ABSTRACT
Introducción: la tuberculosis es considerada como un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, siendo la decimotercera causa de muerte y la enfermedad infecciosa más mortífera detrás del COVID-19 y por encima de la infección por VIH, llegando a un total de 1.5 millones de muertes en el 2020. Colombia es el quinto país de la región con mayor carga de casos de tuberculosis, reportándose en el Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis un total de 13.037 casos preliminares en el 2020, representando una importante carga para el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte retrospectivo con una población de 130 pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis en una institución de tercer nivel en la ciudad de Bogotá, con el fin de identificar posibles factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de complicaciones en estos pacientes. Resultados y discusión: en el grupo total encontramos que la presencia de desnutrición es un factor de riesgo independiente para presentar complicaciones asociadas a la infección por tuberculosis; mediante análisis de regresión condicionada por método exacto se identifica un HR de 2.53 [1.008;6.378] (p 0.002) y HR ajustado de 1.47 [0.400-2.556] (p 0.007). El resto de condiciones no presentaron asociación estadísticamente significativa con el desarrollo de complicaciones en pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis. Conclusiones: en los pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis que asistieron al hospital Santa Clara entre 2017 y 2018, encontramos que un estado nutricional inadecuado tuvo una asociación significativa a la presencia de complicaciones relacionadas con infección por tuberculosis. Otros factores como el nivel de educación, estrato socioeconómico o la presencia de comorbilidades no demostraron una influencia significativa en el objetivo del estudio.
Introduction: Tuberculosis is considered a public health problem worldwide, being the thirteenth cause of death and the deadliest infectious disease behind COVID-19 and above HIV infection, reaching a total of 1, 5 million deaths in 2020. Colombia is the fifth country in the region with the highest burden of tuberculosis cases, reporting a total of 13,037 preliminary cases in 2020 in the National Tuberculosis Program, representing a significant burden for the General System of Social Security in Health. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out with a population of 130 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in a third level institution at Bogotá city, to identify factors associated with the development of complications in tuberculosis patients. Results and discussion: In the total group, the presence of malnutrition is found to be an independent risk factor for tuberculosis complications by means of a conditioned regression analysis using the exact method we found an OR of 2.53 [1.008;6.378] (p 0.00202) and adjusted OR of 1.47 [0.400-2.556] (p 0.007), neither of the other conditions can't be associated with the presence of complications in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. Conclusions: In patients diagnosed with tuberculosis who attended the Santa Clara hospital between 2017 and 2018, we found that an inadequate nutritional status is associated with the presence of major complications. Other factors such as level of education, socioeconomic status or the presence of comorbidities do not show a significant influence on the objective of the study.
Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis , Communicable Diseases , Risk Factors , Social Security , Public Health , Regression Analysis , MalnutritionABSTRACT
La seguridad social es un derecho encaminado a asegurar el bienestar de los ciudadanos que forman parte de una comunidad, y su objetivo principal es brindar a las personas aseguradas un conjunto de medidas públicas que ayuden a la protección de su salud por accidentes de trabajo o enfermedad laboral, desempleo, invalidez, vejez o muerte. De acuerdo con nuestra legislación, toda persona que preste servicios laborales a otro, tiene derecho a ser registrado ante el seguro social para que, en caso de accidente o enfermedad laboral, exista una ins- tancia que asista al trabajador afectado a recuperar su salud sin afectar su economía familiar. Es bastante frecuente que el odontólogo tenga trabajadores a su cargo, quien al fungir como patrón tiene obligaciones específicas ante el Instituto de Seguridad Social que de no cumplir, puede traer consigo sanciones y amonestaciones al profesional. El objetivo del presente artículo es informar al odontólogo sus derechos y obligaciones ante el seguro social mediante una revisión de las normas y leyes que lo imponen (AU)
Social security is a right aimed at ensuring the well-being of citizens who are part of community, and its main objective is to provide insured persons with a set of public measures that help protect their health, due to accidents at work and occupational disease, unemployment, disability, old age or death. In accordance with our legislation, any person who provides labor services to another has the right to registered with the social security so that, in the event of an accident or occupational disease, there is an instance that assists the affecter worker to recover his health without affecting his familiar economy. It is quite common for the dentist to have workers under his charge, who, acting as an employer, have specific obligations with the Social Security Institute, which, if not fulfilled, can bring sanctions and reprimands to the professional. The aim of this article is to inform dentists about their rights and obligations with the Social Security Institute through a review of the laws that impose it (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Security , Insurance, Dental , Legislation, Dental , Social Responsibility , Occupational Risks , Patient Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Dental Staff/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
INTRODUCCION: la mitad de los pacientes hipertensos abandona la terapia a partir del primer año del diagnóstico. El uso del teléfono para mejorar la adherencia es aceptado por los pacientes, a través del envío de mensajes a sus celulares o de llamadas telefónicas concertadas, para hacerles recordar la toma de medicación o información sobre su enfermedad. OBJETIVO: evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento mediante recordatorio por teléfono en pacientes hipertensos que retiran sus medicamentos de una Clínica de la seguridad social en Paraguay. METODOLOGÍA: estudio cuasi experimental; aplicando una encuesta y seguimiento mediante contacto telefónico para evaluar la adherencia a la terapia. RESULTADOS: el 50% (n=11) de los pacientes se clasificaron como no adherentes a la terapia farmacológica; al final de las intervenciones se redujo a 9,1%. La causa principal de la falta de adherencia fue el olvido, 90,9%. La adherencia al tratamiento mejoro significativamente luego de las intervenciones. CONCLUSIÓN: la utilización de la tecnología podría constituirse en una herramienta para la prevención primaria en la población con factores de riesgo, y el seguimiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial.
INTRODUCTION: half of hypertensive patients drop out of therapy from the first year of diagnosis. The use of the telephone to improve adherence is accepted by patients, through sending messages to their cell phones or concerted phone calls, to remind them of taking medication or information about their disease. OBJECTIVE: This work evaluated the use of technology to optimize the adherence of hypertensive patients who withdraw their medicines from a social security clinic in Paraguay. METHODOLOGY: quasi-experimental study; applying a survey and follow-up through telephone contact to evaluate adherence to therapy. RESULTS: 50% (n=11) of patients were classified as non-adherent to drug therapy; at the end of the interventions it was reduced to 9.1%. The main cause of the lack of adherence was forgetfulness, 90.9%. Adherence to treatment improved significantly after interventions. CONCLUSION: the use of technology could be a tool for primary prevention in the population with risk factors, and the monitoring of patients with blood pressure.
Subject(s)
Patients , Primary Prevention , Social Security , Cell PhoneABSTRACT
Introducción: el costo económico del tratamiento de cáncer de mama (CM) y el aumento en su incidencia y prevalencia desafía la estabilidad financiera de cualquier sistema de salud. Objetivo: determinar los costos médicos directos (CMD) del tratamiento de CM y los factores asociados a estos costos. Material y métodos: evaluación económica parcial en una cohorte retrospectiva de 160 pacientes con diagnóstico conf irmado de CM. Se consideraron CMD desde la perspectiva del IMSS. Se utilizó análisis de bootstrapping para tratar incertidumbre y el modelo lineal generalizado para identificar factores asociados a costos. Resultados: el costo promedio anual (CPA) del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. En estadio 1, $ 116,123; estadio II, $ 242,132; estadio III, $ 287,946, y estadio IV, $ 358,792 pesos. El CPA fue mayor en progresión del CM ($ 380,117 frente a no progresión $ 172,897), y en pacientes que fallecieron durante el seguimiento ($ 357,579) frente a aquellas que sobrevivieron ($ 218,699). Conclusiones: el CPA del tratamiento de CM fue de $ 251,018 pesos. Los CMD aumentan significativamente conforme las pacientes presentan estadios más avanzados de la enfermedad. Los factores asociados al CMD fueron edad, estadios II, III y la progresión del CM.
Background: The economic cost of breast cancer (BC) treatment and the increase in incidence and prevalence challenges the financial stability of any healthcare system. Objective: To determine direct medical costs (DMC) of BC treatment and factors associated with DMC. Material and methods: Partial economic evaluation in a retrospective cohort of 160 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BC. DMC was considered from the IMSS perspective. Bootstrapping analysis was used to deal with uncertainty and generalized linear model to identify factors associated with DCM Results: The total average annual cost of BC treatment was $251,018 mexican pesos. In clinical stage I was $116,123, stage II $242,132, stage III $287,946, and stage IV $358,792 pesos. In progression disease, DMC were more elevate ($380,117) vs. without progression ($172,897), (p < 0.0001). In patients who died, DMC were $357,579 mexican pesos compared to those who survived ($218,699) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The average annual cost of CM treatment was $251,018 pesos. DMCs increase significantly as patients present more advanced stages of the disease. Factors associated with costs were age, stages II, III and the progression of BC.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Tertiary Healthcare/economics , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Costs and Cost Analysis , Social Security/economics , Breast Neoplasms/economics , Retrospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Cost of Illness , Mexico , Neoplasm Staging/economicsABSTRACT
Introducción: en un contexto donde la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial ha aumentado significativamente en años recientes, las enfermedades renales adquieren importancia por la potencial demanda de atención especializada y de recursos en salud que requieren. Objetivo: analizar la distribución geográfica de la nefropatía diabética (ND) y la insuficiencia renal (IR) con base en las consultas otorgadas en unidades de primer nivel del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) durante 2019, para identificar las unidades médicas con mayor carga de atención. Material y métodos: estudio ecológico-exploratorio en el que se estimaron indicadores por cada mil derechohabientes en relación a las consultas otorgadas por ND e IR según la ocasión de servicio, la unidad médica familiar (UMF) de primer nivel y la representación. Se utilizó estadística espacial para analizar dichos indicadores. Resultados: el 45% de las consultas otorgadas fue por ND y el 52.4% por IR. La mayor carga por ND se registró en la UMF No. 50 de Cd. Juárez (Chihuahua) y en la No. 49 Gabino Barreda (Veracruz Sur), con 1.7 consultas de primera vez y 148.3 subsecuentes por mil derechohabientes, respectivamente. Mientras que en la UMF No. 40 Manlio Fabio Altamirano y No. 25 Cotaxtla, en Veracruz Norte, la mayor carga fue por IR, con 4.9 consultas de primera vez y 134.2 subsecuentes por mil derechohabientes, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los resultados podrían contribuir al fortalecimiento de las unidades médicas que así lo requieran y en la distribución eficiente de los recursos disponibles para atender la demanda de servicios de salud de ND e IR en el IMSS
Background: In a context where the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension has increased significantly in recent years, kidney diseases become important for the potential demand for specialized health care and resources required. Objective: To analyze the geographical distribution of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and Renal Insufficiency (RI) based on the medical consultations given in first-level units of IMSS during 2019, to identify the medical units with the highest burden of care. Material and methods: Ecological-exploratory study in which indicators were estimated for every thousand persons in relation to medical consultations given by ND and RI according to service time, first-level medical unit (UMF) and representation to analyze the magnitude and geographic distribution at the national level. Results: 45% of medical consultations were by ND and 52.4% by RI. The highest burden per DN was registered in UMF No. 50 Cd. Juarez (Chihuahua) and No. 49 Gabino Barreda (Veracruz Sur), with 1.7 first-time medical consultations and 148.3 subsequent medical consultations per 1,000 persons, respectively. While in UMF No. 40 Manlio Fabio Altamirano and No. 25 Cotaxtla, in Veracruz Norte, the highest burden was for RI, with 4.9 first-time medical consultations and 134.2 subsequent medical consultations per 1000 persons, respectively. Conclusions: The results could contribute to strengthening of medical units where it is necessary and the efficient allocation of resources available to meet the demand for health services of ND and RI in IMSS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology , Renal Insufficiency/epidemiology , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Geographic Information Systems , Spatial Analysis , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
La creación de una organización tan grande como el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) requirió de mucha planeación para lograr administrar todas las prestaciones que se brindan a la población. Siendo así una necesidad contar con personal de salud con conocimientos y experiencia en administración en servicios de salud. El presente manuscrito es un reconocimiento a los doctores Manuel Barquín Calderón, Antonio Ríos Vargas y Carlos Zamarripa Torres, pioneros y protagonistas reconocidos en la planeación y organización (administración) de los servicios médicos del IMSS entre 1945 y 1955, quienes además tuvieron iniciativas racionales y constructivas, cumpliendo con su deber. Por otro lado, el Instituto expuso y proyectó que las actividades médico-administrativas eran una tarea compleja, y que su práctica necesitaba conocimientos especializados que no podían dejarse al azahar, al empirismo, a la buena voluntad, a las creencias o a la imaginación no objetiva.
The creation of an institution as large as the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) required a lot of planning to manage all the benefits provided to the population. Thus, it is necessary to have health personnel with knowledge and experience in health services administration. This manuscript is an acknowledgment to doctors Manuel Barquín Calderón, Antonio Ríos Vargas and Carlos Zamarripa Torres, pioneers and recognized protagonists in the planning and organization (administration) of the IMSS medical services between 1945 and 1955, who also had rational initiatives and constructive, doing their duty. On the other hand, the Institute exposed and projected that medical-administrative activities were a complex task, and that its practice required specialized knowledge that could not be left to chance, empiricism, good will, beliefs or nonobjective imagination.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Social Security/history , Health Services Administration/history , Hospital Administration/history , MexicoABSTRACT
Introducción: los programas PrevenIMSS son una estrategia para promover la salud en los tres niveles de prevención, con especial énfasis en el primer nivel de atención. Uno de sus objetivos es impactar en la morbimortalidad de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión, cuya prevención requiere de conocimientos para el autocuidado de la salud contenidos en estas guías. Objetivo: identificar la información que tienen los derechohabientes del IMSS sobre el autocuidado de la salud contenida en las guías PrevenIMSS. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Previa firma de consentimiento informado se entrevistó a mil derechohabientes de una unidad de medicina familiar; 200 por cada grupo etario PrevenIMSS. Se formularon preguntas acerca de: 1. Promoción de la salud, 2. Prevención y control de enfermedades, 3. Detección de enfermedades, 4. Nutrición, 5. Salud sexual y reproductiva, y una pregunta abierta para identificar sus necesidades sobre el autocuidado de la salud. Resultados: los encuestados respondieron tener conocimientos acerca de los componentes PrevenIMSS en: Promoción de la salud, el 62%; Nutrición, 43%; Prevención de enfermedades, 55.3%; Detección y control de enfermedades, 51.9%, y Salud sexual y reproductiva, 49.9%. El puntaje total obtenido por grupo etario fue: 0-9 años: 46.35 ± 14.36; 10-19 años: 46.02 ± 12.06; mujeres de 20 a 59 años: 46.79 ± 8.19, hombres de 20 a 59 años: 52.19 ±14.58, y adultos mayores de 60 años y más: 46.65 ± 13.34. Conclusiones: la menor información se tiene en nutrición. El grupo de adolescentes fue el más afectado.
Background: The PrevenIMSS programs are a strategy to promote health self-care at the three levels of prevention, with special emphasis on primary health care. One of its objectives is to have an impact on the morbidity and mortality of chronic non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension, the prevention of these illnesses requires knowledge for health self-care contained in these guidelines. Objective: To identify the information that the IMSS beneficiaries have on self-care of health contained in the PrevenIMSS guidelines. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. After signing the informed consent, one thousand beneficiaries of a UMF were interviewed, 200 for each PrevenIMSS age group. Questions were asked about: 1. Health promotion, 2. Prevention and control of diseases, 3. Detection of diseases, 4. Nutrition, 5. Sexual and reproductive health, and an open question, to identify their needs for self-care of health. Results: The respondents answered having knowledge about the PrevenIMSS components in: Health promotion: 62%. Nutrition: 43%. Disease prevention: 55.3%. Detection and control of diseases: 51.9%. Sexual and reproductive health: 49.9%. The total score obtained by age group was: 0-9 years 46.35 ± 14.36; 10-19 years 46.02 ± 12.06; women from 20 to 59 years old 46.79 ± 8.19, men from 20 to 59 years old 52.19 ± 14.58; adults aged 60 and over 46.65 ± 13.34. Conclusions: The least information is in nutrition. The group of adolescents was the most affected.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Self Care , Social Security , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Promotion , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Age Distribution , Educational Status , Disease Prevention , MexicoABSTRACT
La diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades crónicas endémicas no transmisibles que debido a su alta frecuencia se ha llegado a posicionar entre las principales enfermedades que afectan a cientos de millones de personas en todo el mundo, con incidencia, morbilidad y mortalidad en aumento. La información sobre atenciones ambulatorias, disponible en el Departamento de Actuariado y Estadística del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social (ISSS), indica que en 2019 se brindaron 4 871 908 consultas y 170 230 fueron por diabetes mellitus (3,5 %). El 60,7 % de las atenciones (103 429) se brindaron a mujeres. Debido a la magnitud y proporciones de la diabetes en esta población, se hace necesario realizar en el ISSS investigaciones para actualizar la situación de su condición y que al mismo tiempo permita saber el origen de estas personas. El objetivo principal del estudio consiste en definir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes diabéticos manejados de manera ambulatoria.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the chronic endemic noncommunicable diseases that, due to its high frequency, has come to position itself among the main diseases that affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, with increasing incidence, morbidity and mortality. The information on outpatient care, available at the Department of Actuarial Science and Statistics of the Salvadoran Social Security Institute (ISSS), indicates that in 2019, 4,871,908 consultations were provided and 170,230 were for diabetes mellitus (3.5%). 60.7% of the services (103,429) were provided to women. Due to the magnitude and proportions of diabetes in this population, it is necessary to carry out research at the ISSS to update the situation of their condition and at the same time allow knowing the origin of these people. The main objective of the study is to define the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of diabetic patients managed on an outpatient basis
Subject(s)
Outpatients , Social Security , Diabetes Mellitus , Ambulatory Care , Noncommunicable Diseases , Chronic Disease , IncidenceABSTRACT
Resumo Neste artigo, analisam-se as transformações ocorridas no Programa de Reabilitação Profissional do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social desde 2009. Considera-se que o referido serviço foi concebido e operacionalizado com base no chamado campo da Saúde do Trabalhador, mas sofreu, a partir de 2018, um processo de desestruturação. As características desse processo são reveladas por meio da análise dos manuais técnicos de procedimentos (2011, 2016 e 2018), pois neles se encontram concepções teóricas, regras de organização e objetivos do serviço. O artigo é desenvolvido em três partes que evidenciam, sequencialmente, a construção do campo da Saúde do Trabalhador, sua inserção na política pública de Previdência Social e, enfim, sua operacionalização e suas transformações por meio dos manuais de procedimentos. Os resultados revelam um processo de desestruturação do programa, que se afasta de uma concepção multidimensional da saúde do trabalhador, ao mesmo tempo que a dimensão biológica se torna central.
Abstract This article analyses the transformations that have taken place in the Professional Rehabilitation Program of the Brazilian Institute of Social Security since 2009. It is considered that the aforementioned service was conceived and operated based on the so-called field of Workers' Health, but since 2018 suffered a process of disruption. The characteristics of this process are revealed through the analysis of technical manuals of procedures (2011, 2016 and 2018), as they contain theoretical concepts, organization rules and service objectives. The article is developed in three parts that sequentially show the construction of the Workers' Health field, its insertion in the Social Security public policy and, finally, its operationalization and its transformations through manuals of procedures. The results reveal a process of de-structuring of the program, which moves away from a multidimensional conception of worker's health, while the biological dimension becomes central.
Resumen En el presente artículo, se analizan las transformaciones que se han producido en el Programa de Rehabilitación Profesional del Instituto Brasileño de Seguridad Social desde 2009. Se considera que el dicho servicio fue concebido y operado en función del llamado campo de la Salud del Trabajador, pero sufrió, desde 2018, un proceso de desestructuración. Las características de este proceso son reveladas en el análisis de los manuales técnicos de procedimientos (2011, 2016 e 2018), pues en ellos se encuentran concepciones teóricas, reglas de organización y objetivos de servicio. El artículo se desarrolla en tres partes que evidencian, en secuencia, la construcción del campo de la Salud del Trabajador, su inserción en la política pública de Seguridad Social y, al fin, su puesta en marcha y sus transformaciones a través de los manuales de procedimientos. Los resultados revelan un proceso de desestructuración del programa, que se distancia de una concepción multidimensional de la salud del trabajador, mientras que la dimensión biológica se vuelve central.
Subject(s)
Humans , Occupational Health , Rehabilitation, Vocational , Social Security , Unified Health SystemABSTRACT
Resumo Este trabalho analisa como a aposentadoria pode ser impactada pela maternidade, dado que pode afetar os fluxos de renda, contribuições e benefícios. Emprega-se um modelo atuarial com densidades contributivas diferenciadas por nível de renda. Como o número de contribuições varia em função destas densidades, a idade de aposentadoria é calculada de forma endógena, com a realização de um conjunto de simulações. Foram calculados cinco indicadores previdenciários em diferentes cenários, dados por combinações do evento da maternidade, idade no nascimento do filho, duração do afastamento do mercado de trabalho e salário no retorno ao mercado de trabalho. Os cálculos foram feitos para a regra antiga do Regime Geral de Previdência Social (RGPS), que vigorou até 2019, e para a regra nova, que passou a valer em 2020, após a aprovação da Emenda Constitucional n. 103/2019. Observou-se queda no caráter progressivo das aposentadorias do RGPS devido à reforma de 2019, bem como redução na maioria dos indicadores, particularmente na taxa interna de retorno. Mas a taxa de reposição pode aumentar para alguns grupos devido à extensão do período contributivo. Trabalhadoras sem filhos e aquelas que não deixam o mercado de trabalho devido à maternidade são afetadas de maneira razoavelmente similar pela reforma. Trabalhadoras que precisam deixar o mercado de trabalho são mais afetadas, com redução nos indicadores que dependem do período de recebimento do benefício de aposentadoria.
Abstract This paper analyzes how retirement can be affected by motherhood, as it can affect the flow of income, contributions and benefits, using an actuarial model with contribution densities differentiated by income level. As the number of contributions varies depending on these densities, retirement age is calculated endogenously, through a set of simulations. Five pension indicators were calculated in different scenarios, given by combinations of the motherhood event, age at birth of the child, duration of absence from the labor market and salary on return to the labor market. Calculations were made for the old rule of the RGPS, which was in force until 2019 and the new rule, which came into effect in 2020, after the approval of Constitutional Amendment 103/2019. There is a decrease in the progressive aspects of RGPS old-age benefits due to the 2019 reform. There is a reduction in most indicators, particularly in the internal rate of return. However, the replacement rate may increase for some groups due to the extension of the contribution period. Childless workers and those who do not leave the labor market due to motherhood are affected in a similar way by the reform. Workers who need to leave the labor market are more affected, with a reduction in indicators that depend on the period of receiving the retirement benefit.
Resumen Este artículo analiza cómo la maternidad puede afectar a la jubilación, ya que puede incidir en el flujo de ingresos, las cotizaciones y los beneficios. Se utiliza un modelo actuarial con densidades de cotización diferenciadas por nivel de ingresos. Como el número de cotizaciones varía en función de estas densidades, la edad de jubilación se calcula de forma endógena, mediante un conjunto de simulaciones. Se calcularon cinco indicadores de pensión en diferentes escenarios, dados por combinaciones del evento de maternidad, edad al nacimiento del hijo, duración de la ausencia del mercado laboral y salario al regreso al mercado laboral. Los cálculos se hicieron para la antigua regla de la RGPS, vigente hasta 2019, y la nueva regla, que entró en vigor en 2020 tras la aprobación de la Enmienda Constitucional 103/2019. Hay una disminución en los aspectos progresivos de las prestaciones de vejez del RGPS debido a la reforma de 2019, y una reducción en la mayoría de los indicadores, particularmente en la tasa interna de retorno, pero la tasa de reemplazo puede aumentar para algunos grupos debido a la extensión del período de contribución. Las trabajadoras sin hijos y las que no abandonan el mercado laboral debido a la maternidad se ven afectadas de manera razonablemente uniforme por la reforma. Las trabajadoras que necesitan salir del mercado laboral se ven más afectadas, con una reducción de los indicadores que dependen del período de percepción de la prestación por jubilación.
Subject(s)
Humans , Retirement , Social Security , Women , Pensions , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , Parenting , Employment , Job MarketABSTRACT
Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico de beneficiários da seguridade social brasileira com doença de Chagas e identificar fatores associados à concessão de benefícios assistenciais, 2004-2016. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados secundários do Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência Social. Empregou-se regressão logística para estimar as razões de chances (OR: odds ratios), brutas e ajustadas, e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Foram concedidos 36.023 benefícios: 62,5% a pessoas do sexo masculino; 67,0% para residentes de áreas urbanas; 46,7% para moradores da macrorregião Sudeste; 56,7% para pessoas com forma cardíaca crônica; e 42,7% para a faixa etária de 50-59 anos. Residir em áreas urbanas (OR = 134,9; IC95% 78,0;233,2), residir no Nordeste (OR = 2,9; IC95% 2,5;3,1), ser do sexo feminino (OR = 2,0; IC95% 1,8;2,1) e ter idade de 60 anos ou mais (OR = 1,6; IC95% 1,3;1,7) estiveram associados aos benefícios assistenciais. Conclusão: Fatores relacionados a zona de residência, macrorregião, sexo e faixa etária aumentaram a chance de concessão de benefícios assistenciais.
Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil sociodemográfico de los beneficiarios de la seguridad social brasileña con enfermedad de Chagas e identificar los factores asociados a la concesión de beneficios asistenciales, de 2004 a 2016. Métodos: Estudio transversal con datos del Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social. Se utilizó la regresión logística para estimar las razones de probabilidad (OR) brutas y ajustadas. Resultados: Se otorgaron 36.023 beneficios; 62,5% para el sexo masculino; 67,0% para residentes en áreas urbanas; 46,7% residentes del Sudeste; 56,7% para personas con insuficiencia cardiaca crónica; y 42,7% para personas de 50-59 años. Residir en áreas urbanas (OR = 134,9; IC95% 78,0;233,2), en el Nordeste (OR = 2,9; IC95% 2,5;3,1), ser de sexo femenino (OR = 2,0; IC95% 1,8;2,1) y tener de 60 años o más (OR = 1,6; IC95% 1,3;1,7) fueron factores asociados a las prestaciones asistenciales. Conclusión: Los factores relacionados con el local de residencia, sexo y grupo de edad aumentaron la posibilidad de otorgar beneficios asistenciales.
Objective: To characterize the sociodemographic profile of beneficiaries of Brazilian social welfare affected by Chagas disease and identify factors associated with the granting of assistance benefits, 2004 to 2016. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on secondary data from the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Logistical regression was performed to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: 36,023 benefits were granted; 62.5% were to male; 67.0% to residents of urban areas; 46.7% to residents of Southeast region; 56.7% to people with chronic cardiac form; and 42.7% to the 50-59 age group. Residents of urban areas (OR = 134.9; 95%CI 78.0;233.2), Northeast macro-region (OR = 2.9; 95%CI 2.5;3.1), female (OR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.8;2.1) and age group 60 years or older (OR = 1.6; 95%CI 1,3;1,7) were factors associated with assistance benefits. Conclusion: Factors related to the area of residence, macro-region, sex and age group increased the chance of granting assistance benefits.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Social Welfare , Chagas Disease/economics , Social Determinants of Health , Social Security , Brazil , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Este artigo trata da corrosão da essencialidade da previdência social e do aprofundamento de seu desmonte no contexto de crise do capital e de fortalecimento da extrema direita no Brasil. Traz resultados parciais da pesquisa "o Estado brasileiro e os paradoxos da implementação da seguridade social no Brasil" que se realiza sob a perspectiva dialética materialista, referenciada na revisão de literatura especializada e análise de dados e documentos. Os resultados revelam o caráter neofascista e ultraneoliberal do governo Bolsonaro; o avanço do processo de corrosão da essencialidade e entrega da previdência social aos capitais; denunciam medidas de ajuste à EC 103/2019, durante a pandemia da covid-19, que limitam o acesso aos direitos, reorientam a finalidade e fragilizam o INSS, instituem a política securitária sob diretrizes mercadológicas, forjam a unificação de regimes de previdência e transferência da gestão dos benefícios não programados ao setor privado
This article deals with the erosion of the essentiality of social security and the deepening of its dismantling in the context of capital crisis and the strengthening of the far right in Brazil. It brings partial results of the research "the Brazilian State and the paradoxes of the implementation of social security in Brazil", which is carried out under a dialectical materialist perspective, referenced in the review of specialized literature and analysis of data and documents. The results reveal the neo-fascist and ultra-neoliberal character of the Bolsonaro government; the progress of the process of corrosion of essentiality and delivery of social security to capitals; highlight measures of adjustment to EC 103/2019, during the covid-19 pandemic, which limit access to rights, reorient the purpose and weaken the INSS, institute the insurance policy under marketing guidelines, forge the unification of pension systems and transfer of management of unscheduled benefits to the private sector
Subject(s)
Politics , Social Security , Economics , COVID-19 , GovernmentABSTRACT
O presente artigo procurou problematizar e analisar as contrarreformas neoliberais, no Brasil e as suas inflexões para o trabalho profissional da(o) assistente social que atua na previdência social, em particular, na GEX/Belém-Pará. Teve por base os resultados parciais de uma pesquisa empírica sobre o trabalho e saúde dessa(e)s profissionais que atuam na seguridade social, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram questionários e entrevistas individuais com 9 das 16 assistentes sociais que atuam na referida gerencia. A luz da teoria marxista e do método materialista histórico dialético, os dados obtidos foram analisados, permitindo a constatação de que as contrarreformas neoliberais desde os anos 1970 têm se constituído estratégias para o enfretamento à crise do capitalismo na contemporaneidade, provocando profundas mudanças na política da previdência social, com inflexões para o trabalho profissional da(o) assistente social, em geral e, em particular na GEX-Belém/Pará. As inflexões dessas contrarreformas para o trabalho profissional trabalho desse(a)s profissionais na GEX/Belém-Pará se manifestam tanto no que se refere à forma com a introdução de novas tecnologias (INSS Digital), acelerando a demanda por respostas imediatas etc., quanto ao conteúdo, na medida em que o Estado reduz o orçamento para a política de seguridade social e fomenta, na previdência social o seguro privado que favorece o lucro dos banqueiros internacionais, tendo por consequência, o aumento as demandas para o Serviço Social nesse espaço sócio-ocupacional, conduzindo à intensificação do trabalho provocada pela adoção de novas formas da gestão da força de trabalho, a exemplo da polivalência e do gerenciamento de metas
This article sought to problematize and analyze neoliberal counterreforms in Brazil and their inflections for the professional work of social workers who work in social security, in particular, at GEX/Belém-Pará. It was based on the partial results of an empirical research on the work and health of these professionals working in social security, based on a qualitative approach. The data collection instruments were questionnaires and individual interviews with 9 of the 16 social workers who work in that management. In the light of Marxist theory and the dialectical historical materialist method, the data obtained were analyzed, allowing the observation that the neoliberal counterreforms since the 1970s have been strategies to face the crisis of contemporary capitalism, causing profound changes in the politics of social security, with inflections for the professional work of the social worker, in general and, in particular, at GEX-Belém/Pará. The inflections of these counterreforms for the professional work of these professionals at GEX/Belém-Pará are manifested both in terms of form with the introduction of new technologies (INSS Digital), accelerating the demand for immediate responses, etc., in terms of content, as the State reduces the budget for social security policy and promotes, in social security, private insurance that favors the profits of international bankers, with the result that the demands for Social Work in this space increase. socio-copational, leading to the intensification of work caused by the adoption of new forms of workforce management, such as polyvalence and goal management
Subject(s)
Social Security , Social Work , Social Workers , PoliticsABSTRACT
Introducción: la diabetes mellitus (DM) y las enfermedades del corazón, entre las que se incluye la hipertensión arterial sistémica (HTA), se han posicionado entre las primeras causas de mortalidad en México, lo que plantea retos importantes para las diferentes instituciones de salud. Objetivo: analizar la tendencia espacio-temporal de DM e HTA con base en las detecciones realizadas en unidades de primero y segundo nivel del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), durante el periodo 2004-2019. Material y métodos: estudio ecológico en el que se calcularon las tasas de detección de ambos padecimientos por mil derechohabientes según año, trienio y representación. La tendencia espacio-temporal se analizó mediante estadística espacial utilizando Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Resultados: de 2004 a 2019 hubo 9 399 889 y 11 862 069 detecciones en promedio de DM e HTA, respectivamente. Referente al primer padecimiento, la tasa de deteccion osciló de 203.4 (2004) a 384.4 (2019) por mil derechohabientes, cuya tendencia aumentó en Tamaulipas. Mientras que la HTA disminuyó de 1140.2 (2004) a 352 (2019) detecciones por mil derechohabientes en Veracruz Sur y Tamaulipas, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la tendencia espacio-temporal observada puede contribuir a organizar y orientar, según su representación y nivel de atención, los programas institucionales, protocolos de atención, guías de práctica clínica y demás instrumentos de políticia pública disponibles en el IMSS para mejorar la detección oportuna, atención, control y acceso a medicamentos para DM e HTA.
Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and heart diseases, which include Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), have been positioned as the two main causes of mortality in Mexico, which represents important challenges for the different health institutions. Objective: To analyze the spatio-temporal trend of DM and SAH based on the detections made in first and and second level units of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, during the period 2004-2019. Material and methods: Ecological study in which detection rates of both diseases were calculated per 1,000 persons according to year, triennium and representation. The spatio-temporal trend was analyzed by spatial statistics using Geographic Information Systems. Results: During 2004-2019 therere were 9 399 889 and 11 862 069 detections on average of DM and SAH, respectively. Regarding DM, the detection rate ranged from 203.4 (2004) to 384.4 (2019) per 1000 persons, this trend increased in Tamaulipas. While SAH decreased from 1140.2 (2004) to 352 (2019) per 1000 persons in Veracruz Sur and Tamaulipas, respectively. Conclusions: The observed spatio-temporal trend can contribute to organizing and guiding, according to representation and level of care, institutional programs, integrated care protocols, clinical practice guidelines and other public policy instruments available at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social to improve early detection, care, control and access to medications for DM and SAH.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Clinical Protocols , Diabetes Mellitus , Health Services Accessibility , Health Services Research , Hypertension , Social Security , Epidemiology , Cause of Death , Geographic Information Systems , MexicoABSTRACT
Introdução: o trabalhador brasileiro, quando adoece, pode recorrer a diferentes tipos de auxílios nas previdências pública e privada para garantir recursos para ele e sua família. Objetivo: descrever a concessão de benefícios previdenciários aos segurados que se afastam do trabalho por distúrbio de voz e de laringe no Brasil. Métodos: levantamento de dados secundários (Sistema Único de Informações de Benefícios), referentes aos afastamentos no período de 2009 a 2017. Foram considerados os CID-10: C32 - Neoplasia maligna da laringe; J04 - Laringite e traqueíte agudas; J37 - Laringite e laringotraqueíte crônicas; J38 - Doença das cordas vocais e da laringe não classificadas em outra parte - e R49 - Distúrbios da voz. Benefícios: B31- Auxílio-doença previdenciário, B32- Aposentadoria por invalidez previdenciária, B91- Auxílio-doença acidentário, B92- Aposentadoria por invalidez acidentária. Foram consideradas as variáveis: sexo, faixa etária e CID-10. Resultados: mulheres (59,6%), faixa etária entre 31 a 55 anos (58,4%) e CID C32 e J38 (68,8%) foram mais frequentes. Dentre os benefícios, o B31 (78,7%) e B32 (10,5%) foram os mais concedidos. Conclusão: observou-se predominância da concessão dos benefícios previdenciários (B31) por doença comum, na faixa etária entre 31 a 55 anos. As mulheres afastam-se predominantemente com os CID J38.2 e R49, e homens pelo CID C32.
Introduction: the Brazilian worker, in the presence of illness, can use different types of social security benefits to protect resources for him and his family. Objective: to describe the granting of social security benefits to policyholders who leave work due to voice and laryngeal disorders in Brazil. Methods: survey of secondary data (Single Benefit Information System), referring to sick leave from 2009 to 2017. ICD-10 was considered: C32 - Malignant neoplasm of the larynx; J04 - Acute laryngitis and tracheitis; J37 - Chronic laryngitis and laryngotracheitis; J38 - Disease of the vocal cords and larynx not elsewhere classified - and R49 - Voice disorders. Benefits: B31- Pension sickness benefit, B32- Retirement due to social security disability, B91- Accident sickness allowance, B92- Retirement due to accidental disability. Gender, age groups and ICD-10 variables were considered. Results: Women (59.6%), aged between 31 and 55 years (58.4%) and CID C32 and J38 (68.8%) were more frequent. Among the benefits, B31 (78.7%) and B32 (10.5%) were the most granted. Conclusion: there was a predominance of the granting of social security benefits (B31) due to common illness in the age group between 31 and 55 years old. Women distance themselves predominantly with ICD J38.2 and R49, and men with ICD C32.
Introducción: el trabajador brasileño, en presencia de enfermedad, puede utilizar diferentes tipos de prestaciones de seguridad social para proteger los recursos para él y su família. Objetivo: describir el otorgamiento de prestaciones de seguridad social a asegurados que dejan el trabajo por trastornos de la voz y laringe en Brasil. Métodos: encuesta de datos secundarios (Sistema Único de Información de Beneficio), referido a la baja laboral de 2009 a 2017. Se consideraron CIE-10: C32 - Neoplasia maligna de laringe; J04 - Laringitis y traqueítis agudas; J37 - Laringitis y laringotraqueítis crónica; J38 - Enfermedad de las cuerdas vocales y laringe no clasificada en otra parte - y R49 - Trastornos de la voz. Prestaciones: B31- Pensión por enfermedad, B32- Jubilación por invalidez de la seguridad social, B91- Subsidio por accidente, B92- Jubilación por invalidez accidental. Se consideraron las variables sexo, grupo de edad y CIE-10. Resultados: las mujeres (59,6%), con edades comprendidas entre 31 a 55 años (58,4%) y CID C32 y J38 (68,8%) fueron más frecuentes. Entre los beneficios, B31 (78,7%) y B32 (10,5%) fueron los más otorgados. Conclusión: predominó el otorgamiento de prestaciones de seguridad social (B31) por enfermedad común, en el grupo de edad entre 31 y 55 años. Las mujeres se distancian predominantemente con ICD J38.2 y R49, y los hombres con ICD C32.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Retirement , Voice Disorders , Sick Leave , Pensions , Salaries and Fringe Benefits , Social Security , Brazil , Retrospective Studies , Occupational Health , Occupational DiseasesABSTRACT
Introducción: A pesar de que actualmente la radiografía panorámica es un instrumento auxiliar de diagnóstico de uso común, desafortunadamente sus beneficios no se aprovechan en su totalidad y su empleo se limita al uso en determinadas áreas de la odontología y en ocasiones se omiten hallazgos que pueden tener un significado clínico importante. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal y descriptivo de una muestra aleatoria de 500 estudios de imagen (radiografías panorámicas) durante el periodo de enero a mayo de 2018 analizadas por expertos estandarizados y empleando estadística descriptiva básica mediante el paquete estadístico Excel. Resultados: Se incluyeron 500 estudios, 67% correspondió a mujeres en un rango de cinco a 91 años de edad con una mediana de 43 años, 48% presentó alteraciones siendo las más frecuentas pérdida del proceso alveolar 45%, alteraciones en articulación temporomandibular 34%, y calcificación del ligamento estilohioideo 31%. Conclusión: Se reportaron hallazgos clínico-radiográficos significativos, resaltando la necesidad de un análisis cuidadoso de los métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico que permitan visualizar de manera contextual el tratamiento odontológico de los pacientes y/o reportar al especialista correspondiente otro tipo de hallazgos (AU))
Introduction: Although panoramic radiography is currently a commonly used diagnostic auxiliary instrument, unfortunately its benefits are not fully exploited and its use is limited to use in certain areas of Dentistry and eventually findings that may have important clinical significance are omitted. Material and methods: Crosssectional and descriptive study of a random sample of 500 imaging studies (panoramic radiographs) during the period from January to May 2018, analyzed by standardized experts and using basic descriptive statistics using the Excel statistical package. Results: 500 studies were included corresponding to 67% women and an age range from five to 91 years of age with a median of 43 years, 48% presented alterations, the most frequent being loss of the alveolar process 45%, alterations in the temporomandibular joint 34%, and calcification of the hyoid ligament 31%. Conclusion: In this study significant clinical-radiographic findings are reported, highlighting the need for a careful analysis of auxiliary diagnostic methods that allow visualize the dental treatment of the patients and / or report other findings to the corresponding specialist (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Social Security , Radiography, Panoramic , Jaw Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Retrospective Studies , Mouth Diseases/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Abstract This study sought to determine the influence of technical expertise on judgments rendered in social security lawsuits at federal courts and judgeships in Rio de Janeiro city (RJ), Brazil. To this end, 431 legal proceedings completed between 2018 and 2020 were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. After classification as to medical specialty demanded in lawsuits and request successes, the expert reports were directly compared with court decisions. In conclusion, technical evidence showed to be essential for Social Security Law and is the main influence on court decisions. When there was no such direct influence, procedural, legal, or social issues expressly described by law had supremacy.
Resumen El trabajo buscó determinar el grado de influencia de la conclusión técnica pericial en las sentencias dictadas en los procesos de seguridad social de los juzgados y tribunales federales de Río de Janeiro. Para ello, se analizaron cuali-cuantitativamente 431 procesos finalizados entre 2018 a 2020. Después de la clasificación en cuanto a las especialidades médicas, demandas en el proceso y el éxito de los pedidos, se realizó la comparación directa entre los reportes periciales y las sentencias. Fue posible concluir que la prueba técnica es esencial en el derecho de la seguridad social, siendo la principal influencia para las sentencias. Cuando no hubo esa experiencia directa, en la mayoría de las veces, lo que se observó fue la supremacía de las cuestiones legales procesales o sociales expresamente descriptas en la ley.
Subject(s)
Social Security , Expert Testimony , JurisprudenceABSTRACT
Resumo A ocorrência de acidentes e de doenças relacionadas ao trabalho são expressões concretas da exposição dos trabalhadores aos riscos presentes no ambiente laboral. Historicamente o conflito de interesses entre empregadores e trabalhadores obrigou o Estado a assumir a função de regulação desta relação, instituindo leis e fiscalizando a aplicação das normas de saúde e segurança no trabalho. O Fator Acidentário de Prevenção (FAP) é uma dessas estratégias. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a correlação entre as taxas de risco de acidentes de trabalho no Brasil antes (2006-2009) e depois (2010-2016) da vigência do FAP. Estudo ecológico com análise temporal de séries de taxas de acidentes de trabalho registrados nas bases de dados da Previdência Social no período 2006 e 2016. A análise incluiu o cálculo das taxas de risco de acidentes segundo grandes regiões brasileiras, divisões do CNAE, motivo/situação, capítulos do CID-10, sexo e idade. A comparação entre os resultados dos dois períodos foi realizada utilizando-se as taxas de risco médias com a aplicação do teste t de Student e da correlação de Spearman. Basicamente todas as séries de taxas analisadas obtiveram forte tendência de redução no período de vigência do FAP, ao contrário do que ocorreu no período imediatamente anterior.
Abstract Historically, the conflict of interests between employers and workers obliged the State to assume the role of regulating this relationship, instituting laws and overseeing the application of health and safety standards at work. The Accident Prevention Factor (FAP) is one of these guidelines. This article aims to analyze the correlations between the FAP and the risk rate for occupational accidents in Brazil in the period between 2006 and 2016. Ecological study, which analyzed the occupational accidents, registered in the Brazilian Social Security database in the period between 2006 and 2016. The analysis included the calculation of accident risk rates according to the Brazilian regions, divisions of the CNAE, reason/situation, ICD-10 chapters, sex and age. The comparison between results from the two periods was performed using the average risk rates from the two periods using Student t test, Spearman correlation and beta value. Basically, all rate series analyzed had a strong downward trend in the FAP period, contrary to what occurred in the immediately previous period.
Subject(s)
Humans , Accidents, Occupational/prevention & control , Workplace , Social Security , Brazil/epidemiology , Accident PreventionABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir las características del sistema de salud argentino a través de la manera en que las personas acceden a bienes esenciales como son los medicamentos. Argentina amalgama todos los modelos de organización sanitaria existentes el mundo. El Sistema Nacional Público de Salud, la Seguridad Social y la Medicina Privada coexisten para atender las necesidades y demandas de la población. Para analizar el funcionamiento de este Sistema tan complejo, se tomaron como ejemplo a los medicamentos. En este texto se describen los componentes del sistema de salud y se analizan las modalidades de acceso a los medicamentos que tienen los pacientes pertenecientes a cada uno de los subsectores que conforman el sistema sanitario. Finalmente, se proponen recomendaciones destinadas a mejorar la equidad en el acceso a medicamentos de la población local.
Abstract The objective of the work is to describe features of the health system in Argentina though the way that the population access to medicines. Argentine health system reflects all the systems of the world in just one country. The National Public Health system, the Social Security and Private sectors coexist in order to attend the needs and demand of the population. Medicines are good examples to analyze how the system works. This text provides a description of each health sub-sectors in Argentina, and performs an analysis on the differences in access to medicines that patients have. Finally, it is propose recommendations for the health system to improve equity in terms of population access to medicines.