which makes their consumption a major public health problem. The present study aimed to evaluate the prescription and use of BZDs in Sidi Bel-Abbès city. Methods-: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out from February 01st, 2018 to June 30th, 2018 evaluating the prescription and use of BZDs in of Sidi Bel-Abbès by means of a questionnaire distributed to patients from the psychiatric hospital, the CHU psychiatry department and community pharmacists. The primary endpoint was the assessment of the prescription and use of BZDs in this city. Data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS software. Results-A total of 353 patients treated with at least one BZD were included, including 178 men. The prescription rate of BZDs was 1.10, young people (59.77%) and married people (60.34%) were the privileged consumers. The prescription was the prerogative of psychiatrists, in monotherapy (07.42%), the molecule most frequent ly prescribed was Bromazepam (31.07%) and night intake was the most important (49.01%). BZDs were used to combat insomnia (25.21%), anxiety (16.43%), for a period of more than a year (57.79%). Conclusion-The prescription and use of BZDs in Sidi Bel-Abbès has proven to be important. Insomnia and anxiety were the main reasons for their use, and Bromazepam was the most molecule frequently used.

Alteraciones del sueño en niños con trastorno del espectro autista y su afectación individual y familiar. Un estudio observacional de centro único en México / Sleep disturbances in children with autism spectrum disorder and their individual and family affectation. A single-center observational study in Mexico

Introducción: Los trastornos del sueño en niños, tienen un impacto en el desarrollo, afecta el comportamiento, el estado de ánimo, las funciones cognitivas, disminuyendo la atención selectiva y la memoria. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las alteraciones del sueño en niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), su afectación individual y familiar en el Centro Regional de Autismo Delicias Chihuahua. Métodos: El presente estudio transversal, incluye niños con TEA en quienes se determinó alguna alteración del sueño y se buscó su relación con la afectación individual y familiar, además se evaluaron, edad, sexo, grado escolar, nivel funcional de TEA, afectaciones familiares. Se aplicó el cuestionario de cribado del sueño en niños con TEA, el cuestionario adaptado para niños con TEA -BRUNI y el cuestionario de satisfacción sobre las actividades de los padres, cuidadores primarios y familiares de primera línea. Se usa estadística descriptiva y en un segundo análisis se usa Razón de Momios de Prevalencia (RMP). Resultados: Se analizan 57 pacientes, 43 (75.4%) hombres, 28 (49.1%) en grado 1 de nivel funcional TEA, 16 (28.1%) tenían mal desempeño individual, 56 (98.2%) sus familiares referían mal desempeño, 43 (75.4%) tenían alteraciones del sueño. Los niños preescolares tienen 2.5 veces riesgo de tener afec-tación individual. Los pacientes en nivel funcional TEA grado 3 tienen 2.15 veces riesgo de tener afectación individual. Los que despiertan cansados tienen 5.93 veces riesgo de tener afectación individual. Conclusión: La afectación familiar del desempeño es mucho mayor a la afectación individual de los niños con TEA, lo cual genera alteraciones en la dinámica familiar.

Introduction: Sleep disorders in children impact development, affecting behavior, mood, and cognitive functions and decreasing selective attention and memory. This study aimed to determine sleep disturbances in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their individual and family involvement at the Delicias Chihuahua Regional Autism Center. Methods: This cross-sectional study included children with ASD in whom some sleep disturbance was determined, and its relationship with individual and family affectation was sought; in addition, age, sex, school grade, functional level of ASD, and family affectations were evaluated. The sleep screening questionnaire for children with ASD, the adapted questionnaire for children with ASD -BRUNI, and the satisfaction questionnaire on the activities of parents, primary caregivers, and first-line family members were applied. Descriptive statistics were used, and the prevalence odds ratio (MPR) was used in a second analysis. Results: A total of 57 patients were analyzed; 43 (75.4%) were men, 28 (49.1%) were at the grade 1 ASD functional lev-el, 16 (28.1%) had poor individual performance, 56 (98.2%) their relatives reported poor performance, and 43 (75.4%) had sleep disturbances. Preschool children have a 2.5 times higher risk of having individual involvement. Patients in functional level ASD grade 3 have a 2.15 times higher risk of having individual involvement. Those who wake up tired have a 5.93 times higher risk of having individual involvement. Conclusion: The family affectation of performance is much greater than the personal affectation of children with ASD, which generates changes in family dynamics.

Síntomas depresivos, ansiosos e insomnio, y posibles factores asociados en personal de salud, en un Hospital General en Suramérica, durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en 2020 / Depressive and anxious symptoms and insomnia, and possible associated factors in health workers, in a General Hospital in South America, during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020

La pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus COVID- 19 ha tenido impacto en la salud mental del personal médico y de enfermería en todo el mundo. Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia de síntomas depresivos, ansiosos e insomnio y los factores posiblemente relacionados con estos desenlaces en el personal sanitario de un hospital de Suramérica durante el primer pico de la pandemia. Materiales y métodos: se aplicaron las escalas PHQ-9 para depresión, GAD- 7 para ansiedad, ISI - 7 para insomnio en 876 trabajadores de la salud del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe en la ciudad de Medellín. Resultados: de los 876 participantes (29,2% médicos, 21.2% profesionales de enfermería y 49,5% auxiliares de enfermería), 357 (40.8%) presentaron síntomas depresivos, 300 (34.2%) síntomas ansiosos y 317 (36.2%) insomnio. Se observaron síntomas de depresión, ansiedad e insomnio, con mayor frecuencia en quienes no tenían las necesidades básicas satisfechas y en quienes se sentían estigmatizados por ser personal de salud. Además, la depresión se presentó con más frecuencia en mujeres, la ansiedad en menores de 44 años y el insomnio en personas separadas. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de problemas de salud mental en el personal de salud es considerable. Estos hallazgos demuestran la necesidad de atención en la salud mental de los profesionales médicos y de enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19 y la búsqueda de estrategias para mitigar el riesgo en esta población.

Background: pandemic due to novel coronavirus COVID-19 has impacted on the mental health of health care workers all around the world. Material and Methods: this is a cross sectional study in which questionnaires PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, ISI-7 for insomnia were virtually and self administered by 876 health care workers laboring in hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe in Medellin city. Results: from 876 participants (29.2% physicians, 21.2% nurses and 49.5% technical nurses), 357 (40.8%) developed depressive symptoms, 300 (34.2%) anxious symptoms and 317 (36.2%) insomnia. Symptoms of depression, anxiety and insomnia were more frequently found in those who did not have basic needs satisfied and in those who felt stigmatized due to being health personal. Besides, depressive symptoms were more frequent in women, anxious symptoms in people younger than 44 years old and insomnia in divorced people. Conclusions: the frequency of mental health problems in health care workers is significant, these findings bring to light the needs for mental health attention in nurses and doctors during COVID-19 pandemic and the research of strategies to mitigate the risk on this population. Feeling stigmatized and not having basic needs satisfied were associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression and insomnia.

Incontinência urinária e baixa função sexual feminina: estudo de corte transversal de base populacional / Urinary incontinence and low female sexual function: a population-based cross-sectional population-based

Contexto: A função sexual feminina é influenciada por múltiplos fatores, e as comorbidades são um desses motivos. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre incontinência urinária (IU) e baixa função sexual feminina (BFS) em mulheres de meia-idade em um estudo de base populacional. Metodos: Estudo de corte transversal no município de Campinas, São Paulo, com 472 mulheres sexualmente ativas, no período de setembro de 2012 a junho de 2013. O Short Personal Experiences Questionnaire (SPEQ) foi utilizado para avaliar a BFS. Fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos foram avaliados. Utilizou-se Qui-quadrado, Fischer e Mann-Whitney e modelos de regressão múltipla de Poisson para análise estatística. Resultados: Na amostra geral a BFS foi associada à baixa renda razão de prevalência (RP) 1,55, 95% intervalo de confiança, (IC) 1,01­2,38, menor atividade física (RP 2,35, 95% IC 1,34­4,14), secura vaginal na relação sexual (RP 1,94 95% IC 1,25­3,0) e problemas de sono (RP 1,68, 95% IC 1,09­2,6). No grupo com incontinência urinária, os fatores associados à BFS foram problemas de sono (RP 2,63 IC 95% 1,30­5,34 P = 0,007) e baixa atividade física (RP 3,16 IC 95% 1,11­9,05 P = 0,032). Discussão: A BFS tem origem multifatorial e a IU não sobressaiu como fator associado. Conclusoes: A IU não se associou à BFS. Em mulheres incontinentes, a BFS se associou a problemas de sono e sedentarismo. Em mulheres com IU e BFS deve-se abordar adequadamente insônia e sedentarismo.

Impactos reais e/ou potenciais da pandemia de Covid-19 na saúde mental de idosos / Real and/or potential impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health in older adults / Impactos reales y/o potenciales de la pandemia de Covid-19 en la salud mental de los ancianos

A pandemia de COVID-19 e as medidas de controle para conter a disseminação do vírus, como o distanciamento social, trouxeram mudanças à rotina das pessoas, mundialmente. Esse contexto pode gerar impactos adversos para a saúde mental dos indivíduos, especialmente, àqueles em maior vulnerabilidade, os idosos. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar na literatura os impactos reais e/ou potenciais da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde mental de idosos. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura com buscas realizadas na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, que utilizou a seguinte estratégia de busca: (Coronavírus OR "Infecções por Coronavirus" OR "Coronavirus Infections" OR COVID-19) AND (idoso OR elderly OR aged) AND ("Saúde Mental" OR "Mental Health"). Foram critérios de inclusão: artigos acessados na íntegra, sem distinção de ano e idioma, indexados até o dia 11 de novembro de 2020; e os critérios de exclusão: artigos com fuga do escopo da pesquisa, revisões de literatura, arquivos multimídia e duplicados. Foram encontrados 241 registros, e após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade estabelecidos restaram 27 artigos para discussão. Dentre os impactos reais/potenciais da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde mental dos idosos, abordados nos estudos, destaca-se a ansiedade, depressão, solidão, estresse, sensação de medo ou pânico, tristeza, suicídio/ideação suicida e insônia. Apesar disso, considera-se que há uma quantidade ainda escassa de estudos voltados especificamente para a população idosa que permitam aprofundar as discussões sobre esse tema.

The COVID-19 pandemic and control measures to contain the spread of the virus, such as social detachment, have brought changes to people's routine, worldwide. This context can generate adverse impacts on the mental health of individuals, especially those most vulnerable, the older adults. The aim of this study was to analyze in the literature the real and / or potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the older adults. It is an integrative literature review with searches performed in the Virtual Health Library, which used the following search strategy: (Coronavírus OR "Infecções por Coronavirus" OR "Coronavirus Infections" OR COVID- 19) AND (idoso OR elderly OR aged) AND ("Saúde Mental" OR "Mental Health"). Inclusion criteria were: articles accessed in full, without distinction of year and language, indexed until November 11, 2020; and exclusion criteria: articles with escape the scope of the research, literature reviews, multimedia and duplicate files, 241 records were found, and after applying the established eligibility criteria, 27 articles remained for discussion, among the actual / potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on older people, addressed in the studies, anxiety, depression, loneliness, stress, feeling of fear or panic, sadness, suicide / suicidal ideation and insomnia stand out. Despite this, there is still a small amount studies specifically aimed at the older population that allow further discussions on this topic.

La pandemia de covid-19 y las medidas de control para contener la propagación del virus, como el distanciamiento social, han supuesto cambios en la rutina de las personas en todo el mundo. Este contexto puede generar impactos adversos a la salud mental de los individuos, especialmente a los más vulnerables, los ancianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar en la literatura los impactos reales y/o potenciales de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la salud mental de los ancianos. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora con búsquedas realizadas en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, que utilizó la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: (Coronavirus OR "Coronavirus Infections" OR "Coronavirus Infections" OR COVID-19) AND (elderly OR aged) AND ("Mental Health" OR "Mental Health"). Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos accedidos en su totalidad, independientemente del año y el idioma, indexados hasta el 11 de noviembre de 2020; y los criterios de exclusión: artículos que estuvieran fuera del ámbito de la investigación, revisiones bibliográficas, archivos multimedia y duplicados. Se encontraron un total de 241 registros, y tras aplicar los criterios de elegibilidad establecidos, quedaron 27 artículos para su discusión. Entre los impactos reales/potenciales de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la salud mental de los ancianos, abordados en los estudios, destacan la ansiedad, la depresión, la soledad, el estrés, la sensación de miedo o pánico, la tristeza, la ideación suicida/suicida y el insomnio. A pesar de ello, se considera que todavía hay una escasa cantidad de estudios dirigidos específicamente a la población de edad avanzada que permitan profundizar en las discusiones sobre este tema.

Tentativa de suicídio: prevalência e fatores associados entre usuários da Atenção Primária à Saúde / Suicide attempt: prevalence and associated factors among users of Primary Health Care

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de tentativa de suicídio entre usuários da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e verificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais, atendidos na rede urbana da APS de Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. Foi calculada a prevalência do desfecho, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95), além das Razões de Prevalência (RPs) brutas e ajustadas para verificação dos fatores associados. RESULTADOS: Amostra de 1.443 indivíduos, prevalência da tentativa de suicídio de 9% (IC95 8%-11%), com maior probabilidade em mulheres (RP = 3,01; IC95 1,54-5,86), 18-59 anos (RP = 2,15; IC95 1,38-3,34), sem cônjuge (RP = 1,82; IC95 1,09-3,03), com duas ou mais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (RP = 1,54; IC95 1,08-2,18), diagnóstico de HIV/AIDS (RP = 3,02; IC95 1,30-7,02), de depressão (RP = 2,69; IC95 1,83-3,96), história familiar de tentativa de suicídio (RP = 1,99; IC95 1,50-2,63) e insônia (RP = 1,46; IC95 1,05-2,02). Observou-se tendência linear inversamente proporcional em relação à escolaridade, com redução de 42% na probabilidade do desfecho entre os participantes com ensino superior (RP = 0,58; IC95 0,39-0,86). CONCLUSÕES: Constataram-se alta prevalência de tentativa de suicídio, em comparação à média nacional, e associação com idade adulta, sexo feminino, menor escolaridade, ausência de cônjuge, diagnóstico de doenças crônicas, insônia e história familiar de suicídio.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of attempted suicide among Primary Health Care (PHC) users and to verify the associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, performed with individuals aged ≥ 18 years, assisted in the urban PHC services in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The prevalence of the outcome was calculated, with a confidence interval of 95% (95% CI), in addition to the crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR) to verify the associated factors. RESULTS: Sample of 1,443 individuals, 9% prevalence of attempted suicide (95% CI 8%-11%), most likely in women (PR = 3.01; 95% CI 1.54-5.86), 18-59 years (PR = 2.15; 95% CI 1.38-3.34), individuals without a spouse (PR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.09-3.03), with two or more chronic non-communicable diseases (PR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.08-2.18), diagnosis of HIV/AIDS (PR = 3.02; 95% CI 1.30-7.02) and of depression (PR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.83-3.96), family history of attempted suicide (PR = 1.99; 95% CI 1.50-2.63) and insomnia (PR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.05-2.02). An inversely proportional linear trend was observed in relation to education, with a 42% reduction in the probability of the outcome among participants with higher education (PR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.39-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of attempted suicide compared to the national average and association with adult age, female gender, lower education level, absence of a partner, diagnosis of chronic diseases, insomnia and family history of suicide.

Uso de internet y su relación con depresión, insomnio y autoestima en estudiantes de bachillerato, Quito (Ecuador) / Internet use and its relationship with depression, insomnia and self-esteem in high school students, Quito (Ecuador)

El internet ha revolucionado la vida de las personas, ha trasformado las relaciones familiares, personales, laborales y sociales; el uso indiscriminado podría tener efectos negativos principalmente en los adolescentes. Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre la adicción a internet con los trastornos de depresión, insomnio y autoestima en estudiantes de secundaria de la unidad educativa municipal "Quitumbe" y Colegio fiscomisional "María Augusta Urrutia" de fe y Alegría, del distrito metropolitano de Quito, en el año lectivo 2017-2018. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio no experimental de corte transversal a 336 estudiantes; se realizó el cálculo de la muestra con una prevalencia de adición a internet reportada en otros estudios del 26 %, con intervalo confianza del 95 % y probabilidad de error del 5 %, de forma aleatoria simple; los participantes fueron seleccionados al azar dentro de cada clase usando una tabla de números aleatorios para asegurar la representatividad de la muestra. Resultados: Las prevalencias del riesgo de adicción a internet, depresión, insomnio y baja autoestima fueron del 46%, 62 %, 42% y 76% respectivamente. Se estimó que el riesgo de adicción a internet constituyó un factor de riesgo para la presencia de depresión e insomnio (OR = 3.82, IC 95 %: 2.36 ­ 6.18; p < ,000) y (OR = 2.59, IC 95 %: 1.66 ­ 4.04; p < ,000) Conclusiones: El presente estudio encontró que el riesgo de adicción a internet se asoció con síntomas depresivos y con insomnio en cualquiera de sus grados en los adolescentes estudiados(AU)

The internet has revolutionized people's lives, has transformed relationships family, personal, work and social; indiscriminate use could have negative effects mainly in adolescents. Objective: To estimate the association between Internet addiction with depression, insomnia and self-esteem disorders in high school students from the unit "Quitumbe" municipal educational institution and "María Augusta Urrutia" fiscomisional College of Fe y Alegría, of the Metropolitan District of Quito, in the 2017-2018 school year. Material and method: A non-experimental cross-sectional study of 336 students; the sample calculation was performed with a prevalence of Internet addiction reported in other studies of 26%, with interval 95% confidence and 5% probability of error, simple random; participants were randomly selected within each class using a table of random numbers to ensure the representativeness of the sample. Results: Prevalences of addiction risk internet, depression, insomnia and low self-esteem were 46%, 62%, 42% and 76% respectively. It was estimated that the risk of Internet addiction constituted a risk factor for the presence of depression and insomnia (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 2.36 ­ 6.18; p < .000) and (OR = 2.59, CI 95%: 1.66 ­ 4.04; p < ,000) Conclusions: The present study found that the risk of addiction Internet access was associated with depressive symptoms and with insomnia in any of its degrees in the studied adolescents(AU)

Relación del insomnio con el deterioro cognitivo y bienestar subjetivo en adultos mayores / Relationship of insomnia with cognitive impairment and subjective well-being on older adults / Relação da insônia com déficit cognitivo e bem-estar subjetivo em idosos

Antecedentes: el insomnio es uno de los trastornos del sueño más prevalentes en adultos mayores, provocando un impacto físico, psicológico y social. Estudios reportan que el insomnio se asocia con somnolencia, disfuncionalidad física diurna, depresión, ansiedad, deterioro cognitivo y una mala percepción de bienestar subjetivo, representando un grave problema en el primer nivel de atención. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el insomnio con deterioro cognitivo y bienestar subjetivo en una población de adultos mayores. Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico y comparativo en una población de 107 adultos mayores de la Ciudad de México. Se aplicaron instrumentos de valoración gerontológica: la Escala Atenas de insomnio, el Índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh, el Mini-examen del estado mental de Folstein, la Escala de Satisfacción con la vida de Diener y la Escala de Afecto positivo y Afecto negativo. En el análisis estadístico se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes, χ² y t de Student, y como estimador de riesgo se empleó razón de momios con IC del 95%, así mismo, se realizaron pruebas de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia de insomnio del 57%, mala calidad del sueño del 76% y deterioro cognitivo del 24%. De los adultos mayores insomnes, 31% presentaron deterioro cognitivo (p=0.045) y 31% baja satisfacción con la vida (p=0.001). En relación con la dimensión afectiva del bienestar subjetivo, tuvieron puntajes menores de afecto positivo (33±9 vs 37±9, p=0.020) y puntaciones más altas de afecto negativo (21±9vs 16±6, p=0.002). De los adultos mayores con mala calidad del sueño, 30% presentaron deterioro cognitivo (p=0.017) y 27% baja satisfacción con la vida (p=0.001), y presentaron puntuaciones menores en el afecto positivo (33±9vs 39±8, p=0.005)en comparación con los adultos mayores con buena calidad del sueño. Se observó que 28% de los adultos mayores con sueño ≤6 horas presentaron baja satisfacción con la vida (p=0.042). También se encontró que el insomnio y la mala calidad del sueño fueron factores de riesgo para el deterioro cognitivo con una razón de momios de 1.52 y 4.05, respectivamente. En las pruebas de correlación se encontró que el insomnio y la mala calidad del sueño tuvieron correlaciones negativas con la funcionalidad cognitiva, la satisfacción con la vida y el afecto positivo, por otro lado, se observaron correlaciones positivas con el afecto negativo. La duración del sueño se correlacionó negativamente con la satisfacción con la vida. Conclusiones. nuestros resultados sugieren una relación entre el insomnio con deterioro cognitivo y baja satisfacción con la vida. Asimismo, los adultos mayores con insomnio tienen menor afecto positivo y mayor afecto negativo.

Background: insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders in older adults, causing physical, psychological and social impact. Studies report that insomnia is associated with sleepiness, daytime physical dysfunction, depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment and a poor perception of subjective well-being, representing a serious problem at the first level of care. Objective: to determine the relationship between insomnia with cognitive impairment and subjective well-being in a population of older adults. Methods: an analytical and comparative study was carried out in a population of 107 older adults in Mexico City. Gerontological assessment instruments were applied: the Athens Insomnia Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Folstein's Mini-Mental State Examination, the Diener's Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale. In the statistical analysis, frequencies and percentages, χ² and Student's t test were calculated, and odds ratios with 95% CI were used as risk estimators, as well as Pearson correlation tests. Results: a prevalence of insomnia of 57%, poor sleep quality of 76% and cognitive impairment of 24% was found. Of the insomniac older adults, 31% presented cognitive impairment (p=0.045) and 31% low life satisfaction (p=0.001). In relation to the affective dimension of subjective well-being, they had lower scores of positive affect (33±9 vs 37±9, p=0.020) and higher scores of negative affect (21±9 vs 16±6, p=0.002). Of the older adults with poor sleep quality, 30% had cognitive impairment (p=0.017) and 27% low life satisfaction (p=0.001), and had lower scores on positive affect (33±9 vs 39±8, p=0.005) compared to older adults with good sleep quality. It was observed that 28% of older adults with sleep ≤6 hours presented low life satisfaction (p=0.042). Insomnia and poor sleep quality were also found to be risk factors for cognitive impairment with odds ratios of 1.52 and 4.05, respectively. Correlation tests found that insomnia and poor sleep quality had negative correlations with cognitive functioning, life satisfaction and positive affect, on the other hand, positive correlations were observed with negative affect. Sleep duration was negatively correlated with life satisfaction. Conclusions: our results suggest a relationship between insomnia with cognitive impairment and low life satisfaction. Also, older adults with insomnia have lower positive affect and higher negative affect.

Introdução: A insônia é um dos distúrbios do sono mais prevalentes em idosos, causando impactos físicos, socias e psicológicos. Estudos reportam que a insônia está relacionada à sonolência, disfuncionalidade física diurna, depressão, ansiedade, deterioro cognitivo e uma má percepção do bem-estar subjetivo, representando um grave problema no primeiro nível de atenção. Objetivo: Determinar a relação entre a insônia com o comprometimento cognitivo e o bem-estar subjetivo em uma população de idosos. Método: Foi realizado um estudo analítico e comparativo em uma população de 107 idosos da Cidade do México. Foram usados instrumentos de valoração gerontológica como a Escala de Insônia de Atenas, o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, a Mini Exame do Estado Mental de Folstein, a Escala da Satisfação com a Vida de Diener e a Escala de Afeto Positivo e Negativo. Na análise estatística foram calculadas frequências e porcentagens, χ² e t de student, e como estimador de risco, foi usada a razão de chance (OR) com IC do 95%, bem como provas de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: Foi descoberta uma prevalência de insônia de 57%, má qualidade do sono de 76% e déficit cognitivo de 24%. Dos idosos insones 31% apresentaram déficit cognitivo (p=0,045) e 31% baixa satisfação com a vida (p=0,001). Em relação à dimensão afetiva do bem-estar subjetivo, tiveram pontuações menores de afeto positivo (33±9 vs 37±9, p=0,020), e pontuações mais altas de afeto negativo (21±9 vs 16±6, p=0,002). Dos idosos com má qualidade do sono, 30% apresentaram deterioro cognitivo (p=0,017) e 27% baixa satisfação com a vida (p=0,001) apresentaram pontuações menores no afeto positivo (33±9 vs 39±8, p=0,005) em comparação com os idosos com boa qualidade do sono. Observou-se que, 28% dos idosos com sono ≤6 horas apresentaram baixa satisfação com a vida (p=0,042). Também se descobriu, que a insônia e a má qualidade do sono foram fatores de déficit cognitivo, com uma razão de chance (OR) de 1,52 e 4,05 respectivamente. Nas provas de correlação, encontrou-se que a insônia e a má qualidade do sono tiveram correlações negativas com a funcionalidade cognitiva, a satisfação com a vida e o afeto positivo, por outro lado, foram observadas correlações positivas com o efeito negativo. A duração do sono foi correlacionada negativamente com a satisfação com a vida.

Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y características del sueño: un estudio poblacional en Tumbes, Perú / Type 2 diabetes mellitus and sleep characteristics: a population-based study in Tumbes, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar si existe asociación entre la presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y la duración, dificultad para dormir, y calidad de sueño, en sujetos de 30 a 69 años en Tumbes. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico. Las variables dependientes fueron dificultad para dormir (a veces/casi nunca y frecuentemente), duración del sueño (normal, corto y prolongado) y calidad del sueño (buena y mala). La variable independiente fue la presencia de DM2 evaluada usando la prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (no DM2, con DM2 y sin diagnóstico previo, y con DM2 y diagnóstico previo). Se usó modelos de regresión de Poisson para reportar razones de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%). Resultados. Se analizaron 1604 individuos, con una edad media de 48,2 años; 50,3% fueron mujeres; 71 (4,4%) tenían DM2 sin diagnóstico previo y 105 (6,5%) tenían DM2 con diagnóstico previo. Según las características del sueño, 12,0% presentó sueño corto y 8,2% presentó sueño prolongado; 3,7% reportó dificultad para dormir, y 19,5% tuvo mala calidad de sueño. En el modelo multivariable, tener DM2 con diagnóstico previo estuvo asociado con dificultad para dormir (RP = 2,20; IC 95%: 1,13-4,27) y mala calidad de sueño (RP = 1,40; IC 95%: 1,05-1,92) comparado con aquellos sin DM2. Conclusiones. Los individuos con DM2 que tenían diagnóstico previo tuvieron mayor probabilidad de presentar dificultad para dormir y mala calidad de sueño. Nuestros resultados sugieren la necesidad de evaluar en forma periódica las características del sueño en pacientes con DM2.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine if there is an association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and some sleep characteristics: duration, sleep difficulties and quality, in a population aged between 30 and 69 years in Tumbes. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study. The outcomes were sleep difficulty (sometimes/ almost never vs. frequently), sleep duration (normal, short, and long), and sleep quality (good and bad). The exposure of interest was the presence of T2DM assessed using the glucose tolerance test (without T2DM, with T2DM but without previous diagnosis, and with T2DM and with previous diagnosis). Poisson regression models were used to report prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results. A total of 1604 subjects were analyzed and the mean age was 48.2 years; 50.3% were women, 71 (4.4%) had T2DM without a previous diagnosis, and 105 (6.5%) had T2DM with a previous diagnosis. Regarding sleep characteristics, 12.0% had short sleep, 8.2% had long sleep, 3.7% had sleep difficulties, and 19.5% presented poor sleep quality. In a multivariable model, T2DM with previous diagnosis was associated with sleep difficulty (PR= 2.20; 95%CI: 1.13 - 4.27) and bad sleep quality (PR= 1.40; 95%CI: 1.05 - 1.92) compared to those without T2DM. Conclusions. Individuals with previous diagnosis of T2DM had greater probability of presenting sleep difficulties and poor sleep quality. These results suggest the need to evaluate periodically the sleep characteristics of patients with T2DM.

Produção de fumo e insônia: relato de caso sobre os determinantes socioeconômicos para o uso contínuo de benzodiazepínicos em uma zona rural no Sul do Brasil / Tobacco production and insomnia: case report on socioeconomic determinants of the continuous use of benzodiazepines in a rural area in southern Brazil / Producción de tabaco e insomnio: Reporte de caso sobre determinantes socioeconómicos del uso continuo de benzodiacepinas en una zona rural del sur de Brasil

Introdução: A fumicultura concentra-se sobretudo em áreas rurais do Sul do país. Reconhecidamente, as áreas rurais apresentam disparidades socioeconômicas, desigualdades no acesso geográfico, bem como dificuldade de retenção de profissionais na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Apresentação do caso: Descrevem-se, neste artigo, as intersecções de determinantes socioeconômicos de saúde ao se abordar um paciente masculino, de 57 anos, em uso crônico de benzodiazepínicos para o tratamento de insônia. Ao se aprofundar a anamnese, os determinantes socioeconômicos que levaram ao desenvolvimento da insônia foram identificados como: dificuldades financeiras na produção de tabaco, preocupações excessivas com o trabalho e presença de depressão como comorbidade. Nesse sentido, ser produtor de tabaco e a relação com a empresa podem ser considerados determinantes socioeconômicos da saúde para o desenvolvimento de insônia. Conclusões: No contexto deste caso, a rotatividade de profissionais e a falta de criação de vínculo fez com que o paciente permanecesse cronicamente a tratar a insônia como benzodiazepínico, o que é proscrito. Assim, revelam-se a fragmentação do cuidado e a alta rotatividade de profissionais como determinantes socioeconômicos da saúde.

Introduction: Tobacco production is mainly concentrated in rural areas of the southern region of the country. Rural areas present socioeconomic disparities, inequalities in geographic access, and difficulties in retaining professionals in primary care. Mental health problems, such as insomnia, are common in clinical practice. Case presentation: This article describes the intersections of the social determinants of health when approaching a patient with chronic use of benzodiazepines for treatment of insomnia. By delving deep into anamnesis, the socioeconomic determinants that led to the development of insomnia were identified as: financial trouble with tobacco production, excessive concern about work and presence of depression as comorbidity. Conclusions: In this context, the turnover of health professionals and lack of doctor-patient relationship meant that the patient continued using benzodiazepines, which are not recommended for long-term treatment. Therefore, fragmented care and high professional turnover stand out as socioeconomic determinants of health.

Introducción: La producción de tabaco se concentra principalmente en las zonas rurales del sur del país. Se reconoce que las zonas rurales presentan desigualdades socioeconómicas, desigualdades en el acceso geográfico, así como dificultad para retener profesionales en Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Los problemas de salud mental como el insomnio son comunes en la práctica clínica. Presentación de caso: Este artículo describe las intersecciones de los determinantes socioeconómicos de la salud al abordar a un paciente uso crónico de benzodiazepinas para el tratamiento del insomnio. Al profundizar la anamnesis, se identificaron los determinantes socioeconómicos que llevaron al desarrollo del insomnio como: dificultades económicas en la producción de tabaco, excesiva preocupación por el trabajo y la presencia de depresión como comorbilidad. En este sentido, ser productor de tabaco y la relación con la empresa pueden considerarse determinantes socioeconómicos de la salud para el desarrollo del insomnio. Conclusiones: En el contexto de este caso, la rotación de profesionales y la falta de vinculación hicieron que el paciente continuara crónicamente tratando el insomnio como una benzodiazepina, lo que no es recomendable. Así, la fragmentación de la atención y la alta rotación profesional se evidencia como un determinante socioeconómico de la salud.

Uso y abuso de dispositivos móviles y su rol en el desarrollo de trastornos del sueño en adolescentes / Use and abuse of mobile devices and their role in the development of sleep disorders in adolescents

Las tecnologías de información y comunicación suponen un avance para la sociedad. Hoy en día, los dispositivos móviles proveen servicios convenientes para la cotidianidad, facilitando la comunicación, el ocio y las relaciones interpersonales, sin embargo, se describe que su uso excesivo influye en la aparición de síntomas como ansiedad, comportamientos adictivos y alteraciones del sueño. De todos los usuarios de estas tecnologías, los adolescentes son un grupo especialmente afectado, debido al fácil acceso a estas desde edades muy tempranas y la consecuente integración a su vida diaria. Por lo que se pretende determinar el papel del uso de dispositivos móviles en el desarrollo de trastornos del sueño en adolescentes. Pese a sus efectos deletéreos, se ha observado que el uso de estas tecnologías puede ocasionar sensación de bienestar y apoyo social en algunos usuarios, particularmente cuando promueve la interacción con sus pares. El uso excesivo de las tecnologías, en especial horas antes de dormir, se relaciona con un patrón de sueño anómalo, se ha identificado que los trastornos del sueño más prevalentes en los usuarios son el insomnio y la somnolencia diurna excesiva

Information and communication technologies represent an advance for society. Nowadays, mobile devices provide convenient services for everyday life, facilitating communication, leisure and interpersonal relationships, however, it is described that their excessive use influences the appearance of symptoms such as anxiety, addictive behaviors and sleep disturbances. Of all the users of these technologies, adolescents are a particularly affected group, due to the easy access to them from a very early age and the consequent integration into their daily lives. Therefore, it is intended to determine the role of the use of mobile devices in the development of sleep disorders in adolescents. Despite their deleterious effects, it has been observed that the use of these technologies can cause a feeling of well-being and social support in some users, particularly when it promotes interaction with their peers. The excessive use of technologies, especially hours before bed, is related to an abnormal sleep pattern, it has been identified that the most prevalent sleep disorders in users are insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness

Auriculoterapia e qualidade do sono em profissionais de enfermagem com estresse: estudo piloto / Auriculotherapy and sleep quality in nursing professionals with stress: a pilot study / Auriculoterapia y calidad del sueño en profesionales de enfermería con estrés: estudio piloto

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de protocolo auricular sobre a qualidade do sono em profissionais de enfermagem de hospital oncológico com sintomas de estresse. Método: Estudo piloto randomizado com dois braços, amostra de 80 voluntários (40 no grupo controle e 40 no grupo intervenção). A intervenção foi a auriculoterapia chinesa com os pontos Shenmen, Tronco Cerebral, Rim e Insônia, com sessões semanais por seis semanas. O Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburg (IQSP) foi utilizado para avaliar o desfecho. Análise comparativa feita pelo modelo de efeitos mistos e tamanho do efeito pelo d-Cohen. Resultados: Predomínio de mulheres (92,5%), 47,5% solteiras, 62,5% com filhos e idade média de 35 anos, a maioria profissionais do centro cirúrgico, escore médio de estresse de 82,6 pela Lista de Sintomas de Estresse. Quanto ao desfecho, houve redução significativa do escore total do IQSP (p = 0,035), nos componentes qualidade do sono (p = 0,041), latência (p = 0,022) e distúrbio do sono (p = 0,002) favorável ao grupo intervenção. Conclusão: A auriculoterapia contribuiu para a qualidade do sono.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an auricular protocol on the quality of sleep of nursing professionals at an oncology hospital with symptoms of stress. Method: Randomized pilot study with two arms, sample of 80 volunteers (40 in the control group and 40 in the intervention group). The intervention was Chinese auriculotherapy with Shenmen, Brainstem, Kidney, and Insomnia points, with weekly sessions for six weeks. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess the outcome. Comparative analysis performed by the mixed effects model and effect size by d-Cohen. Results: Predominance of women (92.5%), 47.5% single, 62.5% with children, and mean age of 35 years, most professionals in the operating room, mean stress score of 82.6 according to the List of Stress Symptoms. As for the outcome, there was a significant reduction in the total PSQI score (p = 0.035), in the components of sleep quality (p = 0.041), latency (p = 0.022), and sleep disturbance (p = 0.002), favorable to the intervention group. Conclusion: Auriculotherapy contributed to sleep quality.

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un protocolo auricular sobre la calidad del sueño de profesionales de enfermería de un hospital oncológico con síntomas de estrés. Método: Estudio piloto aleatorizado con dos brazos, muestra de 80 voluntarios (40 en el grupo control y 40 en el grupo intervención). La intervención fue auriculoterapia china con puntos Shenmen, Tronco Cerebral, Riñón e Insomnio, con sesiones semanales durante seis semanas. Se utilizó el índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburg (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ­ PSQI) para evaluar el resultado. Análisis comparativo realizado por el modelo de efectos mixtos y tamaño del efecto por d-Cohen. Resultados: Predominio de mujeres (92,5%), 47,5% solteras, 62,5% con niños y edad media de 35 años, la mayoría profesionales en quirófano, puntuación media de estrés de 82,6 según Listado de Síntomas de Estrés. En cuanto al desenlace, hubo reducción significativa en la puntuación total del PSQI (p=0,035), en los componentes calidad del sueño (p=0,041), latencia (p=0,022) y alteración del sueño (p=0,002), favorable al grupo de intervención. Conclusión: La auriculoterapia contribuyó a la calidad del sueño.

Anxiety, insomnia, and depression during COVID-19 lockdown in elite individual and team sport athletes

Purpose: Pandemic-induced lockdowns disrupted sport training and competition. We aimed to identify the impact on the mental health of high-level athletes and clarify whether the efects difer for team-based and individual athletes. Methods: This cross-sectional survey, stratifed by sex and sport type, collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 274 Brazilian high-performance athletes (142 from team sports and 132 from individual sports) involved with the Brazilian Olympic Committee program for the Tokyo Olympics 2021. Depression, disturbed sleep, and anxiety were assessed by the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire, 7-Item Insomnia Severity Index, and 7-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale respectively. Responses were analyzed dichotomously according to published threshold values, characterizing the relative frequency distribution of prevalence (PCRS) or non-prevalence of clinically relevant symptoms (NPCRS). Results: Out of all participants, 47 [17.1%], Z(274) = 15.38, p = .001, 32 [11.7%], Z(274) = 17.94, p = .001, and 49 [17.9%], Z(274) = 15.04, p = .001 had PCRS of anxiety, insomnia, and depression, respectively. There were no signifcant diferences in the PCRS among genders. Compared with individual sport athletes, team sport athletes were more likely to report PCRS of insomnia (12 [37.5%] vs 20 [62.5%], Z(274) = −2.00, p = .046), and depression (18 [36.7%] vs 31 [63.3%], Z(274) = −2.63, p = .009) but not for anxiety. Conclusion: Athletes reported high levels of mental health problems during the lockdown. Team sport athletes reported worse symptoms of insomnia and depression than individual sport athletes, possibly due to the impact of unaccustomed social isolation and lack of social team activity. Therefore, it becomes relevant to consider psychological support to team sport athletes who for some reason, such as a pandemic, enduring crisis even injury rehabilitation needs to be isolated. (AU)

Sleep-improving mechanism of Chaiqin Ningshen Granules in insomnia rats: based on hippocampal metabonomics / 中国中药杂志

With the ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadruple-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap-MS)-based metabonomics technology, this study aims to analyze the effect of Chaiqin Ningshen Granules(CNG) on endogenous metabolites in insomnia rats of liver depression syndrome and explore the sleep-improving mechanism of this prescription. Parachlorophenylalanine(PCPA, ip) and chronic stimulation were combined to induce insomnia of liver depression pattern in rats, and the effect of CNG on the macroscopic signs, hemorheology, and neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of insomnia rats of liver depression syndrome was observed. After the administration, rat hippocampus was collected for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) analysis of the metabolomics. Principal component analysis(PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were employed for analyzing the metabolites in rat hippocampus and screening potential biomarkers. MetPA was used to yield the related metabolic pathways and metabolic networks. The results show that the drugs can significantly improve the mental state, liver depression, and blood stasis of rats, significantly increase the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) and gamma aminobutyric acid(GABA) in hippocampus(except low-dose CNG), and significantly reduce the content of glucose(Glu)(except low-dose CNG). Among them, estazolam and high-dose CNG had better effect than others. Metabolomics analysis yielded 27 potential biomarkers related to insomnia. MetPA analysis showed 4 metabolic pathways of estazolam in intervening insomnia and 3 metabolic pathways of high-dose CNG in intervening insomnia, involving purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, histidine metabolism, and caffeine metabolism. CNG can alleviate insomnia by regulating endogenous differential metabolites and further related metabolic pathways. The result lays a basis for further elucidating the mechanism of CNG in improving sleep.

Metabonomic study of biochemical changes in serum of PCPA-induced insomnia rats after treatment with Suanzaoren Decoction / 中国中药杂志

Suanzaoren Decoction(SZRD) is a classical formula for the clinical treatment of insomnia. This study analyzed the effect of SZRD on endogenous metabolites in insomnia rats based on metabonomics and thereby explored the anti-insomnia mechanism of SZRD. To be specific, DL-4-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA) was used to induce insomnia in rats. Then pathological changes of the liver and brain were observed and biochemical indexes such as 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT), dopamine(DA), glutamate(Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA), and norepinephrine(NE) in the hippocampus and prostaglandin D2(PGD2), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and IL-6 in the serum of rats were detected. On this basis, the effect of SZRD on PCPA-induced insomnia rats was preliminarily assessed. The metabolic profile of rat serum samples was further analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were combined with t-test and variable importance in projection(VIP) to identify differential metabolites, and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was employed for pathway analysis. The results showed that SZRD could improve the pathological changes of brain and liver tissues, increase the levels of neurotransmitters 5-HT, DA, and GABA in hippocampus and the level of PGD2 in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPA axis), and reduce the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in serum of insomnia rats. Metabonomics analysis yielded 12 significantly changed potential metabolites: 5-aminovaleric acid, N-acetylvaline, L-proline, L-glutamate, L-valine, DL-norvaline, D(-)-arginine, pyroglutamic acid, 1-methylguanine, L-isoleucine, 7-ethoxy-4-methylcoumarin, and phthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester(MEHP), which were related with multiple biochemical processes including metabolism of D-glutamine and D-glutamate, metabolism of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate, metabolism of arginine and proline, arginine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism. These metabolic changes indicated that SZRD can improve the metabolism in insomnia rats by regulating amino acid metabolism.

Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on nocturnal autonomic nervous function in primary insomnia patients / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on the sleep quality and nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with primary insomnia.@*METHODS@#Twenty-one patients with primary insomnia were included. Using SDZ-ⅡB electric acupuncture apparatus, Xin (CO15) and Shen (CO10) were stimulated with disperse-dense wave, 4 Hz/ 20 Hz in frequency, (0.2±30%) ms of pulse width and tolerable intensity. Electric stimulation was given once every morning and evening of a day, 30 min each time, for 4 weeks totally. Before and after treatment, the score of Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), objective sleep structure (total sleep time [TST], sleep latency [SL], wake after sleep onset [WASO], sleep efficiency [SE], the percentages of non-rapid eye movement period 1, 2, 3, and the percentage of rapid eye movement period to TST [N1%, N2%, N3%, REM%] ) and nocturnal HRV (high frequency [HF], low frequency [LF], the ratio of LF to HF [LF/HF], standard deviation for the normal RR intervals [SDNN], squared root of the mean sum of squares of differences between adjacent intervals RR [RMSSD], the percentage of adjacent RR intervals with differences larger than 50 ms in the entire recording [PNN50%], the mean of sinus RR intervals [NNMean] ) were compared in the patients separately.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the score of each item and the total score of PSQI and SL were all reduced as compared with those before treatment (P<0.01, P<0.001); SE, N3%, LF, HF, LF/HF, SDNN, NNMean and RMSSD were all increased compared with those before treatment (P<0.001, P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#The taVNS improves the sleep quality and objective sleep structure in patients with primary insomnia, which is probably related to the regulation of autonomic nervous functions.

Acupuncture for perimenopausal early-wake insomnia: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect of acupuncture for perimenopausal early-wake insomnia.@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients with perimenopausal early-wake insomnia were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off, 2 cases were removed). In the observation group, acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Yintang (GV 24+), Anmian (Extra), Hegu (LI 4), Shenmen (HT 7), Taichong (LR 3), Taixi (KI 3), etc., once every other day, 3 times a week. In the control group, oryzanol tablets were taken orally, 20 mg each time, 3 times a day. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, the sleep actigraphy (ACT) was used to measure the effective sleep time, sleep quality, wake-up time, wake-up frequency, each wake-up time, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) score and early-wake score were compared in the two groups, and the clinical effect was assessed.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, compared before treatment, the effective sleep time was prolonged and the sleep quality was improved (P<0.05), the wake-up time, each wake-up time were shortened and wake-up frequency was decreased (P<0.05), the PSQI score and early-wake score were decreased (P<0.05) in the observation group. After treatment, the wake-up frequency, PSQI score and early-wake score were decreased in the control group (P<0.05). The effective sleep time, sleep quality, wake-up time, wake-up frequency, each wake-up time, PSQI score and early-wake score after treatment in the observation group were superior to the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 88.9% (24/27) in the observation group, which was higher than 38.5% (10/26) in the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture can increase the effective sleep time and improve sleep quality in patients with perimenopausal early-wake insomnia.

The correlation of sleep duration and insomnia with low muscle mass, strength and quality in Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To explore the relationship of sleep duration and insomnia with muscle mass, strength, and quality in Chinese adults. Methods: Based on the second resurvey of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) in 2013-2014, logistic regression models were used to analyze the correlation of sleep duration, insomnia, and its duration with low muscle mass, handgrip strength, and muscle quality. Results: The average sleep duration of the study population was (7.4±1.5) hours. Morbidities of short sleep duration (<6 hours), long sleep duration (≥9 hours), and insomnia were 9.3%,17.4%,and 29.9%,respectively. Compared with those who slept for 7- hours, those who slept for ≥9 hours were more likely to have low muscle mass, low handgrip strength,and low arm muscle quality (AMQ), and the OR (95%CI) of low appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), low total skeletal muscle mass index (TSMI), low grip strength and low AMQ were 1.32 (1.18-1.48),1.26 (1.13-1.41), 1.33 (1.18-1.49) and 1.16 (1.03-1.30), respectively. Compared with participants without insomnia, insomnia patients were more likely to have low muscle mass,and the longer the duration of insomnia,the higher the risk (P for trend <0.001). Participants who reported <6 hours sleep duration and insomnia had a higher proportion of low ASMI and low TSMI,compared with those who slept for 7- hours and without insomnia, the OR (95%CI) were 1.26 (1.08-1.47) and 1.25 (1.07-1.46), respectively. Conclusions: Participants who reported ≥9 hours sleep duration were more likely to have low muscle mass,low handgrip strength,and low AMQ. Participants with insomnia had lower muscle mass, and the longer the duration of insomnia, the higher the proportion of low ASMI and low TSMI.

Effective substance and mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract in treatment of insomnia based on serum metabolomics and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to study the effective substance and mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract in the treatment of insomnia based on serum metabolomics and network pharmacology. The rat insomnia model induced by p-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA) was established. After oral administration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract, the general morphological observation, pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep test, and histopathological evaluation were carried out. The potential biomarkers of the extract in the treatment of insomnia were screened by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS) combined with multivariate analysis, and the related metabolic pathways were further analyzed. The "component-target-pathway" network was constructed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Exactive mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS) combined with network pharmacology to explore the effective substances and mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen in the treatment of insomnia. The results of pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep test and histopathological evaluation(hematoxylin and eosin staining) showed that Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract had good theraputic effect on insomnia. A total of 21 endogenous biomarkers of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract in the treatment of insomnia were screened out by serum metabolomics, and the metabolic pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism were obtained. A total of 34 chemical constituents were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS, including 24 flavonoids, 2 triterpenoid saponins, 4 alkaloids, 2 triterpenoid acids, and 2 fatty acids. The network pharmacological analysis showed that Ziziphi Spinosae Semen mainly acted on target proteins such as dopamine D2 receptor(DRD2), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1 A(HTR1 A), and alpha-2 A adrenergic receptor(ADRA2 A) in the treatment of insomnia. It was closely related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, serotonergic synapse, and calcium signaling pathway. Magnoflorine, N-nornuciferine, caaverine, oleic acid, palmitic acid, coclaurine, betulinic acid, and ceanothic acid in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen may be potential effective compounds in the treatment of insomnia. This study revealed that Ziziphi Spinosae Semen extract treated insomnia through multiple metabolic pathways and the overall correction of metabolic disorder profile in a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-channel manner. Briefly, this study lays a foundation for further research on the mechanism of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen in treating insomnia and provides support for the development of innovative Chinese drugs for the treatment of insomnia.